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Hudson-Fulton 
Celebration 



A Collection of the Catalogues issued by the 
Museums and Institutions in New York City 
and Vicinity. Shown under the Auspices of 
the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission, 
describing the Special Collections of Plants, 
Animals, Archaeological Objects, Furniture, 
Maps, Silver, Letters, Paintings and Objects 
of Artistic and Historical Interest in Connec- 
tion with the Hudson and Fulton Periods. 



George FrederickrKunz 
Chairman Scientific and Historical Museum Exhibits 



Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission 

Tribune Building, New York 
1910 



fl7. " 
.his ti :iZ'S 



B 




The Trow Press 
New York 






Contents 

List of Museums, Institutions and Societies which have 
prepared Free Exhibitions relating to Henry Hudson, 
Robert Fulton, and the History of Steam Naviga- 
tion. Paintings, Objects of Art, Archaeological Speci- 
mens, and other things relating to the three centuries 
of New York's history, the Discovery of the Hudson 
River, and the Introduction of Steam Navigation. 
Plants, Fish and Animals indigenous to the Hudson 
River Valley, prepared by the Committee on Science, 
History and Art of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration 
Commission, New York, 1909. ... 16 pages. 

The Hudson-Fulton Celebration of 1909. A reprint of 
an illustrated article by George Frederick Kunz in 
the Popular Science Monthly of October, 1 909. 

26 pages. 

The Indians of Manhattan Island and Vicinity, by Alanson 
Skinner, Department of Anthropology. A guide to 
the Hudson- Fulton Exhibit at the American Museum 



Contents — Continued 

of Natural History. No. 29 of the Guide Leaflet 
Series of the American Museum of Natural History. 
Edmund Otis Hovey, Editor, New York. Published 
by the Museum, September, 1909. . . 60 pages. 

The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park. Descrip- 
tive Guide to the Grounds, Buildings and Collections. 
Native Trees of the Hudson River Valley. Reprinted 
from the Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 
No. 23, with an index added. New York, Septem- 
ber, 1909 ^66 pages. 

Museums of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. 
Frederick A. Lucas, D.Sc, Curator-in-Chief. Cata- 
logue of the Historical Collection and Objects of 
Related Interest at the Children's Museum. Anna B. 
Gallup, B.A., Curator. Hudson-Fulton Celebration 
Number. Prepared by Agnes E. Bowen. For list of 
Officers and Institutions, Hudson-Fulton Celebration, 
see last four pages 90 pages. 

Museum Bulletin of the Staten Island Association of 
Arts and Sciences. Edited for the Publication Com- 



Contents — Continued 

mittee by Charles Louis Pollard, Curator-in-Chief. 
No. 14. Published monthly at New Brighton, N. Y. 
September, 1 909. The Hudson-Fulton Exhibit in 
the Museum i page. 

A Catalogue of Books, Maps, etc., relating to Henry 
Hudson, Robert Fulton and Their Times. Exhibited 
by the American Geographical Society, at its house, 
No. 15 West 8 1 St Street, New York, at the Request 
of the Hudson-Fulton Commission, September 25 
to October 10, 1909. New York, 1909. 48 pages. 

Official Robert Fulton Exhibition of the Hudson-Fulton 
Commission, The New York Historical Society in 
Cooperation with the Colonial Dames of America. 
September 27 to October 30, 1909. . . 70 pages. 

Catalogue Van Cortlandt House Museum for the Hud- 
son-Fulton Celebration, September, 1909. 64 pages. 

List of Prints, Books, Manuscripts, etc., relating to 
Henry Hudson, the Hudson River, Robert Fulton 
and Steam Navigation. Exhibited in the Lenox 
Branch, New York Public Library, on the occasion 



Contents — Continued 

of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, September, 1909. 
New York, 1909 86 pages. 

Exhibition of the New York Genealogical and Bio- 
graphical Society in official connection with the 
Hudson-Fulton Celebration, September 25 to 
October 9, 1909 20 pages. 

Hudson-Fulton Celebration Number, Zoological Society 
Bulletin. Published by the Hudson-Fulton Celebra- 
tion Commission in Cooperation with the New York 
Zoological Society. September, 1909, No. 35. The 
Wild Animals of Hudson's Day, by William T. 
Hornaday, Director of the New York Zoological 
Park 52 pages. 



HUDSON-FULTON 
CELEBRATION 

1909 



List of the Museums, Institutions and Societies which 
have prepared Free Exhibitions relating to Henry- 
Hudson, Robert Fulton and the History of Steam 
Navigation. Paintings, objects of art, archaeo- 
logical specimens, and other things relating 
to the three centuries of New York's 
history ; the discovery of the Hudson 
River, and the introduction of 
steam navigation. Plants, fish 
and animals indigenous to the 
Hudson River Valley 



prepared by the 
Committee on Science, History and Art 

OF the 

Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission 

new YORK, 1909 



The Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission 

Appointed by the Governor of the State of New York and the 
Mayor of the City of New York and chartered by Chap- 
ter 325, Laws of the State of New York, 1906 

LIST OF OFFICERS 
President 

Gen. Stewart L. W^oodford 

Presiding Vice-President 

Mr. Herman Ridder 

Vice-Presidents 

Mr. Andrew Carnegie Mr. John E. Parsons 

Hon. Joseph H. Choate Gen. Horace Porter 

Maj.-Gen. F. D. Grant, U. S. A. Hon. Frederick W. Seward 

Hon. Seth Low Mr. Francis Lynde Stetson 

Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan Hon. Oscar S. Straus 

Hon. Levi P. Morton Mr. Wm. B. Van Rensselaer 

Hon. Alton B. Parker Gen. Jas. Grant Wilson 

Treasurer 

Mr. Isaac N. Seligman 

No. I William Street, New York 
Secretary A ss i s t a n t - S e c r e t a r y 

Mr. Henry W. Sackett Mr. Edward Hagaman Hall 

Art and Historical Exhibits Committee 

Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, General Chairman 

S u b -C o m m i 1 1 e e in 
Charge of Scientific and Historical Exhibits 

Dr. George F. Kunz, Chairman 

401 Fifth Avenue, New York 
Mr. Samuel V. Hoffman Prof. Henry Fairfield Osborn 

Mr. Archer M. Huntington Mr, Philip T. Dodge 

S u b-C omm i-t ^e e in 
Charge of Arts Exhibits 

Hon. Robt. W. de Forest, Chairman 

Metropolitan Museum of Art 
Sir Caspar Purdon Clarke Mr. George F. Hearn 

Dr. Edward Robinson Dr. George F. Kunz 



Headquarters: Tribune Building, New York 

Telephones: Beekman 3097 and 3098 
Western Union Cable Address: " Hudfulco " 



List of Institutions holding Free Exhibitions under the auspices 

of or in cooperation with the Scientific, Historical and 

Art Committees of the Hudson-Fulton 

Celebration Commission 

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Seventy- 
seventh Street, from Columbus Avenue to Central Park West. Open daily, except 
Sundays, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Sundays from i to 5 p.m. Always free. Special 
Exhibition during the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, from Septem- 
ber ist to December ist. Original objects showing the life and 
habits of the Indians of Manhattan Island and the Hudson River 
Valley. (Special illustrated guide for sale; price, 10 cents.) 

Take Sixth or Ninth Avenue Elevated Railway to Eighty-first Street, or Subway 
to Seventy-ninth Street; also reached by all surface cars running through Columbus 
Avenue or Central Park West. 

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, 

Engineering Building, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street. Robert Fulton Exhibition 
consists of paintings, drawings, books, decorations and furniture, 
and working models of John Fitch's steamboat, the first boat 
operated and propelled by steam, Robert Fulton's '• Clermont," 
the first successful application of steam to navigation, and John 
Stevens's '• Phoenix," the first steamboat to sail on the ocean. 

The exhibition will be shown in the Council Room of the Society, on the 
eleventh floor, and will be open from 9.00 a.m. until 5.30 p.m. during the entire 
period of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, and from 9.00 a.m. until 5.00 p.m. 
daily until December 6th. 

BROOKLYN INSTITUTE, Eastern Parkway. Open daily, except 
Sundays, from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.; Sundays from 2 to 6 p.m.; Thursday evenings 
from 7.30 to 9.30 p.m. Free except on Mondays and Tuesdays, when admission fee 
is charged of 25 cents for adults and 10 cents for children under six years of age. 
Collections illustrating various departments of Archzeology, Mineralogy and 
Ethnography. Special Exhibition relating to past and present life of 
Indians on Long Island. Portrait of Robert Fulton painted by 
himself, the property of Col. Henry T. Chapman and loaned by 
him to the Museum. Open September ist to December 31st. 
(Illustrated catalogue for sale.) 

Take Subway Express to Atlantic Avenue, or Flatbush Avenue Trolley from 
Brooklyn Bridge. St. John's Place surface car from Atlantic Avenue or Borough Hall. 



CHILDREN'S MUSEUM (Brooklyn Institute), Bedford Park, 
Brooklyn Avenue. Collection illustrative of the fauna of Long Island. 

Open free to the public from Monday to Saturday (inclusive) from 9 a.m. to 5.30 
p.m., and on Sunday from 2 until 5.30 p.m. 

CITY HISTORY CLUB OF NEW YORK, 21 West Forty-fourth 
Street. Special Exhibition of Illustrations, Photographs, Maps and 
Plans relating to the history of the City of New York, and all of 
the originals used in the City History Club Historical Guide Book 
of the City of New York. 

COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, St. Nicholas 
Avenue and 1 39th Street. Hudson-Fulton Exhibit. During the Hudson- 
Fulton Celebration and for some weeks thereafter, the College of 
the City of New York will have on exhibition in its historical 
museum a collection of charts, views, manuscripts and relics 
representing old New York. Among the charts will be original prints of 
New Netherlands and New Amsterdam by Nicholas J. Vischer, about 1650; 
N. Visscher, 1690; Letter's " New Jorck," 1720; contemporary plans and views 
of the Revolutionary period showing the movements of Washington and Howe in 
this vicinity during the Campaign of 1776; Revolutionary battle relics; portraits, 
residences and letters of old New Yorkers ; bronze busts of Washington, Lincoln 
and Fulton by Houdon and Volk ; and other material suggested by the celebration. 

Take Sixth Avenue Elevated Railway to 140th Street, or Broadway Subway to 
One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Street. 

DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, BOROUGHS OF BROOK- 
LYN AND QUEENS. Through the courtesy of Commissioner Michael J. 
Kennedy, the different species of trees have been labeled in Prospect Park, from the 
Plaza to the Willink Entrance ; in Bedford Park ; in Highland Park, and in Tompkins 
Park. An additional small enameled sign has been hung on those 
labeled trees that were indigenous to the Hudson River Valley 
in i6og. The special label reads : " This species is a native of the 
Hudson River Valley." 

FRAUNCES TAVERN, 54 Pearl Street, near Broad Street. Historic 
Revolutionary Building. Built in 17 19. Scene of Washington's farewell to his 
officers on December 4, 1783. Restored December 4, 1907, by the New York 
Society of the Sons of the Revolution. Open daily, except Sundays, from 9 a.m. to 
6 p.m. Special Exhibition of Revolutionary Relics by the New 



York State Society of the Sons of the Revolution, who are the o^vn- 
ers of the historic building, September 15th to November ist. 

Take Subway to Bowling Green Station, or Third Avenue Elevated Railway to 
Hanover Square Station, or Broadway surface cars. 

LONG ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, corner of Pierrepom 
and Clinton Streets, Brooklyn, between Brooklyn Bridge and Borough Hall. Open 
daily, except Sundays, from 8.30 a.m. to 6 p.m. Reference library of 70,000 vol- 
umes ; manuscripts, relics, etc. Autograph receipt of Robert Fulton and 
original manuscript volume of Banker's and Sluyter's "Journal 
of a Voyage to New York in 1679-80." 

Take Subway to Borough Hall, Brooklyn ; Third Avenue Elevated Railway or 
surface cars to Brooklyn Bridge, connecting with Bridge cars. 

METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, Central Park East. Main 
entrance on Fifth Avenue at Eighty-second Street. Open daily, except Sundays, 
from 10.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m.; until Dec. 31st, to 5.00 p.m.; Saturdays to 10.00 
p.m.; Sundays from i.oo to 6.00 p.m. On Mondays and Fridays an admission fee 
of 25 cents is charged, except to members and copyists. Collections illustrating all 
departments of Art and Archasology. Special Exhibition of a magnificent 
Collection of over 130 of the works of 17th century Dutch Masters, 
constituting the finest Exhibition of this kind ever made. Products 
of Colonial Art: American Paintings, Furniture, Pewter and Silver 
of the 17th and 18th centuries, etc. (Two catalogues for sale, one of Dutch 
Exhibit and one of Colonial Arts; price, 10 cents each. Also finely illustrated edition 
de luxe.) 

Take Fifth Avenue stages or Madison Avenue surface cars to Eighty-second 
Street, one block east of Museum; connection with Subway at Forty-second Street, 
and with Elevated Railway and West Side surface cars at Fifty-ninth Street. 

NATIONAL ARTS CLUB, Twentieth Street near Irving Place 
(Gramercy Park). This house was formerly the residence of Samuel J. Tilden, and 
is situated one block east of the birth-place of Ex- President Roosevelt. Open daily 
from September 20th to about October i8th, 1909, from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Special 
Loan Exhibition by the National Arts Club, in cooperation with 
the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. 

Three centuries of New York City : Special Exhibition of 
Paintings, Photographs, Drawings and other interesting materials, 
illustrating the growth and progress of New York from the time of 
Henry Hudson to the present day. 



Take Fourth or Madison Avenue surface cars to corner of Fourth Avenue and 
Twentieth Street, one block west of Club-house. Subway Station at Eighteenth 
Street and Fourth Avenue, three blocks away. 

NEW YORK AQUARIUM, in Battery Park. Under the management 

of the New York Zoological Society. Open daily, including Sundays, from 9 a.m. 
to 5 p.m. until October i 5th. (October i6th to April 14th, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.) 
This building was erected in i 807 by the United States Government as a fort and after 
the War of 18 12 was called Castle Clinton; later, as Castle Garden, it was the scene 
of Jenny Lind's triumphs, and from 1855 to 1890 it was the portal of the New 
World for 7,690,606 immigrants. This is the largest aquarium in the world and 
contains a greater number of specimens and species than any other. All tanks con- 
taining fish indigenous to the Hudson River will be so marked. 
Take any Elevated Railway to Battery Place Station, or Subway to Bowling Green 
Station. Also reached by all surface cars which go to South Ferry. 

NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, Bronx Park. Museums 
open daily including Sundays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Conservatories from 10 a.m. 
to 4 p.m. Grounds always open. In the Grounds and Conservatories 
exhibits of Plants, Shrubs, Trees and Natural Woodland; in the 
Museums, Plant Products utilized in the Arts, Sciences and 
Industries. All Trees growing on Manhattan Island and Hudson 
River Valley at the time of Hudson's arrival are marked with the 
letter " H." (Special illustrated catalogue for sale.) 

Take Third Avenue Elevated Railway to Bronx Park (Botanical Garden). Sub- 
way passengers change at Third Avenue and 149th Street. Also reached by Harlem 
Division of the New York Central Railroad from Grand Central Station, Fourth 
Avenue and Forty-second Street. 

NEW YORK GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL 
SOCIETY, 226 West Fifty-eighth Street, between Broadway and Seventh Avenue. 
Open daily, except Sundays, from 10.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m., until November ist. 
Special Exhibition of old Deeds, Manuscripts, Books, Portraits, 
etc., relating to the history of the United States up to and includ- 
ing the War of 1812. (Catalogue for sale.) 

Take Broadway surface cars to corner of Fifty-eighth Street. Subway station at 
Columbus Circle (Fifty-ninth Street), two blocks distant. Sixth Avenue Elevated 
station at Ninth Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street, three blocks away. 

NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY, corner of Seventy-seventh 
Street and Central Park West. September 25 th to October 30th, open daily from 



9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Robert Fulton Exhibition of the New York 
Historical Society, in cooperation w^ith the Colonial Dames of 
America. (Catalogue for sale.) 

Take Sixth Avenue Elevated Railway to Eighty-first Street and Columbus 
Avenue, or surface cars traversing Central Park West. Also reached by any Columbus 
Avenue surface car to Seventy-seventh Street. 

NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY, Lenox Branch, Fifth Avenue 
and Seventy-second Street. Open daily, except Sundays, from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. 
Special Exhibition of Prints, Books, Manuscripts, etc., relating to 
Henry Hudson, the Hudson River, Robert Fulton and Steam 
Navigation. (Special illustrated catalogue for sale; price, 10 cents.) 

Take Fifth Avenue Stages, or Madison Avenue surface cars to Seventy-second 
Street, one block east of Library; connection with Subway at Grand Central Station 
and with Elevated Railway and West Side surface cars at Fifty-ninth Street. 

NE^V YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK, under the management of the 
New York Zoological Society, in Bronx Park. Open daily, including Sundays, 
from 9 a.m. untU an hour before sunset (November i to May i from 10 a.m.). 
Free, except on Mondays and Thursdays, when an admission fee of 25 cents is 
charged. Exhibition of a splendid collection of Animals, Birds and Reptiles. The 
fauna of Henry Hudson's time on Manhattan Island and Hudson 
River Valley will be indicated by the flag of the Hudson-Fulton 
Celebration. (Special illustrated catalogue for sale.) 

Take Subway trains marked "Bronx Park Express" to terminus at 180th Street, 
or Third Avenue Elevated to Fordham Station. The entrances are reached by 
numerous surface cars. 

REFORMED DUTCH CHURCH. The Reformed Protestant 
Dutch Church of the City of New York will make an exhibit in 
the chapel of the Church of St. Nicholas, Fifth Avenue and 48th 
Street, during the week of the celebration, 9 to 5 daily. 

This church was organized A.D. 1628, and the exhibit will comprise articles 
connected with its long history. 

STATEN ISLAND ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND 
SCIENCES PUBLIC MUSEUM (formerly the Natural Science Associa- 
tion of Staten Island), Borough Hall, New Brighton, Richmond Borough, New York 
City. A special exhibit, consisting of old maps and documents, 
Indian and Colonial relics, models of Dutch and Indian towns, 



etc. This exhibit was opened with appropriate ceremonies on September 4th, 
the actual date of Henry Hudson's landing on Staten Island in 1607. Open until 
December ist. 

Take Staten Island Municipal Ferry to Staten Island, then car, or short walk. 

VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE MUSEUM, in Van Cortlandt Park. 
This fine colonial mansion, built in 1748, with furniture of the period, is one of the 
oldest houses within the area of Greater New York; it is in the custody of the Colonial 
Dames of the State of New York. Open daily, 9.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m. Special 
Exhibition of Mezzotint Portraits of men prominent in political 
life prior to the Revolution ; "Wedgwood's Medallion Portraits of 
Illustrious Personages ; Cartoons and Caricatures of political 
events, etc. (Special illustrated catalogue on sale.) 

Take Harlem Railroad from Grand Central Station; Sixth Avenue Elevated 
Railway, connecting at i 5 5th Street with the Putnam Division of the New York Central 
Railroad; or Subway trains marked " Van Cortlandt Park." 

WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS (The Jumel Mansion), 

Roger Morris Park, Edgecombe Road and One Hundred and Sixty-second Street. 
Built about 1760. Under the Department of Parks. Exhibition by the ladies of the 
Washington Headquarters Association, Daughters of the American Revolution. Open 
free daily, including Sundays, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Special features : Col- 
lection of Colonial furnishings, objects and pictures; also the 
Bolton Collection of War Relics of the Revolution. 

Take ** Tenth Avenue, Broadway, and Amsterdam Avenue " surface cars of the 
Third Avenue system ; Sixth Avenue Elevated Railway to One Hundred and Fifty- 
fifth Street, or Broadway Subway to One Hundred and Fifty-seventh Street. 

BY SPECIAL CARD ONLY 

AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 15 West 81 st Street. 
Special Exhibition of Books and Maps relating to Henry Hudson 
and Robert Fulton. Admission can be obtained by card. Apply to the 
Librarian, 15 West 8ist Street. Open from September 25 th to October 9th, from 
9 a.m. to 5 p.m. 

GEORGE F. KUNZ, 

Hudson- Fulton Celebration Commission, 
Tribune Building, New York. 



[Reprinted from The Popular Science Monthly, October, 1909.] 



THE HTJDSON-FULTON CELEBEATION OF 1909 

By Dr. GEORGE FREDERICK KUNZ 

NEW YORK CITY 

SINCE the London Exhibition of 1851, and the first Paris Exposi- 
tion of 1855, there have been probably one hundred expositions 
in various parts of the world. Generally they have been held in com- 
memoration of some historic event or anniversary, and each one, large 
or small, has usually had some special distinctive feature. The great 
exposition at Chicago had its White City and its illuminations; the 
Buffalo Exposition had its architecture, its illuminations and the added 
advantage of its striking environment, and the various French exposi- 
tions have each possessed peculiar points to mark their individuality. 
All of them have been held for six months or more, but in a great many 
cases from one third to one half of that time elapsed before all the 
departments were completed and opened to the public. In this way 
public interest was checked at the beginning, and when the exposition 
was finally completed, a good part of the allotted time had passed, and 
the enthusiasm always excited by these affairs had begun to flag. 

New York in itself is not only the greatest exposition, perhaps, in 
the world, because of its geographic features and its wonderful resources, 
but its various lines of transit — surface cars, elevated railways and sub- 
ways — facilitate the handling of great crowds. In addition to this 
New York lies between two rivers, and is as easily reached by boat as 
by rail, to say nothing of the attractive physical advantages this location 
gives it. 

The writer, in an article published in the North American Review 
for September, 1902, and entitled "The Management and Uses of 
Expositions," strongly urged the holding of an exposition to mark the 
tercentenary of Henry Hudson's arrival at the mouth of the river which 
bears his name. The forecast of the present advantages of our city 



314 



THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 




Henry Hudson (ideal). No artist's name attached. 



given in this article has been almost literally fulfilled^, and the writer 
realizes more than ever that he was correct in saying that the museums 
and institutions of our city would " furnish a greater display to the 
visitor than any exposition yet held on the continent." 

New York, with its great variety of public buildings, its miles of 
waterways, its dozens of museums, its many civic buildings, its great 
system of parks, stands alone as a prominent and fitting exposition 
ground. Why erect a city of staff, wood and other inflammable material 
to hold costly objects ? Whoever contributed his much-prized works of 
art to such shelter, awaited, with fear and trembling, their safe return, 
and few of the finest things were ever loaned except in Paris, where 
they were shown in permanent structures such as the artistic Nouveau 
Salon, and its dainty neighbor, the Petit Salon, to the right of which 
is the magnificent Pont Alexandre II. 

Although not so named, this Hudson-Fulton Celebration really 
presents the features of a great exposition, for when all the resources 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION OF 1909 315 




liOBEKT FuLTOx, by Benjamin West. Fultcn as a youth went to Europe to study art. 

West was his teacher. This portrait of Fulton is said to represent West's best style. 

Hudson Fulton Celebration Commission. 

of New York are presented as they will be on this occasion, and given 
a brilliant and attractive setting, it will be found that no exposition 
ever organized on this continent has offered a greater variety of interest. 
To apply the standard of monetary value may seem a trifle vulgar when 
we are treating of the triumphs of art in all its forms, and yet this 
standard merely expresses the worth of antiquities and artistic creations 
in a more exact way than by using superlatives of speech. A reasonable 
estimate of the value of the attractions that our city offers to its visitors 
would be rather in excess of $2,000,000,000 than below that figure, and 



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THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 




Last Days of Hbney Hudson, by Sir John Collier. Original in Tate Gallery, London. 

On his last voyage (in the Adriatic) Hudson was set adrift in a small boat 

by his mutinous crew and nothing was later heard of him. 

Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission. 



yet, where the great expositions of the past have cost from $10,000,000 
to $20,000,000 or more for their organization, all the treasures and 
beauties of New York can be displayed at an expense of only $1,000,000. 
A single building, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, with the objects it 
will hold, would not be over-valued at from $30,000,000 to $40,000,000. 
At an exposition the public is called upon to pay fifty cents admis- 
sion each time to enter the gates and an additional fee for each special 
exhibition. The great New York celebration will be free for all, even 
for those who have no car fare to enable them to ride. The demon- 
strations are in the heart of the city itself. They do not take place in 
some suburb, or barren, out-of-the-way spot. They are not encompassed 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION OF 1909 317 

within a temporary city built like that at Coney Island, or held 
away out in the Bronx, on the Palisades or at Staten Island; neither 
is the celebration instituted or furthered to boom any special piece of 
real estate, or to sustain the selling of a quantity of traction stock or 
railroad stock that might be affected by an unusual traffic for the 
time being. 

The celebration is designed to cover a very wide field, and the aim 
of the commission has not been confined to honoring the explorer of 
the Hudson Eiver and the man who made steam navigation a perma- 
nent success ; in addition to this the occasion has been utilized to illus- 
trate and emphasize the development and greatness of New York City, 
the metropolis of the western hemisphere. Those who can understand 
the true significance of this celebration, and who are able to forecast 
the future, will see the vision of a still greater and more magnificent 
city, worthy of being called a world metropolis. 

Although the naval parade owes its greatness to the presence of the 
American and international war fleet, and to the immense aggregation 
of vessels of all kinds and denominations assembled for the occasion, 
the place of honor is fittingly assigned to the replicas of the two small 
vessels which helped to make the names of Hudson and Fulton famous. 
The reproduction of the Half Moon, generously offered by the govern- 
ment of the Netherlands, is a craft of but 80 tons burden and is only 
74^ feet long and 17 feet wide. The Half Moon will be under the 
command of Commander Lam, who will be costumed to impersonate 
Henry Hudson ; the crew will also wear the dress of sailors of Hudson's 
time. A comparison with the Celtic shows in a striking manner the 
wonderful progress in naval construction, the giant liner being 700 
feet long and 75 feet wide, while its tonnage is 20,904. The historic 
Clermont, which, in 1807, made its memorable trip up the Hudson, 
thus inaugurating steam navigation on the river, has been carefully 
reproduced. This craft, while larger than the Half Moon, is still small 
and insignificant in comparison with the magnificent steamers of to-day. 
It is only 150 feet long and 18 feet wide. 

The reproductions of the Half Moon and the Clermont constitute 
the central point, the very focus, of the celebration, and this has been 
fully recognized by the commission. Hence the opening day, Saturday, 
September 25, will be devoted to a grand naval parade, perhaps the 
greatest naval pageant ever seen. The eighty warships, American and 
foreign, form the most imposing array of naval forces assembled at any 
time in the new world, and we may safely say that, with one or two 
possible exceptions, no fleet of equal might and numbers was ever 
brought together. 

The United States will be represented by 16 battleships, 12 torpedo- 
boats, 4 submarines, 2 supply ships, 1 repair ship, 1 torpedo vessel, 
1 tug and 7 colliers : 53 vessels in all, the battleships constituting the 



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THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 



most powerful fleet ever assembled except on a few occasions in the 
English Channel. Eear- Admiral Seaton Schroeder, U.S.N., is in 
command. 

From the Netherlands comes the cruiser Utrecht, commanded by- 
Captain G. P. van Hecking Colenbrander, E.N.N., and the replica of 
the Half Moon. Germany sends the cruisers Dresden, Hertha, Vikto7-ia 
Luisa and Bremen, under the command of Grand Admia-al H. L. E. von 
Koster, retired, of the Imperial Navy. The English squadron will con- 




The Purchase of Manhattan Island. 



sist of the cruisers Inflexible, Drake, Argyll and Duke of Edinburgh, 
commanded by Admiral Sir Edward Seyauour, of the Royal Navy. 
France will be represented by two battleships, the Liberie and the 
Justice, under the command of Vice Admiral Le Pord. From Italy 
come the cruiser Etruria and the schoolship Etna, on board of which 
will be the cadets of the Eoyal Naval Academy — the future officers of 
the Italian navy. 

Latin America will also participate in the parade, Mexico being 
represented by the gun-boat Bravo, commanded by Captain Manuel E. 
Izaguirre; Cuba, by the revenue-cutter Hatuey; the Argentine Eepublic, 
by the warshijD Presidente Sarmiento, and Guatemala, by a coast- 
patrol boat. 

An immense fleet of seagoing and coastwise merchant vessels, steam- 
boats, ferryboats, steam yachts, motor boats, tugs and steam lighters, 
sailing crafts, police boats, wrecking boats, fire boats, hospital boats, 
naval-militia vessels, steam cutters and launches. United States revenue- 
cutters and other craft, including the Clermont and Half Moon, will 
assemble in ten squadrons in the Harbor, in the vicinity of the Brooklyn, 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION OF 1909 319 




A GENERAL PEACE. 

NE /V' rO R K, March 25, 1 783. 

LyfTE lap Night, an E XP RESS from New-Jerfey, 
brought the foilowing Account. 

•^ H A T on Sunday laft, the Twenty-Third {nftant, a VdTel arrived at 
Phaadelphia, in Thirty-five Days from Cadiz, with Dijpatcbes to 
the Continental Congrefs, infcrming them, thaJ on Monday the Twentieth 
Day of January, the Preliminaries to 

A GENERAL PEACE, 

Between Great-Britain, France, Spain, Holland, and the United States of 
America, were sjgned at Paris, by ail the Comminioners fromthofe Powers ; 
in conftquence of which, Koftilitics, by Sea and Land, were to ceafe in 
Europe, on Wednefday the Twentieth Day of February j and in America, oa 
Thurfday the Twentieth Day of March, in the prefent Year One Thoulaaii 
Seven Hundred and Eightj'-Three. 

THIS very important Intelligence was lafl: Night aonounced by the 
Firing of Cannon, and great Rejoicings at Elizabsth-Town. — Refpecting 
the Particulars of this truly interefling Event do more are yet received, but 
they'are hourly cxpe£led. 



Pttlijbediy James Rivingtcn, Printer {o the Kiag^s Moji Excellent Majejif. 

A'm^i&.«,>. y.'.indfo^tndamci. 

JULIUS SCHOONSIAKER. CuUfKHan. 
j SaiuriifJ an4 ite^n iv l^/crf mc, this ijtk d.ly nf OiLiber^ /i^«. 

[ 

Staten Island and New Jersey shores. An object of interest for all will 
be the historic Roosevelt, nsed by Commander Peary in his successful 
trip to the North Pole. Staten Island has contributed a reproduction 
of Commodore Vanderbilt's periagua, the forerunner of the Vander- 
bilt ferryboats between Staten Island and Manhattan. The warships 
will also rendezvous in the harbor, and at 1 :30 p.m. the parade 
will begin, the warships in the lead. The whole array of vessels, at 
least seven miles in length, will advance, slowly and majestically, up 



THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 




The Half Moon. An exact pbotograi)h of the replica of the Half Moon, in which 

Hudson sailed under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company, built by 

patriotic citizens of Holland and to be presented to the Commission. 

Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission. 

the Hudson Eiver. When the head of the column reaches Forty-second 
Street, the two leading warships will swing out of line and cast anchor 
opposite each other; a little further on the second pair will then per- 
form the same evolutions, to he succeeded in turn by all the other 
warships, the line finally extending from Forty-second Street to 175th 
Street. The civic fleet will continue on its way, passing to the left of 
the warships until the head of the line is reached, when the vessels will 
cross over and move down the river between the warships and the 
Manhattan shore, to 110th Street. 

In the meanwhile the replicas of the Half Moon and the Clermont, 
accompanied by their more immediate escort, will pass up between the 
lines of warships to 110th Street and will be greeted by a salute in 
passing. Arriving at 110th Street, the formal presentation of the two 
vessels will be made, the exercises taking place on a landing stage con- 
structed at that point. 

The parade of the civic fleet will be repeated in the evening, start- 
ing at 7 :30 p.m., and will make a very brilliant spectacle, for the 
moving vessels as well as the warships will be illuminated with electric 
lamps, which will outline their form with a tracery of fire. 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION OF 1909 



321 



On Wednesday, September 29, about 9 :30 a.m., the Half Moon and 
the Clermont will leave their anchorages at 110th Street and will pro- 
ceed up the river, stopping for a time at Yonkers, Tarrytown, Ossining, 
Peekskill and Cornwall. On Friday, October 1, these vessels will arrive 
at Kewburgh, where they will meet the Upper and Lower Hudson fleets. 
The latter fleet will leave New York on the morning of October 1, and 
will consist of the submarine Costine (the first submarine), twelve 
torpedo boats and a large number of other ships, divided into six 
squadrons. 

There can be no question that the naval parade with which the 
Hudson-Fulton Celebration begins, represents the central idea of the 
whole festival. The spectators, in gazing upon the immense fleet of 
modern vessels, may find it difficult to realize that the tiny ships, the 
Half Moon and the Clermont, so faithfully reproduced for this occa- 
sion, occupy a more important place in the world's history than will 
all the gigantic vessels that are assembled to honor the two remarkable 
men who accomplished so much with such scant resources. 

This lesson is especially important in our time, for the tendency of 
our day is to lay undue stress upon mere magnitude, and to believe that 
larger ships, larger buildings and larger cities necessarily mark a real 
progress in civilization. No sane person will deny the fact that the 
conditions of life have changed and are changing for the better — 
slowly, it is true — but there can be as little question that the rate of 
progress would be greatly accelerated if the essentials of civilization 




The Half Moon. 



322 



THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 



were more regarded than the development of mere material greatness. 
The first of the land parades, the great historical pageant, will take 
place on Tuesday, September 28, and will consist of 54 cars, or " floats,^' 
bearing groups of figures and accessories illustrating scenes from the 
history of the city or state of New York. These floats will be accom- 
panied by marching bodies from various civic societies, American and 
foreign. The one which will head the procession has been named 
" The New York Title Car " and will bear a seated figure of the God- 




Thb Half Moon. 

dess of Liberty; two owls, the birds of Minerva, are perched upon the 
high back of the chair on which the goddess sits, signifying that wisdom 
has guided her in her progress. The contrast between the primitive 
conditions of Henry Hudson's time and those of the present day is 
strikingly presented by the model of an Indian canoe alongside of that 
of an ocean liner, and by representations, in due proportions, of a 
" skyscraper " and of an Indian wigwam. 

The parade will be divided into four divisions, devoted, respectively, 
to the Indian, the Dutch, the Colonial and the Revolutionary periods, 
each division being preceded by a car bearing a group which epitomizes 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION OF 1909 323 



f" 4'. 


la 


M ■ ^^pHB^^^^^w ■ ■ ^^^ijjfff^^ ■ '■ 


^^Eii^^^BMF 


^^Hjjy^^:^^ j 




""-fc-'^i^-^ 


*il 



Launching of the Half Moon at Amstekdam. 

the leading characteristics of the period. The last car typifies the hos- 
pitality of our city, a gigantic figure of Old Father Knickerbocker 
standing upon it with hands outstretched and extending a hearty wel- 
come to all the nations of the earth. In order to add to the verisimili- 
tude of the different groups, Iroquois Indians have been secured to man 
the Indian floats ; members of the various Holland societies to represent 




CoMPAEATiVE PICTURE, "CELTIC" AND "HALF MooN." Celtic (1909) — length 700 
feet, beam 75 feet, depth 49 feet, displacement 37,870 tons, tonnage 20,904 tons, horse- 
power 13,000. Half Moon (1609)— length 74.54 feet, beam 16.94 feet, depth 10.08 
feet, tonnage 80 tons. The-Ce?Mc crosses the Atlantic In a little less than eight days. 
The Half Moon crossed the Atlantic in fifty-nine days. 



324 



THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 




o g 



h X 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION OF 1009 325 

the characters on the Dutch floats, and descendants of the old Colonial 
families, members of the Society of Colonial Wars, Sons of the Eevolu- 
tion, etc., to perform the same service on the Colonial floats. The float 
showing the capture of Major Andre will be manned by descendants of 
John Paulding, one of Andre's oaptors. 

The parade will begin at 110th Street and Central Park West and 
will proceed down Central Park West to 59th Street, through that 
street to Fifth Avenue, and down Pifth Avenue to Washington Square. 

This parade will be repeated in Brooklyn on Friday, October 1, 
proceeding from the Memorial Arch at the entrance to Prospect Park 
by way of the Eastern Parkway to Buffalo Avenue. Richmond Borough 
will also have its historical j^arade, on a smaller scale, it is true. This 
will take place on Monday, September 27, and will traverse the Amboy 
Eoad, between New Dorp and Oakwood. The ceremonies on the site 
of the first church on Staten Island, founded by the Waldensians, will 
commemorate the first permanent settlement on the island. 

The military parade will take place on Thursday, passing over the 
route followed by the historical pageant. It will be composed of the 
Federal Troops of the Department of the East, the National Guard of 
the State of New York within the limits of New York city, the United 
States Navy and Marine Corps, the Naval Reserve, the veteran organ- 
izations, and marines and sailors from foreign warships. It is esti- 
mated that 25,000 men will be in line. 

The carnival parade on Saturday evening, October 2, will traverse 
the route followed by the historical parade and the military parade. 
This will unquestionably be one of the most interesting and probably 
the most brilliant feature of the celebration. It will be under the care 
of the German societies of New York, and the Germans have always 
displayed a remarkable aptitude for organizing and designing pageants 
of this kind. The fifty cars composing the parade will be artistically 
illuminated, and many thousands of torch-bearers will precede and 
follow the emblematic groups. These will represent music, art and 
literature, and the wide field of German legend, song and history will 
furnish most of the themes. The streets along the route of the parade 
will be made as light as day by festoons of electric lamps. This pageant 
will be repeated in Brooklyn on the evening of Saturday, October 9, 
and will pass along the Eastern Parkway. 

The general illumination of the city every night during the festival 
period will offer the most brilliant spectacle ever seen in this country. 
All the municipal buildings, as well as thousands of private buildings, 
will be lighted up by tens of thousands of electric lights. The four 
bridges spanning the East River will be radiant with rows of lights, 
14,000 being placed on the Queensboro Bridge, 13,000 on the Brooklyn 
Bridge, 11,000 nn the Williamsburg Bridge and the same number on 



326 



THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 




the Manhattan Bridge. As seen from any point on the East Eiver, 
these bridges will be outlined against the dark background of the night, 
so as as to appear like structures of flame, evoked by a magician's hand. 
On the other side of the island, both shores of the Hudson Eiver from 
Forty-second Street to Spuyten Duyvil will be ablaze with light. At 
110th Street there will be a battery of twelve searchlights, aggregating 
1,700,000 candle power; these lights will be directed up, down and 
across the river, illuminating an immense radius. Another battery of 
searchlights, four in number and aggregating 400,000 candle power, 
will cast its rays upon Grant's Tomb, which will be thrown into striking 
relief by the dazzling light. 

The historical parade and all the other pageants of the week will 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION OF 1909 327 

arouse in the minds of the beholders a more lively understanding of 
the history and development of our city, and, while delighting the eye, 
will convey an important lesson in the very best and most effective way 
— that is, unconsciously. A population like ours is greatly in need of 
some powerful stimulation of this kind to weld together all its heter- 
ogeneous elements. But let it not be supposed that this is the only end 
to be attained; such brilliant spectacles are a good in themselves and 
none will appreciate this more thoroughly than those whose life is 
merely a sad and monotonous struggle for their daily bread. On this 
occasion the poorest and the richest will share equally in the enjoyment 
of the various splendid and artistic spectacles. 

Of the special exhibitions which have been organized by the Art and 
Historical Exhibits Committee, the most important is the magnificent 
collection of masterpieces by Dutch painters which will be seen in the 
Metropolitan Museum of Art, at Fifth Avenue and Eighty-second 
Street. Never before have so many splendid examples of Dutch art 
been gathered together in the United States; indeed, the exhibition as 
a whole has never been rivaled even in Europe. Here may be seen no 
less than thirty-five Eembrandts, a larger number than exist in any 
permanent collection, except that of the Hermitage in St. Petersburg. 
Then there are nineteen portraits by Franz Hals, who is only inferior 
to Eembrandt among the Dutch portraitists, and five specimens of the 
work of Vermeer van Delft, whose pictures are extremely rare, there 
being only thirty authentic examples extant. Besides the works of 
these artists there are fine and characteristic pictures by Jacob and 
Salomon Ruysdael, Cuyp, Hobbema, Metsu, Van Ostade and many 
others who were contemporaries of Henry Hudson. These works come 
from the finest private collections in the United States and many years 
will pass before an equally favorable opportunity will be afforded for 
the study of Dutch pictorial art. 

The special exhibition also embraces a large and valuable collection 
of furniture, silver, pewter, porcelain and glass, produced in this 
country between 1625 and 1815, the year of Fulton's death; and there 
is also a fine collection of paintings by American artists born before 
1800, including pictures by Woolaston, Copley, West, Allston, Peale, 
Stuart, Trumbull, Fulton, Doughty, etc. 

We have all read of the Indians who were settled on Manhattan 
Island before the arrival of Henry Hudson, but few realize how many 
relics of these aborigines have been found here, especially at the upper 
end of the island. A large and valuable collection of these relics may 
be seen in the American Museum of Natural History, at Central Park 
West and Seventy-seventh Street, and a classic monograph, written by 
Dr. Clark Wissler, can be obtained at the same place, and will enable 
the visitor to understand the significance of the various relics. The 



328 



THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 




manners and customs of the Indians of Long Island are ie2:>resented by 
an important exhibit in the Brookl^ai Institute. Independent of any 
museum, and of ethnological interest, will be the 125 Indians, men, 
women and children, from Xew York reservations, who will participate 
in the landing of the Half Moon, and in several of the parades. 

The early history of Xew York and the beginnings of steam navi- 
gation will be illustrated by an exhibition of views, paintings, manu- 
scripts, books, etc., shown in the Lenox branch of the ISTew York Public- 
Library, detailed information in regard to the exhibits being offered in 
a special catalogue. The Xew York Historical Society, in its new 
building, on Central Park West, corner of Seventj'-seventh Street, 
just below the American Museum of Natural History, exhibits many 
interesting pictures and relics relating to Robert Fulton. At the 
National Arts Club, No. 15 Gramercy Park, the special collection is 
entitled " Three Hundred Years of New York," and the visitor will 
see a large number of pictures and other objects illustrating the 
development of the city and its rapid and marvelous growth. A col- 
lection of oil paintings and old manuscripts concerning the early his- 
tory of New York is exhibited by the Genealogical and Biographical 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION OF 1909 329 




Societ}^, No. 226 ^Yest Fifty-seventh Street, and rare manuscripts and 
books on the same subject may be seen at the College of the City of 
New York, St. Nicholas Avenue and 138th Street. 

As is the case with all great inventions, steam navigation was not 
the work of one man alone, although Eobert Fulton was the first to 
apply it consequently and permanently. Epoch-making inventions 
have usually been the work of a group of men pursuing the same end, 
often independently of each other, but the credit and glory of success 
is reserved for that one of them who possesses the energy and persist- 
ence requisite for ultimate triumph. Before Fulton built the Clermont, 
John Fitch had constructed a boat operated and propelled by steam, 
and John Stevens had already sailed a steamboat, his Phoenix being 
undoubtedly the first steamboat to sail on the ocean ; but Fulton applied 
the ideas of Fitch and improved upon them to such an extent that he 
is rightly regarded as the parent of steam navigation. Aided by the 
advice of Chancellor Livingston, he secured a sort of monopoly in 
steamship building and his name will always be remembered among 
those of the great benefactors of humanity. 

The portrait of Fulton by Benjamin "West is justly regarded as one 



33° 



THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 




of the best works of our American 
painter, who became president of 
the Eoyal Academy in London. 
Fulton himself was an artist of 
considerable ability, and pursued his 
art studies in London under West's 
direction. Among his works is a 
most interesting portrait of himself, 
which can be seen in the Brooklyn 
Institute. Although this does not 
equal West's portrait in artistic 
merit, like other attempts of artists 
to portray their own features it gives 



General Stewart L. Woodford, 
President of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration 
Commission. 

US something not to be found in 
other portraits, namel}^, the idea, or 
perhaps we should rather say the 
ideal, the artist has formed of him- 
self. 





Henry W. Sackett, 
Secretary of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration 
Commission. 

^In Brooklyn Institute exhibit. 
Published by his permission. 



Hermann Riddek, 

Vice-president of the Hudson-Fulton 

Celebration Commission. 

One of the most interesting of 
the printed documents referring to 
the Revolution is an old " Broad- 
side " printed in New York, March 
25, 1783.- We are here given a 
vivid idea of the time required for 
the transmission of news in that day, 
for this sheet tells us that the first 
news of the signing of the prelim- 
inaries to the treaty of peace at Paris 
Loaned by Colonel Henry T. Chapman. 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION OF 1909 zz^- 

on January 20, 1783, reached Philadelphia, by way of Cadiz, Spain, 
on the twenty-seventh of March. 

The flora of Manhattan Island and its vicinity, in the time of Henry 
Hudson, is shown in the New York Botanical Garden, where these 
specimens are indicated by the letter " H," and in the parks of Brooklyn 
and Queens boroughs, a special sign in this case indicating the trees and 
shrubs which grew here in 1609. It is difficult for those who see this 
city of stone, brick and concrete to imagine its appearance in Henry 
Hudson's time, when stretches of meadow land alternated with groves 
or small forests of trees, over the greater part of the territory, while the 
upper |)art of Manhattan Island was traversed with rocky ridges rising 
in some cases to a considerable height above tide-water. Except in the 
outlying portions of the city, all these irregularities have been effaced, 
but the large parks, especially Morningside Park and a portion of 
Central Park above 100th Street, still show much of the primitive 
conditions. 

Such a transformation makes the old pictures of Manhattan Island 
seem unreal, nevertheless it should be a consolation for the present 
landowners to know that the land was duly and legally acquired by the 
first Dutch settlers, and although Peter Minuit may have made a good 
bargain, the title is clear and without stain. 

Those who wish to form some idea of the fauna of this region at the 
time of Hudson's arrival should visit the ISTew York Zoological Garden, 
where the specimens in question are marked by the flag of the Hudson- 
Fulton Celebration. In the New York Aquarium appropriate signs 
have also been placed on the tanks containing fish indigenous to the 
Hudson River and the waters surrounding New York. 

For many special exhibitions catalogues have been prepared at con- 
siderable expense. The price at which they are sold scarcely covers the 
cost of printing them from the plates. A first edition of 5,000 to 10,000 
copies has been printed, but when this supply is exhausted new editions 
of, say, 2,000 copies will be issued from time to time as occasion requires. 

One of the leading features of the celebration will be a grand banquet 
of 2,000 persons in the magnificent new dining-hall of the Hotel Astor. 
This will be the greatest fine banquet ever given in this country, and 
the use of the hall has been held back to have this the initial banquet. 
It is true that in point of size it can not be compared with the dinner 
given to 22,000 maires of the French communes, at the opening of the 
Paris Exposition in 1889. Some idea of the gigantic proportions of 
this function may be given by the fact that the plates used in serving 
the dinner, if placed on top of each other, would have made a pile two 
miles in height. However, this was merely a dinner, while the function 
in the Hotel Astor is a grand banquet faultless in every detail. 

In Brooklyn the social side of the celebration will find expression in 



332 



TEE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 




5;;^'iH>f3iLuwc.r 



a ball to be given at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. Invitations have 
been extended to the officers of the American and International fleets, 
the diplomatic representatives of foreign nations, and many other dis- 
tinguished guests, and the ball will undoubtedly be a brilliant and 
imposing affair. 

Lovers of good music will have ample opportunity to gratify their 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION OF 1909 335 

tastes. On Sunday evening, September 26, the masterpieces of Irish 
music and song will be rendered in Carnegie Hall by Irish citizens of 
New York, many of the songs being given in both English and Gaelic. 
In the Hippodrome, on the same evening, there will be a concert by the 
United German Singers of the Northeast District of New York. 

On Monday evening, September 27, the Hudson-Fulton official 
ceremonies will open with a reception to the distinguished visiting 
guests at the Metropolitan Opera House, when all the distinguished 
foreign guests will present their addresses, after an official welcome by 
the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission, Gen. Stewart L. Woodford, 
Charles E. Hughes, Governor of the state of New York, Mayor George 
B. McClellan, and Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, over ninety years old, author 
of the " Battle Hymn of the Eepublic," will recite a poem. 

On Tuesday evening, September 28, there will be a musical festival 
by the German Liederkranz in the Metropolitan Opera House, and on 
Thursday evening, September 30, a concert will be given by the New 
York Festival Chorus in Carnegie Hall. Lastly, there will be a sacred 
concert at Carnegie Hall by the People's Choral Union, under the 
leadership of Walter Damrosch, on Sunday, the third of October. 

Educational exercises, dealing with subjects appropriate to the 
celebration, and designed to be participated in by universities, colleges, 
schools, museums and learned and patriotic societies throughout the 
state, will be held on Wednesday, September 29. In New York City, 
the following lectures will be delivered in various rooms of the New 
York University : " Literature of the First Two Centuries of New 
York Cit}^," by Professor Francis H. Stoddard ; " Conditions Deter- 
mining the Greatness of New York City as a Commercial and Financial 
Center," by Professor Joseph F. Johnson ; " The Political History of 
New Netherland," by Professor Marshall S. Brown ; " History of 
Education in New York," by Professor Herman H. Home ; " Fulton 
and Other Promoters of Steam Navigation," by Professor Daniel W. 
Hering ; " History of Steam Navigation," by Professor Charles E. 
Houghton; "A Comparison of the Steam Engine Before 1809 with 
Fulton's Steam Engine," by Professor Collins P. Bliss; "The Physio- 
graphic Development of the Hudson Kiver Valley," by Professor Joseph 
E. Woodman. There will also be exercises in connection with the 
university's schools in Washington Square. In Brooklyn Borough 
there will be literary exercises on Tuesday evening, September 28, at 
the Brooklyn Academy of Music. 

Commemorative services will take place throughout the city and 
state on Saturday, September 28. On this day the Eeformed Protestant 
Dutch Church of the City of New York, organized in 1628 and repre- 
senting the earliest religious organization in New York, will hold special 
commemorative services at 11 a.m. and 8 p.m., in its churches at Second 



334 



THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 



Avenue and Seventh Street, Fifth Avenue and Twenty-ninth Street, 
Fifth Avenue and Forty-eighth Street and West End Avenue and 
Seventy-seventh Street. 

The Henry Hudson Monument on Spuyten Duyvil Hill will be 
dedicated on Monday, September 27, and is so placed as to form a 
prominent landmark. From a liase ornamented with bas-reliefs springs 
a fluted Doric column, surmounted by a pedestal supporting the statue 
of Hudson. This monument, by Karl Bitter and Schrady, is a chaste 
and beautiful work of art. It is 110 feet high, and, being set upon an 




Gateway erected on Stony Point Battlefield by Daughters of the Uevulution 

(New York State) and to be dedicated during Hudson-Fulton Celebration — 

September 25 to October 9, 1909 — as part of the official program. 

Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission. 



elevation 200 feet above tide-water, it can be seen from a distance of 
several miles up and down the Hudson Eiver, and even from the waters 
of Long Island Sound; the sum required for its erection was supplied 
by private subscription. The monument rests on the site of the Indian 
village of ISTipinichsen, whence, on October 2, 1609, an attack was made 
upon the Half Moon. 

The last scene of Hudson's life makes a gloomy picture. Set adrift 
in a small boat by the mutinous crew of his ship Adriatic, he passed 
away out of the sight of men and was never heard of again. In the 
dreary hours of aimless drifting over the tossing waves, and face to face 
with death, Hudson had not even the consolation of knowing that his 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION OF 1909 335 

name would be handed down to posterity, and that nearly three centuries 
after his death millions of his race and speech would assemble to do 
him honor. 

Land is so valuable on Manhattan Island that but few remain of 
the old buildings associated with the early history of the city. For this 
very reason a visit to four of these historic buildings which have been 
preserved from destruction will be of interest. Fraunces' Tavern, situ- 
ated near the corner of Pearl and Broad Streets, is famous as the place 
where Washington bade farewell to his officers, December 4, 1783. The 
collection of old pictures and historic relics gathered here will gain in 
interest by the associations connected with the place. 

Another building dating from colonial times is that formerly known 
as the Morris Mansion, or the Jumel Mansion. This fine old residence 
was built about 1760 and it was here that Washington established his 
headquarters during the military operations on the upper part of Man- 
hattan Island. The building is now the property of the City of New 
York, and is under the care of the Daughters of the American Eevolu- 
tion (State of New York), who have brought together a very interesting 
collection of mementoes of the Eevolution. 

The Van Cortlandt Mansion, erected about 1748, is a fine and char- 
acteristic specimen of the colonial style of architecture, and will con- 
tain a valuable collection of portraits of men who played a leading part 
in the Revolution. This building is cared for by the Colonial Dames 
of the State of New York. 

The Aquarium building in Battery Park was originally erected, in 
1807, as a fort, and was named Fort Clinton in 1812. Many years later 
it was transformed into a theater and concert hall, under the name of 
Castle Garden. There are some still living who can recall the wild 
enthusiasm evoked by the " Swedish nightingale," Jenny Lind, when 
she made her first appearance before an American audience in this 
building. In 1855 a new use was found for Castle Garden and it 
became the goal of an immense host of immigrants, 7,690,606 passing 
through its portals in the period from 1855 to 1890. 

One of the interesting exercises connected with the celebration will 
be the dedication of the Memorial Arch erected by the Daughters of 
the American Eevolution in the Stony Point Battlefield State Eeser- 
vation. The ceremonies will take place on Saturday, October 2. The 
governor of the state and many prominent citizens, as well as a number 
of military and civic organizations, will be present. The National 
Scenic Preservation Society, the official custodian of the reservation, 
will cooperate in the formal exercises.' 

On Wednesday, September 29, at 4 p.m., the American Scenic and 
Historic Preservation Society will dedicate the tablet erected through 
the generosity of Mr. Cornelius K. G. Billings, on the site of Fort Tryon, 



336 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 

on Fort Washington Avenue. This fort was gallantly defended on 
November 16, 1776, by the Maryland and Virginia Regiment, against 
the attack of the Hessian troops. 

The following dedications have also been officially recognized by the 
commission: On "Wednesday, September 29, the City Wall Bastion 
Tablet, at No. 48 Wall Street, New York, marking the site of a bastion 
in the old city wall to be dedicated by the Society of Colonial Wars in 
the State of New York; the Fort Amsterdam Tablet placed on the 
United States Custom House in New York City, marking the site of 
Fort Amsterdam, dedicated by the New York Society of the Founders 
and Patriots of America. On Monday, September 27, the Palisades 
Interstate Park, extending for thirty miles along the western shore of 
the Hudson River, from Fort Lee, N. Y., to Piermont, N. Y., will be 
dedicated by the commissioners of the Interstate Palisades Park. The 
date for the dedication of the bust of Verrazzano, the Italian navigator 
who visited New York Harbor in 1524, has not yet been selected by the 
Italian societies which have donated it to the city. 

Aquatic sports will be the order of the day on Wednesday, September 
29, when boat races will be held on the Hudson River, the boats being 
manned from the crews of the foreign and American warships. There 
will also be interstate contests between members of the Naval Reserves 
from different states, canoe races and motor-boat races. At Yonkers, 
on the same day, high-power motor-boats will compete, and there will be 
boat races between various amateur crews from clubs. 

The astonishing progress in aeronautics during the past year has 
excited public interest to the highest pitch, and the celebration commis- 
sion is making every effort to assure the presence of some of the leading 
aeronauts and aviators. While the arrangements for this branch of 
the celebration are not fully completed at the time of writing, the public 
will certainly be given an opportunity to see many types of dirigibles 
and aeroplanes, and some sensational flights will be made. If the 
weather conditions are favorable, the aeronautical exhibitions will begin 
on Monday, September 27. 

In organizing the various parades and exercises, the celebration 
commission has not forgotten the children of our city, for whom special 
festivals will be held, on Saturday, October 2, at fifty different centers. 
There will be games, historical plays, folk-dances, etc., given by thou- 
sands of children from the public schools, and accommodations will be 
provided for a half million children to witness the spectacles. 

The close of the celebration in all its phases will be marked by a 
chain of immense beacon-fires lighted on mountain tops and heights 
from Staten Island to the head of navigation on Saturday evening, 
October 9. All these beacons will be connected by electric wires and 
will be lighted simultaneously by President Taft. The beacons are 
made of peat with chemicals, so that they will burn even if it rains. 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION OF 1909 



337 




Henkt Hudson Monument. To be erected on Spuyten Duyvil by popular sub- 
scription at a cost of $100,000, and to be dedicated as a part of the official program 
of tiie Hudson-Fulton Celebration. This monument is by Karl Bitter and Schrady, 
is 110 feet high and will stand on an elevation of two hundred feet above the water, 
being visible for many miles above the Hudson River and from Long Island Sound. 

A special two-cent stamp to commemorate the Hudson-Fulton Cele- 
bration has been issued by the Post Office Department. The background 
of the design shows the Palisades, with the Half Moon sailing up the 
Hudson Eiver, and the Clermont steaming in the opposite direction; 
in the foreground is an Indian in a canoe, and another canoe manned 
by four Indians can just be discerned in the distance. The commission 
has to thank Congressman Bennett and his colleagues, Congressmen 
Parsons and Olcott, for their successful efforts in securing the consent 
of the Postmaster General to the issue of these stamps, of which fifty 
million will be printed. 




FIG, I. INWOOD ROCK-SHELTER, MANHATTAN. 




FIG. 2. FINCH'S ROCK HOUSE. 



The Indians of Hanhattan Island 
and Vicinity 



By ALANSON SKINNER 

Department of Anthropology 



A GUIDE TO THE 

HUDSON - FULTON EXHIBIT 

AT THE 

American Museum of Natural History 



NO. 29 

OF THE 

GUIDE LEAFLET SERIES 

OF THE 

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 

EDMUND Otis hovey, editor 
New York. Published by the riuseum. September, 1909 



9B 

3A 























5 


















4B 


! 










4A 


1 












J 




3B 






6 






3A 













FLOOR PLAN, WESTERN END OF THE HALL OF THE PLAINS INDIANS 

(No. 102). 
Explanation of Case Numbers. 

1 Mohegan and Delaware. Iroquois: Clothing; Weapons. 

2 A Prehistoric Life in Greater New York. 

2B Prehistoric Manhattan Island. 

3A Shinnecock Hills, Long Island. 

3B Van Cortlandt Park. Long Island. 

4A Iroquois: Corn Food; Household Utensils. 

4B Iroquois: Transportation; Games; Ceremonial Objects; Wampum. 

5 Iroquois Group. 

6 Shell Heap. 

7 Iroquois: False Face Society. 
8A Westchester County. 

8B Upper Hudson. 

9A Kah Kwah and Erie Indians of New York State. 

9B New York State. Articles of European Manufacture. 

lOA Potterj" of Greater New York. Husk Face Society. 

lOB Bolton and Calver Collection. 

11 Rock Shelter. 



4 



THE INDIANS OF IMANHATTAN ISLAND AND VICINITY. 

By Alansox Skinner, 
Department of Anthropology. 

Introduction. 

AS a part of the Hudson-Fulton celebration, a special exliibit repre- 
senting the Indians of Ncav York has been arranged in the West 
Hall, on the ground floor of the INIuseum. The low, or table cases, 
contain implements of stone, bone, shell and other materials, found on 
.Manhattan Island and in and around Greater New York, — implements 
once used by the Indians occupying this region. In the upright cases will 
be found ethnological objects, many of which are still in use among the 
surviving Iroquois Indians of New York State. This guide, therefore, 
refers chiefly to the remains of Indians found upon Manhattan Island and 
adjacent shores, examples of which are shown in the table cases. The 
location of the various cases may be seen from the accompanying plan. 

In using this guide, the visitor is advised to turn north, as he enters the 
exhibit and take a general view of the cases in the order designated; then it 
is suggested that he follow the discussion (pp. 14-36) of the various kinds of 
specimens found near New York City as he makes a second examination of 
the exhibits in the table cases. 

The Hudson-Fulton exhibition is designed to show the life of the Indians 
of New York City and vicinity in prehistoric times, when primitive conditions 
were as yet unchanged by the advent of European settlers. The objects 
shown have been collected by jNIuseum expeditions sent for the purpose of 
excavating the ancient A-illage, camp and burial sites of the Indians in several 
localities within the area indicated, and the exliibits have been prepared 
from the remains thus secured. The remnants of the tribes that once 
occujiied the primeval forests of Greater New York have so long been scat- 
tered and lost that almost nothing can be obtained from them now. 

Beginning with the northern half of the exhibit, the visitor will find the 
first section of the upright case (1)^ devoted to a few specimens showing 
some of the more perishable articles formerly in use among the Delaware 
and jNIohegan Indians of this immediate vicinity. Most of these have been 
collected from the scattered remnants of these people, or else were obtained 
from old families who, since the disappearance of the natives, preserved 

1 See diagram on page 4. 



6 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 

articles of Indian manufacture in their homes as curiosities. The other 
]iortions of this case exhibit tlie clothing and weapons of the Iroquois. 

The first table section (2A) is devoted to an exhibition, as comprehensive 
as possible, showing the life of the natives in prehistoric times by means of 
specimens obtained from the ancient village and camp sites. Here may be 
seen bones of the various animals, fish and shell-fish upon Avhich the Indians 
depended for subsistence; fragments of nuts, corn, roots and other food 
])roducts preserved by charring and obtained from ancient fireplaces, and 
such implements as arrow points of antler and stone, net-sinkers of stone 
and stone hoes for tilling the fields — all illustrative of primitive methods of 
hunting and agriculture. Implements exhibited in the same case show the 
preparation of animal and vegetable food with primitive utensils, while 
close by are tools used by the Indians in preparing skins. The manufactures 
of the Indians are illustrated in the immediately adjacent section (2B). 
A progressive series of implements shows the making of an arrow point from 
a simple quartz pebble such as might be picked up anywhere on the shore, 
with the various stages leading to the finished point; the tools employed are 
also exhibited. Implements of stone for pecking, grooving and polishing; 
hatchets and axes; pottery fragments, and household utensils, such as 
hammers, axes, adzes and gouges, will be found at hand. 

In the other side of this table case (2B) there is an exhibit from ]\Ian- 
hattan Island, made up of specimens principally collected by IVIr. Alexander 
C. Chenoweth in the rock-shelters and village sites at Inwood, showing as 
fully as possible the life of the prehistoric Manhattan Indians. The exhibit 
illustrating, by means of models, the manufacture of |)ottery is especially 
noteworthy. From the appearance of fragments now to be found on the 
sites of the ancient Indian villages of this vicinity and the methods of modern 
Indian pottery makers, we may safely conclude that most, if not all, of the 
earthenware manufactured in this locality was made by the "coil" process, 
Avhicli consisted of the following steps. The Indians first secured clay of a 
suitable quality, which was mixed with pounded shell or stones to make it 
tougher and more durable. It was then warked into long rolls, and the 
Indian, beginning at the bottom, worked the pot up by adding coil after coil, 
blending or smoothing the coils Avith a smooth stone until they did not show 
from either the interior or exterior surface. The potter's wheel was not 
known to the aborigines in the olden days. When the pot was completed, 
it was decorated by stamping or incising designs about the exterior of the rim. 

In the next table case (3A) are to be seen implements and remains from 
the shell heaps marking the long-forgotten Indian villages at Shinnecock 
Hills, Long Island. This exliibit, which is one of the most complete of its 
kind, gives a rather adequate picture of the ancient life of these peo])le 



SKINNER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 7 

and is especially valuable for the number and variety of primitive manu- 
factures shown. One of the most interesting of the sections demonstrates, 
by means of a series of specimens, the primitive methods of cutting bone and 
antler employed by these Indians. Bone was cut by notching or grooving 
it with a stone knife or flake and then breaking it at the groove. Antler 
was worked in the same Avay, but it is very probable that the Indians boiled 
antler in order to make it more pliable and easily cut. 

In the western side of this case (3B) there is a series of specimens 
collected from an ancient Indian \dllage situated on the site of the Parade 
Ground at Van Cortlandt Park. In the adjacent section some specimens 
from Long Island in general are shown. 

The upright case (4A) at the end contains an exhibit from the Iroquois 
Indians of New York State, and the small wall case (6) on the side shows 
a section of a shell heap with a map showing the location of most of the 



T't 



'//l///'.'.>V/ 



Pib Ash- bed 

' I. ,.,/,j^f, ,, , ,!■ </ l/////ll//l//J/l//n,/lj^ 



uri-ace. 5oi L 

Shells and 
blacK cirlK. 




FIG. 3. DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL SHELL DEPOSIT. 



Indian villages of Greater New York and vicinity, as well as photographs 
and labels describing the opening and excavation of the sites. Specimens 
t\']Dical of those found in the shell heaps are also exhibited. 

Of all the traces left by the aborigines along the New York seacoast, 
the most abundant and familiar are the shell heaps — the beds of refuse 
marking the sites of ancient villages, camps and isolated wigwams. Wher- 
ever the fresh water joins the salt and especially where open water for fishing, 
a creek with its clam beds and a spring for drinking come together in happy 
combination, there is generally to be found some such evidence of Indian 
occupation, unless, as is often the case, settlement and improvement have 
buried deep the shells or carted them away. 

The t\^3ical "shell heap" is not a heap at all, for leaf mold, the wash 
from neighboring high ground and often cultivation have made it level with 
its surroundings (Fig. 3). Vei:y often, unless the land be plowed, no shells 
whatever show on the surface, and the onlv wav of finding out the conditions 



8 



AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 



of things below the sod is to test with a spade or a crowbar. If shells are 
present, their crunching soon gives notice of the fact. Sometimes shell 
heaps have been located by shells thrown from mole and woodchuck bur- 
rows, or by outcropping in gullies washed by the rain, or banks broken 
down by the surf. They are generally located near some creek or bay on 
low but dry ground, preferably with an eastern or southern exposure, and, 
as before mentioned, not far from drinking water. Some have been found 
fronting on the open Sound, but such cases are rare. These deposits con- 
sist of large quantities of decayed oyster, clam and other marine shells 
mixed with stained earth, with here and there ashes, charcoal and fire- 
broken stones to mark the spots where ancient camp fires blazed. Among 




FIG, 4. CROSS SECTION OF A SHELL PIT. 



the shells are usually scattered antlers of deer, fish bones, bones of animals 
and birds split for the marrow, quantities of pottery fragments, and broken 
implements, in short, the imperishable part of the camp refuse left by the 
Indians. Now and then, perfect implements and ornaments that had been 
carelessly lost in the rubbish or hidden for safe-keeping are discovered. 
Little did the Indian think, as he laid away his little hoard, that his handi- 
work would never see light again until he and his people had long been gone 
and forgotten. ' 

Shell heaps vary from a few inches to foiu' feet in depth, and in area from 
a few square yards to several acres — all depending on the length of time 
the settlement was occupied and the number of dwellings comprising it. 
Deep shell heaps are often divided into layers, the lowest of which are, of 



SKINNER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 



9 



course, the oldest. Under and near most of these deposits may be found 
scattered "pits" or fire holes, which are bowl-shaped depressions in the 
ground filled with layers of stained earth, shells and other refuse, with an 
occasional layer of ashes. Some pits are as large as ten feet wide by six 
feet deep, but the average is four feet deep by three feet wide. It is sup- 
posed that they were used as ovens or steaming holes and afterwards filled up 
with refuse (Fig. 4). Some contain human skeletons, which may have been 
interred in them during the winter season when grave digging was impossi- 




FIG. 5. MAP GIVING THE LOCATIONS OF SHELL DEPOSITS. 
Those marked + have been explored by the Museum. 



ble. Pits as a rule, contain more of interest than the ordinary shell layer. 
The closely packed regular masses of shells form a covering which tends to 
preserve bone implements, charred corn and such perishable articles from 
decay in a way that the looser shells of the general layers fail to do. 

Shell heaps, while abundant along the seacoast, are seldom found inland, 
except on salt creeks or other streams having access to salt water. They 
may be seen all along the east shore of the Hudson River at more or less 



10 



AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 



frequent intervals up as far as Peekskill, and on Croton Point and between 
Nvack and Hook Mountain on the west shore they attain considerable size. 
There are a few small deposits, however, composed mainly of brook clams 
(Unio) situated on fresh water lakes in the interior of Westchester County. 
There are many shell heaps on Staten Island. Shell heaps occur or did 
occur on Constable Hook, New Jersey, and at intervals between there and 
Jersey City along the western shore of New York Bay. The accompanying 
ma]) (Fig. 5) gives the location of the important known shell deposits of the 
vicinity of New York Citv. 







■-: Mit> V 



FIG 6^ GRAVE OF SKELETONS WITH ARROW POINTS. 



On the opposite side (4B) of the upright case, tlie Iroquois exhibition is 
continued, but the last section is devoted to a small exhibit showing the 
manufacture of wampum by the Indians of Long Island with prehistoric 
implements and a number of specimens of wampum belts and strings col- 
lected from the Iroquois of New York and Canada. 

The wall case (5) at the western end of the room contains a group illus- 
trating the costumes of the Iroquois Indians of a period from about 1790 
to the present day. 

Beginning on the south side of the aisle, the easternmost upright case 



SKINNER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 11 

(7) is devoted to the False Face Society of the Iroquois, while the table 
case (8A) immediately following contains objects from Westchester County 
and Staten Island. In these sections an interesting feature of aboriginal 
life is shown. Although most of the Indians of the vicinity of Greater New 
York did not place objects in the graves with their dead, some graves at 
Burial Ridge, Tottenville, Staten Island, when opened for the Museum in 
1895, were found to contain a great many interesting and valuable remains. 
With the skeleton of a child there was a great deposit of utensils, both fin- 
ished and unfinished ornaments, such as beads, pendants, and the like, a 
stone pipe and a number of other objects, while not far away the skeletons 
of three Indian warriors were exliumed (Fig. 6), in and among whose 
bones there were found, as shown in this section, twenty-three arrow points 
of stone, antler and bone (Fig. 7). 

This is an excellent exliibit indicating the use of the bow in Indian war- 
fare. The skeletons lay side by side with the legs flexed as shown in the 
illustration (Fig. 6). In the first skeleton, it was found that two points of 
antler and one of bone had pierced the body and lodged near the spinal col- 
umn. Another point of argillite had been driven between two ribs, forming 
a notch in each. A bone arrow point had struck the shoulder and was resting 
against the scapula. Among the bones of the right hand, an arrow point 
of antler was discovered, and there was a similar one near the left hand. 
Another antler point was lying in the sand just beneath the body and had, 
no doubt, dropped from it when the flesh wasted away. The most inter- 
esting wound of all was one where an antler-tipped arrow had ploughed 
through one side of the body and fully one-third of the point had passed 
through one of the ribs, making a hole, where it remained, as smoothly as if 
drilled. The second body was also terribly injured. The left femur showed 
an elongated puncture near the lower end, probably made by an arrow 
point. Among the ribs was the tip of an antler point, and a yellow jasper 
one was among the ribs on the left side of the body. Three other points 
were among the bones. The third skeleton was likewise an example of old- 
time bow play. There was an antler point among the ribs on the left side. 
The end of one of the fibulae was shattered by a stone arrow point, and a 
second point had lodged between two ribs. Beneath the sternum was a 
flint point, and the right shoulder blade showed a fracture near the end, 
caused by a blow of some hand implement or an arrow. Near the base of 
the skull, the end of an antler arrow point was discovered, broken perhaps by 
its impact with the occiput. Two bone points were near the lower bones of 
the left leg. A second point was found upon search among the left ribs; 
under the vertebrae was the base of another antler point, and two broken 
points were found beneath the body. 



12 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 




FIG. 7. BONES PUNCTURED BY ARROW POINTS, FROM SKELETONS FOUND ON STATEN 

ISLAND, 



SKINNER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 13 

The position in which several of the points were found certainly speaks 
well for the great force which propelled them. The long bows of the local 
Indians must indeed have been formidable weapons. Taking into con- 
sideration the number of arrows which must have been imbedded in the 
bodies of the warriors, it is perhaps probable that the majority of the pro- 
jectiles were driven into the victims at close range after death. 

In the wall case (11) south of the exhibit will be found the model of a 
rock-shelter and t\'pical objects found in such places. These, as the name 
implies, are protected spots in rocky ledges, where Indians once made more 
or less permanent places of abode. Many such shelters exist in the vicinitv 
of New York, one or two having been discovered at Inwood, Manhattan 
(Fig. 1). The most important rock-shelter so far discovered is the so-called 




•Ve-T; '.v." ■••■•'••'■ ':'■'.'■ 

77TiT//////r7/////////7f//;/i/i////////i^ 



FIG. 8. VERTICAL SECTION OF REFUSE IN FINCH'S ROCK HOUSE, ABOUT MIDWAY OF THE 

CAVE 



Finch House (Fig. 2) reproduced in the model. The original is near Ar- 
monk, Westchester County, New York. One point of special interest is the 
fact that the Finch shelter contained two layers bearing relics separated by 
sand as shown in the drawing (Fig. 8). As no pottery was found in the 
bottom layer, it has been inferred that we have here the remains of two 
different races of Indians, the older not yet advanced to the pottery-making 
stage. This conclusion, is, however, far from final, for the whole arrange- 
ment may be due to accident. 

The table case 8B contains objects selected from the Henry Booth 
collection illustrating the life of the Indians of the Upper Hudson. They are 
especially interesting on account of the number of ceremonial "banner stones" 
found in that region, which are apparently not nearly so abundant any- 
where else in this vicinitv. 



14 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 

In the next table case the section 9A is devoted to the hfe history of some 
of the Iroquois tribes other than the Five Nations of western New York, 
and the following section (9B) shows, as well as possible, the culture of the 
Iroquois Indians of central New York and objects used by the Indians of 
New York State in general manufacture or obtained from the Europeans 
upon the advent of the settlers. In the upright case (lOA) there is presented 
an exhibition of pottery vessels, all but one of which were found within the 
limits of Greater New York, and some implements from the Iroquois of the 
Mohawk Valley, besides material illustrating the societies of the Iroquois. 
On the other side, (lOB), the entire case is filled with specimens from the 
Bolton and Calver collection from Manhattan Island, which will be more 
fully described below. 



The Types of Indian Relics found in and about New York City. 

Having now taken a general view of the exhibit, the visitor may be inter- 
ested in a study of the several kinds of relics found in this locality. As these 
t}i)es are somewhat different from those found in near-by regions, we con- 
clude that the Indians formerly living here had habits and customs different 
from those of their neighbors. For want of a better name, these long-extinct 
tribes have been called the New York Coastal Algonkin. The term Algon- 
kin designates the language they spoke, while the adjective defines their 
habitat. 

In the term New York Coastal Algonkin, the writer includes the tribes 
along the coast from Tottenville, Staten Island, the extreme southern point 
of the state, to the Connecticut boundary on Long Island Sound, including 
to a certain extent the shores of New Jersey immediately adjacent to Staten 
and Manhattan Islands, the east bank of the Hudson River as far north as 
Yonkers, and exclusive of Long Island except the western end. From the 
examination of the remains of the New York Coastal Algonkin area preserved 
in many collections, both public and private, it becomes obvious that the 
objects found may be roughly divided into three groups: articles of stone, 
articles of bone and antler, and articles of clay, shell and metal. The first 
group is, from the imperishable nature of its representatives, naturally the 
largest and comprises a number of sub-groups to be briefly described and 
commented upon in this paper. Examples of this type will be found in 
the table cases previously mentioned. For the following descriptions and 
historical notes the author has largely drawn on Mr. James K. Finch's and 
his own contributions to Volume III of the "Anthropological Papers of the 
American Museum of Natural History" (New York, 1909). 






A 




* 



lO 




iii 




11 ^Z 13 14 15 i£ ly |g 13 T^^o 



It* 




I 









I 



■^1 * ^^ '^3 ?.<t 2fa A ^'' X- ?.& X.9 3° 




3R. 3 3^ 3<^ 35 J 36 ^37 3 8 39 




llli 



li ^. 4 5 46 4r 48 




40 



•t il i ♦ 



4ftt 

5B 59 eo ^i 



fe-^ 63 64 



65- 



FIG. 9. TYPES OF ARROW POINTS. 



16 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 



Chipped Articles. 

Arroiv Points (Fig. 9). Two general tyjies may be recognized, and these 
are the stemmed or notched, and the triangular forms. The former are by 
far the most abundant, and while these are usually made of the nearest 
local rock possessing the necessary conchoidal fracture, in some cases they 
are of material brought from a long distance. Specimens made of pink 
flint resembling stone from the Flint Ridge of Ohio, and of jasper found 
to the south of this region have been recorded. Blunt arrow points are 
rare, the Indians probably preferring wooden arrows for this type. INIany 
of the so-called "blunt-points" found in collections, appear to be scrapers 
made over from broken arrow points of a large size. 

The triangular type has long been regarded by the local collectors of this 
vicinity as being the type used in war, the argument being that as it has no 
stem, it was necessarily but loosely fastened in its shaft and, if shot into 
the body, would be very liable to become detached and remain in the flesh 
if any attempt were made to withdraw it by tugging at the shaft. While 
it was no doubt perfectly possible to fasten a point of triangular shape to the 
shaft as firmly as a notched point, the discoveries of Mr. George H. Pepper at 
Tottenville, Staten Island, where twenty-three arrow points Avere found in 
and among the bones of three Indian skeletons, tend to strengthen this 
theory. While the majority were of bone or antler, all those made of stone 
were of this t}^e, and indeed most of the bone points were also triangular 
in shape. However, it is well to bear in mind that arrow points of triangular 
type have been used for every purpose by all the early Iroquois tribes of 
New York. 

Spear Poinis and Knives (Fig. 10). None of the early accounts of con- 
temporary European writers seem to mention the use of spears (other than 
bone or antler-headed harpoons) by the Indians hereabouts, and it is prob- 
able that the larger arrow-point-like forms found were used as knives or 
cutting tools. They are usually notched or stemmed, rarely triangular, and 
occasionally round or oval. They vary in size, but it nuist be remembered 
that one tool may have had various uses, and that drills, knives and 
scrapers may often have been combined in one implement. 

Scrapers (Figs. 10 and 11). Scrapers were probably used in dressing 
skins, and in sharpening bone implements, woodworking and for various 
other purposes. These are usually mere flint flakes chipped to an edge on 
one side. Nevertheless, notched and stemmed forms, requiring some care 
in their making do occur. Broken arrow points were occasionally chipped 
down to serve this purpose. A single serrated scraper has been found. 



SKINNER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 17 




FiG. 10. KNIVES AND SCRAPERS. 



18 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 

These are very rare in both the Algonkian and Iroquoian areas of New 
England and the Middle Atlantic States. One very large stemmed scraper, 
of a t^'pe more common in the far west, also comes from this locality. 

Drills (Fig. 11). These are usually chipped tools presenting an elon- 
gated narrow blade and a considerably swollen or expanded base, suitable 
for grasping in the hand. In some cases the base was absent and those 
were probably hafted in wood. Specimens whose blades have a square 
or rectangular cross section are very rare. The finding of cores left in 
half-drilled objects shows the use of a hollow drill, and it has been suggested 
that a hard hollow reed used with sand and water on a soft stone would 
produce this effect. To bear out this assertion, it has been reported that a 
half-drilled implement has been found (outside this area on the upper 
Hudson) in which the remains of the reed drill were found in the cavity left 
by its action. 

Rough Stone Articles. 

Hammcrstones. These vary from simple pebbles picked up and used 
in the rough, showing merely a battered edge or edges acquired by use, to 
the pitted forms. They are generally mere pebbles with a pit pecked on two 
opposite sides, perhaps to aid in grasping with the thumb and forefinger. 
Some have battered edges, but many have not, suggesting, when round and 
regular, a use as gaming or "Chunke" stones, or as implements used only 
in pounding some soft substance. Hammcrstones, pitted on one sitle only, 
and others with many pits on all sides, occur. These latter may have had 
some special use, and are not to be confounded with the large flat, slab-like 
stones having pits only on one side, found in other regions, and perhaps 
used as receptacles for holding nuts while cracking them. While these are 
common in the Iroquoian area, they are unknown here. 

Large stones, single or double pitted, resembling oversized hammer- 
stones occur, and these ma}' have been used as anvils in chipping flint or 
for like purposes. 

Grooved clubs or mauls, also showing use as hammers are found. 
These are rare and are usually either rough pebbles, grooved for hafting, 
as in the case of the grooved axe, or grooved axes, the blades of which have 
become so battered, broken and rounded by wear as to preclude their 
further use for chopping. 

Net-sinkers. On all sites near the water, either salt or fresh, net-sinkers 
show the prevalence of fishing. These are of two t}i5es. In one case a 
pebble is notched on opposite sides of either the long or broad axis; in the 
other a groove is pecked around the entire pebble in the same manner. The 



ttft 




\t 15 U \'( 







A • ft 9 



FIG. II. DRILLS, SCRAPERS AND OTHER OBJECTS. 



20 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 

latter type is comparatively scarce, as the former, being more easily and 
quickly made, was just as useful to the savage. The modern Cree and 
Ojibway, residing in the forests north of the Great Lakes, still use pebbles 
for this purpose, but those observed by the writer were not notched or worked 
in any Avay. Occasionally, sinkers notched on both axes are found in this 
region. 

Hoes. These are usually ovoid implements, chipped from trap rock and 
sometimes notched to facilitate hafting, and sometimes not. They usually 
show a slight polish on the blade, caused by friction with the ground. This 
stone type of hoe is the form mentioned by early writers; but perhaps hoes of 
shell, bone or tortoise shell, and wood were used also. None of these, 
however, are still in existence. 

Hand Choppers. Pebbles chipped to an edge on one side, for use as 
hand choppers, occur. These are occasionally pitted on both sides. 

Grooved Axes (Fig. 12). For the purposes of this paper, the writer, 
while aware that many grooved axes are well made and polished, has 
decided to include them under the head of "Rough Stone Articles," as by 
far'^the greater majority of the grooved axes and celts from this region lack 
the polish and finish belonging to other articles later to be described. 
Grooved axes are of two sorts: a, those made of simple pebbles, merely 
modified by grooving and chipping or pecking an edge; and b, axes which 
have been pecked and worked all over and sometimes polished. The latter 
(6) may be said to include: 

1 . Groove encircling three sides of blade, one side flat. 

2. Ridged groove encircling three sides of blade, one side flat. 

3. Groove encircling three sides of blade, longitudinal groove on flat side. 

4. Groove encircling three sides of blade, longitudinal groove on flat 

side and opposite. 

5. Groove encircling blade. 

6. Ridged groove encircling blade. 

A seventh tj'pe, having a double groove encircling the blade, may occur 
in this territory, but has never been reported. A specimen from the Hudson 
River region, just north of the area here dwelt upon, is in the Henry Booth 
collection in this Museum. While most worked stone axes have been pecked 
into shape, a few have been fashioned by chipping, but these seem to be rare. 

Grooved axes were hafted in various ways. During the summer of 1908, 
the eastern Cree living in the vicinity of the southern end of Hudson Bay 
told the writer that their ancestors, who made and used such axes, hafted 
them by splitting a stick and setting the blade in it, then binding the handle 
together with deer-skin (probably rawhide) above and below the split. No 
specimens of the grooved axe in the original haft seem now to be extant 



SKINNER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 21 




22 AM ERIC AX MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 

from any locality in the East. From the battered appearance of the butts of 
these axes, it may have been that they were sometimes used in Heu of mauls or 
hammers. It is possible that they may have been used in war. It is gen- 
erally supposed that in cutting down trees, making dug out canoes and other 
kinds of wood-working, fire was used as an adjunct to the stone axe, the 
former being the active agent. The process of burning and charring having 
gone on sufficiently, the stone axe was used to remove the burned portion. 
However, some stone axes seem sharp enough to cut quite well without the 
aid of fire. 

Celts (Fig. 12). Ungrooved axes or hatchets, usually called celts, are 
frequent throughout this area; but are nowhere as abundant as the grooved 
axe, especially near the southern border of the region. The grooved axe 
seems to have been the t^i^ical cutting and chopping tool of the local 
Algonkin. The widespread idea that the celt was sometimes used rn- 
hafted as a skinning tool, has no historic proof, but may possibly have 
some foundation. The Cree of the southern Hudson Bay region use an 
edged tool of bone for this purpose, a fact which is somewhat suggestive, 
although the implement differs in shape from the celt. Celts with one side 
flat and the other beveled to an edge may have been used as adzes. From 
the worn and hammered appearance of the polls of some celts, it is possible 
that manv of these implements were used as wedges in splitting wood, after 
constant manipulation in their chopping capacity had permanently dulled 
their edges. 

The celts of this region are, as a general thing, poorly made, a pebble of 
suitable shape having an edge ground on it with little or no preliminary 
shaping. INIore rarely, however, they Avere carefully worked all over by 
pecking and polishing, as in the case of the grooved axe. 

In type, aside from the general division of rough and worked celts, we 
mav add that most celts in this region have slightly rounded polls, the bit 
])roader than the butt, although some exceptions have been found. The 
forms are as follows : a, rough stone celts, pebbles with one end ground 
to an edge, bu.t otherAvise scarcely worked: and b, worked stone celts, which 
include the following: 

1. Wedge-shaped, poll narrower than bit, and angles rounded ; common. 

2. Like number one, but with l)it much broader than poll. Very rare. 

Cross-section oval. 

3. Like number one, but one side flat, other beveled at one end to make 

a cutting edge. 

4. Like number two, but with cutting edge flaring, broader than body. 

"Bell mouthed U^ie." Very rare. 
North and west of this region, we find the Iroquois territory where most 



SKINNER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 23 

worked celts are angular, having almost invariably a rectangular cross section 
and squared butt. TA'pes 1 and 3 also occur, but the celt with the rectangu- 
lar cross section seems most typical of the Iroquoian region. Many small 
celts, made of flat fragments or chips of stone, are also found in this area, 
and these could scarcely have had a use as chopping tools. 

In the Niagara watershed and extending eastward as far as the Genesee 
valley, an angular adze-like form having a trapezoidal cross section occurs. 
Tt is found principally in what was the territory of the Attiwandaronk,[_Kah- 




FIG. 13, A HAFTED CELT FROM A POND AT THORNDALE, DUTCHESS CO . N. Y. 

Lensfth of celt 16.6 cm. 



Kwah, or Neutral Nation (an Iroquoian tribe, early annihilated by the Five 
Nations). It also occurs, as has been stated, on the sites of villages of the 
Iroc[uois proper, but is not abundant. South of the Iroquois in central 
Pennsylvania, another form Avhich does not occur in this region is the chipped 
celt, usually of flint or other hard stone. This form is, however, frequent in 
the country about the headwaters of the Delaware. 

In the "American Anthropologist," Vol. 9, No. 2, p. 29G et seq., Mr. 
C. C. Willoughby has figured and described the celts of the New England 



24 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 

region with remarks on the methods of halting employed. These seem to 
be two in number, and consist, in the case of the larger forms, of setting the 
blade through a hole in the end of a club-like handle, the butt or poll pro- 
jecting on one side and the blade on the other as in Fig. 13, found in the 
muck of a pond bottom at Thorndale, Dutchess County, New York, a region 
once in the Mahican territory. Smaller celts were set into a club-like handle, 
the butt resting in a hole or socket. 

Adzes. These seem to be of two kinds, the first and most simple being 
celt-like, but flat on one side, the other side being beveled to an edge on one 
side. The second form differs in having a groove, which is not infre- 
quently ridged. Occasionally, adzes with two parallel grooves occur. They 
were probably hafted by taking a stick at one end of which projected a 
short arm at right angles with the shaft, laying the flat side of the blade 
against this arm and binding it on with sinew, thongs or withes. The 
groove, of course, was of aid in securing the blade to the handle. Adzes 
of stone, hafted in this manner, have been obtained on the North Pacific 
coast. The celt adze seems not uncommon, but the grooved adze is rare, 
neither form being nearly so abundant as in the New England region. 

Gouges. The stone gouge is rare, and seems always to be a plain, 
single-bladed affair without the transverse grooves so frequently seen in 
New England specimens, and hereabouts is always easily distinguished 
from the adze. Less than half a dozen specimens have been seen by the 
writer from this entire area, although probably quite as much work in wood 
was done by the New York coastal Algonkin as by the New England Indians. 

Pestles. The long pestle occurs throughout the region of the Coastal 
Algonkin of New York, but is nowhere as abundant as in New England. 
They seem always to have been used with the wooden block mortar here- 
abouts, and are mentioned by the early writers as part of the household 
equipment of the natives. They do not seem to have been used by the 
Iroquois to the north and west of this area either in early or later times. 
The wooden pestle of dumb-bell shape seems to have been preferred by 
them. The latter is used by the Canadian Delaware and may have taken 
the place of the long stone pestle to a great extent in this region. 

Midlers, Grinders, and Polishing Stones. These are frequent, and 
consist merely of rounded pebbles, shaped and worn by use, probably most 
often in crushing corn. They are mentioned by De Vries as being used by 
the Indians with a flat stone slab for grinding corn when traveling. Some 
seem to have been used for polishing stone implements, but it seems hard to 
draw the line, as the appearance gained from friction would be cjuite similar. 
Such mullers and their attendant slabs, used for preparing corn meal have 
been collected within a few years in use among the Oneida Iroquois of New 
York, one specimen being in the American Museum collection. 



SKINNER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 25 

Sinew Sto7ics. These are pebbles showing grooves along the edges, 
popularly supposed to have been worn there by rubbing thongs and sinews 
across the edges to shape them. They occur generally, but are not common. 

Sto7ie Mortars. These are common, but rather local, some sites having 
none at all, and others a good many. One locality on Staten Island is not- 
able for the numbers found there, whereas they are rare elsewhere in that 
vicinity. They may be divided into the following types : 

1. Portable mortar, hole on one side. 

2. Portable mortar, hole on both sides (New Jersey type). 

3. Portable slab mortar or metate, used on one or both sides. 

4. Bowlder mortar, one or more holes, immovable. 

The first two tyj^es are the most abundant, the third is not uncommon; 
but the fourth is very rare, only one or two being reported. As above stated, 
De Vries claims that the portable mortars were used in bread-making, while 
the Indians were traveling, but certainly the majority of those found are 
far too heavy for this purpose. 

Pigments and Paint-cups. Fragments of pigments such as graphite and 
limonite, showing the marks of scratching with scrapers, are found, which 
have apparently supplied the material for painting. Worked geodes are 
common on many sites. These show traces of chipping in some instances 
and may have been paint cups. There is a tiny pestle-shaped pebble in the 
Museum collection from Westchester County, which is said to have been 
found with a geode of this type. The popular theory is that such geodes 
were used as "paint cups" and this seems probable. 

Stone Plummets. These are very rare, in contrast to their abundance 
in the New England region. They consist usually of small worked egg- 
shaped stones, grooved at one end, probably for suspension. The writer 
has seen but one from this area. Their use is problematic. 

Semilunar Knives. Knives of rubbed slate, similar in appearance to 
the "ulu" or woman's knife of the Eskimo are found, though rarely, in this 
region. While sometimes ascribed to Eskimo influence or contact, it is 
possible that this form (which occurs throughout New England), judging 
by its distribution, may have been native to the eastern Algonkin also. The 
eastern Cree still use knives of this type as scrapers. Like most other forms 
common in New England, it is less abundant in the southern part of this 
area. 

Stone Beads. Various pebbles generally perforated naturally are to be 
found on some sites, and may or may not have been used as beads or pend- 
ants. On Staten Island, at Watchogue, Mr. Isaiah Merrill once owned a 
number of square beads of pinkish steatite (?), all but one of which have 
been lost, and which he claims were found on his farm. 



26 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 



Polished Stone Articles. 

Gorgets. Two types of the gorget occur. These are the single-holed 
pendant form, which is the less abundant of the two, and the double-holed 
t}'pe. The latter is flat, rectangular in shape and generally well polished. 
It usually has two perforations a short distance from the mitldle. The 
modern Lenape of Canada claim to have used these as hair ornaments. 
Probably the two-holed variety is typical of the Algonkian peoples of this 
region, the single-holed form being on the other hand, the most abundant 
on' old Iroquoian sites. Specimens of the latter have been obtained in use 
among the Canadian Iroquois, and some of them are in the Museum col- 
lections. 

Amulets. Certain problematic articles of the "bar" and even "bird 
amulet" type have been found, but these are probably exotic in origin and 
arc not characteristic of the archaeology of the region in ciuestion. 

Banner Stones. These beautiful polished stone implements of unknown 
use may lie divided into three great classes, with several sub-t^i^es as follows: 

1. Notched banner stones. 

2. Grooved banner stones. 

a. Groove on both sides. 
h. Groove on one side. 

3. Perforated banner stones. 

a. Plain. 

b. Butterfly. 

All three tyj^es seem equally abundant, but the notched banner stones 
appear to be the oldest form and occur untler circumstances pointing to 
great relative antiquity. They are found, however, on the more recent sites 
as Avell. Both notched and grooved banner stones are usually more rough 
in appearance than the perforated t^i^e, and the writer has never seen a 
})olished specimen of the first class. On the other hand, the grooved va- 
riety frequently exhibits the high degree of finish characteristic of the per- 
forated forms. Banner stones grooved only on one side are less common 
than the other forms. While the latter class is generally made of slate, 
steatite or some similar soft and easily worked material the notched and 
grooved forms, especially the former, are often formed either from natu- 
rally-shaped pebbles or chipped roughly into shape. Implements, usually 
naturally-shaped stones with little working, without notches, grooves or 
perforations, but greatly resembling the notched and grooved banner stones 
in shape, are not infrequently found on aboriginal sites hereabouts and 
may have served as banner stones. There seem to be neither records nor 
plausible theories as to their use. 



SKINNER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 27 

Pipes. Stone pipes, invariably made of steatite, are very rare. Four 
types have been noted as follows : 

1. Monitor or platform pipe, platform not projecting before the bowl. 

2. Monitor or platform pipe, platform projecting before bowl, with or 
without tiny carved stem or mouthpiece. Of the latter, one speci- 
men is known. 

3. Trumpet-shaped stone pipe. 

4. Rectangular stone pipe, human face carved on front of bowl. 

It may be remarked that more stone pipes have been reported from the 
Indian cemetery at Burial Ridge, Tottenville, Staten Island, than from all 
the rest of the area put together. The second and third t}^es are repre- 
sented by one specimen each from Burial Ridge and from nowhere else in 
this region. Four or five pipes of the first class have been found there as 
well. The last class is represented by a single specimen obtained by Mr. 
W. L. Calver at Inwood, Manhattan Island. Undoubtedly the clay pipe 
was the most common form used in this locality. 

Steatite Vessels. These are not at all abundant, though occurring almost 
everjnvhere. They were doubtless all imported from New England, as there 
are no steatite quarries Avithin the range of the New York Coastal Algonkin. 
The single form found is that common in the east, an oblong, fairly deep 
vessel with a lug, ear or handle at each end (Fig. 14j). Occasionally, such 
vessels are ornamented by rude incisions along the rim. 

Articles of Clay. 

Pottery Pipes are common everywhere. They are usually manufactured 
of a better quality of clay than that used for vessels, and bear fairly similar 
designs. They are susceptible of division into the following classes: 

1. Straight pipe, bowl expanding slightly. 

2. Bowl much larger than stem, leaving it at an angle of forty-five 
degrees. Stem round. 

3. Same as number 2, but stem angular and much flattened. 

4. Effigy pipes, (represented by a pottery human head apparently 
broken from a pipe bowl, obtained by Mr. M. R. Harrington at Port 
Washington, Long Island). 

The straight pipe seems to have been obtained only on Staten Island on 
the north shore in the region occupied by the Hackensack. While nowhere 
as abundant as upon the Iroquoian sites of central and western New York, the 
clay pipe is rather common and is a prominent feature in the coast culture of 
New York (Fig. 15a). It is more abundant perhaps in the southern part 



28 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 

of the area, but this may well be due to the fact that data from this region 
are more easily accessible. The triangular-stemmed "trumpet" pipe so 
common on the Irocjuoian sites is unknown in this region. 

Pottery Vessels. 

The pottery of this region may all be considered as being either the native 
Algonkian in t}^e or showing Irocjuoian influence with a third and inter- 
mediate variety. Algonkian vessels may be divided into the following 
groups according to shape: 

1. Conical, pointed bottom, slightly swollen sides, circumference 
largest at the mouth, — the topical Algonkian pot of this area, Fig. 14a. 

2. Like number 1, but much rounder and broader, Fig. 14b. 

3. Bottom pointed, sides slightly swollen, neck slightly constricted, 
Fig. 14c. 

4. Identical with number 2, except that just below the beginning of the 
neck, occur small raised lugs, ears or handles. This is rare from this area, 
Fig. 14d. 

5. Rounded bottom, somewhat constricted neck, lip sometimes flaring, 
or even turning down and back. Fig. 14e. 

The intermediate types are as follows : 

6 Rounded bottom, constricted neck, narrow raised rim or collar, 
Fig. 14f. 

7. Like number 6, but Avith sides more elongated and bottom more oval 
than round, heavier collar, generally notched angle, with or without a series 
of small humps or projections at intervals. Fig. 14g. 

The Iroquoian types are as follows : 

8. Mouth rounded, collar or rim heavy, with humps or peaks at intervals, 
angle notched, neck constricted and bottom rounded; can stand by itself, 
an unknown feature in local Algonkian vessels, Fig. 14h. 

9. Same as number 7, but with mouth square, and humps at every 
angle. Much less common than the preceding. Fig. 14i. 

In size, the vessels range from small toy-like pots to jars of very large 
capacity. In general they appear to have been made by the coil process, 
and are tempered with pounded stone or fine gravel, mica or burned or 
pounded shell. Sherds showing tempering by fibre or some other substance 
that disappeared in firing are rarely found. \Mien vessels were cracked or 
broken, a series of holes was bored opposite each other on either side of the 
break and the parts laced together, rendering the vessel capable of storing 
dry objects, at least. 



SKINNER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 



29 



Life forms are exceedingly rare in local ceramic art. From Manhattan 
Island and Van Cortlandt Park, there come a number of specimens show- 
ing incised human (?) faces. This is not an uncommon form on Iroquoian 
sites in central and western New York. On the Bowman's Brook site at 
Mariner's Harbor, Staten Island fragments of a typically Algonkian pot 
were obtained which bore at intervals, rude raised faces. With the sole 
exception of a rather well-modeled clay face, apparently broken from the 




POTTERY FORMS OF THE COASTAL ALGONKIN. 



bowl of a pipe (Fig. lob) found at Port Washington,"^ Long Island, by Mr. 
M. R. Harrington, this brief statement concludes the list of pottery life 
forms reported from this area, although others may yet be found here, 
since some interesting objects have been collected in immediately adjacent 
territory. 

The forms of decoration consist of stamping with a stamp, roulette or 
paddle, and incision (Figs. 16 and 17.) Occasionally, but very rarely, 



30 



AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 



stucco work occurs. Under stamping we can enumerate the following 
processes : 

1 . Impression with the rounded end of a stick (rare) . 

2. Impression with the end of a quill, or hollow reed, leaving a circular 
depression with a tiny lump or nipple (rare) in the center. 

3. Impression with a section of a hollow reed, making a stamped circle 
(rare). 

4. Impression with finger nail (doubtful, but perhaps used on some 
sherds from Manhattan Island). 

5. Impression of the edge of a scallop shell. 

6. Impression with a carved bone, antler or wooden stamp. 

7. Impression of a cord-wrapped stick. 

8. Impression with roulette. 





TYPICAL ALGONKIAN POTTERY PIPE AND FRAGMENT OF AN EFFIGY PIPE FROM 
PORT WASHINGTON, L. I 



Under the head of decoration by incision we can enu.merate the following: 
9. Incised decoration, probably made with a stick. 

10. Incised decoration, possibly made with a flint object (only one 
specimen at hand). 

The padtlle was frecjuently used to finish the sides and bottom of the pot 
by imparting an appearance of pressure with fabric when the clay was wet. 

11. Stucco. Occasionally, ridges of clay placed on the rim for orna- 
ment appear to have been added after the shaping of the vessel. 

Ornamentation is usually external, and vessels, either Algonkian or 
Iroquoian, are rarely ornamented below the rim, although occasionally the 
designs run part way down the side in the case of the Algonkian forms. 
^Vhere decoration has been applied by one of the stamping processes, and 
more rarely by incision, it is sometimes continued over the lij) or rim for an 
inch or less on the inside. This only occurs in the t\i3ical Algonkian forms, 
and is never seen when incised ornamentation is used. The rims of Iro- 
quoian vessels are never ornamented on the interior, nor is stamping so 
frequently practised on vessels of this class. The intermediate forms, at 
least the first of the two mentioned, are frequently ornamented on the interior 



SKINNER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 31 




V ^ T ^ ^ f f % I ^ ^ ^ ^ \ t ^ ^\ 



-nrj— -tCJ Tmj ■^" "^IfT" 



-■TTQ. TT7JJ »jp riT|J_ '^ -~^- 



/////"/ ///'^//// ^ y'yy^^^j 



FIG. 16. INCISED DESIGNS FROM POTTERY VESSELS. 
a b and (/ designs from Iroquoian ve5se;s; c. design from an Algonkian vessel ; e, design 
from a' vessel of tlie Iroquoian type from a Connecticait rock-shelter, introduced here tor com- 
parison. 



32 



AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 



of the lip. This internal decoration is much more common in the southern 
portion of this area than elsewhere in the vicinity. 

Li design, "we must of course, give up all thought of trying to obtain 
symbolism, if such there were, for there are no sources now left upon which 
to base our assumptions. Certain conventional t}i:>es of decoration seem 
to have been in vogue, usually consisting in rows of stamped or incised paral- 
lel lines and much more rarely of dots regularly arranged in the same manner. 
Zigzag, chevron and "herring bone" patterns are the most common, but 
other angular forms occur, and rows of parallel lines encircling the vessel 
are sometimes to be found. Stamping and incision as decorative processes 
never seem to occur on the same vessel. Curvilinear decoration is exceed- 
ingly rare, and not enough material is at hand to show that patterns were 
used, possibly these were scrolls of some form. On account of the lack of 
material, it cannot be determined whether the designs on the Algonkian 




C €) C) ^ 



7- 



FIG. 17. INCISED DESIGNS FROM ALGONKIAN VESSELS. 



vessels differ from those on the Iroquoian, except in a very general and 
unsatisfactory way. 

The angle formed where the heavy rim or collar leaves the constricted 
neck of the Iroquoian vessel is almost invariably notched, and as such collars 
and angles do not occur on vessels of the true Algonkian type, this feature is 
necessarily absent from them. It is noticeable that Ii'oquoian vessels are 
usually decorated with incised designs, rather than stamped patterns. 

Pottery is found abundantly on the majority of the sites in this district; 
but, while very much more common than in the New England area, it does 
not ecjual in abundance that from the Iroc[uois country. It is rarely found 
buried in graves with skeletons as in the Iroquoian area; when sometimes 
found in graves, however, it is usually at some distance from the human 
remains and apparently not connected with them. Whole or nearly whole 
vessels are exceedingly rare and the number of those found up to date may 



SKIXXER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 33 

easily be counted upon the fingers. Potsherds taken from pits or shell 
heaps, where they have not been exposed to the action of the weather, are 
often as thickly covered with grease as when they were broken and cast aside. 

Articles of Metal. 

Beads. Beads of native metal, consisting simply of pieces of hammered 
sheet copper rolled into small tubes, have been found, but they are very 
rare. Copper salts, but no objects, were found upon the bones, especially 
on those of the head and neck, of a child's skeleton at Burial Ridge, Totten- 
ville, Staten Island, which seemed to predicate the use of copper beads. A 
great many beads of olivella shell, some of them discolored by copper salts, 
were found about the neck of the skeleton. A single celt of copper is said 
to have been found in Westchester County, probably on Croton Neck, 
slightly above the limit of the territory treated in this paper.^ 

Articles of Shell. 

Wampum. Objects of shell are not at all common, and notwithstanding 
the coast region of New York was one of the best known localities for wam- 
pimi manufacture on the continent, wampum beads are almost unknown 
from local sites. With the exception of completed beads, most of which may 
have been shipped into the interior, wampum may be found in all stages of 
manufacture. We refer to the Avhite wampum, for traces of the "black" 
(blue) wampum made from the hard clam or quahog are so far not reported. 
The process of manufacture may be shown by shells with the outer whorls 
broken away in steps until the innermost solid column is reached, ground 
and polished at the end, and needing only cutting off into sections and per- 
forations to make the finished white wampum bead. These do not occur on 
all sites, though they have been found here and there throughout the region. 
Ninety-six conch shells with the outer whorls broken entirely away were 
found in a grave at Burial Ridge, Tottenville, Staten Island, about the head 
and neck of a skeleton. 

Pendants. Occasionally oyster and clam shells, found unworked save 
for perforations in them, may have been pendants or ornaments, but cer- 
tainly have little aesthetic value. 

Scrapers. Clam shells seem to have been used as scrapers and some are 

1 Native copper occurs in the New Jersey trap ridges, within a few miles of New York 
City, an important source in Colonial times being near Boundbrook 30 miles from the lower 
end of Manhattan Island. Bowlders of native copper occur in the glacial drift. Editor. 



34 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 

occasionally found with one edge showing the effect of rubbing and wearing. 
These are rare, however. Some may have been pottery smoothers. Clam 
shells have been reported which contained central perforations and were 
identical in appearance with some shell pottery scrapers and smoothers col- 
lected by Mr. M. R. Harrington among the Catawba. Contemporary 
writers mention the use of knives made of shell. 

Pottery Tempering. This was sometimes done with calcined and pounded 
shells, but was uncommon, considering the abundance of the material at 
hand. Pounded stone or gravel seems to have been more favored. 

Pottery Stamps. The corrugated edge of a scallop shell was frecjuently 
used as a stamp for pottery, as may be seen by examining the potsherds 
from this region. 

Articles of Bone and Antler. 

Objects of bone and antler, while perhaps more abundant here than in 
New England, are far less plentiful in form and number than in the Iro- 
quoian area. Cut bones are frequent in most shell pits and heaps. They 
were cut by grooving the bone partly through on all sides, probably with a 
flint knife, and breaking. 

Bone A wis. These utensils are the most common of all bone articles 
in this region and are found in almost every part of the area. Some are 
merely sharpened slivers, but others show a considerable degree of work, 
and are well finished and polished. They are usually made of deer or other 
mammal bone, but sometimes from the leg bones of birds. 

In some instances, the joint of the bone is left for a handle, but this is 
often cut off. Grooved, perforated or decorated bone awls are extremely 
rare in this region. While it is generally considered that these bone tools 
were used as awls in sewing leather, as by modern shoemakers, nevertheless, 
they may have served as forks in removing hot morsels from the pot or for a 
number of other purposes. The latter supposition is supported by the 
abundance of bone awls found in some shell pits. The northern Cree of 
the Hudson Bay region use a similar bone implement as the catching or 
striking pin in the "cup and ball" game. 

Bone Needles. These are rare, but found in most localities. They are 
generally made of the curved ribs of mammals and are six or eight inches 
long, or even longer. They are generally broken across the eye, which is 
usually midway between the ends. A few with the perforation at one end 
have been reported. 

Bo7ie Arrow Points, usually hollow and conical in shape, have been found, 



SKINNER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 35 

especially at Tottenville, Staten Island, in the Burial Ridge. They are 
rather rare, but this may be due to the fact that conditions are not suitable for 
their preservation in most localities. Others are fiat and triangular in 
shape. 

Harpoons. No actual barbed bone harpoons, such as occur in the 
Iroquois country have been reported from this region; although the writer 
has seen what appeared to be part of one from Shinnecock Hills, Long 
Island, whence comes a harpoon barb of bone, found by the writer, now 
in the Museum collection, which was apparently made to tie to a wooden 
shaft. While neither of these forms seems to occur within this region, several 
naturally barbed spines from the tail of the sting-ray, found on the Bow- 
man's Brook site, at Mariner's Harbor, Staten Island, may have been used 
as harpoons or fish spears, for which purpose they were admirably suited by 
nature. Long, narrow, chipped stone arrow-heads are generally called 
"fish points", but they do not seem peculiarly adapted for this purpose and 
the name is probably a misnomer. No bone fish hooks are reported from 
hereabouts, though suggested by early writers. 

Bone Beads and Tubes. While so abundant on Iroquoian sites, tubes 
and beads made of hollow bird or other animal bones, polished and cut 
in sections, are very rare here. 

Draiv SJiavrs, or Beaming Tools, made of bone, and probably used for 
removing the hair from skins, were made by splitting the bone of a deer's 
leg, leaving a sharp blade in the middle with the joints on either end as han- 
dles. The writer has seen none from this immediate region, but they are 
reported by Mr. M. R. Harrington. A number were obtained for the 
Museum by Mr. Ernst Volk in the Lenape sites near Trenton, New Jersey. 
x\n implement, evidently made of the scapula of a deer, and perhaps used as a 
scraper, was found in a grave at Burial Ridge, Tottenville, Staten Island, by 
Mr. George H. Pepper. 

Worked Teeth. Perforated teeth of the bear, wolf and other animals, 
so abundant on Iroquoian sites never seem to be found here. Beavers' 
teeth, cut and ground to an edge, occur, and may have been used as chisels, 
or primitive crooked knives, or both, as they were till recently by some of 
the eastern Canadian Algonkin. Other cut beaver teeth may have served 
as dice or counters in gaming. 

Turtle Shell Cups. These are common, and consist merely of the bony 
carapace of the box turtle {Tranene Caroline), scraped and cleaned inside, 
the ribs being cut away from the covering to finish the utensil for use. 

Antler Implements. Deer antlers and fragments of antler, worked and 
unworked, occur in all shell heaps and pits. When whole antlers are found, 
they usually show at the base the marks of the axe or other implement used 



36 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 

to detach them from the skull. Cut antler prongs, prongs broken from the 
main shaft and others partly hollowed and sharpened show the process of 
manufacture of antler arrow points. These are characteristic of this area 
and are usually conical in shape, hollowed to receive the shaft, and with one 
or more barbs; not infrequently, however, they are diamond-shaped in 
cross section. The shaft fitted into the hollow socket as in the case of the 
conical bone arrow points. A large number were found in and among the 
bones of human skeletons in a grave at the Burial Ridge, Tottenville, Staten 
Island. 

Cylinders, neatly cut and worked all over, or cylindrical tines made of 
deer antler only cut and rounded at the ends, are not infrequent, and were 
probably used as flaking tools in making and finishing arrow points by 
pressure. One broken cylinder or pin, found on the Bowman's Brook site, 
Mariner's Harbor, Staten Island, had a rounded, neatly carved head. This 
specimen, however, seems to be unique. 

Poiteri) stamps, perhaps of antler or bone, but which may be of wood, 
seem to have been used, judging by the decorations of many pottery sherds. 
A pottery stamp, carved from antler, was found slightly east of this region, 
at Dosoris, Glen Cove, Long Island, by Mr. M. R. Harrington, and is now 
in the Museum collection. 

Trade Articles. 

In spite of the frefjuent mention by old writers of barter of European for 
Indian goods, the amount of trade material found is small indeed. While it 
is abundant in the Iroquoian area, all that has ever been found here con- 
sists of a few round-socketed iron tomahawks, iron hoes, brass or copper 
arrow points of various styles, a little porcelain, a few glass beads, Venetian 
and plain, and some old pipes, notably those stamped "R. Tippet" on the 
bowl. All these articles are very rare here, and for this no adecjuate ex]ila- 
nation can be given. 

Resume. 

This area was inhabited during historic times by the following tribes:* 
A. The Lenni Lenape, or Delaware, ranging from the Raritan River, 
including Staten Island, to Saugerties on the west bank of the Hudson. 



1 On the map (Fig. 18), these tribes are shown together with the Long Island and other 
neighboring tribes as indicated by Beauchanip in the map accompanying his "Aboriginal Occu- 
pation of New York," New York State Museum, Bulletin 32, Albany, 1900. 



SKINXER, IXDIAXS^OF MANHATTAX ISLAXD 

Raritan or A.ssanhican. 

Hackensack. 

Tappan. 

Aquakanonk. 

Haverstraw. 




MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE NEW YORK COASTAL ALGONKIN AND 
THEIR NEIGHBORS. 



Wamnawankong. 
B. ThelWappinger Confederacy ranging along the east bank of the 
Hudson, eastward to Connecticut, from INIanhattan Island. 
Rechgawawank or INIanhattan. 



38 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 

Siwanoy. 

Weckquaskeck. 

Wappinger. 

C. Moiitauk or INIatouwack Confederacy. 
Canarsie. 

These tribes were surrounded on all sides by neighbors of the same 
stock, who differed somewhat in their language and culture. On the south 
and west, lay the Lenni Lenape, or Delaware proper; on the north, the 
Manhattan, and on the east the New England tribes. Almost without 
exception, these natives were displaced early in the history of this country, 
and have been long since expatriated or exterminated. A very few mixed 
bloods may yet be found on Staten Island, Long Island and in Westchester 
County, but their percentage of Indian blood is extremely low. 

The remains of aboriginal life now to be found, consist of shell heaps, 
occurring at every convenient point along the coast, on the rivers, and, 
more rarely, inland; shell, refuse, and fire pits; camp, village and burial 
sites; and rock and cave shelters. With one prominent exception,^ few or no 
relics have been found in graves. The t}i')ical interment was of the flexed 
variety, but bone burials are not infrequent. 

Dog skeletons complete and intact, bearing the appearance of having 
been laid out, are sometimes found buried in separate graves. Some writers 
have su])posed that these individual dog burials are the remains of "white 
dog feasts" or kindred practices, because the Iroquois even up to the present 
day hold such ceremonies. The white dog is entirely cremated by the Iro- 
quois, and so far as we have been able to find out, there is no record of such 
occurrences among the coastal Algonkin; hence, there seems no reason to 
attribute this custom to them since other Iroquois traits were so infrequent. 
It seems more probable that such burials are simply those of pet animals, 
interred as we to-day honor a faithful dog. 

Occasionally, the skeletons of dogs and rarely of other animals have been 
found in graves associated with human bones. The finding of arrow-heads 
among the ribs of some of these, and other circumstances, seem to point to a 
practice of killing a favorite animal on the death of its owner to accompany 
or protect the spirit of its master on the journey to the hereafter. 

From their appearance and position, many graves seem to indicate that 
the dead may sometimes have been buried under the lodge, especially in time 
of winter, when the ground outside was frozen too hard to permit grave 
digging. Others under the same circumstances seem to have been buried 
in refuse pits. The remains further indicate that "feasts of the dead," were 

1 Burial Ridge, Tottenvilie, Staten Island. 



SKINNER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 39 

also held at the time of the interment, judging by the quantity of oyster shells 
and animal bones in and near the graves. Some graves have rove's or layers 
of oyster shells, with the sharp cutting edge upward, placed above the bodies 
as if to prevent wild animals from disinterring and devouring the dead. 

An interesting fact, brought to light by the rock-shelter work of Messrs. 
Schrabisch and Harrington in their ex]:)lorations in New Jersey and West- 
chester County, New York, is that in the lowest and oldest refuse layers of 
these shelters pottery does not occur. It would be ill advised to infer from 
this that the earliest occupants were peoples of another culture from the 
surrounding village dwellers, as the other artifacts found are quite similar 
to the implements of the latter. Many reasons for this lack of pottery, such 
as the more easy transportation of vessels of bark or wood through the 
mountains and hills, suggest themselves, though they are more or less nul- 
lified by the presence of pottery in the upper layers. The upper layer, 
however, may have been made during the period when the natives were 
being displaced by Europeans and at the same time subjected to Iro- 
quoian raids, when the villages would naturally be abandoned from time 
to time, for refuge among the cliffs and caves of the mountain fastnesses. 

It has been suggested that the rock and cave shelters are remains of an 
older occupation by people with or without the same culture as the later 
known savages. The nature of the finds does not support this view, for the 
specimens obtained are often of as good workmanship as the best to be found 
in the villages and cemeteries of the latter, while pottery, on the other hand, 
occurs on the oldest known iVlgonkian sites. It seems most probable to the 
writer that, like the shell heaps, the rock and cave shelters form but a com- 
ponent part, or phase, of the local culture, perhaps a little specialized from 
usage and environment, but contemporary with the villages, shell heaps 
and cemeteries of the lowlands. 

Mounds and earthworks do not occur in the region under consideration, 
nor does it appear that most of the Indian villages here were fortified, unless 
they were slightly stockaded. A number of instances of this are known 
historically, however, and a few earthworks occur just beyond this area.^ 

The remains found do not bear any appearance of very great geological 
antiquity. In a few instances, rock-shelters, shell heaps and village sites 
seem to possess a relative antiquity; but the oldest known remains, in every 
case, may be placed as Algonkian with considerable certainty. No paleo- 
liths have been reported, and it w^ould seem from the comparative lack of 
antiquity of the remains that the natives could not have lived in this region 
for many centuries before the advent of the whites. The accounts of con- 

1 An earthwork at Croton Point on the Hudson has been excavated by Mr. M. R. Harring- 
ton for the American Museum. 



40 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 

temporary writers prove conclusively that these archaeological remains, if 
not those left by Indians found here by the early Dutch and English settlers, 
must have been from people of very similar culture. In culture, the local 
Indians were not as high as the Iroquois, nor perhaps as the Lenape or Dela- 
ware proper from whom they sprang; but they compare very favorably with 
the New England tribes. Absence and scarcity of certain artifacts such as 
steatite vessels, the long stone pestle, the gouge, adze and plummet, and the 
abundance and character of bone and pottery articles show them to have 
been intermediate in character between the Lena])e on the south and west, 
and the New England tribes on the east and north; and consultations of 
the old European contemporaries show that this was the case linguistically 
as well as culturally. Examination of the remains also shows that the 
influence of the Lenape on the west, and of the New England peoples on the 
east, was most strongly felt near their resjiective borders. Iroquoian in- 
fluence was strong, as evinced by the pottery, and there is also documentary 
evidence to this effect. Finally, as is frequent throughout most of eastern 
North America, the archaeological remains may be definitely placed as 
belonging to the native Indian tribes who held the country at the time of its 
discovery or to their immediate ancestors. 



Historical Notes on the Indians of Manhattan.^ 

Historical references to the Indians who occupied this territory in the 
early days are very confusing and contradictory. There seems to be a 
great deal of trotilile in the use of the word ^Manhattan. Van der Donck 
in 1633 classified the Indians of this section by language, and said, "Four 
distinct languages — namely Manhattan, Minqua, Savanos and Wap- 
panoos" — are spoken by Indians. "With the Manhattans we include 
those who live in the neighboring places along the North River, on Long 
Island, and at the Neversinks." - It is probable that "it was. . . .this clas- 
sification by dialect that led the Dutch to the adoption of the generic title 
of Manhattans as the name of the people among whom they made settle- 
ments." ^ De Laet wrote that "on the east side, on the mainland, dwell the 
ISIanhattans," and in 1632 Wassenaer adds that they are "a l)ad race of 
savages, who have always been unfriendly to our people" and that "on the 
west side are the Sanhikans, who are the deadly enemies of the JNIanhat- 
tans." ^ "When Hudson returned from his trip up the River which now 



1 First paragraph by James K. Finch. 

2 Wilson, Memorial Historj' of N. Y., Vol. I, p. 34. 

3 Ibid., p. 49. 

* Ibid., p. 34. , 



SKINNER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 41 

bears his name, he was attacked by Indians in birch or dug-out ( ?) canoes 
at the mouth of Spu}i;en Duyvil Creek. These Indians were a sub-tribe of 
the Wappingers or Wapanachki called the Reckgawawancs." ^ This 
name seems to have been given to the Indians who inhabited ^Manhattan 
Island, while the term Manhattans as already stated was a classification of 
dialect only. Ruttenber says that the Reckgawawancs were named after 
their chief Rechgawac; ^ and the name also seems to have been applied to 
part of the island for Riker says that,- — "The Indians still [in 1669] laid 
claim to portions of the Harlem lands, .... one of the tracts being their old 
and favorite haunt Rechewanis, or Montague's Point. The chief claimant 
was Rechewack, the old Sachem and proprietor of Wickquaskeek, who, as 
far back as 1639, had been a party to the sale of Ranachqua and Kaxkeek." ^ 

Not much is known of their habits and customs beyond what has been 
inferred from the relics to be seen in this exhibit, but Mr. Bolton writes: 

" We are not without detailed description of our primeval predecessors 
upon the island of INIanhattan, for the Hollanders recorded many of their 
impressions of aboriginal peculiarities. We may assume that they pos- 
sessed the usual characteristics, the stolid demeanor, the crafty methods, and 
revengeful nature of the Indian, all of which were exliibited in their dealings 
with the Wliite intruders. These local bands appear to have had, in addition, 
some particular local habits. They painted their faces with red, blue, and 
yellow pigments, to such a distortion of their features, that, as one sententious 
Dominie expressed it, 'They look like the devil himself.' Their depend- 
ence on supplies of game and fish caused their removal from one place to 
another, semi-annually, and we read of their removal to a summer 'hunting- 
ground' in Westchester, whence the band returned to 'Wickers Creek,' 
for the winter shelter, and to resume their occupation of oystering and fishing 
in the Harlem and Spuyten Duyvil Creek. 

"As for dress, 'They go,' said Juet, 'in deerskins, loose well-dres,sed, 
some in mantles of feathers, and some in skins of divers sorts of good furres. 
They had red copper tobacco pipes, and other things of copper they doe 
weare about their neckes.' 

" No copper objects have been found in upper Manhattan, probably their 
metallic stock was bartered away with the early colonists, for in 1625, De 
Laet described their use of 'Stone pipes for smoking tobacco.' 

" As regards their food, the evident abundance and size of the local oyster 
shells shows that they possessed in them a ready source of subsistence. As 
soon as Hudson's ship reached the neighborhood of Greenwich, where the 

1 Ibid., p. 46. 

2 Ruttenber, op. cit., p. 78. 

3 History of Harlem, p. 287. 



42 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 

Indian Village Sappokanikan was located, the natives 'brought great store 
of very good oysters aboard, which we bought for trifles.' De Laet (1G25) 
says, 'their food is maize, crushed fine and baked in cakes, with fish, birds 
and wild game.' Van der Donck and others wrote in 1649: 

Their fare, or food, is poor and gross, for they drink water, having no other 
beverage; they eat the fiesh of all sorts of game that the country supplies, even 
badgers, dogs, eagles and similar trash, which Christians in no way regard; these 
they cook and use uncleansed and undressed. 

Moreover, all sorts of fish; likewise, snakes, frogs and such like, which they 
usually cook with the offals and entrails. 

They know also, how to preserve fish and meete for the winter, in order then to 
cook them with Indian meal. 

They make their bread, but of very indifferent quality, of maize, which they 
also cook v;hole, or broken in wooden mortars. 

The women likewise perform this labor, and make a apa or porridge called by 
some, Sapsis, by other, Duundare, which is their daily food, they mix this also thor- 
oughly with little beans, of different colors, raised by themselves; this is esteemed 
by them rather as a dainty than as a daily dish. 

"Their weapons were, of course, the usual aboriginal bow, arrow, spear, 
club and tomahawk, though but a few years later, they had accjuired from 
the settlers enough fire-arms to become exceedingly expert in their use. 
'Now, those residing near, or trading considerably with the Christians, 
make use of fire-locks and hatchets, which they obtain in barter. They 
are excessively fond of guns; spare no expense on them, and are so expert 
with them, that in this respect they excell many Christians.' Many of their 
discarded neolithic weajwns have been found, and these exhibit a wide 
variety of material and workmanship, indicating considerable acquisitions 
from other tribes and localities. Their household utensils included 'mats 
and wooden dishes,' and Juet refers to their 'pots of earth to dresse their 
meats in,' and speaks also of the women bringing 'hempe.' The character 
of the grass mats which the women wove is to be seen in the imprints made 
with such material upon the outer surface of some of the local pottery. 
They also made the grass baskets, often referred to in early records, as 
'napsas.' The pots of earth were the large earthenware vessels made by 
the Indian women, on the decorations of the rims and upper portions of 
which these poor creatures expended all their ingenuity and sense of art. 

"Of these objects, there remain a number of interesting examples dis- 
covered in upper iNIanhattan, the most complete, and at the same time, 
most artistic, being the fine Iroquoian vessel discovered by Mr. W. L. 
Calver, on the south side of 214th Street, about 100 feet east of 10th Avenue, 
in the fall of 1906. The large vases found in broken condition in the cave 
at Cold Spring, are of the cruder and therefore, earlier design of the original 



SKINNER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 43 

Algonkian inhabitants, "uho at a later period, probably by barter, and 
perhaps by inter-marriage, acquired or learned the art of Iroquoian design 
and decoration. 

"Of the period during which the race occupied this locality, we can only 
make conjectures. The extent and character of the shell heaps at Cold 
Spring and the ])its and burials at Seaman Avenue, certainly indicate a 
settlement of large numbers or of considerable age. The ceremonial pits 
at 212th Street and certain remains of aboriginal feasting, such as fish bones 
and oyster shells, appeared to exist at a level below the graves of the slaves 
of the settlers, buried at that place. 

"While these conjectures may carry back the period of occupancy to 
antiquity, the tools and weapons are all of the modern order, and no objects 
of true paleolithic character have been discovered, so that we have as yet 
nothing definitely reaching back into the remote ages of the most primitive 
mankind, although on Hunt's Point in the Bronx, at no great distance away 
from our island, a very interesting rude ax and a hammer were discovered 
by Mr. Calver in a gravel-pit, near the old Hunt burying-ground." 

Location of Archaeological Remains on Manhattan Island.^ 

The first field work done on Manhattan Island is of very recent date. 
Doubtless many articles of Indian manufacture and evidences of Indian 
occupation were found as the city grew up from its first settlement at Fort 
Amsterdam, but of these specimens we have very few records. The first 
specimens found which have been preserved, to the knowledge of those now 
interested in the subject, were found in 1855, and consisted of a deposit of 
Indian arrow-points found in Harlem during excavation for a cellar on Avenue 
A, between 120th and 121st Streets. Some of these are spoken of by James 
Riker " as being in the author's cabinet. Riker also speaks of shell heaps 
near here.^ The next specimens preserved were found at Kingsbridge Road 
(now Broadway) and 220th Street in 1886, and are in the John Neafie col- 
lection at the JNIuseum. These consist of an arroAv point and a few bits 
of pottery. The next work was begun in 1889 by Mr. W. L. Calver of this 
city, and has led to the discovery of much valuable material which has been 
preserved.'* 

1 By James K. Finch. 

2 History of Harlem (1881), footnote, p. 137. 

3 Ibid., p. 366. 

•* In the Spring of 1890 Mr. Edward Hagaman HaU began his investigations'and at about 
the same time Mr. Reginald P. Bolton entered the field of local research. In many instances 
these gentlemen and Mr. Calver collaborated with valuable results. In the preservation of the 
traces of Indian occupation of Manhattan Island the American Scenic and Historic Preservation 
Society (formed in 1895 under the presidency of the late Hon. Andrew H. Green, but now 
under that of Dr. George Frederick Kunz) has done much pioneer work. Editor. 



44 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 

The following account of the "svork is taken mainly from INIr. Calver's 
note-book: 

In the autumn of the year 18S9, while exploring the heights of Blooming- 
dale (now called Cathedral Heights) for any relics that might have remained 
from the Battle of Harlem, INIr. Calver discovered one arrow point at 118th 
Street, east of Ninth Avenue, and immediately afterwards a circular hammer- 
stone. On a later trip to the same locality, he found a small grooved axe or 
tomahaAvk.^ In February, 1890, while hunting for Revolutionary relics in 
the vicinity of Fort Washington, he made a trip to the northern part of the 
Island in search of British regimental buttons, many of which were said to 
have been found in that vicinity. There he met an old acquaintance, Mr. 
John Pearce, a policeman then on duty there, by whom he was introduced to 
Mr. James McGuey, a youth residing in the vicinity of 198th Street and 
Kingsbridge Road. To Mr. Calver, Mr. ^NIcGuey presented several relics 
found by himself on camp sites and made an appointment to meet him 
early in jNIarch to explore for Indian remains. The same day, Mr. Pearce 
took Mr. Calver to be introduced to Mr. Thomas Reefe who resided near 
Kingsbridge Road and Isham Avenue, and, while crossing the orchard at 
Academy Street and Seaman Avenue, Mr. Calver saw that the ground was 
thickly strewn with shells which afterwards proved to be of Indian origin. 

The first Sunday in INIarch, INIessrs. Calver and McGuey explored this 
part of the Island for Indian remains. At the junction of Academy Street 
and Prescott Avenue, they found an Indian potsherd whose importance Mr. 
McGuey seemed to realize, for, a week later, Mr. Calver met him again and 
was presented by him with a number of fragments of Indian ware. He 
assured Mr. Calver that he had found it by digging in an Indian graveyard. 
The two men dug again at this place, now known as "the Knoll," and found 
more pottery. They then went to Cold Spring, a point on the extreme 
northern end of the Island, and in a shell heap there they found more Indian 
work. Mr. Alexander C. Chenoweth, an engineer, then on the Croton 
Aqueduct, hearing of these discoveries, obtained a permit from the property 
owners and began to explore "the Knoll" for Indian remains. Having 
finished here, he went to Cold Spring and made some further discoveries. 
All his specimens were purchased in 1894 by the ^Museum, and some of them 
are now on exhibition. 

Since this time, several interesting relics have been found and, as the work 
of grading streets and other excavation at this part of the Island are carried 
on, more relics will probably come to light. An account of the recent finds 
will be found in another part of this Guide, the time of this writing havhig 
been 1904. 

1 The writer found an arrowhead on South Field, in front of Columbia University Library, 
on September 30, 1904. 



SKINNER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 45 

The only Indian remains left on the Island, so far as known to the writer, 
are situated at the extreme northern end at Inwood and Cold Spring. They 
consist of the co-called shell heaps or refuse piles from Indian camps, and 
three rock-shelters at Cold Spring. But we have evidence to show that 
this was not the only part of the Island occupied by the Indians. Mrs. 
Lamb ^ says that the Dutch found a large shell heap on the west shore of 
Fresh Water pond, a small pond, mostly swamp, which Avas bounded by the 
present Bowery, Elm, Canal and Pearl Streets, and which they named 
Kalch-Hook or shell-point. In course of time, this was abbreviated to 
Kalch or Collect and was applied to the pond itself.^ This shell heap must 
have been the accumulation of quite a village, for Mrs. Jno. K. Van Ren- 
sellaer ^ speaks of a castle called Catiemuts overlooking a small pond near 
Canal Street, and says that the neighborhood was called Shell Point. Hem- 
street refers to the same castle as being on a hill "close by the present 
Chatham Square," and says that it had once been an "Indian lookout." * 
Excavations at Pearl Street are said to have reached old shell banks. "The 
Memorial History of New York" ^ says that a hill near Chatham Square was 
called Warpoes, which meant literally a "small hill."" According to the 
same authority, "Corlear's Hoeck was called Naig-ia-nac, literally 'sand- 
lands.' It may, however, have been the name of the Indian village which 
stood there, and was in temporary occupation." This is the only reference 
we have to this village, but there are references to another on the lower end 
of the Island. Janvier ^ says that there was an Indian settlement as late as 
1661 at Sappokanican near the present Gansevoort INIarket. According to 
Judge Benson,^ Sapokanican was the Indian name for the point afterwards 
known as Greenwich. "In the Dutch records references are made to the 
Indian village of Sappokanican; and this name. . . .was applied for more 
than a century to the region which came to be known as Greenwich in the 
later, English, times. The Indian village probably was near the site of the 
present Gansevoort Alarket; but the name seems to have been applied to 
the whole region lying between the North River and the stream called the 
INIanetta Water or Bestavaar's Kill." ^ Benton savs that the name of the 



1 History of New York City, p. 36. 

2 Mr. Edward Hagaman Hall, however, derives the name from " Kolk " or " Kolch " a 
word still in use in Holland and applied to portions of a canal or inclosure of water. The 
word also means " pit hole ", which aptly describes the Collect Pond. 

Editor. 

3 Goede-Vrouw of Manahata, p. 39. 

* Hemstreet, Nooks and Corners of Old New York, p. 46. 

s Bulletin, N. Y. State Museum, Vol. 7, No. 32, p. 107, Feb., 1900. 

6 James G. Wilson, op. cit., p. 52. 

7 Evolution of New York. 

8 N. Y. Historical Society Collection, S. II, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 84, 1848. 

9 Thos. A. Janvier, In Old New York, pp. 85-86. 



46 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 

village was Lapinican.'^ Going back to the old Dutch records might lead 
to finding the actual names and other data regarding these places. 

Most of the specimens found on INIanhattan Island, as already stated, 
come from the northern part. We have a few from the central portion, 
however. There are the arroM-heads spoken of by Riker, and in Webster 
Free Ivibrarv there is a fine specimen of a grooved stone axe found at 77th 
Street and Avenue B. ]\Ir. Calver has found an arrow-head at Slst Street 
and Hudson River and specimens from the site of Columbia College have 
been recorded. 

Doubtless the northern part of the Island was inhabited for the longer 
period; but it is probable that all along the shore, wherever one of the many 
springs or small brooks, shown on old maps, emptied into the Hudson or 
East River, there were small, temporary Indian camps. It is likely that these 
camps were used only in summer, while the primitive occupant of Manhattan 
retreated to the more protected part of the Island, as at Inwood and Cold 
Spring, during the winter. Or it may be possil)le that, as Ruttenber - 
states, the villages on Manhattan Island were only occupied when the Indians 
were on hunting and fishing excursions, while their permanent villages were 
on the mainland. Bolton,^ hoAvever, says their princi})al settlement was on 
Manhattan Island. 

Foi't Washington Point. There is a small deposit of shells, on the 
south'ern edge of the point, in which the writer found some small pieces of 
pottery and a few flint chips, thus proving its Indian origin. This was 
probably a summer camp, as it was too exposed for winter use. 

The Knoll. "The Knoll" was the name aj^plied to a small rise of land, 
at the southwest corner of Dyckman Street and Sherman Avenue, which ran 
out into Sherman Creek from the eastern edge of the hill at that place. As 
already stated, jNIessrs. Calver and McGuey found potsherds here; then Mr. 
Chenoweth obtained permission of tlie property owners to make excavations. 
He found numerous fragments of arrow points and pottery in some refuse 
deposits from an Indian camp and also uncovered what were thought to 
have been "paved fireplaces." The newspapers of the time had accounts 
of the finds, with pictures of the pottery and other objects found. ^ Mr. 
Chenoweth also uncovered a niunber of skeletons. It is stated that these 
graves were marked with rough headstones, and there are pieces of a coffin 
from here in the Terry collection in the American ^Museum, as are also 
a number of lead buttons found with one interment. Everything seems 



' New York, p. 26. 

- Indian Tribes of Hudson's River, p. 78. 

3 History of Westcliester County, p. 25. 

* New York Herald, January 14, 1894; also Illustrated American, September 19, 1901. 



SKIXXER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 47 

to point to these as being burials of early settlers, but ^Nlr. Chenoweth holds 
that they are Indian. Several of the skeletons have been preserved in tlie 
Museum. A parallel condition to this at the Knoll was found at 211th 
Street and will be spoken of later. The Knoll site had undoubtedly been an 
ancient Indian camp. Probably Sherman Creek was open up to this point 
to Indian canoes. 

Cold Sprinc/. Cold Spring is situated at the extreme northern end of 
Manhattan Island on the southern shore of Spuyten Duyvil Creek. The 
Indian remains consist of three rock-shelters and three refuse heaps. The 
rock-shelter is a formation where the overhanging rocks form a small cave 
or shelter Avhich the Indians used as a dwelling place. All their rubbish, 
such as oyster shells, broken pottery and broken arrow heads, were dumped 
near by, forming the so-called shell heaps. Messrs. Calver and McGuey 
explored the shell heaps; but i\Ir. Chenoweth was the first to suspect the 
existence of the shelters. There is only one which is likely to have been used 
as a dwelling place, the others being places where food was stored or shelters 
for fires used in cooking. These shelters face east, and are at the foot of the 
hill (formerly called Cock Hill) which forms the most northern part of 
JNIanhattan Island. The largest one Avas formed by several of the rocks 
breaking off the cliffs above and falling in such a manner that, by digging 
out some of the earth from beneath them, the Indians could make a small 
shelter. Probably it was occupied by one family, while the others lived in 
bark wigwams near by.^ Another of the shelters is simply an excavation 
under the end of a huge fragment which also dropped from the cliffs above, 
and the third is a large crevice in the foot of these cliffs. When ]\Ir. Cheno- 
weth first explored them, all these shelters were completely filled with earth 
which had gradually worked its way in since their occupation, and much 
credit is due him for suspecting their presence. In them he found frag- 
ments of pottery and stone implements, together with the bones of turkey 
and deer. The largest of the refuse heaps is situated on a rise directly in 
front of these shelters. It consists of a layer of shells, in places several 
inches thick, found under a layer of fine loam, a black earth which has 
been deposited since the shells were scattered over the original sandy 
yellow soil. The sheltered position of this place made it an especially de- 
sirable camp site. The hills to the south and west formed a protection to 
the camp from winds, and by Spuyten Duyvil Creek access could be had to 
either Hudson or East River; while the Cold Spring, from which the place 
takes its name, furnished an abundant supply of fresh water. 



tion 



1 Memorial History of New York, Vol. I, p. 33, for picture of houses, and p. 39 for descrip- 



48 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 

Inicood Station Site. At the foot of Dyckman Street and Hudson River, 
there existed a large deposit of shells, most of which were removed when the 
rocks on which they lay were blasted away for grading the street. A few 
arrow points and bits of pottery, as well as several Revolutionary objects, 
were found here. Part of the deposit is still left on the northern shore of 
the small bay just below Inwood station. There are photographs of this 
deposit in the Museum. 

Ilarlevi Ship Canal. Formerly at 220th Street and Kingsbridge Road 
was a large deposit of shells on the westerly side of the road. This was 
destroyed when the ship canal was put through. As with the Inwood Station 
site, no systematic examination of this place was ever made. INIr. John 
Xeafie found some potsherds here in 1886, and Mr. Chenoweth also has 
some potsherds from here.^ ]Mr. Calver says that this was a large deposit, 
and that the pecidiar thing about it was that the shells were so wedged and 
packed together that a pick would hardly penetrate them. They lay on the 
bare rock surface in cracks in the rock. 

Llarlem River Deposit. Mr. Calver says, "Extending from 209th Street 
to 211th Street on the west bank of the Harlem River and almost on a line 
with Ninth Avenue was another large deposit of oyster shells lying just 
beneath the top soil of the field. These shells had nearly all been dis- 
turbed by the plow and are interesting only for their color, which was red. 
Pieces of horn of deer and split bones of tiie same animal were common 
among the shells; but, in spite of the apparent antiquity of the deposit, 
there were, even in the lowest strata of it, some small fragments of glass whicli 
proved that either the whole mass had been disturbed or else the shells had 
been left during the historic period. There are several stone sinkers and 
hammerstones from this spot in Mr. Calver's collection and at the INIuseum. 

I sham's Garden. This is a large garden about on the line of Isham 
Street and Seaman Avenue. The soil is white with small fragments of shells. 
A number of arrow jioints, flint chijis, hammerstones, sinkers and a few bits 
of pottery have been found here. ^Nlr. Calver has found several shell pockets 
with small deposits of pottery, etc., on the hill to the south of this garden. 

Academy Street Garden. This is a small garden between Academy 
and Hawthorne Streets, running through from Seaman Avenue to Cooper 
Street. It was a British camp site during the Revolution, and a number 
of buttons, gun-flints and bullets have been found there as well as numerous 
Indian remains. It seems to have been the workshop for a red jasper-like 
stone of which numerous chi})s but no finished implements have been found. 
The shells at this point were first noticed by INIr. Calver in 1890. They 
may not all be of Indian origin, as some may be due to soldiers. 



1 John Neafie collection, 20-2558; Chenoweth, 20-3498. 



SKINNER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 49 

Dog Burials found*in 1S95. In January, 1895, Mr. Calver found two 
interesting "dog burials." The first burial was unearthed at the summit 
of a ridge of soft earth at 209th Street, near the Harlem River. The ridge, 
which was about twelve feet high, had been partly cut away for the grading 
of Ninth Avenue. It was at the highest part of the hillock that a pocket 
of oyster and clam shells was noticed, from which a few fragments of Indian 
pottery which lay on the face of the bank had evidently fallen. The shelb, 
upon inspection, were found to have served as a covering for the skeleton of a 
dog or wolf. Another burial was found on May 18th within fifty yards of 
the first burial. It had been covered with shells just as the first one, but had 
been disturbed by workmen. Mr. Calver says: "The two canine burials 
were situated at a point just without the borders of the Harlem River shell 
heap and were distinct from it. The shells were found to be matched, 
hence it was concluded that they were thrown in unopened or eaten on the 
spot. As the skeletons were intact and the bones uninjured, all probability 
of the animals having been eaten is disposed of." These burials are com- 
mon in this vicinity. No satisfactory explanation of them has been given; 
but Mr. Calver thinks they were for some religious purpose, and suggests a 
relation to the "White Dog Feast" of the Onondaga of this State. ^ It is 
certain that the pockets were in many cases used as fireplaces. 

Shell Pockets at 211th Street. In March, 1903, there was considerable 
excitement over the reported discovery of an Indian graveyard at 211th 
Street.^ The graveyard proved to have been that of some slaves, and was 
situated on the western end of the rise between 210th and 211 Streets, on 
the eastern end of which is the old Neagle Burying Ground, This discovery 
was interesting because under the negro graves several shell pockets of 
undoubted Indian origin came to light. The workmen, in grading Tenth 
Avenue, cut into this hill to obtain material for filling, and uncovered the 
graves and pockets. It seems almost certain that the deposits were made 
some time ago; then the wind blew the sand over the deposits to a depth of 
four or five feet, and negroes later used this place as a burial ground. In 
support of this theory is the fact that the pockets were four or five feet under 
the surface, that the soil above showed no signs of having been disturbed, 
and that this rise is put down on the Government maps of this section as a 
sand dune.^ During the summer of 1904, Mr. Calver with Messrs. Hall and 
Bolton uncovered nine more pockets to the southwest of the graveyard.* 
These pockets all seem to have been of the same period as the others, and 

1 N. Y. Herald, May 26, 1895. 

2 Evening Telegram, March 14, 1903. 

* New York Geologic Folio. 

* New York Tribune, Oct. 30, 1904, and New York Sun, Dec. 14, 1904. 



50 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 

all appear to have been on the original ground surface, although those 
farther up the hill were some four feet under the present surface. In one 
of these pockets, was found the complete skeleton of a dog^; in another, 
a turtle shell; two others contained complete snake skeletons; while a fifth 
held the fragments of a small pottery vessel. The pockets were small, 
being about three feet in diameter and of equal dejith, sliowing no signs 
of having first been used as fire places and then filled up, though charcoal 
was scattered among the shells. Almost all the relics from Xim (,'ortlandt 
Park were found by INlr. James in pockets similar to these. 

During Indian troubles in 1675, the Wickquaskeeks at Ann's Ilook, 
now Pelham Neck were told "to remove within a fortnight to their usual 
winter quarters within Hellgate upon this island." Hiker says, "This 
winter retreat was either the woodlands between Harlem Plains and Kings- 
bridge, at that date still claimed by these Indians as hunting grounds, or 
Rechawanes and adjoining lands on the Bay of Hellgate, as the words 
'within Hellgate' would strictly mean, and which, by the immense shell- 
beds found there formerly, is proved to have been a favorite Indian resort." ^ 
A little later the Indians asked to be allowed to return to their maize lands 
on INIanhattan Island and the Governor said that they, "if they desire it, 
be admitted wuth their wives and children, to plant u])on this Island, but 
nowliere else, if they remove; and that it be upon the north point of the 
Island near Spuyten Du}^el." ^ 

Mrs. Mary A. Bolton Post, in writing to the editor of "The Evening 
Post," June 19th of the year of the opening of the Harlem Ship Canal (1895), 
speaks of some Indians who were allowed to camp on the south side of Spuy- 
ten Duyvil Creek on the Bolton property in 1817. Ruttenber says that the 
Reckgawawanos had their principal village at Yonkers, but that on Berrien's 
Neck (Spuyten Duyvil Hill) was situated their castle or fort called Nipinich- 
sen. This fort was protected by a strong stockade and commanded the ro- 
mantic scenery of the Papirinimen, or Spuyten Duyvil Creek, and the 
Mahicanituk (Hudson River), the junction of which was called the Shor- 
ackappock. It was from this castle that the Indians came who attacked 
Hudson on his retu n down the river.^ Some small shell deposits occur on 
Spuyten Duyvil Hill, but as yet this "castile" has not been definitely located. 
The village site at Yonkers, according to ]\Ir. James, is now covered by 
buildings; but several relics found near the site years ago are now in the 
Manor Hall at that place (1904). 



1 All that could be saved of this skeleton has been presented to the Museum by Mr. 
Edward Hagaman Hall. 

2 History of Harlem, p. 366. 

3 Ibid., p. 369. 

* Ruttenber, pp. 77-78. 



SKINNER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 51 

Judging from these references, we miglit conclude that the territory 
occupied l)y the tribe commonly known as Manluittans included Manhattan 
Island and that })art of the mainland which is west of the Bronx River north 
to Yonkers, and that these Indians were a sub-tribe of the Wappinger division 
of the INlahican. 

Indian Burials. 

Indian Burials. Notwithstanding all the efforts of various collectors, the 
first Indian burials to be discovered on tlie Island were due to the activities 
of jNIessrs. Bolton and Calver in 1904. The improvement of Seaman Avenue, 
Upper INIanhattan, at that time, uncovered many relics of the long extinct 
Indian inhabitants among which Mr. Bolton saw immistakable signs of 
Indian graves. To cpote from this gentleman: " It thus became evident that 
there were human interments in the vicinity, and in August, 1907, the first 
burial was discovered under a shell pit in Corbett's garden. The grading 
process had been extended only about eighteen inches below the sod, but had 
sufficed to destroy the jaw of the skeleton which extended upwards, as did 
also the foot bones. The bones lay in and upon a close mass of oyster shells, 
some of which were unopened, the skeleton reclined on its right side, facing 
west. The arms were flexed and crossed, the knees bent and the head thrown 
l)ack. No traces of weapons were found, nor were there any other objects 
found, save a fragment of an animal bone. 

" The location and position led to further exploration, which, early in 1908, 
led to still more interesting discoveries. Sunday, March 22nd, being the 
first day in the field for exploration for the season for 1908, W. L. Calver 
and the writer met at Seaman Avenue and Hawthorne Street, Manhattan, 
to discuss plans for further excavations on this Indian village site. The 
rains of the winter 1907-8 had washed the west bank where the layer 
of oyster shells and black dirt lay along the hill, and a patch of red burnt 
earth was observed, which on digging out, disclosed a fireplace, evidently 
of the period of the Revolution, having some large burnt stones, ashes, 
wood charcoal, brick, broken nun bottles, a wine glass nearly complete, 
a large open clasp-knife with bone handle, a hoop-iron pot-hook, various 
forged head nails and a curious folding corkscrew. Gold buttons of 
Revolutionary pattern and an officer's silver button of the Royal INIariners, 
together with pewter buttons of the 17th Regiment disclosed who had occu- 
pied the spot. 

"At one i)art of this fireplace, we came upon a pocket of oyster shells, 
evidently Indian, about two feet deep, and on removing some of these, had 
the good fortune to imcovcr a human thigh-bone. We worked carefully 



52 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 

into the shells and under the pocket, gradually disclosing the complete re- 
mains of a full-grown man (Fig. 19) lying on its right side, feet to the north, 
head facing east, knees doubled up, the left arm extended down through the 
thighs. The feet had been within the area of the hole in which the Revolu- 
tionary fireplace had been made, and only one or two foot bones were found. 
At a later period other foot bones were found on the opposite side of the 
Revolutionary fireplace, evidently having been displaced in its construction. 
The right arm was flexed, and the hand was under the head, the latter was 



FIG, 19. INDIAN BURIAL, MANHATTAN. 



intact and every tooth was in place. Shells had been packed over the body, 
and some around it. We were much puzzled by a number of human bones, 
lying compactly together by the skeleton, in a position that would have been 
in its lap had it been upright. 

" We removed the skull, covered the remains, and on Sunday, IMarch 
29th, renewed the work. We went carefully to work upon the cluster of 
mixed bones in front of the large skeleton, and soon found them to be rather 
compactly arranged in a rectangular form about 14 by 26 inches, the long 
bones parallel. The vertebrae abruptly ended parallel with the head of the 
larger skeleton, and after working some time, we found a skull placed 
below, beneath the pile of bones in a vertical position, facing north, the 



SKINNER, INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 53 






^J 



Sfr^i^, 



>— -I 



Mciwtliorfie <3t 



=# 1 ^ 



Si 











Acade niy S t 



FIG. 20. LOCATION OF BURIALS, PITS AND SHELL-BEDS NEAR INWOOD. 

1. Human remains. 2. Shell pit, deer antler. 3. Shell pit. 4. Shell pit, pottery. 5. Shell 
pits. 6. Shell pit, sturgeon below. 7. Shell pit, sturgeon scales. 8, 9. Shell pits. 
10. Human remains. 11. Fire pit. 12. Shell pit. 13. Dog burial, puppy. 14. Shell pit. 
15. Part of a jar. 16. Shell pit, fish and meat bones. 17. Shell pits. 18. Two dogs in shell 
pit. 19. Human skeleton, 1907. 19a. Female skeleton, 1908. 20. Human remains when 
house was built. 21. Small fire pits. Revolutionary. 22. Large shell pit. 23. Large shell 
pit. 24. Shell pit. 25. Dog burial. 26, 27, 28. Shell pits. 29. Two human skeletons, male 
and female. 30. Revolutionary fireplace "Royal Mariners" and "17th." 31. Skeleton and 
infant, female. 32. Skeleton (Chenoweth, 1908). 33. Revolutionary fireplace, 71st, officers' 
buttons. D. Dyekman dwelling. R>, R2. Revolutionary fireplaces. R3. Revolutionary well. 



54 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 

lower jaw of which was disengaged, and was placed sideways in front of the 
face. The back of the skull was broken in, and was black with marks of 
burning. The lower jaw was burned, and some of the teeth split l)_y fire. 
The arm and leg bones were charred at the joints. Inside the skull was a 
burned toe bone. Some oyster shells were among the charred remains. 

" A significant fact was that the right arm bones of the large skeleton 
were below the pile of burned bones. This feature, and the compact 
arrangement of the latter within the space in front of and at the same level 
as the large skeleton, seem to point strongly towards an intentional arrange- 
ment of these bones, in front of the large corpse and to indicate the simul- 
taneous burial of the two bodies. ( )n examination, the large skeleton 
])rove(l to be that of an adult male, and the dismembered remains tliose 
of a female of about 35 years of age. No im]:)lements were found with tl.e 
remains, but a part of a stone pestle and a rude celt hiy under the sod among 
the oysters above the large skeleton. 

" On Sunday, June 14, 190.S, another burial was found about 20 feet 
north of the above. This burial consisted of an adult skeleton doubled 
uj) and its back much curved, and was apparently that of a female of mature 
age. Between the knees, the remains of a small infant wen* laid, the skull 
of the latter being fragmentary. The right hand of the adult Avas below 
the infant and the left hand around the throat. The skull was intact and 
had nearly all the teeth. One finger hone had grown together at the joint 
in a crooked |)()sition apparently due to disease. ( )n lifting the ribs of the 
right side, an arrow-bead of Hint fell out between the fourth and fifth bones. 
'I'hese skeletons lay about two and a half feet below the grass, and a pocket 
of oyster shells was over the head. TIk" wonmn's remains lay within a 
space about .'^1 inches long by .>0 inches wide, flat in the hard red sand bed 
facing east. • 

" Shortly after these remains were discovered, Mr. Chenoweth extended 
the excavation previously made by the explorers at the side of a large oyster 
shell pit in the same ))ank of sand, and uncovered a male skeleton of which 
he preserved the skull. Some small fragUKMits of the skeleton were after- 
wards found by the writer on this spot. Contractors for the sewer in 
Seaman Avenue also uncovered the remains of a yoinig female close to the 
position of several of the shell pits ])reviously described. 

" These interments have some curious features. The })osition of the 
remains facing east, sometimes west, the absence of weapons or other ob- 
jects and the oyster shells j)acked with or above them are subjects for inter- 
esting discussion on which future finds may throw much light, as also 
upon the peculiar double burial and the burnt state of the female remains." 



1 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION COMMISSION 



THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 

BRONX PARK 



Descriptive Guide 

TO THE 

Grounds, Buildings and Collections 



Native Trees of the 
Hudson River Valley 




Reprinted from the 

Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, No. 23, 

with an index added 



NEW YORK 
September, 1909 



Press of 

The New era printing coMPANf 

Lancaster. Pa. 



The Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission 

Appointed by the Governor of the State of New York and the 
Mayor of the City of New York and chartered by Chap- 
ter 325, Laws of the State of New York, 1906 

LIST OF OFFICERS 
President 
Gen. Stewart L, Woodford 

Presiding Vice-President 
Mr. Herman Ridder 

Vice-Presidents 

Mr. Andrew Carnegie Mr. John E. Parsons 

Hon. Joseph H. Choate Gen. Horace Porter 
Maj.-Gen. F. D. Grant, U. S. A. Hon. Frederick W. Seward 

Hon. Seth Low Mr. Francis Lynde Stetson 

Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan Hon. Oscar S. Straus 

Hon. Levi P. Morton Mr. Wm. B. Van Rensselaer 

Hon. Alton B. Parker Gen. Jas. Grant Wilson 

Treasurer 
Mr. Isaac N. Seligman 
No. I William Street, New York 
Secretary Assistant-Secretary 

Mr. Henry W. Sackett Mr. Edward Hagaman Hall 

Art and Historical Exhibits Committee 
Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, General Chairman 

Sub-Committee in 

Charge of Scientific and Historical Exhibits 

Dr. George F. Kunz, Chairman 

401 Fifth Avenue, New York 

Mr. Samuel V. Hoffman Prof. Henry Fairfield Osborn 

Mr. Archer M. Huntington Mr. Philip T. Dodge 

Sub-Committee in 

Charge of Arts Exhibits 

Hon. Robt. W. de Forest, Chairman 

Metropolitan Museum of Art 

Sir. Caspar Purdon Clarke Mr. George F. Hearn 

Dr. Edward Robinson Dr. George F. Kunz 

Headquarters: Tribune Building, New York 

Telephones: Beekman 3097 and 3098 
Western Union Cable Address: " Hudfulco " 



(ii) 

List of Institutions holding Exhibitions under the auspices of or in 

cooperation with Scientific, Historical and Art Committees 

of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission 

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Seventy-seventh 
Street, from Columbus Avenue to Central Park West. Open daily, except 
Sundays, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Sundays from i to 5 p.m. Always free. 
Special Exhibition during the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, from Sep- 
tember I St to December ist. Original objects showing the life and 
habits of the Indians of Manhattan Island and the Hudson River 
Valley. (Special illustrated catalogue for sale, price 10 cents.) 

Take Sixth or Ninth Avenue Elevated Railway to Eighty-first Street, or 
Subway to Seventy-ninth Street ; also reached by all surface cars running 
through Columbus Avenue or Central Park West. 

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, 
Engineering Building, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street. Robert Fulton Ex- 
hibition. Consists of paintings, drawings, books, decorations and 
furniture, and working models of John Fitch's steamboat, the first boat 
operated and propelled by steam; Robert Fulton's "Clermont," the 
first successful application of steam to navigation, and John Stevens' 
" Phoenix," the first steamboat to sail on the ocean. 

The exhibition will be shown in the Council Room of the Society, on the 
eleventh floor, and will be open from 9.00 a.m. until 5.30 p.m. during the 
entire period of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, and from 9.00 a. m. until 
5.00 p.m. daily until December 6th. 

BROOKLYN INSTITUTE, Eastern Parkway. Open daily, except 
Sundays, from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. ; Sundays from 2 to 6 p.m. Thursday 
evenings from 7.30 to 9.30 p.m. Free except on Mondays and Tuesdays, when 
admission fee is charged of 25 cents for adults and 10 cents for children under 
six years of age. Collection illustrating various departments of Archaeology, 
Mineralogy and Ethnography. Special Exhibition relating to past and 
present life of Indians on Long Island. Portrait of Robert Fulton 
painted by himself, the property of Col. Henry T. Chapman and loaned 
by him to the Museum. Open September ist to December 31st. 
(Illustrated catalogue for sale.) 

Take Subway Express to Atlantic Avenue, or Flatbush Avenue Trolley from 
Brooklyn Bridge. St. John's Place surface car from Atlantic Avenue or Bor- 
ough Hall. 

CHILDREN'S MUSEUM (Brooklyn Institute), Bedford Park, Brook- 
lyn Avenue. Collection illustrative of the fauna of Long Island. Open 
free to the public from Monday to Saturday (inclusive) from 9 a.m. to 5.30 
p.m., and on Sunday from 2 until 5.30 p.m. 

CITY HISTORY CLUB OF NEW YORK, 21 West Forty-fourth 
Street. Special Exhibition of Illustrations, Photographs, Maps and 
Plans, relating to the history of the City of New York, and all of 
the originals used in the City History Club Historical Guide Book of 
the City of New York. 

COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, St. Nicholas Avenue 
and 139th Street. Hudson-Fulton Exhibit. During the Hudson-Fulton 
Celebration and for some weeks thereafter, the College of the City 
of New York will have on exhibition in its historical museum a col- 
lection of charts, views, m.anuscripts and relics representing old New 



(iii) 

York. Among the charts will be original prints of New Netherlands and 
New Amsterdam by Nicholas J. Vischer, about 1650; N. Visscher, 1690; 
Letter's "New Jorck," 1720; contemporary plans and views of the Revolu- 
tionary period showing the movements of Washington and Howe in this 
vicinity during the Campaign of 1776; Revolutionary battle relics; portraits, 
residences and letters of old New Yorkers; bronze busts of Washington, 
Lincoln and Fulton by Houdon and Volk; and other material suggested by 
the celebration. 

Take Sixth Avenue Elevated Railway to 140th Street, or Broadway Subway 
to One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Street. 

DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN. 

Through the courtesy of Commissioner Michael J. Kennedy and his assistant 
arboriculturist, J. J. Levison, the different species of trees have been labeled 
in Prospect Park, from the Plaza to the Willink Entrance; in Bedford Park; 
in Highland Park, and in Tompkins Park. An additional small enameled 
sign has been hung on those labeled trees that were indigenous to the 
Hudson River Valley in 1609. The special label reads: "This species 
is a native of the Hudson River Valley." 

FRAUNCES TAVERN, 54 Pearl Street, near Broad Street. Historic 
Revolutionary Building. Built in 1719. Scene of Washington's farewell to 
his officers on December 4, 1783. Restored December 4, 1907, by the New 
York Society of the Sons of the Revolution. Open daily, except Sundays, from 
9 a.m. to 6 p.m. Special Exhibition of Revolutionary Relics by the New 
York State Society of the Sons of the Revolution, who are the own- 
ers of that historical building, September 15th to November ist. 

Take Subway to Bowling Green Station, or Third Avenue Elevated Rail- 
way to Hanover Square Station, or Broadway surface cars. 

LONG ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, corner of Pierrepont and 
Clinton Streets, Brooklyn, between Brooklyn Bridge and Borough Hall. Open 
daily, except Sundays, from 8.30 a.m. to 6 p.m. Reference library of 70,000 
volumes; manuscripts, relics, etc. Autograph receipt of Robert Fulton 
and original manuscript volume of Danker's and Sluyter's "Journal 
of a Voyage to New York in 1679-80." 

Take Subway to Borough Hall, Brooklyn; Third Avenue Elevated Railway 
to Brooklyn Bridge, connecting with Bridge cars; or surface cars to Bridge. 

METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, Central Park East. Main 
entrance on Fifth Avenue at Eighty-second Street. Open daily, except Sun- 
days, from 10.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m. ; in winter to 5.00 p. m. ; Saturdays to 10.00 
p.m.; Sundays from i.oo to 6.00 p.m. On Mondays and Fridays an admis- 
sion fee of 25 cents is charged, except to members and copyists. Collections 
illustrating all departments of Art and Archaeology. Special Exhibition of a 
magnificent Collection of over 130 of the works of Old Dutch Masters, 
constituting the finest Exhibition of this kind ever made. Products 
of Colonial Art: Industrial Art, Furniture, Pewter of the 17th and 
i8th centuries, etc. (Two illustrated catalogues for sale, one of Dutch 
Exhibit and one of Colonial Arts; price 10 cents each. Also finely illustrated 
edition de luxe.) 

Take Fifth Avenue stages or Madison Avenue surface cars to Eighty-second 
Street, one block east of Museum; connection with Subway at Forty-second 
Street, and with Elevated Railway and West Side surface cars at Fifty-ninth 
Street. 

NATIONAL ARTS CLUB, Twentieth Street near Irving Place 
(Gramercy Park). This house was formerly the residence of Samuel J. 
Tilden, and is situated one block east of the birth-place of Ex-President Roose- 



(iv) 

velt. Open daily from September 20th to about October i8th, 1909, from 
9 a.m. to 10 p.m. Special Loan Exhibition by the National Arts Club, 
in cooperation with the American Scenic and Historic Preservation 
Society, under the management of the New York Zoological Society. 

Three centuries of New York City: Special Exhibition of Paintings, 
Photographs, Drawings and other interesting materials, illustrating the 
growth and progress of New York from the time of Henry Hudson to 
the present day. (Catalogue for sale.) 

Take Fourth or Madison Avenue surface cars to corner of Fourth Avenue 
and Twentieth Street, one block west of Club-house. Subway Station at 
Eighteenth Street and Fourth Avenue, three blocks away. 

NEW YORK AQUARIUM, in Battery Park. Open daily, including 
Sundays, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. until October 15th. (October i6th to April 
14th, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.) This building was erected in 1807 by the United 
States Government as a fort and after the War of 1812 was called Castle Clin- 
ton; later, as Castle Garden, it was the scene of Jenny Lind's triumphs and 
from 1855 to 1890 it was the portal of the New World for 7,690,606 immi- 
grants. This is the largest aquarium in the world and contains a greater 
number of specimens and species than any other. All tanks containing 
fish indigenous to the Hudson River will be so marked. 

Take Elevated Railway to Battery Place Station, or Subway to Bowling 
Green Station ; also reached by all surface cars which go to South Ferry. 

NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, Bronx Park. Museums open 
daily, including Sundays, from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Conservatories from lo 
a.m. to 4 p.m. Grounds always open. In the Grounds and Conservatories 
exhibits of Plants, Shrubs, Trees, and Natural Woodland; in the Mu- 
seums, Plant Products utilized in the Arts, Sciences and Industries. 
All trees growing on Manhattan Island and in the Hudson River 
Valley at the time of Hudson's arrival are marked with the letter " H." 
(Special illustrated catalogue for sale.) 

Take Third Avenue Elevated Railway to Bronx Park (Botanical Garden). 
Subway passengers change at 149th Street; also reached by Harlem Division 
of the New York Central Railroad from Grand Central Station, Fourth 
Avenue and Forty-second Street. 

NEW YORK GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL SO- 
CIETY, 226 West Fifty-eighth Street, between Broadway and Seventh 
Avenue. Open daily, except Sundays, from 10.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m., until 
November ist. Special Exhibition of old Deeds, Manuscripts, Books, 
Portraits, etc., relating to the history of the United States up to and 
including the War of 1812. (Catalogue for sale.) 

Take Broadway surface cars to corner of Fifty-eighth Street. Subway 
station at Columbus Circle (Fifty-ninth Street), two blocks distant; Sixth 
Avenue Elevated station at Ninth Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street, three blocks 
away. 

NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY, corner of Seventy-seventh 
Street and Central Park West. September 25th to October 30th, open daily 
from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Robert Fulton Exhibition of the New York His- 
torical Society, in cooperation with the Colonial Dames of America. 
(Catalogue for sale.) 

Take Sixth Avenue Elevated Railway to Eighty-first Street and Columbus 
Avenue, or surface cars traversing Central Park West; also reached by any 
Columbus Avenue surface car to Seventy-seventh Street. 

NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY, Lenox Branch, Fifth Avenue and 
Seventy-second Street. Open daily, except Sundays, from 9 a. m. to 6 p.m. 



(v) 

Special Exhibition of Prints, Books, Manuscripts, etc., relating to 
Henry Hudson, the Hudson River, Robert Fulton, and Steam Naviga- 
tion. (Special illustrated catalogue for sale; price lo cents.) 

Take Fifth Avenue Stages, or Madison Avenue surface cars to Seventy- 
second Street, one block east of Library; connection with Subway at Grand 
Central Station and with Elevated Railway and West Side surface cars at 
Fifty-ninth Street. 

NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK, under the management of the 
New York Zoological Society, in Bronx Park. Open daily, including Sun- 
days, from 9 a.m. until an hour before sunset (November i to May i from 
lo a.m.). Free, except on Mondays and Thursdays, when an admission fee 
of 25 cents is charged. Exhibition of a splendid collection of Animals, Birds 
and Reptiles. The fauna of Henry Hudson's time on Manhattan Island 
and Hudson River Valley will be indicated by the flag of the Hudson- 
Fulton Celebration. (Special illustrated catalogue describing same for 
sale.) 

Take Subway trains marked " Bronx Park Express " to terminus at iSoth 
Street, or Third Avenue Elevated to Fordham Station. The entrances are 
reached by numerous surface cars. 

REFORMED DUTCH CHURCH. The Reformed Protestant 
Dutch Church of the City of New York will make an exhibit in the 
chapel of the Church of St. Nicholas, Fifth Avenue and 48th Street, 
during the week of the celebration, 9 to 5 daily. 

This Church was organized A.D. 1628, and the exhibit will comprise articles 
connected with its long history. 

VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE MUSEUM, in Van Cortlandt Park. 
This fine colonial mansion, built in 1748, with furniture of the period, is one 
of the old houses within the area of Greater New York; it is in the custody of 
the Colonial Dames of the State of New York. Open daily, 9.00 a.m. to 
5.00 p.m. Special Exhibition of Mezzotint Portraits of men prominent 
in political life prior to the Revolution; Wedgwood's Medallion Por- 
traits of Illustrious Personages; Cartoons and Caricatures of political 
events, etc. (Special illustrated catalogue on sale.) 

Take New York Central Railroad from Grand Central Station ; Sixth 
Avenue Elevated Railway, connecting at 155th Street with the Putnam 
Division of the New York Central Railroad ; or Subway trains marked " Van 
Cortlandt Park." 

WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS (The Jumel Mansion). 
Roger Morris Park, Edgecombe Avenue and one Hundred and Sixty-second 
Street. Built about 1760. Under the Department of Parks. Exhibition by 
the ladies of the Washington Headquarters Association, Daughters of the 
American Revolution. Open free daily, including Sundays, from 9 a.m. to 
5 p.m. Special features: Collection of Colonial furnishings, objects and 
pictures; also the Bolton Collection of War Relics of the Revolution. 

Take Amsterdam Avenue surface cars; Sixth Avenue Elevated Railway to 
One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Street, or Broadway Subway to One Hundred 
and Fifty-seventh Street. 



DESCRIPTIVE GUIDE TO THE GROUNDS, 
BUILDINGS AND COLLECTIONS 

Location 

The New York Botanical Garden is situated in the north- 
ern end of Bronx Park, the reservation including about 250 
acres of land of a very diversified character, furnishing 
natural landscapes of great beauty and variety. 

Means of Access 

The Garden is conveniently reached in the following ways: 

1. By the Harlem Division of the New York Central and 
Hudson River Railroad to Bronx Park Station. 

2. By the Third Avenue Elevated Railway system to the 
terminal station of that road at Bronx Park. 

3. By the Subway, Lenox Avenue and West Farms branch 
with transfer at 149th Street and Third Avenue to Elevated 
Railway, thence to Bronx Park Station. 

4. By trolley car on Webster Avenue to 200th Street or 
the Woodlawn Road. This line connects with lines from 
the western part of the Bronx on Kingsbridge Road, and on 
Tremont Avenue, and also with the line to Yonkers. 

5. By trolley line on the White Plains road east of Bronx 
Park from West Farms, Williamsbridge, and Mt. Vernon, 
connecting with lines from the eastern part of the Bronx at 
West Farms and at Mt. Vernon. 

6. By driveways in Mosholu Parkway from Van Cort- 

(O 



landt Park; from Pelham Bay Park through Pelham Park- 
way; through the Crotona Parkway and Southern Boulevard 
from Crotona Park; there are also driveway entrances at 
200th Street, convenient for carriages coming from Jerome 
Avenue; at Newell Avenue, at the northern end of the 
Garden, for carriages coming from the north; at Bleecker 
Street on the eastern side of the Garden for carriages coming 
from the east; and at the Woodlawn Road, convenient for 
carriages coming from Yonkers, and from other points west 
and northwest of the Garden. 

Purposes 

The New York Botanical Garden was established by an 
Act of the Legislature of the State of New York passed in 
1 89 1 and amended In 1894 "for the purpose of establishing 
and maintaining a Botanical Garden and Museum and Ar- 
boretum therein, for the collection and culture of plants, 
flowers, shrubs and trees, the advancement of botanical 
science and knowledge, and the prosecution of original 
researches therein and in kindred subjects, for affording 
instruction in the same, for the prosecution and exhibition 
of ornamental and decorative horticulture and gardening, 
and for the entertainment, recreation and instruction of the 
people." 

General Plan 

The general plan of development includes : 

1. The largest conservatories in America, for tiie cultiva- 
tion of plants of tropical regions, one located near the en- 
trance at the elevated railway station, and a second very 
large range, partly constructed, near the Bleecker Street 
entrance on the eastern side of the Garden. 

2. The largest botanical museum in the world, located 
near the Bronx Park station of the New York Central Rail- 
road and the Mosholu Parkway entrance. This building 
includes a large lecture hall for public lectures In the base- 
ment; and the library, laboratories for Instruction and re- 
search, and the herbarium, on the upper floor. 



(3) 

3- The pinetum, or collection of cone-bearing trees, mostly 
evergreens, which is being brought together on the hills and 
slopes on all sides of the conservatories, range i, and in the 
space between that structure and the museum building. 

4. The herbaceous grounds, situated in a valley east of the 
conservatories, range i, near the Southern Boulevard en- 
trance, containing collections of hardy herbaceous plants, 
arranged by botanical relationship, and also a collection of 
similar plants, arranged to demonstrate elementary botany; 
the economic garden, a plantation designed to illustrate hardy 
plants whose products are directly useful to man, is being 
Installed in the northern part of the same valley. 

5. The fruticetum, or collection of hardy shrubs, located 
on the plain northeast of the museum building at the Wood- 
lawn Road entrance and extending northward into the north 
meadows; this collection Is also arranged by botanical rela- 
tionship. 

6. The deciduous arboretum, or collection of trees which 
lose their leaves In the autumn, located along the entire east- 
ern side of the grounds from south to north. 

In addition to these artificial features, the following natural 
features are of special interest : 

7. The hemlock grove, a forest of the Canadian hemlock 
spruce, clothing the hills between the museum building and 
the Bronx River and covering about forty acres, considerable 
portions of it being primeval. 

8. The gorge of the Bronx River, extending south from 
the waterfall at the Lorillard Mansion, along the edge of the 
hemlock grove to the southern boundary of the Garden. 

9. The north meadows and river woods along the Bronx 
River from the northern end of the hemlock grove to the 
northern end of the Garden. 

I. The Conservatories 
Range No. i. 
This great glass-house, located but a short distance from 
the terminus of the Third Avenue Elevated Railroad, Is 5 1 2 



(4) 

feet in length, with a central dome about 90 feet in height, 
and wings extending from the main range in such a way as to 
form a court open to the southwest. The area under glass 
is about one acre. The building stands on a terrace 5 feet 
in height, approached by six flights of cut granite steps con- 
necting with the path and driveway approaches. The house 
contains fifteen compartments, separated by glass partitions 
and doors. 

House No. I contains palms of numerous species from all 
parts of tropical and warm regions, both of the Old World 
and the New. Of West Indian palms, the collection con- 
tains the royal palm of Cuba and Florida, an elegant plant of 
the corozo palm {Acrocomia media) of Porto Rico and the 
Windward Islands; the cocoanut palm, planted in all tropical 
countries for its fruit and for the numerous uses to which its 
fiber, wood and leaves arc applied; it is not definitely known 
that the cocoanut palm is a native of the West Indies, and 
where in the tropical regions it actually originated is uncer- 
tain. Central and South American palms are illustrated by 
the delicate Cocos W eddelliana from Brazil, by the silvertop 
palm (Coccothrinax argentea) , and by the curious Mexican 
Acanthorhiza aculeata, with spine-like roots on its trunk. 
Old World species are shown in a very large tree of the 
Chinese fan-palm, by the date palm [Phoenix dactylifera) of 
northern Africa, by the very broad-leaved Phoenicophorium 
sechellarum, native of the Seychelles Islands, and by numer- 
ous other large species from the Pacific islands. Related to 
the palms and shown by numerous specimens in this house, 
we find a number of species of the cyclanthus family, the 
most conspicuous being the Panama hat plant (Carludovica 
palmata) , from the young leaves of which the costly Panama 
hats are made. Opposite the entrance to the court in this 
house, is a group of bamboos, which belong to the grass 
family, the most noteworthy of them being the Chinese 
bamboo {Bambiisa vulgaris)^ whose stems reach into the 
upper part of the dome; this plant grows with great rapidity 
each year by new shoots which come up from under ground, 




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(5) 

our measurements showing that they reached 6^ feet in 
height in 95 days, a rate of about 8 inches a day. The plant 
has been introduced into the West Indies, and in places 
where it grows its stems are put to a great variety of uses in 
construction, for water pipes and for various utensils. 

House No. 2 also contains specimens of the palm family, 
the smaller specimens of tropical species being exhibited here. 

House No. 5 contains specimens illustrating several fami- 
lies of monocotyledonous plants of tropical regions. The 
amar}'llis family is represented by a number of species of 
the spider lily (Hymenocallis) , bearing large white flowers, 
the commonest being Hymenocallis caribaea from the sandy 
coasts of southern Florida and the West Indies; large plants 
of the genus Crinum, some of which have white flowers and 
some red or purple, may be seen on the middle bench, and 
the maguey of the West Indies (a spiny-leaved relative of 
the century plant, native of the West Indies, and used there 
for hedges) , on the northern bench; this name maguey is also 
applied in parts of the West Indiestospeciesof^^^^t'^, which 
will be found in house No. 6. 

Numerous representatives of the lily family, especially of 
the genus Dracaena, may be found on the south bench, and 
these are much used for ornamental planting in the tropics; 
here also are plants of the genus Sansevieria, the bow-string 
hemps of Africa ; a valuable tough fiber is derived from their 
leaves; larger plants of the lily family may be found in the 
adjoining house No. 4, a portion of this house being given 
over to tall dracaenas and their relatives. 

The arrow-root family is illustrated by the arrow-root 
{Maranta arundinacea) ,nztlve of South America, but widely 
cultivated in the West Indies, its roots furnishing the com- 
mercial product; Calathea comprises a large number of 
tropical American plants noteworthy for their fine foliage, 
and there are other genera represented. 

House No. ^. Here are brought together many kinds of 
large tropical plants belonging to families also represented in 
the smaller houses, but too tall to be grown on the benches. 



(6) 

The Interesting screw-pines, natives of the Old World 
tropics, are illustrated by several species, the leaves of which 
are used in the manufacture of mats, hats and baskets. 
These plants are not at all related to pine trees, the latter 
part of the name referring to the slight resemblance the 
leaves bear to those of pineapple plants, which are commonly- 
called pines m the tropics, while the remainder of the name 
was suggested by the spiral arrangement of the leaves. 

In this house may be found large specimens of the arold 
family, the most noteworthy one of these being a magnificent 
plant of Veitch's tail-flower {Anthimum Feitchii), from 
Colombia, which is believed to be the most elegant plant of 
its kind in cultivation ; climbing on trunks of trees set as sup- 
ports, will be found a number of vines of the genera Philo- 
dendron and Monstera, the latter a native of Mexico, pro- 
ducing an edible fruit with the odor of pineapple. 

A large tree of the common rubber plant, much grown in 
parlors, may be found in the center of this house, reaching to 
the roof; this is a native of tropical Asia and yields some 
rubber, but not In as great quantity nor of as good quality as 
the other rubber trees of South and Central America ; it is a 
species of fig (Ficus elastica) ; other species of Ficus are 
shown In this house, notably a fine tree of Roxburgh's fig, 
which bears its Inedible fruit In bunches near the base of the 
tree, and a specimen of the Banyan tree {Ficus ben ghalensis) . 
Chocolate trees {Theohroma Cacao) ^ native of tropical 
America, may be found near the western door of this house; 
the small white flowers are produced on the trunk and on. 
branches, and a few of them develop Into the large woody 
pods containing the seeds or chocolate beans, which are dried 
and ground up into chocolate and cocoa ; specimens illustrat- 
ing the chocolate Industry will be found in the economic 
museum. The papaya, or papaw, also of tropical America, 
is illustrated by a tall tree in the middle of this house; its 
fruit, esteemed as an aid to digestion, is borne just under the 
crown of leaves. A specimen of the bread-fruit tree {Arto- 
carpus incisa) may also be seen here; originally from the 



(7) 

islands of the Pacific, it was introduced into the West Indies 
in the latter part of the eighteenth century. 

Several interesting tall vines climb on the pillars of this 
house, among them the night-blooming jessamine {Cestrum 
Parqui) of tropical America, which opens its flowers after 
dark and exhales a delicious perfume, the flowers remaining 
open during part of the morning; Henderson's Allamanda, 
of Brazil, with its showy large yellow flowers, climbs to the 
roof. 

House No. 5. The plants in this house are from desert 
regions. Especial attention is called to their fleshy stems or 
leaves which serve as storage organs for a water supply to 
carry them over periods of drought. On the right hand 
bench, as one enters from No. 4, are mainly plants from 
southern Africa: the carrion flowers (Stapelia) , relatives of 
our common milkweed of the roadsides; Aloe, Gasteria, 
Haworthia, and other South African representatives of the 
lily family. 

The central bench is entirely devoted to the cactus family, 
which, with few exceptions, is American. Nearly all these 
plants are devoid of leaves, these organs, when present, being 
mostly small and inconspicuous ; in the genus Opuntia they are 
usually present on the young growths as awl-shaped bodies, 
while in some few species they are much larger and remain 
for some time; in the genus Pereskia, specimens of which 
will be found in house No. 7, the leaves are large and well 
developed. The stems of the cacti are fleshy and assume a 
great number of forms ; in Opuntia the stem is composed of 
joints, either cylindric or broad and flattened. In Cereus 
the stems are angled; in Carnegiea they are thick massive 
columns with many longitudinal ribs; in Echinocactus the 
plant-bodies are but little elongated, or almost globular, while 
in other genera the plant-body is covered with rows of spirally 
arranged projections. The flowers of many cacti are ex- 
quisite in form and color; they are borne on various parts of 
the plant-body, in the turk's-head cactus on a curiously modi- 
fied portion of the top. A plant of economic interest here is 



(8) 

Nopalea coccinellifera upon which the cochineal Insect breeds; 
it is from these Insects that the dye cochineal Is obtained. 

On the remaining side bench Is the stone-crop family, 
represented by many interesting and beautiful forms. The 
echeverlas from Mexico and Central America, and the sem- 
pervlvums, or house-leeks, from the Old World, are con- 
spicuous among these. Many of the stone-crops are hardy 
plants' and a collection of these may be found at the herba- 
ceous grounds. Only a few cactuses are hardy. A large 
number of the specimens belonging In this house and the next 
may be found during the summer in beds in the conservatory 
court. 

House No. 6. This Is also a desert house. On the two 
corner benches to the right, as one enters from No. 5, is a 
collection of century plants {Agave), a large genus known 
only from the New World; other and larger plants of this 
same genus may be found in the central portion of the house. 
Conspicuous among these are: the thread-bearing agave, 
Queen Victoria's agave, the sisal plant {Agave sisalana) ; and 
the common century plant {Agave americana) . The first 
two are decorative and curious; horn A gave sisalana is manu- 
factured the sisal hemp of commerce ; the last. Agave ameri- 
cana, is well known, and it is from the sap of related species 
that the Mexican drink "pulque" Is obtained by fermenta- 
tion. It is popularly believed that the century plants flower 
but once In a hundred years, and then die ; It Is true that the 
plant dies when done blooming, but it blooms at a much 
earlier age than a century, sometimes when but eight or ten 
years old, it is said. A curious desert plant among the cen- 
tury plants on the side bench Is called by the natives of 
Mexico, Its native country, " huarlqui " {Ibervillea sonorae) ; 
during the rainy season green stems arise from these large 
woody plant-bodies, which at other times remain In a resting 
condition. 

A group of the lily family may be found In the central 
portion of this house. This comprises members of the genera 
Aloe, Yucca and Dasylirion. A group of cacti may also be 



(9) 

seen here, the most imposing figure of which is the giant 
cereus, Carnegiea gtgantea, known as " sahuaro " by the 
Mexicans and Indians of its native country, Arizona and 
Sonora. The plants here shown were obtained by an expe- 
dition sent to those regions by the Garden in 1902, and they 
represent perhaps the largest specimens in cultivation in the 
east. Several large specimens of the hedgehog cactus, secured 
at the same time, form part of this group. The Indians in 
the desert often secure a supply of drinking water from these 
plants by cutting off the top and macerating the interior sub- 
stance. A number of other large and rare cacti secured by 
a Garden expedition of 1906 have recently been added to 
this collection. On the remaining corner benches may be 
found the fig marigolds, from southern Africa, desert mem- 
bers of the pineapple family, and representatives of the 
spurge family. 

House No. 7. Many families are shown here, the repre- 
sentatives of which are tropical. The members of the mi- 
mosa and senna families, largely represented in this house, 
are curious in their sleep movements; as daylight wanes the 
leaves begin to droop and the leaflets to fold up. Belong- 
ing to the senna family may be mentioned : the logwood tree 
{Haematoxylon campechiamim) , widely distributed through- 
out tropical America; the copaiba tree {Copaiva officinalis)^ 
one of the trees from which copaiba is obtained; and the 
tamarind tree {Tamarindus indica) , valuable for its fruit. 
In the mimosa family the humble or sensitive plant (Mimosa 
pudica) , whose leaves fold at the least touch, is of peculiar 
interest. The mahogany tree (Swietenia Mahagoni) , and 
the cocaine plant {Erythroxylon Coca), from South America, 
are important economic plants. In the custard-apple family 
are the cherimoyer {Anona Chefimolia) , and the sour sop 
{Anona muricata) . The mammee-apple is another tropical 
fruit, belonging to the gamboge family. The spurge family 
is represented in several curious forms, many of them much 
resembling members of the cactus family; while others bear 
large leaves, as is the case in the chenille plant, or Philippine 



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medusa {Acalypha hispida) ; belonging to this family also is 
the plant bearing physic or Barbados nuts (Jatropha Ciircas) . 
The showy genus Codiaeum, commonly known as crotons, 
also belongs to the spurge family. Members of the cactus 
family, represented by several genera, especially of kinds 
growing naturally on trees in tropical forests, will be found 
near the spurge family. Decorative members of the ginseng 
family are also in this house. 

House No. 8. As in house No. 7, the plants assembled 
here are of miscellaneous Interest. The madder family is 
present in showy forms of ixoras, hoffmannias and ronde- 
letias. There are striking forms of the potato family; also 
attractive representatives of the gesnerlas, in the African or 
Usambara violet, and several forms of the genus Tricho- 
sporum, excellent basket plants. On the north side bench 
may be found a collection of begonias In many forms, ranging 
from the large-leaved Begonia nelumbifolia, of the West 
Indies, to the small-leaved B. foliosa, from Colombia, and 
the dainty little B. rottindifolia, known only from the Island 
of Haiti, and for many years lost to science. The showy 
foliage forms of Begonia Rex are present In great variety. 
Among the more noteworthy economic plants are the ramie 
plant {Boehnieria nivea) , a native of China, from the fiber 
of which the so-called grass-cloth is woven. 

House No. g. This is the aquatic house, and plants which 
find their homes In the water or require much moisture are 
brought together here. From the bridge spanning the pool 
the various features may be readily observed. Fringing the 
pool on the right, as one enters from house No. 10, are mem- 
bers of the sedge and grass families, while on the left hand 
side the fringe Is made up entirely of grasses, largely of the 
graceful bamboos. Of special interest among the sedges is 
the Egyptian paper-plant {Cyperus Papyrus)^ from which 
many of the ancients obtained their writing paper. Among 
the grasses by far the most important is the sugar cane 
{Saccharum officinarum) ; from the lower portions of its 
stalks the juice Is extracted by pressure, and from this juice 



(II) 

sugar is manufactured. Among the plants In the pool are 
many with attractive flowers ; conspicuous among these being 
water-lilies (Castalia), of which there are several different 
kinds; the water hyacinth; the parrot's-feather, with its deli- 
cate feathery masses of green; the water poppy; the water 
snowflake; the water lettuce, a member of the aroid family; 
the floating fern; and some odd little plants related to the 
ferns, members of the genus Salvinia. 

House No. 10 contains specimens of the aroids, repre- 
sented by a large number of different species. The plants of 
this family {Araceae) are mostly of tropical distribution, but 
they are represented in our northern flora by the skunk cab- 
bage, the jack-in-the-pulpit, and the sweet flag; the most fa- 
miliar one in cultivation is the calla lily {Zantedeschia aethio- 
pica) , not botanically a lily. The plants all have spikes of 
very small flowers closely massed together, and usually sub- 
tended by a broad leaf-like structure which is known as the 
spathe; this is usually highly colored, pure white, yellow, red 
or scarlet, and is commonly thought of as the flower, though 
not botanically so; species of Anthiiriiim, known as tail- 
flowers, are abundant in the West Indies and tropical Amer- 
ica, as is the genus Philodendron, signifying tree-loving, on 
account of many species being vines climbing high on the 
trees in tropical forests; numerous species have underground 
stems and branches which contain much starch and are culti- 
vated in the tropics for food, under the name of yautlas and 
taras. Plants of the same family, too large for exhibition 
in this house, may be found in house No. 4. This house Is 
occupied also by plants of the pineapple family. These are 
mostly plants which live on the trunks and branches of trees 
in tropical forests, and are therefore called epiphytes, signi- 
fying plants growing upon other plants; many of them are 
exceedingly beautiful in foliage and in flower; the so-called 
Florida moss, or Spanish moss, clothes the trees of the live- 
oaks In the southern Atlantic States, and is not a moss at all, 
but a plant bearing small flowers which show its relationship 
to others of this family. The pineapple itself, doubtless the 



(12) 

most familiar member of this group, has been cultivated in 
tropical regions for an indefinite period for fruit, and is not 
certainly known in the wild state; the pineapple fruit is the 
ripened bunch of flowers which forms at the top of the stem ; 
the plant is propagated by cutting off the tuft of leaves, which 
is found on the top of the fruit, and by suckers which sprout 
from the side of the plant near the ground ; it is an exception 
to the tree-loving habit of most of the family, in growing 
on the ground, and is cultivated in the Bahamas and on the 
Florida Keys, often in very rocky soil. One of the very 
spiny-leaved species, BromeUa Pinguin, is widely utilized as 
a hedge plant in the West Indies. Hanging from the rafters 
on both sides of this house may be found baskets containing 
the East Indian pitcher-plants. Nepenthes; these are mostly 
vines, growing naturally on trees, their leaves curiously modi- 
fied at the ends into hollow structures provided with lids and 
technically known as pitchers, which are often wrongly re- 
garded as the flowers ; these pitchers contain water and secrete 
from their sides a glutinous liquid which digests insects that 
fall or crawl into the pitchers; this form of nutriment is 
apparently not necessary at all, however, to the growth of 
the plants; the flowers are small but borne in large clusters 
arising from the stems and may often be seen in this collection. 
House No. II. Here are brought together many kinds of 
tropical plants belonging to the banana, ginger and canna 
families. There are also here a few plants of the pineapple 
family too tall to be shown on the benches in house No. lo. 
The collection of bananas and their relatives occupies the 
greater part of the space and one or more of the specimens 
is usually in fruit; the collection contains both the edible, 
commercial bananas and the plantains, and also several spe- 
cies whose fruit is not edible, but whose interest lies in their 
decorative leaves and flowers. The stems and leaves of all 
these plants contain some fiber, which is produced in enor- 
mous quantities in the Philippine Islands from Musa textilis, 
and is the well-known Manila hemp. The supply of fruit 
for the United States comes mostly from Central America 



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and the West Indies, and some from northern South America. 
Bananas will grow in southern Florida, but the rocky soil of 
that region is not well adapted to their cultivation. The 
traveler's tree, from Madagascar, is shown in several fine 
specimens, and gets its English name from the fact that the 
axis of each long leaf-stalk contains a grat deal of water 
which can be tapped and drunk. The bird-of-paradise 
plants, which take their name from their gaudy flowers, will 
be found in this group; they are natives of southern Africa 
and belong to the genus Strelitzia. Another genus of the 
banana family, Heliconia, is also represented by several spe- 
cies, called wild plantains, natives of tropical America. 

Here also may be found several species of the genus Costus 
and of other genera of the ginger family, including the ginger 
plant {Zingiber Zingiber) . 

House No. 12. The plants in this house, as well as those 
in house No. 14, are mostly natives of warm-temperate re- 
gions, and are arranged in botanical sequence, with a view to 
furnishing a collection for the comparative study of plant 
families and genera ; to make this as complete as possible, as 
many representatives of families and genera are brought 
together as space and cultural conditions permit. Cultural 
requirements necessitate placing the ferns and their allies 
somewhat out of their sequence position, at the south end of 
the west side bench. The east side bench is devoted to the 
pine family, the yew family, and to the endogenous plants, 
the last named terminating with the orchids, next the banana 
house. The sequence of exogenous plants begins on the west 
side bench, as one enters from house No. 13, crosses to the 
central bench at the ferns, and continues around that, ending 
in this house with the loasa family, near the fern house. 
The sequence is then continued in house No. 14, beginning 
with the mezereon family on the north side bench, at the 
entrance from house No. 13, continuing around the central 
bench and ending with the thistle family on the end of the 
south side bench near the entrance to house No. 13. 

Among the more interesting species on the west side 



(14) 

bench are many Australian plants, represented by grevllleas, 
hakeas, and others; a group of insectivorous plants may also 
be found here; among these are the pitcher plants {Sarra- 
cenia) in several species; the pitchers contain a liquid in 
which the insects are drowned, the fluid resulting from 
their decay being absorbed by the pitchers; these structures 
form a part of the leaves and are a modification of the pet- 
iole. The sundews (Drosera) secrete a sticky substance 
from the gland-hairs on their leaves, which can digest in- 
sects and other animal matter. On the central bench may be 
found a group of the rue family; to this belong, among others, 
the oranges and lemons, of which a number of small speci- 
mens are here, others being placed in house No. 13. A 
peculiar plant of this family is A gathosma apiculata, of 
southern Africa ; its leaves are full of glands which secrete 
an oil exhaling a disagreeable odor quite apparent at times. 
On the east side bench are members of the lily family and 
the amaryllis family, with many other endogenous plants, 
including a collection of orchids which grow in warm tem- 
perate regions or in the mountainous sections of the tropics. 
In the yew family, perhaps the most interesting are two small 
plants of the "stinking cedar" {Tumion taxifoUiim) so-called 
by the natives where it grows; it is known to occur in a 
wild state in a small area along the Apalachicola River in 
Florida. 

House No. 75. This house contains such plants of warm- 
temperate regions as are too large for proper exhibition in 
houses 12 and 14. The endogenous plants may be found 
on the side next house No. 14; the remainder of the house is 
occupied by exogenous plants. Opposite the entrance from 
house No. 14 is a group illustrating the pine family and the 
yew family. The most conspicuous objects among the former 
are the araucarias, which take the place in the southern hemi- 
sphere of the pines in the north; Araiicaria brasiliana and A. 
Bidwillii are prominent among these; the common Norfolk 
Island pine {Araucaria excelsa) is shown in several large 
specimens. To the right of this, across the path, will be 



(15) 

found specimens of the New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax) , 
and on one of the trellises in the rear is a vigorous plant of 
the Cherokee rose. To the left, a little beyond the pine 
family, is the myrtle family; prominent in this is a group 
of the gum-trees of Australia and Tasmania (Eucalyptus) ; 
these trees occur in large forests, and sometimes attain a 
height of 200 to 400 feet. A large specimen, some ten or 
twelve feet tall, of the bottle-brush tree {CalUstemon citrinus) 
will be found here ; the red flowers are borne in long cylindric 
clusters, much resembling a common bottle-brush, whence 
the popular name. Farther to the left is a large plant of 
Hydrangea hortensis; this presents a gorgeous show of blue 
flowers early in the summer. In the corner to the right is a 
specimen of the camphor tree {Cinnamomum C amphora) ^ 
from which the camphor of commerce is derived. Opposite 
the camphor tree is a group containing the common garden 
camelia, and the important commercial plant, Thea sinensis, 
from which is obtained our beverage tea; black and green 
teas are obtained from the same plant, the difference in color 
being due to the method of preparation ; the tea plant is ex- 
tensively cultivated in many warm and tropical countries, 
tea as a beverage having been used by the Chinese from time 
immemorial; its first introduction into Europe is said to have 
been by the Dutch in 16 10. Further along to the left, beyond 
the group of Australian acacias, of which there are many 
specimens, are several plants of the fig tree (Ficus Carica), 
from which the edible figs are secured; the leaves drop off 
in winter, and so for a short time the plants are placed else- 
where. A little beyond these to the left may be found a group 
of oleanders; a poisonous principle occurs in the flowers and 
leaves of these plants, and especially in the bark. A plant 
of great economic importance in the olive family is the olive 
tree ( Olea europaea) , of which a small specimen may be found 
near the oleanders; this plant was originally from the Medi- 
terranean region and the Orient, but has now been largely 
introduced into cultivation in other warm countries; in the 
middle of the eighteenth century it was first introduced into 



(i6) 

California, at San Diego, it is said, and is now largely culti- 
vated in southern California. On one of the columns near 
the olive Is a fine plant of Bougainvillaea, a native of Brazil; 
the bracts which surround the small flowers are bright ma- 
genta colored ; when in full bloom the plant makes a gorgeous 
show. On one of the trellises back of the group of the 
amaryllis family Is a plant of the yellow jessamine {Gelsem- 
iiim sempervirens) of the south; It sends out Its pretty flowers 
usually in February, and they persist for several weeks. 
In this house may also be found a number of palms. Among 
these may be mentioned the characteristic fan-palm of the 
California desert {Neowashingtonia rohiista) ^ and the pal- 
metto {Sahal Palmetto), of our southern States. A few 
temperate tree-ferns are also placed here. 

House No. i^. The general arrangement of this house was 
mentioned when describing house No. 12. Entering from 
house No. 1 5 , to the left may be found plants of the rosemary ; 
this enjoys a reputation of long standing, for it was held in 
high esteem by the ancient Greeks and Romans, being re- 
garded by them as the emblem of fidelity. A little further to 
the left Is the parachute flower (CeropegiaSandersoni) , from 
Natal. On the right are many Interesting members of the 
thistle family. On the other side of the house may be found 
Aucuba japonica, from Japan, and Corokia Cotoneaster, 
from New Zealand, both members of the dogwood family, 
but not much resembling our common flowering dogwood. 
Other plants of interest may also be found here. 

House No. 75. The orchid family, to which this house 
Is devoted, is a widely distributed one, occurring in all 
tropical regions, but finding Its greatest development In the 
Old World In India and the Malayan region, while In the 
New World Its greatest numbers occur In Brazil and other 
parts of northern South America. In temperate regions rela- 
tively few species are found, while in very cold countries they 
are entirely absent. Most of the tropical forms are epiphytes, 
that Is, they grow upon trees and usually have bulb-like or 
thickened stems and fleshy leaves for the conservation of 




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(17) 

their water supply, as, from their habitat, this supply must 
be precarious. In temperate regions nearly all of the species 
are terrestrial, and have thin leaves, the soil about their roots 
serving to protect them from the cold and also giving them a 
more constant water supply: they do not, therefore, need 
pseudobulbs or thickened stems. Coming from all parts of 
the world as they do, their blooming time varies greatly, so 
that at almost any time of the year, be It winter or summer, 
some of these Interesting plants may be found In bloom. 

On the central bench Is an Interesting palm, the double 
cocoanut (Lodoicea maldivica) ^ a native of the Seychelles 
Islands, also known as the coco de mer, and coco des Mal- 
dives, and one of the rarest palms In cultivation; In the 
specimen here shown the upper portion of the seed may be 
seen projecting above the soil. The tree In Its native wilds 
attains a height of ninety feet, bearing aloft a magnificent 
crown of green leaves which make It an Important feature of 
the landscape. This Is the only plant In this house not a 
member of the orchid family; It Is kept here for cultural 
reasons. 

Conservatory Court. There are two attractive features 
here during the open season, viz., the water lily collec- 
tion and the collection of desert plants. The water lilies 
may be found In two tanks, one In each end of the court. 
In the easterly tank are placed the hardy sorts, such as are 
able to withstand the severe cold of our winters, which re- 
main permanently where they are, winter and summer. In 
the westerly pool are the tender kinds, or such as require pro- 
tection during the winter, and many of these are stored in a 
warm cellar during winter and placed on view again in the 
spring. The most conspicuous of the tender sorts are the 
royal water-lilies from South America ; these are not hardy in 
this climate, and, as they are too large to protect from the 
cold, they are grown anew from seed each year; the seeds 
are sown in the propagating houses late in winter, and the 
young plants placed on view late in the spring or in early 
summer. 



(i8) 

In summer the collection of desert plants Is in three beds 
in front of the entrance to house No. i. The central bed 
contains American desert plants only, made up largely of 
members of the cactus, amaryllis and hly families; in the 
easterly beds will be found desert plants from southern 
Africa. In the western bed are representatives of the orpine 
family. 

Conservatory Flower Beds. To the north of the con- 
servatories, occupying a portion of the area below the terrace, 
are several large plots devoted to a miscellaneous display of 
shrubs, evergreens and herbaceous plants. Attractive flowers 
may be seen here from the earliest spring until late autumn, 
while the evergreens make a pleasing effect during the winter. 
The herbaceous plants are plainly labeled, thus adding much 
to their interest for the visiting public. 

Range No. 2 

This range, four houses of which have been constructed, is 
located on the easterly side of the grounds, In the midst of 
the deciduous arboretum. The completed portion consists 
of a transverse range, running east and west, divided into 
three compartments, and a smaller house at right angles to 
this range. The tropical ferns and their allies and the 
cycads are exhibited here. 

In the easterly compartment of this transverse range the 
collection of sago palms or cycads has been installed. This 
family of plants Is represented by large specimens of Cycas 
revoluta, from Japan ; by Cycas circinalis, from the Molucca 
Islands ; by a single plant of the rare Stangeria eriopus, from 
southern Africa, where it Is known as the kaffir's-head; by a 
number of specimens of the genus Zamia, including the small 
Florida coonties; and by the Kaffir-bread (Encephalartos) , 
two species, from Africa; the stems and trunks of plants of 
this family contain much starch, which is extracted, in the 
countries In which they grow, by crushing and washing, and 
pass into commerce under the name of sago starch. 

In the middle and westerly houses of the transverse range 



(19) 

may be found the tropical tree-ferns and the larger specimens 
of the low ferns and fern-allies. 

The graceful tree-ferns usually inhabit the mountains of 
the tropics, commonly at an elevation of 1500 feet or more. 
Many of the plants here have been secured by Garden expe- 
ditions to different parts of the American tropics. Another 
feature of interest is the collection of staghorn-ferns, hanging 
over the walk in the center house ; the application of the com- 
mon name staghorn is quite evident in several of the species. 
Suspended from the roof In baskets are many desirable ferns. 
A fern from China and Tartary, known as the Scythian 
Lamb {Cibotium Barometz) , may be found here; it Is of 
interest as forming the basis of a marvellous tale, current in 
early times, to the effect that on a vast plain to the eastward 
of the Volga occurred a wonderful plant, looking like a lamb; 
this animal, so the story ran, was supported upon a stalk and 
as soon as it had exhausted the vegetation at hand died from 
starvation. 

In the small house may be found a collection of tropical 
ferns arranged In botanical sequence, thus bringing closely 
related families and genera into juxtaposition and enabling 
a comparative study of these plants to be made. It Is only 
possible to represent In this sequence the position of the tree- 
ferns by very small specimens. These may be studied to 
better advantage in the larger houses. 

Power Houses. Steam for heating the conservatories, 
range i, is supplied from the power house, located near the 
New York Central Railroad just south of the 200th Street 
entrance and connected with the conservatories by a subway 
about six hundred feet long containing the steam mains ; five 
boilers are installed and supply steam not only to the con- 
servatories, but also to the museum building through another 
subway about twelve hundred feet in length. 

Steam for heating the conservatories, range 2, is supplied 
from a boiler house near this structure, a little to the north. 



(20) 

2. The Botanical Museum 

The Museum Building has a frontage of 312 feet, and in 
so far as now constructed, a depth of about 90 feet; the plan 
of this building contemplates its future extension toward the 
rear, so as to form a quadrangle enclosing a court. The 
architectural style of the building is Italian Renaissance. 
The walls are of light-colored brick and the trimmings of 
terra-cotta. It has a steel frame and concrete floors. Three 
floors are devoted to public exhibits, while the upper floor 
contains study rooms, the library, laboratories and herbarium, 
which may be used and consulted by permission. 

The building is approached by two straight driveways and 
accompanying sidewalks leading from the main park drive- 
way near the New York Central Railroad station; this front 
approach to the building is ornamented by a bronze fountain 
executed by the sculptor Carl E. Tefft, and by terra-cotta 
fountains and marble seats designed by R. W. Gibson, the 
architect of the building. The vista lines are formed by 
four parallel rows of trees. 

The public collections in this buildings are: 

I. THE MUSEUM OF ECONOMIC BOTANY 

This occupies the entire main floor, and here are brought 
together both crude and refined products of plants used in the 
arts, sciences and industries, illustrated also by photographs 
and drawings. The specimens are arranged as products, 
including food, drugs, fibers, gums, resins, sugars and others 
as indicated by the accompanying floor plan. 

The arrangement of the larger groups is as follows: Foods 
and fibers occupy the west hall, the former in cases on the 
north side, the latter on the south. The west wing is mainly 
given over to exhibits other than foods, fibers, drugs and 
woods. The east hall contains the drugs, while the east 
wing is set aside for the woods and wood products, and for 
a collection illustrating North American dendrology. 

Fibers. Cases i to 18. — In the first case of the series 



(21) 

devoted to fibers may be found cotton, the most important of 
the vegetable fibers. It is derived from the fruit of the cotton 
plant {Gossypium) , being the hairs that cover the surface of 
the seeds. The fruits of several different kinds of cotton 
may be seen with the cotton bursting from the capsule, while 
some of the many different products are also shown. 

The fiber of many other plants, derived from the leaves, 
stem, bark, roots and other organs, is of great economic 
importance and is used, either in practically its natural con- 
dition, as may be seen by the specimens of fans, hats, boxes, 
bags, baskets, mats, matting, crude ropes, brooms, ornaments 
and toys, or it is manufactured into articles of commerce after 
processes which remove it considerably from its natural aspect 
or condition; for example, linen, which is made from the flax, 
plant; cloth, twine and rope, from jute, hemp and abutilon 
fiber; and paper made from wood and other fibers. 

India Rubber and Allied Products. Cases 19 and 20. — 
The first case in the west wing contains india rubber and 
allied products. Here are the implements and utensils used 
in collecting the rubber "milk" from the trees which grow 
in the tropical forests. Rubber is derived mostly from trees 
belonging to the mulberry family, spurge family and dog- 
bane family. 

Several varieties of rubber may be seen in the different 
stages of refinement, together with some articles as manu- 
factured for the market. Here, too, is an allied product, 
gutta percha, which is derived from the trunks and foliage 
of certain trees belonging to the sapodilla family. These 
trees grow in many portions of the tropics. 

Resins. Cases 21 and 22. — The cases devoted to resins 
contain on the one hand a large trunk of the long-leaf pine, 
with a turpentine box, together with a series of specimens of 
turpentine and resin, illustrative of the trade-classification of 
these products, and, on the other hand, a series of resins 
derived from other species of pine and related trees, and also 
those from trees representing the mulberry family, the mi- 
mosa family, the sumac family and the myrrh family. 



(22) 

Spices and Flavorifig Agents. Cases 23 to 26. — These 
substances form quite a large series in which is shown the 
parts of the plant that yield spices and flavoring extracts; for 
example, licorice is extracted from the roots of the licorice 
plant. Ginger is a rootstock, the underground stem of the 
ginger plant; cinnamon is a bark; bay, sage, mint, thyme are 
leaves; cloves are flowers; coriander, allspice, black pepper, 
celery seed, caraway seed, vanilla bean and tonka bean are 
fruits ; mustard and nutmeg are seeds, and mace is the outer 
coat of the nutmeg. 

Dye Stuffs. Case 27. — The dye stuffs are represented by 
logwood, madder, alkanet root, indigo and oak galls. 

Tanning Materials. Cases 28 to 30. — The tanning ma- 
terials are also very important from an economic standpoint; 
they are represented by saw-palmetto, mangrove, pine, hem- 
lock and sumac. The crude materials of the mangrove and 
the saw-palmetto are accompanied by the fluid extract which 
contains the tannic acid and also by the spent material or 
refuse which remains after the extract has been made. 

Fodder Plants. Cases 31 and 32. — Following the spices 
are fodder plants, which are shown as sheaves, and consist 
of grasses, sedges, bush-clovers and related plants. 

Tobaccos and Masticatories. Cases 33 to 36. — Tobaccos 
are shown by a series of bundles of the cured leaves of the 
tobacco plant (Nicotiana) from different parts of America, 
and a series of articles as prepared for the market. Closely 
associated with tobacco are the masticatories or substances 
used for chewing. One of the most widely known forms is 
chewing gum, which is made by refining the crude chicle- 
gum, which is the hardened milky juice of the sapodilla and 
related plants. In rural districts the exudation of resin 
found on the bark of conifers is used for chewing while still 
in the crude condition, but this substance is now refined and 
sold in our larger cities just as is the now more commonly 
used chicle-gum. An adjacent case is given over to: 

Beverages, including Chocolate. Cases 37 to 41. — Bever- 
ages are represented by both the non-alcoholic, as coffee, 



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tea, mate or Paraguay tea, Jersey tea and fruit juices, and 
the alcoholic and malt beverages, as wine, beer, ale and 
porter. In the block of cases devoted to beverages may be 
found chocolate, which is derived from the seed of the choc- 
olate tree {Theohroma) . The collection shows the choc- 
olate fruits, the principal commercial varieties of the seeds, 
unroasted and roasted, nibs of different degrees of fineness, 
germs, cocoa-liquor, cocoa-butter, cocoa-cake, and the same 
ground into " breakfast "-cocoa, with several varieties of con- 
fectioners' chocolate, as put up for the market. 

Miscellaneous Specimens. Case 42. — In this case may be 
seen the substances used in the manufacture of soap, insect 
powders and related substances. 

Fixed and Volatile Oils. Cases 43 to 48. — The volatile 
oils form a large series, and in their manufacture various 
parts of the plants are used; for example, roots are used to 
make the oils of lovage-root, elecampane and muskroot; 
rootstocks furnish the oils of calamus, ginger, orris root and 
wild ginger; herbage Is the source of the oils of pennyroyal, 
tansy, spearmint and peppermint; wood furnishes the ma- 
terial to make the oils of red cedar wood and sandalwood; 
bark is the source of the oils of birch, cinnamon and sassa- 
fras; leaves yield the oils of hemlock, spruce, pine, cedar, 
eucalyptus and wintergreen; flowers yield the oils of cloves, 
lilac flower and orange flowers; fruits yield the oils of pep- 
per, lemon, caraway and fennel; seeds furnish the oils of 
mustard, wormseed, nutmeg and almonds; while resins give 
us the oils of elemi, mastic, myrrh and frankincense. 

The fixed oils, at least from a commercial standpoint, are 
less numerous than the volatile oils, and those in common use 
are mostly derived from the fruits and seeds of plants; for 
example, olive oil is contained in the fruit of the olive, hn- 
seed oil is contained in the seed of the flax plant, castor oil 
is stored up in the seed of the castor oil plant and cotton oil 
abounds in the cotton seed. Fixed oils differ from volatile 
oils in not completely evaporating when exposed to the air. 
In many cases the by-products resulting during the manufac- 



(24) 

ture of the various oils are of considerable commercial im- 
portance. Some of these by-products are shown in the cases 
with the oils. 

Plant Constituents. Cases 49 to 60. — This exhibit con- 
sists of a series af alkaloids, acids, glucosides and amaroids, 
albuminoids, resinoids and enzymes. These substances plants 
store up in their tissues, or in the tissues of one or more 
organs, and from them they are extracted for use in all 
branches of the arts, sciences and industries. 

Starches. Case 61. — Starch, as in the case of many 
other substances, exists in and is consequently derived from 
the several organs of various plants, for example, the roots 
of the cassava plant furnish the cassava flour and tapioca, 
while those of coontie yield coontie flour which is quite sim- 
ilar to sago, and those of the sweet potato plant furnish sweet 
potato flour. The rootstocks of the common potato plant 
abound in potato flour, while those of the arrow-root plant 
yield arrw-root flour. The stems of some of the sago palms 
and those of some of the true palms are the sources of sago 
flour. The fruits, both dry and fleshy, of a great variety 
of plants, contain starch; for example, those of the several 
grains, wheat, rye and corn; while those of the banana yield 
the less common banana flour. The seeds of some plants 
are used as a source of starch, as for instance, those of the 
chocolate plant. 

Cork and Paper. Cases 62 to 64. — Cork is the light 
outer bark of the cork oak tree, a tree indigenous to southern 
Europe. The substance, as we are accustomed to see it, is 
prepared by means of boiling the cork bark and scraping off 
the rough outer portion. The crude cork and many manu- 
factured articles are shown in case number 49, and a large 
jacket of crude cork is exhibited near by, just as it was 
stripped from the tree. 

Wood fiber, especially that obtained from the trunks of 
the spruce and poplar, enters largely into the manufacture of 
paper. In cases 48 and 50, the fiber is shown in its crude 
condition and in the various stages of refinement, as well as 



(25) 

the various qualities of paper into the structure of which it 
enters. Here also are the several stages and substances con- 
nected with the production of straw paper. 

Sugars. Cases 65 and 66. — Sugar is a very important 
plant-product and it is of vast economic value. Sugar cane 
{Saccharum) is the basis of the world's sugar supply. The 
juice from the stems of the plant is boiled down and by other 
processes is made into the principal crude products shown in 
the cases and later into the commercial grades of sugar. 

The juices of other plants are also used in making sugar, 
for example, in temperate regions, the sugar beet yields an 
enormous amount, the sap of the maple tree is made into 
maple sugar, while In tropical regions the sap of various 
palms, such as the cocoanut palm and the sugar palm, Is made 
into palm sugar. 

Foods. Cases 67 to 84. — The very Important section of 
vegetable foods occupies the cases on the north side of the 
west hall, opposite those containing the fibers. Here may 
be seen the various plants and parts of plants commonly 
used for food. In a few instances nearly the whole plant is 
available, as in the mushroom, the morel and the truffle. 
Usually, however, certain parts only are nutritious or desir- 
able; a few examples of these are as follows: sweet potatoes, 
horseradish, carrots and beets are roots; onions, potatoes and 
Jerusalem artichokes are rootstocks; asparagus and poke 
shoots are young stems; lettuce, beet-tops, spinach and parsley 
are leaves; cauliflower and calamus-buds are inflorescences; 
corn, rice, bananas, mulberries, gooseberries, apples, tomatoes 
and oranges are fruits; while peanuts, walnuts, hickorynuts, 
beans, almonds and chestnuts are seeds. 

Drugs. Cases 85 to 102 and 185 to 202. — The east hall 
is given over to drugs. This, like the department of foods, 
is large and important. The active principles or medicinal 
agents are stored up In the tissues of the plant or in special 
organs. The great majority of refined drugs are derived 
from one or more of the parts of the plant, but in the case 
of the white agaric, ergot, Irish moss, Iceland moss, winter- 



(26) 

green, sundew, bitter-sweet, pennyroyal, boneset and tansy 
the whole plant is used. 

A few of the crude drugs arranged under the several plant- 
organs they represent are as follows : sarsaparilla, poke-root, 
rhubarb, aconite, queen's root, senega root, marshmallow, 
man-in-the-ground and ipecac are roots; calamus, ginger, 
colic-root, Canadian snake-root, soapwort, mandrake, Amer- 
ican ipecac, buckbean and stonewort are rootstocks; san- 
dalwood and quassia chips are woods; sassafras medulla is 
pith; birch, slippery elm, sassafras, cinnamon, wild cherry, 
horsechestnut, cascara, linden and cinchona are barks ; laurel, 
hardback, cherry laurel, peach, senna, coca and eucalyptus 
are leaves ; red-clover flowers, orange flowers, linden flowers, 
heart's-ease, borage flowers, safflower, marigold flowers, Ro- 
man chamomile, German chamomile and milfoil flower are 
flowers and flower-heads; saw-palmetto, cardamon, cubebs, 
hops, star anise, poppy, rose hips, tamarind. Tonka bean and 
colocynth are fruits ; colchicum seed, grain of paradise, betel 
nut, mustard, delphinium seed, almonds, calabar bean, Bar- 
badoes nut, castor oil seed and henbane seed are seeds. 

Woods. Cases 103 to 184. — The east wing is occupied by 
woods. The exhibits fall under two main divisions, the one 
consisting of a series of wood-specimens from all parts of the 
world, and crude wood-products such as pipes, canes, shoes, 
sandals, utensils and carbons or charcoals; the other being a 
synoptic collection illustrating North American dendrology. 

2. THE MUSEUM OF SYSTEMATIC BOTANY 

This occupies the entire second floor of the building and 
is designed to illustrate by specimens, drawings and photo- 
graphs, types of all the natural families of plants, beginning 
with those of the simplest structure and ending with the most 
complex. It consists of three series of objects: 

{a) The general synoptic collection. 

{b) A series of microscopes showing selected specimens. 

(c) Illustrations of the local flora. 




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(27) 

a. Synoptic Collection. This is designed to illustrate the 
plant world. A series of characteristic objects is installed 
as a basis for illustrating each plant-family. These speci- 
mens are accompanied as far as possible by plates, drawings 
or photographs, while on the shelves are arranged additional 
objects, such as flowers, fruits, woods, specimens of fossil 
plants and models of various organs of plants, all intended 
further to illustrate the structural characteristics of the dif- 
ferent groups. This collection is arranged according to the 
most natural and thus far most generally satisfactory inter- 
pretation of the interrelation of the plant-families; it may 
be considered as falling Into two main series, namely, the 
flowerless or spore-bearing plants and the flowering or seed- 
bearing plants. 

The flowerless plants fall Into three subkingdoms : ( i ) the 
Thallophyta, in which the plant-body is not differentiated 
into stems and leaves, represented by the slime-moulds, the 
bacteria and other micro-organisms, the seaweeds, the fungi 
and the lichens ; ( 2 ) the Bryophyta, represented by the mosses 
and their immediate relatives; and (3) the Pteridophyta, 
including the ferns and the fern-allies. 

The Thallophyta (cases i to 36) , may be defined as plants 
without true roots, stems or leaves, but notwithstanding their 
simple structure they exhibit an infinite variety of form and 
color. 

The Myxomycetes or sllme-moulds (case i), standing at 
the bottom of the plant scale, occupy the first exhibition case 
placed at the right hand side of the stairway from the main 
floor. They are thallophytes, having neither chlorophyl 
nor (in their vegetative condition) a cell-wall. These very 
simply constituted plants usually grow upon and derive their 
nourishment from decaying organic substances. They vary 
greatly In size, some being exceedingly minute, others assum- 
ing the form of relatively large irregularly shaped masses 
spreading in all directions as they grow. Most of the plants 
are small, and the structure is very delicate, In fact some are 
so fragile that a mere breath of air will ruin them. 



(28) 

Following the slime-moulds stand the cases devoted to the 
algae or seaweeds (cases 2 to 16), which may be briefly- 
defined as thallophytes with chlorophyl, the green coloring 
matter of plants. The plants of this series are much more 
variable in form than those of the preceding, and are also 
much more numerous. Some forms are microscopic, others 
attain considerable size. The first case of the series is occu- 
pied by representatives of the blue-green algae (case 2) and 
the diatoms. The plants of these two groups are minute, so 
much so that in most cases the individuals can be well seen 
only with the aid of a microscope. As one finds them in 
nature they commonly form slimy or oozy masses which are 
not particularly attractive to the naked eye, but under a com- 
pound microscope they are of very great interest. Follow- 
ing the series just mentioned are the green seaweeds (case 3) , 
the group which includes the plants that are sometimes called 
the pond-scums, green slimes, green felts and stoneworts. 
Some of these are microscopic; however, some of the green 
seaweeds attain a considerable size and begin to look a little 
more like what are popularly termed "plants." After the 
green seaweeds come the brown ones (cases 4 to 8), and here 
the largest kinds are included. In their tissues is found a 
brownish pigment which obscures their green coloring matter. 
To this group belong the widely distributed " gulf-weed " or 
"sargasso-weed" {Sargassum) and the gigantic "great 
kelp " of the Pacific Ocean, which is said to attain seven 
hundred feet in length. The seaweeds culminate in the red 
algae, a group in which the plants show some shade of red, 
pink or purple; these (cases 9 to 16) exhibit a marvelous 
range of form and color. The last group of cases contain- 
ing this series is given to the group of red algae which are 
known as the corallines, on account of their outward resem- 
blance to the corals. These plants are thoroughly permeated 
with lime and are often as hard and stone-like as any coral, 
and build up reefs in the tropical oceans much as the corals do. 

The next great type of plant life is the fungi (cases 17 to 
36). These, like the plants of the preceding group, vary 



(29) 

greatly in size and complexity of structure ; but, unlike them, 
they are devoid of chlorophyl, the characteristic green matter 
which enables other plants to build up complex food for their 
nourishment, and consequently they are wholly different in 
their mode of life. Some are parasitic, deriving their nour- 
ishment from living plants and causing enormous damage to 
crops; others are saprophytic, deriving it from the remains 
of dead organisms; while others are symbiotic, living in such 
relationship with chlorophyl-bearing (green) plants that they 
mutually nourish one another, as in the case of lichens 
and mycorhizas. There are five generally recognized series 
here: First we have the stalked-spored fungi (cases 17 to 
28). This series falls into two groups, the one typified by 
the "rusts" and "smuts" which are commonly parasitic on 
the leaves and fruits of other plants; the other the great 
saprophytic group, well known through the mushrooms, 
bracket-fungi, stink-horns and puff-balls. Second in the 
series is the group known as the imperfect fungi (case 29). 
In this group the spores are borne directly on the threads or 
"hyphae" which constitute the vegetative portion of the 
organism. They are often parasitic on the leaves and on 
the bark of both wild and cultivated plants. Third in this 
series are the spore-sac fungi (cases 30 and 31). In these 
plants the spore are borne in delicate membranous sacs, 
called asci, which in the more complex forms are collected 
Into bodies of various shapes. The plants vary greatly in 
size and structure and are both parasitic and saprophytic. 
To this group belong the yeasts and mildews. Some plants 
grow above the surface of the ground, as in the case of the 
morel; while others are subterranean, as in the case of 
truffles. Next in order are the alga-like fungi (case 32) ; 
these vary in form from simple masses of protoplasm to sim- 
ple or branching threads. Here belong many of the moulds 
and similar forms which grow both on other plants and on 
animals. The fifth and in many respects the most interesting 
of all the groups is that consisting of the lichens (cases 33 
to 36). The fungi thus far considered are either parasitic 



( 3'> ) 

or snproph) lif in llicir niotlc ol lilr; tlic liilicns fonn ;iii Iiulc- 
pciuloiit symbiotic j^roiip, iMth liclu'ii cotisisliii}; ol ;t rim};iis 
ami an alj^a living- t()<;ctlicr, llu- one iioiirisliiiij; lUc other. 
The heheiis are (luitc familiar to most people as plants of 
more or less leathery texture j^rowin;^ on roeks, on poor soil 
or on the trunks of trees. 

A step forward hrin}.^s uy to the Rryophyta, or seedless 
plants with roots, stems ami lea\es, hut without vascular tis- 
sue (eases 37 to 4S). I his i^rouji is hest known through the 
mosses, which form its larj^est ilivision; but of simpler struc- 
ture are the hepatics or scalc-mosscs (cases 37 to 40) ; al- 
though they were formerly associated with the tine mosses, 
their tissues are much less ilifTerentiated than those of the 
mosses ami the structure ol their ^'arious organs much less 
complicated. The stems ami leaves of the hepatic plant 
arc sometimes combined into a Hat thallus-likc body which 
creeps closely on the ground or other objects and resenibles 
in aspect some of the more simj)ly organizeil plants. The 
leaves, too, are more like scales than in the true mosses aiul 
they ilo not ha\e a midxein. These dilTerences alone enable 
one to ilistinguish a hepatic from its relatiNcs by the unaided 
eye or at most by the use of a lens. In addition to these 
characters, the capsule or the receptacle which bears the 
spores, or reproductive bodies, usually splits into four valves 
^^ hen lull-grown aiul the spores themscKes are accompanied 
by spiral threads calleil iliitcrs. The favorite habitat of 
hepatics is wet places, and mountains continually steeped in 
clouds yield a surprising variety of forms. Closely related 
to the hepatics is the group Anthocerotes; these plants may, 
howcN er, be distinguished by the presence of a central axis or 
colunui (columella) in the capsule, anil there are several 
other important structural diflerences in their tissues. 

The mosses (cases 41 to 48) follow the hepatics in order of 
development and complexity; they diftcr from them, however, 
in many respects. 'I'hc stem and leaves have more differen- 
tiated tissues, and the leaves usually have a midvein. The 
moss capsule generally opens by a lid under which there are 



(3U 

commonly appenrlaj^es to aid In scattering? the spores, which 
in this case arc not accompanied by spiral threads as they are 
in the hepatics. 1'he mosses fall into three primary {groups: 
lirst the "peat-mosses" (Sphagnum) which differ from the 
rest of the mosses in the development of the tissue-structure 
of the capsule and the spores; they j^row in swamps and 
other wet places, and their accumulation forms peat. "J'he 
"black mosses" {Andraaea) differ from both of the other 
j(roups in the valvular capsule; they j^row on dry rocks. 
J he true mosses vary exceedingly in si/e and aspect. An 
examination of the specimens in the exhibition cases will 
convey to the mind a better idea of this {^roup than a descrip- 
tion. They j^row under all kinds of conditions from <\r^ 
rocks to deep water. Many of the kinds j^row on almost any 
kind of rock, earth or bark of trees, while certain ones are 
more particular as to their habitat. Some will thrive only on 
limestone, which they often gradually disintegrate and par- 
tially preserve in the masses of closely set plants as a cal- 
careous tufa; other species prefer ground that has recently 
been burnt over, as species of Funaria and Lcptohryum, while 
others grow only on the bones of dead animals or in places 
where zn'imzl refuse has accumulated. 

Next higher in the plant kingdom is the subkingdom i'teri- 
dophyta, or ferns and fern-allies, the seedless plants with 
roots, stems, leaves and woody tissue (cases 49 to 55) . 1 he 
ferns as a group perhaps attract the attention of a greater 
number of people than any other group of plants. However, 
associated with what are usually known as ferns are the fern- 
allies, for example the "horse-tails" (Equisetum), " lyco- 
pods" (Lycopodium) and "quillworts " ( I soe tes ), hut thtse 
are usually less conspicuous than the " ferns." Fern-plants 
differ from all the plants of simpler organization in having 
vascular (woody) tissue, that is, a system of vessels for con- 
ducting sap through the different parts of the plant-body. 
They exhibit an almost infinite variety of form; their stems 
may be underground, horizontal on the ground, or erect; the 
leaves are either simple or compound, and sometimes perform 



(32) 

both the work of foliage leaves and that of bearing the spore- 
cases (ferns) , while in other cases some of the leaves have be- 
come changed into mere spore-bearing organs (horse-tails). 

The flowering plants (cases 56 to 128) comprise a single 
subkingdom, the Spermatophyta, or seed-bearing plants. 
This extensive group seems to have followed two indepen- 
dent lines of development and consequently the plants fall into 
two well marked groups, the first being the gymnosperms, 
cone-bearing plants, or plants in which the seeds are borne 
exposed in variously shaped cones (cases 56 to 58). This is 
a comparatively small group, but exhibits great diversity, in- 
cluding plants ranging from straggling shrubs or vines to the 
largest trees. The leaves, too, vary from structures resem- 
bling needles or scales to expanded fern-like structures of 
considerable variety. In a former geological age these 
plants were the dominant seed-bearing plants, but now the 
second group of the spermatophytes largely predominates; 
namely, the angiosperms, fruit-bearing plants, or plants in 
which the seed is borne in a seed-case. These plants also 
existed in the later geological ages, and now form the most 
important and conspicuous part of the vegetation of the earth. 
The fruit-bearing plants (cases 59 to 128) fall into two divi- 
sions, the one in which the seed contains a single leaf, the 
monocotyledons (cases 59 to 71 ) ; the other in which the seed 
contains two leaves, the dicotyledons (cases 72 to 128). 

b. Microscope Exhibit. The exhibition microscopes occupy 
small stands in the west wing of the second floor. In front 
of the windows on the right as one enters the wing are shown 
a few of the simplest and smallest forms of plant life. Under 
the first microscope is a preparation showing the vegetative 
condition of one of the slime-moulds, organisms in which 
the characteristics of plant and animal are so little differen- 
tiated that it is nearly impossible to affirm with confidence 
that they belong either to the one kingdom or to the other. 
In the vegetative stage — the stage here exhibited — the 
organism is strikingly similar in its essential attributes to 
some of the lower animals. Later, in the reproductive stage, 



(33) 

there is at least a superficial resemblance to the fungi, which 
are undoubted plants. By means of the second microscope 
the spore-bearing stage of a slime-mould may be seen. The 
stalks and the netted framework of the spore-case walls 
remain, but the spores have mostly fallen. A few of the 
spores, however, appearing like minute dark dots, can be 
detected, adhering to the network. Under the lenses of the 
third microscope are representatives of the diatoms — one- 
celled organisms, some of which have the power of animal- 
like locomotion. The hving substance of each cell is enclosed 
and protected by a hard transparent glassy wall consisting 
of two halves, one of which fits into the other like a band- 
box into its cover. Following this are shown " sea mosses," 
or " seaweeds," as they are commonly known, and closely 
related minute plants which inhabit fresh water and belong 
to groups often referred to in popular speech as "pond- 
scums" or "ooze." In the natural unmagnified condition, 
many plants of this sort seem quite the reverse of attractive, 
but when placed under a sufficiently powerful microscope 
many of them reveal a rare beauty. The " sea mosses," or 
" seaweeds," gradually lose much of their natural beauty of 
coloration on prolonged exposure to the light, but the pervail- 
ing elegance and symmetry of form and structure persist. 

Following the plants of the seaweed type are several repre- 
sentatives of the smaller fungi. The specimens exhibited 
are chiefly from among those which grow upon decaying 
organic refuse. One interesting parasite exhibited is a 
fungus parasitic upon another fungus, which, in turn, is a 
parasite on the leaves of the common lilac. Another fungus 
shown lives chiefly within the cells of the underground parts 
of one of the orchids, yet it can scarcely be called a parasite, 
inasmuch as its presence in the tissues of the orchid is bene- 
ficial to the orchid as well as to itself. Of the fungi which 
live upon deceaying refuse matter, Ascoboliis is one of the 
more interesting among those selected for exhibition. In 
this, the spores, or propagating cells, are borne in groups of 
eight within transparent ellipsoidal sacs, and at maturity these 



(34) 

sacs, each enclosing eight spores, are ejected with consider- 
able force. Under two microscopes are shown sections of 
lichens, illustrating their mode of reproduction and the fact 
that a lichen consists essentially of two organisms, a fungus 
and an alga, intimately associated and constituting what for 
many purposes may be looked upon as a single organism. 

Then follow specimens of the liverworts or scale-mosses, 
plants in which the differentiation of the vegetative body 
Into stem and leaves becomes first clearly evident. One of 
these, a Frullania, has a part of each leaf peculiarly modi- 
fied so as to form a reservoir for water. By aid of this 
device, the frullanias and their allies are able to thrive in 
drier situations than are in favor with most of the order to 
which they belong. Preparations are exhibited showing also 
the vegetative structure and methods of reproduction of the 
true mosses. Especially interesting is the " peristome " of 
one of the mosses, which is a fringe of peculiar appendages 
surrounding the mouth of the little urn In which the minute 
dust-like spores are borne. These appendages move about 
as a result of changing conditions of moisture and these 
mechanical movements assist in scattering the spores. A 
somewhat analogous device Is found in connection with the 
spores of the equisetums or horse-tails, though the appendages 
in this case are attached to the spores. Following the slide 
Illustrating this feature of the horse-tails Is one showing the 
spores and spore-cases of the common polypody. The spore- 
case here is provided with a sort of spring, by the action of 
which the spores are violently ejected, catapult-fashion. The 
remaining preparations show the structure of the leaf-stalk 
and root of common types of ferns. 

c. Local Flora. In this collection It Is designed to Illus- 
trate every plant-species growing naturally or without culti- 
vation within one hundred miles of New York City. For 
the most part specimens of the plants themselves are used, 
but in cases where the structure of the plants renders this 
method undesirable, or impossible, a photograph or a draw- 
ing Is substituted for the plant-specimen. This collection 




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(35) 

Is displayed In swinging frames which are placed so as to 
correspond In a general way to the sequence of the cases of 
the synoptic collection already described ; thus, the first stand 
Is near the first museum case as one enters the west hall from 
the top of the staircase. All of the plant groups are here 
represented by those members that occur locally, and the 
characteristics of the several groups as mentioned under the 
Synoptic Collection also apply here. 

3. THE MUSEUM OF FOSSIL BOTANY 

This collection, Installed In the basement, is designed to 
show the successive stages of evolution through which the 
ancestors of our living flora have passed since the time of 
the first appearance of plant life on the earth, as far as the 
remains of extinct plants have been preserved. The general 
arrangement adopted is therefore based upon the sequence of 
the geological time divisions: Eozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozolc 
and Neozoic, and their subdivisions into periods; Laurentian, 
Cambrian, Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian, Devonian, Car- 
boniferous, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, Quater- 
nary and Modern. This arrangement Is therefore geolog- 
ical, but incidentally It Is also biological, and follows the 
same system as that on which the synoptic collection of the 
museum of systematic botany Is arranged, inasmuch as the 
plants of the earlier periods are low In the scale of life, con- 
sisting of thallophytes and pteridophytes and plants of uncer- 
tain botanical determination, while those which appear in the 
successively later periods are of successively higher and more 
complex types, represented by cycads, conifers and both mono- 
cotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants closely related to our 
living flora. 

The series of exhibits begins In the first cases to the left as 
one enters the east hall of the basement. The sequence of 
the specimens In the wall cases corresponds to that of the 
floor cases. 

In floor- and wall-cases Nos. i to 4 may be seen representa- 
tives of Eozoic and Paleozoic Time : Laurentian, Cambrian, 



(36) 

Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous 
Periods. In floor- and wall-case No. i are specimens of 
graphite of eozoic age and of anthracite and bituminous coal 
of carboniferous age, showing the transformation of vege- 
table matter into the ultimate condition of pure carbon in the 
form of graphite or " black lead " in the oldest rocks. Other 
specimens in this case, classed as algae, are of uncertain botan- 
ical relationship, as the structure of the primitive plants was 
not well adapted for preservation as fossils. For example, 
some organisms appear as mere filamentous strips of graphite 
in white limestone, without any trace of the original structure 
remaining, while others may be seen as casts and impressions 
which closely simulate in general appearance different parts 
of the seaweeds now existing. In this series of problematic 
fossils are also included a number of forms at one time 
definitely classed as plants but now by some assumed to be of 
animal or inorganic origin ; namely, Scolithus, which may be 
caused by worm burrows; Phytopsis, which may be a coral; 
Pliimalina, which may be a hydroid; Dendrophyctis, which 
may be current-markings; and Dictyolites, which are most 
likely sun-cracks. All of these, however, have at one time 
or another been definitely regarded as the remains of marine 
plants and were originally so described and classified. 

In these cases and in wall-case No. 2 are also the remains 
of the earliest fern-plants and their allies (Pteridophyta) of 
Devonian and Carboniferous age, represented by Lepidoden- 
dron, Sigillaria and Calamites, and the early seed-bearing 
plants, the cone-bearers (Gymnosperms), represented by 
Cordaites, with the fossils under Trigonocarpon, Rhabdo- 
carpon and other genera. 

Floor-cases Nos. 2 and 3 and wall-case No. 3 contain 
specimens of Carboniferous age, for the most part ferns or 
fern-like plants, which were originally described as ferns, but 
which are now placed in a different group, the Cycadofili- 
cales, that is, plants that had characteristics of both the ferns 
and the sago-palms, but more closely related to the latter 
than to the ferns. 



(37) 

Floor- and wall-cases No. 4 are devoted to specimens of 
Carboniferous plants In the genera Lepidodendron, Sigillaria 
and Stigmaria, In order to show the variation In the arrange- 
ment and shape of the leaf scars and the difference between 
specimens with the bark preserved and those which have been 
decorticated. 

Floor-case No. 5 contains types of early Mesozolc time: 
Triassic and Jurassic Periods. — The plant remains In this 
case are mostly sago-palms or cycads, with a few cone-bearers 
and fern-plants, besides specimens of the so-called " Glossop- 
teris flora," a flora of uncertain botanical relationship, which 
flourished In the transition period between Paleozoic and 
Mesozolc time, particularly In the southern hemisphere, and 
may yet be represented by the living South African genus 
Stangeria, a cycad having leaves with pinnately arranged 
forking veins, similar to ferns. 

Floor-case No. 6 embraces plant remains from the rocks 
of later Mesozolc time: Lower and Middle Cretaceous Pe- 
riod. — These specimens represent the first appearance of the 
higher seed-bearing plants (Anglosperms), the type which is 
dominant In the existing flora. The genera are In most In- 
stances apparently Identical with those now in existence, but 
the species are extinct. The plants of the Lower Cretaceous 
consist largely of ferns and cone-bearers, while those of the 
Middle Cretaceous show a preponderance of anglosperms. 

Floor-case No. 7 is arranged to show specimens of the 
Middle Cretaceous flora found within the limits of the City 
of New York, on Staten Island, or in the Immediate vicinity, 
in New Jersey and on Long Island. 

Floor-case No. 8 contains specimens from the Middle Cre- 
taceous of the western States. Those from the Dakota 
Group are exceptionally fine, many of them being perfectly 
preserved and showing both cast and impression of the same 
leaf as counterparts. 

Floor-case No. 9 is devoted to plants of the Upper Cre- 
taceous (Laramie Group), and completes the vegetation of 
Mesozolc time. 



(38) 

Floor-cases Nos. lo to 12 and wall-case No. 5 contain 
plant remains of Neozoic time. Those of the early Ter- 
tiary Period (Eocene) are displayed In floor-case No. 10. 
Those of the later Tertiary (Miocene) and Quaternary 
Periods In floor-cases Nos. 11 and 12. The specimens in the 
latter case complete the sequence of plant life on the earth 
and bring It up to modern times. A number of specimens at 
one end of the case show the methods of preservation by 
petrification, incrustation and carbonization, and on the upper 
shelf is a series of specimens from Quaternary and more 
recent swamp deposits which show how the conversion of 
living plants into fossils, a process now going on, has its 
beginning. 

The specimens In wall-case No. 5 further illustrate the 
characteristics of the plants of the late geological periods and 
the methods by which the various plant structures have been 
preserved. A number of specimens of sillcified woods show 
the method of preservation by what is known as petrifaction, 
or conversion Into stone, in which the woody structure is 
replaced by mineral matter. Other specimens show preser- 
vation by incrustation, in which mosses and the stems of reeds 
are coated or incrusted by mineral matter deposited from 
springs ; while on the upper shelf and on the top of the case 
are logs and stumps from old swamps and Interglacial depos- 
its, in which the wood has been partially carbonized, or con- 
verted into lignite, by the slow process of natural distillation. 
This process represents the beginning of the conversion of 
vegetable tissue into coal. 

LECTURES 

Other features of the museum building include the large 
public lecture hall, with a seating capacity of over seven 
hundred, which occupies the western end of the basement. It 
is equipped with an electric projection-lantern, and public 
popular lectures covering a wide field of botanical and horti- 
cultural subjects are delivered here on Saturady afternoons 
in autumn and spring; these are fully illustrated by means 




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(39) 

of a very extensive collection of lantern slides owned by the 
Garden which Is constantly being Increased; a noteworthy 
part of this collection Is the series of delicately and accurately 
colored slides of flowers, fruits, trees and shrubs, by Mrs. 
Adelaide S. Van Brunt, from photographs made during many 
years by her late husband, Cornelius Van Brunt. 

A series of lectures to the pupils and teachers of public 
schools, designed to illustrate and supplement their work In 
nature study, is given in the large lecture hall on afternoons 
in autumn and spring, and these lectures are attended by 
many thousand children. 

The Horticultural Society of New York holds several of 
Its monthly meetings at the Garden, using the large lecture 
hall, and also uses the basement museum hall adjacent for the 
purpose of exhibitions. 

The Torrey Botanical Club holds monthly meetings from 
October to May, on the afternoon of the last Wednesday of 
each month, in the museum building, and many of Its field 
meetings on Saturday afternoons throughout the season are 
held at the Garden. 

THE LIBRARY 

The library of the Garden is located in the center of the 
upper floor of the museum building, and is available for con- 
sultation, by permission. It has been formed by the Board 
of Managers in order to provide for the use of students, all 
the hterature of botany, horticulture and related sciences, and 
is rapidly becoming one of the most complete collections in 
the world of books and pamphlets dealing with these subjects. 

THE HERBARIUM 

The herbarium consists of dried specimens of plants sys- 
tematically arranged In cases ; It occupies the greater portion 
of several rooms on the upper floor of the museum building, 
and is available for consultation by permission. It contains 
prepared specimens of all kinds of plants from all quarters of 
the globe, and Is the most extensive and complete collection 
of Its kind in America. 



(40) 

THE LABORATORIES 

Laboratories and working rooms for research are provided 
on the upper floor of the museum building, and properly 
qualified students of botany are permitted to make use of this 
equipment, under the direction of some member of the staff 
of the Garden. The equipment is designed to meet the needs 
of a very broad field of investigation including plant chem- 
istry, pathology, physiology and morphology. A valuable 
series of old microscopes, illustrating the history and develop- 
ment of that instrument, has been presented by Mr. Charles 
F. Cox. 

3. The Pinetum 

[collection of cone-bearing trees] 

The collection of cone-bearing trees, technically known as 
the Pinetum, because the pines are the most abundant of 
these trees, is planted over a space of about 30 acres in the 
southwestern part of the grounds, extending from the ap- 
proach to the elevated railway station southeast to the her- 
baceous garden, and northeast to the museum building and 
the borders of the hemlock forest. The species of trees are 
grouped in genera, as shown by the accompanying plan. 
The planting out of these trees was commenced in 1901, and, 
as rapidly as the finished grades of this portion of the grounds 
have been established and the driveways and paths completed, 
additional planting has been done; the collection will con- 
tinually become more complete year by year as additional 
species are secured; many of these have to be raised from 
seed, and the process of establishing a collection of conifers 
thus requires much time. 

Commencing at the approach to the elevated railway 
station we find the Douglas spruce {Pseudotsuga mucronata) 
planted in the space between the traffic road and the park 
driveway to the left of the path leading to the Conservatories ; 
this tree is a native of western North America from the Rocky 
Mountains to the Pacific Coast and Is sometimes known as 



(41) 

red fir. In the far northwest it sometimes becomes i8o 
to 2IO feet high, its trunk occasionally as much as 35^ feet 
in diameter, but in the Rocky Mountains it is seldom one- 
half this size, and trees taken from the far northwest do not 
thrive well on the Atlantic coast, owing to the much greater 
rainfall which they naturally receive there; the cones of the 
Douglas spruce are from 2 to 4 inches long, pendant on the 
branches, their scales rounded and shorter than the bracts 
which project beyond them. 

The hemlock spruces (Tsuga) are planted between the 
approach to the elevated railway station and the power 
house, and are represented by the Canadian hemlock spruce 
(Tsuga canadensis) J the same species which forms the inter- 
esting forest on the hills bordering the Bronx River, and indi- 
cated on the general plan of the Garden as the hemlock 
grove. This tree occasionally becomes about 90 feet high, 
with a trunk up to 12 feet in diameter, and is distributed 
throughout northeastern North America, extending south- 
ward along the mountains to Alabama, northward to Nova 
Scotia and westward to Minnesota. Its bark is the most 
important tanning substance in the United States and a great 
many trees are annually felled to obtain it; its wood furnishes 
a cheap lumber of little strength and durability. The Caro- 
lina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana), from the mountains of 
southern Virginia to Georgia, may also be seen here, as well 
as the Japanese hemlock spruce, to which the name Tsuga 
was first applied. 

In the area to the westward of the conservatories, and 
bounded by the surrounding paths, are the firs (Abies). 
These can at once be distinguished from the spruces (Picea) 
by the erect, instead of pendulous, cones, and by the smooth 
branchlets. The wood of the firs is usually soft and not 
durable, so it makes poor lumber. Specimens of the balsam 
fir will be found here ; this is widely distributed over north- 
ern North America, and from it is obtained canada balsam 
or balm of fir, used in the arts and in medicine. The Japa- 
nese silver fir is an attractive plant, with its dark green stiff 



(42) 

foliage. Veitch's silver fir, from Japan, and said also to 
occur on the neighboring coast of Manchuria, is one of the 
best for ornamental purposes. It was discovered in i860 on 
the famous Japanese mountain, Fuji-yama, by Mr. Veitch, for 
whom it is named. The red fir, from Washington and Ore- 
gon, with its blue leaves, borne almost erect and apparently 
on but one side of the branchlets, makes a conspicuous 
object. In its native country it sometimes attains a height of 
250 feet. Its wood is sometimes used in the interior finishing 
of buildings. Among other firs here are : the white fir, from 
western North America, sometimes growing to a height of 
200 to 250 feet; the Siberian fir, from northern Europe and 
Asia, yielding a soft lumber in general use and a bark used 
in tanning leather; the common silver fir, from Europe; 
Nordmann's silver fir, from the Caucasus; the Sicilian silver 
fir, from Asia Minor; and the Nikko silver fir, from Japan. 
The spruces (Picea) are located in the area to the northeast 
of the firs. Some of the spruces are most valuable timber 
trees. The oriental spruce, from Asia Minor, is present in 
several specimens. One of the hardiest spruces for our cli- 
mate, and a general favorite, is the Colorado, or blue, spruce, 
the young foliage of which has a decided blue color, whence 
its name. It usually grows about 100 feet tall in its native 
country. The Norway spruce, with a number of horticul- 
tural forms, makes a group on the highest portion of the area 
devoted to the spruces and is a commonly cultivated tree. 
It furnishes a useful timber, which is known as " white deal " 
in England, and is largely used in the manufacture of musical 
instruments. The resinous exudation of this tree is known 
as Burgundy pitch, which, in combination with other ingredi- 
ents, is used in Germany to line beer casks. Other spruces 
of interest here are the Yesso spruce, the wood of which is 
much used in Japan; the white, or Engelmann's, spruce, from 
western North America, the wood of which is largely manu- 
factured into lumber and the bark sometimes used in tanning; 
the Servian spruce, one of the largest and most valuable 
timber trees of Europe ; and the tiger's-tail spruce, from Japan, 



(43) 

introduced about forty years ago, and one of the hardiest 
Asiatic species in cultivation. 

The space allotted to the pines (Pintts) embraces the region 
to the eastward of the spruces and public conservatories, ex- 
tending across the road to the herbaceous grounds. Most of 
the pines are of great economic importance, furnishing large 
quantities of lumber, turpentine and resin. Most of the 
white pines will be found on the westerly ridge of the herba- 
ceous grounds and across the road from this to the eastward 
of the conservatories. Among these is our common white 
pine and several of its horticultural varieties. It is perhaps 
the most valuable of the timber trees of northeastern North 
America, large quantities of lumber being derived from it; 
near this is the Himalayan pine, resembling it, but with 
longer leaves. This sometimes attains a height of 150 feet 
in its native country, where its lumber is much used for build- 
ing and other purposes. In this region will also be found 
the Cembra or Swiss stone pine, of southern Europe and 
northern Asia; and the Macedonian pine, of southeastern 
Europe. 

In the area to the eastward of the conservatories will be 
found, among others, the Corsican pine, with a hard, strong 
wood which is much used; the variegated Scotch pine, with 
the young leaves variegated; and a number of plants of both 
the white pine and Himalayan pine. 

In the region to the north of the white pine tract, and on 
the westerly side of the herbaceous grounds ridge, will be 
found the Tyrolese mountain pine, from the Tyrolese and 
Venetian Alps, forming a group of some dozen plants; near 
this is the Japanese red pine, and two horticultural forms of 
it, from Japan. Following these to the north are a number 
of plants of the Jack pine, or Banks' pine, native of northern 
North America. Its wood is sometimes used for fuel, and 
was valued by the Indians for the frames of their canoes. 

In the area to the eastward of the spruces are a number of 
other pines. The Corean pine, one of the white pines and 
a native of eastern Asia, is located next to the spruces. Near 



(44) 

this Is the Table-mountain pine. On the high ground to the 
eastward of the above is the Scotch pine, the principal timber 
pine of Europe and Asiatic Russia. On the easterly slope 
of this higher land and on the lower ground nearby may be 
found, among others, the red or Canadian pine, from north- 
eastern North America, the wood of which is largely used 
for building purposes and for masts, piles and spars; the 
small-flowered pine, another of the white pines and from 
Japan, where it Is frequently used by the Japanese In produc- 
ing their miniature trees ; the Japanese black pine, also from 
Japan and useful for Its wood; the Austrian pine, found na- 
tive in Austria, Servia and Roumania ; and the yellow, or 
bull, pine, from western North America. 

In the triangle located midway between the south gate and 
the conservatories, are the American cypresses {Taxodiiim) , 
In two species : the cypress, or bald cypress, and the pond 
cypress. These, like the larches (Larix) , and a few other 
coniferous trees, shed their leaves for a portion of the year. 
They form vast areas, In parts of the southern states, called 
cypress swamps. Their timber Is of economic Importance 
and their bark Is rich in tannin. None of the true cypresses 
(genus Cupressus) are hardy with us. 

At the northern end of the swale in which the herbaceous 
grounds are located, is a miscellaneous collection of con- 
iferous trees, and also the members of the yew family (Tax- 
aceae) . Among the miscellaneous coniferous trees here are : 
the Japanese cedar, a tree which Is barely hardy In this lati- 
tude; the umbrella pine, from Japan, a very decorative plant; 
the deodar, or Indian cedar, from the Himalayan region; 
and the Mt. Atlas cedar, from northern Africa. The larches 
(Larix) may also be found In this neighborhood, on the 
ridge. These are deciduous trees, the wood of which Is of 
great economic Importance. Specimens of the European 
larch are here, and also of the Japanese larch. The genus 
Pseudolarix, distinguished from the larches In having the 
scales of the cones deciduous. Is represented by Its single 



(45) 

species, the golden, or Chinese, larch; this, like the true 
larches, Is a deciduous tree. 

The yew family (Taxaceae) Is represented by two genera. 
Of the true yews (Taxtis), there are: the American yew, or 
ground hemlock; the English yew and several of Its horticul- 
tural forms, the wood of which was highly prized In ancient 
times for the manufacture of bows; and the Japanese yew. 
The cluster-flowered yew (Cephalotaxtis) Is represented by 
Fortune's cluster-flowered yew, from northern China, and the 
Iraga boku, of the Japanese, from Japan. Other representa- 
tives of this group will be found In conservatory houses Nos. 
12 and 13. 

On the westerly corner of the conservatory terrace and in 
the immediate vicinity are located the retlnlsporas, which are 
so commonly cultivated as decorative plants. There are 
many horticultural forms here represented, but they are all 
variations of tvv^o Japanese trees: the Sawara cypress (Cham- 
aecyparis pisifera) ; and the HInoki cypress {Chamaecyparis 
obtiisa) . The latter species Is frequently used by the Japa- 
nese in their dwarfing process. The names borne by the 
various horticultural forms have been suggested by some 
peculiarity In coloring or in manner of growth. Other species 
of the genus Chamaecyparis will be found in the low ground 
along the south walk, not far from the south gate. 

On the easterly corner of the conservatory terrace, oppo- 
site the retlnlsporas, Is a part of the juniper, or red cedar 
{Juniperus) ^ collection. The remaining and larger portion 
of this collection will be found on the easterly end of the area 
lying between the driveway and the traffic-road south of the 
conservatories. In these two regions will be found many 
species and varieties of these plants. The common juniper, 
of north temperate regions, is one of these; also the Irish 
juniper, a form of this, of compact and strict habit. The 
red cedar, so common In a wild state in the grounds of the 
Garden, finds representatives in many horticultural forms. 
The low cedar, of North America, Europe and Asia, is a 
pretty dwarf species. The savin juniper, of Europe and 



(46) 

northern Asia, and its American representative, the prostrate 
juniper, of northern North America, are both neat low-grow- 
ing sorts. The Chinese juniper, and its striking form, of 
columnar habit, known as variety pyramidalis, are each pres- 
ent in a number of specimens. There are still other varieties 
of the Chinese juniper represented her. 

At the westerly end of this same area is the arbor vitae 
( Thuja) . The species of this genus produce a durable wood, 
which is of especial value where there is contact with the 
soil. The Japanese arbor-vitae is represented by a single 
specimen. The common arbor-vitae, or white cedar, from 
northeastern North America, is fully represented, not only 
by the typical form, but by many horticultural varieties, some 
of them very decorative. The wood of this tree is valued 
for fence posts, railway ties, etc., and from its young branches 
fluid extracts and tinctures are made which are used in medi- 
cine. The Chinese arbor vitae, from China and Japan, has 
a number of specimens representing it and some of its horti- 
cultural forms. 

The maiden-hair tree family is represented by a single 
species, the maiden-hair tree, several specimens of which may 
be found on the southern portion of the westerly ridge of 
the herbaceous grounds. This interesting tree, with its fan- 
shaped leaves, is a remarkable relic of a type of vegetation 
which was common and widely distributed in tertiary geolog- 
ical time, but is now restricted to eastern temperate Asia in 
this one species. Ginkgo hiloba. 

4. The Herbaceous Grounds 

The collection of hardy herbaceous plants is situated in a 
valley southeast of the public conservatories, and between 
the main driveway and the western border of the woods fring- 
ing the hemlock grove. This valley is about 500 meters 
long and averages about 100 meters wide. A small stream 
runs through the valley from north to south and is here and 
there broadened out into pools. The collections are arranged 



m 




(47) 

In four series: {a) The systematic plantation; {h) the mor- 
phological garden; {c) the economic garden; {d) the viti- 
cetum, or collection of vines, both woody and herbaceous, 
planted at an arbor just east of the northern part of the 
valley. 

{a) Systematic Plantations 

This is located in that portion of the valley south of the 
driveway crossing it, and here the plants are grouped by nat- 
ural families in botanical relationship. To the east of the 
brook are the seedless plants, represented by the ferns and 
their allies, and the families of seed-bearing plants belonging 
to the large endogenous division, or those with parallel-veined 
leaves and with one seed-leaf (monocotyledons) . To the west 
of the brook are the families belonging to the exogenous 
division of plants, or those in which the leaves are usually net- 
veined and which have two seed-leaves (dicotyledons) . This 
latter group embraces the larger part of the plants in the col- 
lection. Along the brook, or in it, may be found many aquatic 
plants, representing in some cases families which are exclu- 
sively water-lovers, while in other cases they are aquatic rep- 
resentatives of families occurring in the immediate vicinity in 
the beds. In this plantation, the family groups are arranged 
substantially in a sequence beginning with those of simpler 
organization and proceeding to the most complex. 

The series commences in the southern corner of the valley 
at the foot-path entrance, where the hardy ferns and their 
allies may be found, including species from all parts of the 
north tepmerate zone. Among these may be mentioned the 
ostrich fern, the cinnamon fern, Clayton's fern, the royal 
fern and the American royal fern, the brake or bracken, and 
a number of species of the shield-ferns and of the spleen- 
worts. A collection of forms of the lady-fern, representing 
many variations, may be found here also. Some of the 
aquatic representatives of the ferns and their allies may be 
found in the pond nearby. 

In this pond may also be found the following aquatic endog- 



(48) 

enous families : the cat-tail family, the bur-reed family, the 
pond-weed family, the arrow-grass family, and the tape-grass 
family. At the junction of the brook with this pond is the 
water-plantain family, including, besides the water-plantain, 
several species of arrow-head {Sagittaria) . A little beyond, 
in the brook, may be found the water-poppy family, repre- 
sented by the water-poppy, a showy plant common in tropical 
regions. 

Following to the north comes the large group of the grasses 
and grass-like plants, those whose flowers, mostly very small, 
are subtended by chaffy scales or glumes. This is rep- 
resented by the grasses and the sedges, several beds being 
devoted to each of these familis. Some of the more familiar 
grasses are: timothy, Kentucky blue-grass, reed canary- 
grass, orchard grass, red-top and tall fescue-grass, all used 
in making hay. Other grasses of interest are : sweet vernal- 
grass, exhaling a pleasant odor when bruised; the Japanese 
plume-grass, in several forms, very ornamental; the ribbon- 
grass, a variegated form of the reed canary-grass, and also 
ornamental; and species of many other genera. 

The sedges are represented mainly by the large genus 
Carex, perhaps the most striking of which is Eraser's sedge, 
from the southeastern United States, at one time one of the 
rarest of plants, but rediscovered in recent years in large 
quantities in the mountains of North Carolina. The tussock 
sedge, common in our swamps in early spring, the cat-tail 
sedge, Gray's sedge and the fox sedge, are others belonging 
to this genus. There are also representatives of bullrushes 
and other sedges. 

Following the sedges is the arum family, having as repre- 
sentative plants, familiar to many, the skunk cabbage, the 
green arrow-arum, the green dragon, the jack-in-the-pulpit, 
and the sweet flag. In the brook opposite to this family may 
be found the somewhat related duckweed family; the duck- 
weeds {Lemna) are very common, these tiny plants sometimes 
occurring in such numbers as to cover the surface of ponds 
and slowly moving streams. Along the edge of the brook 



(49) 

just beyond is the yellow-eyed grass family, and near it the 
pipewort family. Coming now to the spiderwort family, we 
have represented mainly the spiderworts and day-flowers. 
In a small pool and along its eastern edge is placed the pick- 
erel-weed family. Here may be found a large clump of the 
pickerel-weed {Pontederia) which is so common in swamps 
and along streams in the vicinity of New York; here may also 
be found the water-hyacinth, which has become such a pest 
in some of the rivers of Florida and the West Indies, and the 
closely related blue water-hyacinth, of more straggling habit, 
also of tropical origin. 

The rush family occurs next in the sequence, represented, 
among others, by such familiar plants as the common bog- 
rush, the slender rush, and the common wood-rush. Follow- 
ing this come the members of the bunch-flower family, with 
several species of bellworts, the turkey-beard, the Japanese 
toad-lily, the fly poison, the swamp pink and others. Closely 
related to this is the lily family. One of the beds given over 
to this family is devoted to the true lilies {Lilium) in several 
forms; another is set aside for the onions and their relatives, 
of which there are many interesting forms, some of them of 
decorative value; while another bed is given to a miscella- 
neous collection of plants belonging to this family, among 
which may be mentioned the day or plantain lilies, the yel- 
low day lilies and the lemon lilies, the true asphodel or king's 
sword, the grape-hyacinth and Adam's needle. Other close 
relatives of the lilies belong to the lily-of-the-valley family; 
here may be found many familiar plants, among them being 
the lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria) , the wild spikenard, the 
common asparagus, of such wide use as a vegetable in the 
early part of the summer, and several species of the Solo- 
mon's-seal, both from the Old World and the New. 

The amaryllis family is shown by a number of species of 
daffodils and narcissus. In the iris family, which comes next, 
many species are represented. Most familiar among these 
are: the common blue flag of our swamps, the yellow flag 
of Europe, the German iris, the Siberian iris, the Japanese 



(50) ^ 

iris and the blackberry lily. For the canna family reference 
is made to the plantations at the Garden fountain at the ap- 
proach to the museum building and to the conservatories, and 
for orchids to the conservatories. 

Crossing the brook now by the path paralleling the drive- 
way, we come to the beginning of the sequence of the large 
series of plants with net-veined leaves and with two seed- 
leaves (dicotyledons). This series begins with the lizard's- 
tail family, represented here in the brook by the lizard's-tail 
(Saururus) , a common plant of our brooks and river borders 
in the eastern United States. To the nettle family one bed 
is at present given, located near the group of magnolia trees, 
where may be found, among other kinds : the slender nettle, 
of North America ; the stinging nettle, native in Europe and 
Asia, but introduced into this country; and the wood nettle, 
also a North American plant; all of these secrete an oil 
through the hairs covering the stem and leaves, this oil being 
irritating to the skin, especially in the stinging nettle. In 
the immediate neighborhood and to the right is the birthwort 
family, represented by several species of wild ginger (Asa- 
rum)^ among them the common one of this region, the short- 
lobed wild ginger, the root of which is of medicinal value; 
another is Shuttleworth's wild ginger, of the southeastern 
United States. To the buckwheat family there are at pres- 
ent devoted three beds, forming a group to the left of the 
netde family. The docks (Rumex) are shown in many 
forms, as are the knotweeds (Polygonum) ; the most showy 
of these are the Japanese and Sakhalin knotweeds, the latter 
a plant of considerable economic importance, being used as a 
fodder plant, and is a native of the Sakhalin Island; to this 
family also belong rhubarb, or pie-plant, and buckwheat. 
Next to this and near the brook is the goosefoot family, with 
several species, one of which, the lamb's-quarters (Cheno- 
podium) , is native of Europe and Asia, but found as a com- 
mon weed in waste places and along roadsides in this coun- 
try ; its young shoots are sometimes used as a vegetable. Closely 
related to this, and just south of it, is the amaranth family^ 



(51) 

represented by several species of the pigweed, many of them 
among the commonest weeds of our roadsides and waste 
places. Forming a series to the right of this are : the four- 
o'clock, pokeweed, carpetweed and purslane families. In the 
four-o'clock family may be found the common four-o'clock of 
our gardens, a native of tropical America, its flowers open- 
ing only on cloudy days or late in the afternoon on clear 
days, whence its name; and the umbrellaworts, from North 
America. The pokeweed family is represented by the com- 
mon poke or garget {Phytolacca) , native of the eastern part 
of North America, a plant of medicinal value and poisonous, 
but its young shoots when first appearing above the ground 
are sometimes used as " greens." In the carpetweed family 
are the carpetweed, from which the family derives its name, a 
native of the United States and Mexico, but a common weed 
in this vicinity; and representatives of the south African fig- 
marigolds {M esembry anthemum) , many of them very showy; 
they are not hardy in this latitude and must be planted out 
every spring. In the purslane family, among others, may be 
found the sunplant or common portulaca of the gardens, a 
native of South America; the small-flowered talinum, from 
the central United States ; and the common purslane or pusly, 
a pernicious weed in many sections of the country, and often 
used for " greens " or as a salad. 

The pink family follows, with three beds. Many kinds 
of pinks, catchflies, chickweeds and gypsophils may be found 
here. In the first pool, formed by the widening of the brook, 
is the water-lily family ; the large yellow pond lily or spatter- 
dock, a native of eastern North America, may be found here, 
as may also its relative, the red-disked pond lily, from north- 
eastern North America; the smallwhite water-lily, a native of 
northwestern North America and Asia, the European water- 
lily, from Europe and Siberia, and the sweet-scented water- 
lily, and its variety, the pink, or Cape Cod, water-lily, also 
find a place here; the water-shield or water-target Is also a 
member of this family and a native of North America. The 
tanks in the court of the public conservatories contain a great 



(52) 

many additional kinds. The hornwort family likewise occu- 
pies a position in this pool. The aquatic members of the crow- 
foot family are grown here, the terrestrial forms being placed 
in four beds to the westward; one of these beds is given up 
entirely to the peonies (Paeonia), of which there are a num- 
ber of interesting and handsome forms, and in the other beds 
may be found larkspurs, columbines, buttercups, meadow- 
rues, anemones, liver-leaf, and many other relatives; aconite, 
or monk's-hood, of great medicinal value, also belongs to 

this family. 

The barberry family, which is represented by a smgle bed 
on the ridge to the right of the crowfoot family, contains, 
among others, the blue cohosh and the may-apple or man- 
drake (Podophyllum), natives of North America; the twin- 
leaf, a native of the northeastern United States; and the 
Japanese plants, the two-leaved aceranthes and the red epi- 
medium. In the poppy family may be found the oriental 
poppy, a native of Asia Minor and Persia, and here may be 
seen also the cordate bocconia, from Japan, and the Mexican 
poppy, a native of Mexico and found as a weed in many 
tropical and warm temperate regions. In the fumitory family 
are the bleeding-hearts {Bicuculla) , represented by the wild 
bleeding-heart from the eastern United States. The mustard 
family, which comes next in the sequence, occupies two 
beds. To this family belong the candy-tufts, represented 
here by the evergreen candy-tuft, from southern Europe and 
Asia Minor, and the alpine rock-cress, from Europe and 
North America, one of the showiest flowers in early spring, its 
mantle of pure white flowers making it a conspicuous object; 
there are many other species represented in this group. The 
caper family has as representatives the showy pedlcellaria, 
a native of the Old World, and the clammy weed {Polanisia), 
from northern North America. The white and yellow cut- 
leaved mignonettes (Reseda) represent the mignonette family. 
Across the path to the right, on the ridge and partly sur- 
rounding a rocky knoll, is the bed devoted to the orpine or 
stonecrop family, where there may be found many of the 



(53) 

stonecrops (Sedum), among the more showy and attractive 
being: the great purple stonecrop, the great stonecrop, the 
white stonecrop, and the mossy stonecrop, all natives of 
Europe and northern Asia; the wild stonecrop and Nevius' 
stonecrop, both from our own country; the Siberian stone- 
crop and the poplar-leaved stonecrop, both from Siberia ; and 
a Japanese species, Siebold's stonecrop; also belonging to 
this family are the houseleeks (Se7npervwum) , of which there 
are many representatives, all from the Old World, however, 
as these plants are not indigenous to the New World. Many 
other species of this family, not hardy in this latitude, may be 
found in the conservatories. Across the path from the orpine 
family may be found the three beds devoted to the saxifrage 
family. The heart-leaved saxifrage, with its large, thick 
leaves, from Siberia, is one of the showiest plants here, send- 
ing up its large masses of pink flowers early in the spring, so 
early sometimes that they are nipped by the frost. Among 
other plants here may be mentioned : the alum-root, from the 
eastern United States ; the two-leaved bishop's-cap, from the 
northern United States; the Japanese plant, Rodgersia; and 
the shield-leaf saxifrage, from the western United States. 
Menzies' saxifrage, from western North America, is interest- 
ing from the fact that in late summer and fall it produces 
small plants at the base of the leaf-blades. 

To the herbaceous members of the rose family are allotted 
five beds, located to the left of the saxifrage family. Many 
species of cinquefoils and agrimonies may be found here; of 
the strawberry (Fragaria) there are several species repre- 
sented; the lady's-mantle, from north temperate regions, the 
various species of avens, the goat's-beard, the burnets and 
many others, are of decorative value or of interest for other 
reasons. The roses, blackberries and raspberries, also 
members of this family, are shrubs, and may be found at the 
fruticetum. The mimosa family has relatively but few rep- 
resentatives in temperate regions, most of its numerous mem- 
bers being confined to warm temperate regions and to the 
tropics; many of these may be found in the conservatories. 



(54) 

To the senna family belong the sennas or cassias, a showy 
representative being the American senna, a native of North 
America; this family being also largely of warm temperate 
and tropical distribution, many other species may be found 
in the conservatories. To the right of the mimosa family 
may be found the bed devoted to the pea family; to this some 
of our most valued economic plants belong, such as the pea, 
the bean and the clover; to the pea family belong also the 
baptisias, the bush-clovers, the vetches, the tick-trefoils and 
many other familiar plants. 

Next in the order of sequence is the geranium family, to 
which belong the geraniums or crane's-bills; the plants so 
often cultivated in the house under the name of geraniums, 
but which are not hardy out of doors in our climate, are really 
not what they are called, but are truly pelargoniums, a closely- 
related group of plants belonging to the same family; besides 
our common wild geranium or crane's-bill may be found, 
among other plants here. A little farther on, near the brook, 
may be found the bed devoted to the wood-sorrel family, often 
called sour-grass by children; several species are shown here. 
Just to the left of the geranium family is the flax family, to 
which belongs the flax plant (Liniwi) , from the fiber con- 
tained in the stem of which linen is made. Beyond this is the 
bed for the rue family; to this belong the common rue, of 
southern Europe, and the f raxinella ; this family also includes 
the oranges and lemons, specimens of which may be found in 
the conservatories, and a very great number of tropical trees 
and shrubs. To the right of this is a small bed devoted to the 
milkwort family. The spurge family is in a bed just to the 
left of the flax family; the flowering spurge, from the east- 
ern United States, and the cypress spurge, from Europe, but 
sometimes found wild in this country as an escaped plant, 
are both here. Along the edge of the brook, and opposite 
the spurge family, may be seen the water-starwort family, to 
which belong a number of small aquatic plants. About oppo- 
site this, and at the base of the rocky ridge to the right, are 
two representatives of the box family, in the trailing pachy- 



(55) 

Sandra, from North America, and its Japanese relative, the 
terminal pachysandra; the true box (Buxus) is a shrub or 
small tree, native of Europe, and several specimens of it may 
be found at the fruticetum. A little to the rightof the wood- 
sorrel family is the jewel-weed family, to which belong the 
common balsam of the gardens, and the plant so common 
along our brooks and other wet places, and known as jewel- 
weed, or touch-me-not. A little beyond this are three beds 
of the mallow family; the hollyhocks belong here, as do the 
mallows; the crimson-eye mallow and the swamp-rose mal- 
low, both from North America, are showy representatives of 
this family; and the marsh mallow, a native of Europe and 
the Orient, is also shown ; its root is used In the manufacture 
of a mucilage and for medicinal purposes. 

To the right of the mallows is the bed given over to the 
St. John's-wort family. The rock-rose family comes next, a 
little further on; here belong the rock-roses of Europe and 
our own frost-weeds. To the right of this is the violet family ; 
a large collection of our native species, together with some 
from foreign lands, is here brought together and many of these 
may be recognized as old friends. Up on the ridge to the 
right, across the walk, may be found the cactus family; rela- 
tively few of these are hardy in this climate, so the larger 
part of the cactus collection must be sought in the conserva- 
tories. Here may be found, however, several representatives 
of the prickly pears (Opiintia), including the eastern prickly 
pear, common in this part of the country, which is frequently 
found on the rocky ridges in the vicinity of New York and 
occurs wild on some ledges within the Garden reservation. 
Down near the brook, and not far from the mallow family, 
is the loosestrife family, represented by the purple loosestrife, 
a native of Europe, but introduced in many places in this 
country ; among others belonging to this family is the swamp 
loosestrife, or willow-herb {Decodon)^ a plant of which may 
be found along the brook opposite to the loosestrife bed. 
Near this, on the edge of the brook, is located the meadow 
beauty, one of the prettiest little flowers of our meadows. It 



(56) 

belongs to the meadow-beauty family, few species of which 
occur in cool regions; it is largely represented in warm tem- 
perate and tropical regions, and many other species may be 
found in the conservatories. But a short distance from the 
violet family is the evening-primrose family; here may be 
found a number of the evening primroses {Oenothera) , with 
their showy yellow flowers, noteworthy as the plants mainly 
experimented with by Professors DeVries and MacDougal in 
their studies on the origin of species. Along the brook, not 
far from the loosestrife family. Is the water-milfoil family, 
represented by the Chilean water-milfoil or parrot's-feather, 
forming a beautiful mass of feathery green on the surface of 
the water. Returning now to the ridge, a little beyond the 
violet family, we find the bed allotted to the ginseng family; 
here are the Indian-root, from eastern North America, and 
the heart-leaved aralla from Japan. To this family also 
belongs the ginseng plant, the root of which is so much 
prized by the Chinese as a medicine. Down the slope from 
this group may be found two beds given over to the carrot 
family, which Includes many economic plants, such as the 
carrot, parsnip, celery and caraway; lovage, a common 
European plant, Is shown, and the rattlesnake-master, from 
the eastern United States; the wild carrot and the golden 
meadow parsnip also belong here. 

To the primrose family, located at the base of the ridge a 
little beyond the carrot family, belong the primroses {Prim- 
ula) , many of which are natives of Europe; here we find the 
common European primrose, the cowslip and others; the 
moneywort, a native of Europe, but Introduced Into many 
places in this country, sends it long creeping stem all over the 
bed — this Is sometimes known as creeping Charlie; the fringed 
loosestrife, from North America, is also here, as is the clethra- 
like loosestrife, from Japan, with its racemes of white flowers. 
Between the two beds devoted to the carrot family, and a little 
beyond, Is the plumbago family, to which belongs the com- 
mon thrift of Europe; there are several other thrifts here 
also, as well as the statices or sea-lavenders, in several 



(57) 

species. The bed allotted to the gentian family may be 
found a little beyond the plumbago family; various gen- 
tians are represented, among them the blind gentian, a native 
of the United States, and the Thibet gentian, from the Hima- 
layas and China. In the brook, just beyond the little stone 
bridge, may be found the buckbean family; here are shown 
the water-snowflake, common in tropical regions, and the 
water-lily floating heart, native in Europe and northern 
Asia. 

Just beyond the left hand bed devoted to the carrot family 
is the dogbane family; the willow-leaved amsonia, from the 
central and southeastern United States, and the broad-leaved 
amsonia, from the central and eastern United States, are con- 
spicuous objects here. Beyond this are two beds of the 
milkweed family and among its representatives are the com- 
mon milkweed of our roadsides, the hairy milkweed and the 
swamp milkweed; the swallowworts also belong here and 
are illustrated by several species. In the morning-glory 
family, located to the right of the above, are the small bind- 
weed, of northern Europe and Asia, sometimes a troublesome 
weed in this country, and the bush morning-glory from the 
western United States. Following the milkweeds is the 
phlox family; interesting plants here are the Jacob's-ladder 
(Polemonium) , of Europe, with its masses of blue flowers; 
the hairy phlox, of North America; Britton's phlox, a rela- 
tive of the common ground phlox, from the southeastern 
United States; the ground phlox and its white-flowered 
form, both natives of the eastern United States; and forms 
of the garden phlox, also from the southeastern United 
States. In the shade, the natural habitat of many of these 
plants, is the water-leaf family, at the base of a large rock 
on the ridge; there are the purple, the broad-leaved and the 
Virginia water-leaf (Hydrophyllum) . 

Further along and at the base of the ridge is the borage 
family; the tuberous comfrey, the rough comfrey and the 
common comfrey, all natives of Europe, are represented. In 
the vervain family, in a small bed to*the left, may be found: 



(58) 

the wedge-leaved fog-fruit (Lippia) , from the western 
United States and Mexico and the vervains. We now come 
in the sequence to the mint family, to which are devoted six 
beds; among the true mints may be found here the creeping 
whorled mint, the curled mint and the spearmint, all from the 
Old World. Many familiar plants may be seen in these 
beds, and among them are: the false dragon-head, of the 
United States; motherwort, common in Europe and widely 
distributed as a weed in this country along roadsides and in 
waste places; the horse-balm, of North America, common in 
the east in woods ; Oswego tea, and other bergamots, natives 
of North America; the betony and hyssop, of Europe; the 
hedge-nettles, from both the Old World and the New; the 
common sage of the Mediterranean region, highly prized by 
the housewife, and other sages; catnip, a native of Europe, 
but widely distributed as a weed in this country; Gill-over- 
the-ground, or ground ivy, also a European plant, but exten- 
sively spread as a weed in this country; and the dittany, of 
North America. 

The potato family may be found a little to the left and just 
beyond the phlox family. Here may be seen the common 
jimson, or Jamestown, weed, the seeds of which are poison- 
ous, a native of tropical regions, but a common weed along 
our roadsides; the nightshade, a European plant, but com- 
monly distributed as an introduction in many parts of this 
country, also with poisonous fruit; tobacco plants and sola- 
nums; it is to this family that the potato, tomato and egg- 
plant belong. A little beyond and to the left of the mints 
are the two beds allotted to the figwort family; of interest 
here are: the beard-tongues, of which there are several spe- 
cies; the speedwells {Veronica) ^ among them the long-leaved 
speedwell and the gentian speedwell; the fox-gloves {Digi- 
talis), from one of which, the purple fox-glove, the valuable 
medicine digitalin is derived; Lyon's snake-head from the 
southern states; culver's-root, from the southeastern United 
States ; and several figworts. Just beyond this may be found 
the unicorn-plant family, represented by the unicorn-plant. 



(59) 

A little beyond is the globularia family, represented by a 
single species of globularia. To the right is the acanthus 
family; not many of these plants are hardy in this latitude, 
but in the conservatories many representatives may be found, 
as the family is largely confined to tropical and warm tem- 
perate areas; in this bed may be seen the hairy ruellia, from 
the southeastern United States. In this neighborhood may 
also be seen the lopseed family, represented by the lopseed, a 
native of eastern North America. 

To the right of the acanthus family is the single bed de- 
voted to the plantain family; several species, such as Ru- 
gel's plantain and rib-grass, are pernicious weeds in this 
neighborhood, often disfiguring an otherwise even lawn. 
Just beyond the mints may be found the two beds of the mad- 
der family; to this belongs the dainty little bluets or innocence, 
which sometimes give a blue sheen to sterile, sandy places, 
so abundant is it in some localities; it is quite common in 
eastern North America; several species of bedstraw {Gal- 
ium) may also be found here, while many other plants be- 
longing to this family are grown at the conservatories, among 
them the coffee tree. A little beyond is the single bed of the 
honeysuckle family, represented by the feverworts ; this family 
being large composed of woody plants, many other species, 
including the true honeysuckles, may be found in the frutice- 
tum and in the viticetum. To the left is the valerian family 
with a single bed; here may be found the valerian, a common 
European plant. 

Just beyond the plantain family is the teasel family. It is 
to this that the teasel plant belongs, used in olden times for 
raising the nap on woolen cloth. Several species of cephal- 
aria may be found here. The bell-flower family is a little 
further on and to the left; the Carpathian and Host's bell- 
flowers, both natives of Europe, are pretty representatives 
here; the creeping bell-flower, or Canterbury bells, also a 
native of Europe, may be found here in several forms; the 
Japanese bell-flower and its white variety are also here, their 
large showy flowers making them quite conspicuous. A little 



(60) 

further on and to the left is the lobelia family; the cardinal 
flower and the blue cardinal flower, both natives of North 
America, make showy objects; the former is particularly 
striking in its rich masses of cardinal-red flowers. 

To the right of the teasel family is the chicory family. 
The common lettuce (Lactuca) , so much used in salads, be- 
longs here; many of the plants are extremely weedy by 
nature, and this is particularly true of the hawkweeds, a 
genus richly represented in the Old World, several species of 
which are shown here; the oyster plant is also a member of 
this family. 

To the left of this may be found the ragweed family. All 
the species here are of a weedy nature. The ragweed, the 
giant ragweed and the common clot-blur find representa- 
tion here. Terminating the sequence comes the very large 
thistle family, represented by many species from all parts of 
the world; there are nine beds at present given over to these 
plants; the sunflowers, coneflowers, thistles, asters, flea- 
banes, yarrows, golden-rods, tansies, sneezeweeds, burdocks, 
artemisias and wormwoods, cat's-foot, tick-seeds, elecam- 
pane, boneset, chrysanthemums, colt's-foot and many others 
are shown; the Jerusalem artichoke, one of the sun-flowers, 
a native of eastern North America, bears edible tubers. 

(b) Morphological Garden 

This is located to the north of the systematic collection, the 
two collections being separatedby the driveway which crosses 
the valley. It is designed to illustrate here with typical 
examples the organs and other features of plants, including 
leaf-forms and the various modifications of their margins, 
their venation and insertion on the stem; also the various 
kinds of stems, methods of propagation, flower-clusters and 
fruits, leaf-movements, parasites, desert plants and seed-dis- 
persal. Looking north on this collection, the first bed to the 
right of the brook contains plants illustrating simple leaf- 
forms. Immediately following this on the same side of the 
brook are the plants representing the various forms of com- 



(6i) 

pound leaves, or those In which there Is a distinct jointing ot 
the leaflets to the leaf-axis. Farther along the brook, In the 
pool, may be found various forms of aquatic roots, stems and 
leaves; and a little beyond this to the right Is the bed con- 
taining plants Illustrating forms of propagation. 

The remaining plots of this collection are located on the 
left hand or westerly side of the brook. The first of these 
to the right Is devoted to leaf-venation, and the one to the left 
to leaf-margins, the former illustrating the character of the 
veins and nerves, and the latter the toothing or lobing of the 
margins. Beyond this to the right is the group of plants 
showing the manner of insertion of the leaves on the stem; 
and to the left of this are specimens illustrating the various 
ways in which plants may form a mosaic covering on the 
ground. A little beyond are the examples of stem-forms. 
One bed is devoted to show the smaller kinds, while for the 
larger examples. Illustrating tree, twining, root-climbing 
and tendril-climbing stems, specimens have been selected or 
placed to the left of this bed and properly labeled. 

A little beyond the pool may be found the bed Illustrating 
flower-clusters, and still further on that devoted to parasitic 
plants, or those deriving their nourishment from the living 
tissues of other plants. To the left of this and farther up the 
hill is the group of plants showing leaf-positions. Beyond 
and a little to the right are plants which are at home In desert 
regions, and the various means of accommodating themselves 
to their natural surroundings are shown. Further on to the 
right Is the .bed devoted to fruit-forms; and to the left of 
this, one showing various forms of seed-dispersal; those with 
the surface of the fruits covered with some sticky substance 
or curved appendages or hooked hairs or spines require the 
intervention of some animal for their distribution, while those 
with wings or with hairs attached to the seed are spread 
through the agency of the wind. To the right of the above 
are plants representing a species and a variety, and to the 
left of this is a bed containing plants showing species and 
hybrids. 



(62) 

(c) Economic Garden 

The collections Illustrating food plants and those produc- 
ing substances directly useful to man in the arts, sciences and 
industries are being installed at the northern end of the long 
glade containing the herbaceous collections just described. 

On the east side of the broad central grass path and the 
brook are located plants used for medicine, those employed 
as condiments or relishes and a number of plants from which 
the fiber is used in the manufacture of various fabrics. The 
bed containing the plants used for condiments or relishes is at 
the extreme north end of the collection, while that devoted 
to the fiber plants is at the southern end. The remaining 
beds are given over to medicinal plants. The medicinal 
plants which grow in wet or moist situations may be found on 
the easterly side of the brook. Along the woodland border 
is also a collection of medicinal shrubs and trees. 

On the west side of the grass path and brook are the food 
plants. Here may be found many of the common fruits and 
vegetables. A general sign is placed in each of the beds 
denoting what its contents are intended to represent, and in 
front of each plant is a smaller label giving individual infor- 
mation. Along the stone path is a collection of shrubs and 
trees, containing some of the more common plants producing 
edible nuts and fruits. 

(d) VlTICETUM 

The area devoted to the plantation of vines is at the easterly 
side of the economic garden. Hardy vines, whether woody 
or herbaceous, belong here, and a rough arbor has been con- 
structed for them to climb on. This collection is now being 
developed, and only a few of the species which it is in- 
tended eventually to grow there are as yet in place. The 
families will be referred to below in the order of their 
sequence. The arrangement begins at the southerly end of 
the arbor, on the left hand side, with the smilax family, to 
which belong the green-briers or cat-briers. The yam family 
is placed immediately opposite to the right, followed by the 



(63) 

mulberry family on the same side. The birthwort family, 
with the dutchman's-pipe as a representative, follows the 
smilax family on the left, and opposite to this is placed the 
buckwheat family, to which belong the climbing bindweeds 
and brunnichia. On the left hand side, and beyond the 
birthwort family, is the akebia family, where one may find 
the five-leaved akebia, a native of Japan. Following this on 
the same side is the moonseed family, to which belongs the 
Canada moonseed. On the opposite side of the arbor is the 
hydrangea family. The next family, occupying both sides of 
the arbor, is the rose family, where may be found some climb- 
ing roses. Following this, also on both sides of the arbor, is 
the pea family, where one must seek the peas and wistarias. 
Further on, occupying both sides, is the staff-tree family, 
where may be found the climbing bitter-sweet and other vines 
of this family. Succeeding this comes the grape family, 
to which belong the grapes, the Virginia creeper and the 
Japanese ivy. On the right, beyond the grape family, is the 
actinidia family, represented by the toothed actinidia. Oppo- 
site to this is the morning-glory family, where the morning- 
glories and moon-flower belong. Then comes the trumpet- 
creeper family, of which the trumpet-creeper, a native of the 
southeastern United States, is a member. This family in 
turn is followed by the honeysuckle family, represented here 
by several species of honeysuckle and woodbine. The se- 
quence terminates with the gourd family, to which belong, as 
economic plants, the watermelon, cucumber, squash, musk- 
melon and gourds ; a common vine of eastern North America, 
and frequent in the valley of the Bronx, is the one-seeded 
bur-cucumber, or star-cucumber, also a member of this 
family. 

5. The Fruticetum 

[collection of shrubs] 

This plantation, occupying about 16 acres, is located to the 
northward of the lakes in the rear of the museum building, 



(64) 

and is confined to the area lying between the lakes, the rail- 
road, the woodland on the east, and the north meadow. In 
this collection are brought together all the hardy woody 
plants which are shrubs, that is, plants with woody stems 
which branch from the ground and have no single main stem. 
The arrangement here parallels that in the herbaceous 
grounds and in the other systematic collections. The 
sequence begins on the southerly side near the large stone 
bridge which crosses the Bronx River, and proceeds on both 
sides of the path running to the north along the edge of the 
woods, returning southward on both sides of the path paral- 
leling the main north and south driveway, to the plum 
family, on the bank overlooking the easterly lake. It then 
crosses to the senna family directly opposite and overlooking 
the westerly lake, proceeding northward from there across 
the transverse driveway, and following the line of the path 
paralleling to the westward the main north and south drive- 
way. The sequence then continues to the westward along 
the north path, again extending southward at the Woodlawn 
Road entrance, continuing on both sides of the westerly path 
and terminating with the thistle family at the westerly end 
of the lake near the railroad border. The families will be 
referred to below in this sequence. 

The pine family, represented by some of the low-growing 
junipers and pines, begins the sequence to the southward of 
the approach to the long bridge. The next is the willow 
family, beginning across the road from the pine family; 
this group is located on both sides of the path and com- 
prises many forms from various parts of the world; the 
family is largely an inhabitant of temperate regions, so 
many species can be grown here. The bayberry family 
occurs across the driveway from the willows, occupying a 
position on the bank overlooking the easterly lake. Here 
may be found the sweet-fern, a native of eastern North 
America ; the sweet gale, at home in north temperate regions ; 
and the waxberry or bayberry, common in eastern North 
America; the berries of the latter have a covering of wax, 



which was separated by throwing the berries into hot water, 
when the wax melted and rose to the surface, where it was 
skimmed off ; it is still used to some extent in making candles. 
The birch family follows the willows on the east side of the 
path; here are the hazel-nuts, the alders and the shrubby 
birches; the common hazel-nut and the beaked hazel-nut, 
both from North America, also the common hazel-nut or 
filbert of Europe, and others; the smooth alder, common 
along streams and in swamps, is also here. Following the 
birch family on the same side of the path comes the beech 
family; here may be found the shrubby oaks and the chin- 
quapin of the southeastern United States. On the same side 
of the path, a little farther along, is the elm family, repre- 
sented by the dwarf elms; most of the members of this 
family are trees and may therefore be found in the arboretum. 
Immediately following this is the mulberry family, repre- 
sented here by two specimens of the Tartarian mulberry. 
At the triangle a little further on is the cercis-leaf family, 
represented by the cercis-leaf (Cercidiphyllum) , a Japanese 
tree, and known to the people there as katzoura; there are 
three specimens of this, most attractive in the spring with 
their tender greens flushed with rose. 

The crowfoot family occupies a space just to the north of 
the willows west of the path, and is represented by the mou- 
tan or tree peony, from China, and the shrub yellow-root 
(Xanthorrhiza) , from the eastern United States ; its roots are 
yellow, and at one time were employed as a dye; there are 
many herbaceous members of this family at the herbaceous 
grounds. The barberry family is a little farther north on 
the same side of the path; many species of barberries and 
mahonias occur here. Among the barberries may be men- 
tioned: the common European barberry, the ripe fruit of 
which is sometimes made into preserves, and the unripe ones 
pickled as a substitute for capers — its bark is used as a dye 
and for tanning leather; Thunberg's barberry, from Japan, 
a desirable plant for small hedges and for the borders of 
walks ; the neat barberry, from the Himalayan region, which 



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colors a beautiful red In the fall; and the large-toothed bar- 
berry, from Nepal; the mahonlas are represented by the 
erect Oregon grape, from northwestern North America ; and 
the Japanese mahonia. The magnolia family occurs a little 
back from the path, between the crowfoot and barberry fami- 
lies; there are here several species of shrubby magnolias. 
The strawberry-shrub family follows the barberries, Imme- 
diately across the path from the cercls-leaf family; here may 
be found several species of the strawberry-shrub. Including 
the hairy one which has the fragrant flowers scented like the 
strawberry; the fragrant Chimonanthus , from Japan, Is a 
member of this family, and Is known to the natives there as 
karamume. A short distance to the eastward of the cercls- 
leaf family Is the laurel family, represented by the splce-bush 
{Benzoin) , a native of northeastern North America; as the 
different kinds of flowers, staminate and pistillate, are borne 
on different plants, only those having pistillate flowers bear 
the bright red berries in the summer and autumn. To the 
west of this Is the Virginia willow family, with shrubs of 
the Virginia willow, a native of the southeastern United 
States. To the north of this Is the hydrangea family; here 
may be found the syrlngas, the deutzlas and the hydrangeas, 
several species of each; the mock orange {Philadelphiis) ^ a 
native of Europe, indicates its presence by the rich fragrance 
of Its flowers; the slender deutzia, from Japan, bears Its long 
slender clusters of white flowers In great profusion; the 
large-flowered hydrangea, a Japanese plant, bears a profusion 
of large bunches of white flowers, which In the late summer 
and autumn change to a beautiful rose color; the oak-leaved 
hydrangea is perhaps the oddest member of this genus; It Is 
native from Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. Following 
the hydrangea family comes the gooseberry family, and to 
this belong the currants and gooseberries; one of the show- 
iest Is the long-flowered golden currant, from western North 
America ; its rich yellow flowers give forth a delicious spicy 
fragrance. The witch-hazel family Is located to the north of 
the north path; here Is the common witch-hazel, of eastern 



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North America, from which the extract of witch-hazel, or 
Pond's extract, is made; the spiked corylopsis, a Japanese 
shrub, belongs here, as do the fothergillas of the southeastern 
United States. 

The rose family occupies a large area, beginning just north 
of the gooseberries and currants and extending westward to 
the main north and south driveway, and southward along 
that as far as the first transverse path; here belong the 
spiraeas, of which there are many forms, the blackberries, 
the raspberries, the roses and others. Among the spiraeas, 
the steeple-bush or hard-hack and the willow-leaved meadow- 
sweet, or quaker-lady, are common as wild plants in this 
latitude. Other interesting forms are Thunberg's spiraea, 
from Japan, and other Japanese spiraeas. Among other plants 
of interest in the group which contains the spiraeas are the 
large-flowered exochorda, a native of northern China, with 
its profusion of white flowers in early summer; the Japanese 
rose, from Japan, not a true rose, however, with bright yellow 
flowers; another shrub from Japan, known to the natives of 
that country as siro yama buki, bears large white flowers 
resembling in appearance those of the mock orange; two 
other Japanese shrubs, members of the same genus, and known 
to the natives there as kago ma utsugl and yama doosin, respec- 
tively, the former an exceptionally graceful and attractive 
plant; Nevhisia, an extremely local plant, known in a wild 
state only in Alabama ; and the nine-bark, of eastern North 
America. To the southward of the spiraea group comes the 
collection of blackberries and raspberries (Riibus) repre- 
sented by many kinds; two of the showiest are the Japanese 
wineberry and the purple flowering-raspberry, the latter 
common in rocky woods in this part of the country. Farther 
to the south, and bordering both sides of the transverse path, 
is the group of the true roses; many kinds may be found here, 
including the sweet-brier, the dog-rose, or wild brier, and the 
red-leaved rose, all natives of Europe; the low or pasture 
rose of eastern North America; and the odd-looking Watson's 



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rose, a native of Japan. Numerous herbaceous species of 
the rose family are grown at the herbaceous grounds. 

Following this is the apple family; to this belong the 
apples and pears, many of which, being trees, may be found in 
the arboretum. Of a shrubby habit, and therefore members 
of this collection, are many of the hawthorns or thorn-apples, 
the quinces, the rose-boxes, the choke-berries, the service- 
berry and the shad-bush. Southward across the driveway 
from these, and overlooking the easterly lake, is the collection 
illustrating the plum family, to which belong the plums, 
cherries, apricots and peaches. As many of the species of 
this family are trees they may be found at the arboretum. 
Among those represented here are the western sand cherry, 
of northwestern North America; the three-lobed peach, a 
native of China, with its double-flowered form; the dwarf 
peach, from Europe ; and the Russian almond, of Russia and 
western Asia. 

Crossing the driveway to the west, the sequence is again 
taken up on the ground overlooking the west lake, with the 
senna family, represented by the Asiatic Judas-tree, of China 
and Japan, and the American Judas-tree of the eastern United 
States; in spring, before the appearance of the leaves, these 
are profusely covered with pink or purplish flowers. Across 
the transverse driveway to the north, and directly on the op- 
posite side, may be found the pea family. Here are various 
species of the pea-tree: the pigmy pea-tree, from the Him- 
alayan region; the Chamlagu pea-tree, from China; the com- 
mon pea-tree and the small-leaved pea-tree, both from Siberia. 
In the fall the two-colored bush-clover, from China, is a show 
of purple bloom. The white broom, the common broom and 
the dense-flowered broom, all of Europe, have representatives 
here; of these, the common broom, in Spain and France 
attains the size of a small tree, and Its wood is highly prized 
for veneering and cabinet work; Its branches are extensively 
employed for making brooms, whence Its common name. 
Other plants of interest are the false indigo and the bristly 
locust, both from the southeastern United States ; the woody 



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bladder-senna, from Europe and the Orient; and the scorpion 
senna, from southern Europe. Immediately beyond is the 
rue family, illustrated by the shrubby trefoil {Ptelea trifo- 
liata) of the eastern United States; the prickly ash, from the 
northeastern United States; and the trifoliolate orange, from 
Japan, which has been used as one of the parents in the recent 
hybridization experiments by the U. S. Department of Agri- 
culture in its effort to produce a more hardy orange ; the lemon 
and forms of the orange may be found in the conservatories, 
together with other woody members of this family. The 
tanners'-tree family comes next with a single representative, 
the tanners'-tree, from the Mediterranean region. Follow- 
ing this is the box family, represented by a number of forms 
of the box-tree, from Europe, Asia and Japan; the wood of 
the box-tree is highly prized for wood-engraving, on account 
of its hardness and close fine grain, and it takes a fine polish. 
A few steps further on is the sumac family, to which belongs 
the common poison ivy, so frequent in and around New York 
City; here are the fragrant sumac, the mountain sumac and 
the smooth or scarlet sumac, all from the eastern United 
States; Osbeck's sumac is a stately shrub from China. The 
European and the American smoke-trees {Cotiniis) are rela- 
tives of the sumacs; the former is sometimes called the wig- 
tree, on account of the flower-clusters which become white 
and feathery in fruit; a dye is obtained from it which is called 
young fustic. 

Crossing the transverse path to the triangle, the holly 
family is on the nearest point, shown by the serrate holly 
and the crenate holly, both from Japan; the European 
holly is grown in the conservatories and the American holly 
at the arboretum. The Virginia winter-berry, of the eastern 
United States, bears its bright red berries far into the winter. 
On the opposite corner of the triangle is the staff-tree family, 
illustrated by many forms of Euonymtis; the European staff- 
tree, the burning-bush of the eastern United States, the 
winged spindle-tree of eastern Asia and Bunge's spindle-tree 
of the Amur region are shown. Crossing the path to the north 



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of the triangle we come to the maple family; most of the 
maples are trees, so they must be looked for in the arboretum, 
but here are specimens of the Ginnala maple, from northern 
China and Japan. Immediately beyond this is the bladder- 
nut family, represented by species of the bladder-nut {Sta- 
phylea), both from the New and the Old World. Fol- 
lowing the path to the west, we come to the buckeye family, 
represented here by the small-flowered buckeye, from the 
southeastern United States; many of the buckeyes and horse- 
chestnuts are trees, and are grown in the arboretum. Fol- 
lowing this is the soapberry family, with the genus Can- 
thoceras, a native of China, as a representative. At some 
distance from the path to the left is the buckthorn family; 
the most familiar plant here is the New Jersey tea, or red 
root, of eastern North America ; its leaves have been used as 
a substitute for tea, and it is said that the industry is being 
revived in Pennsylvania; the jujube-tree, an inhabitant of the 
Mediterranean region and temperate Asia, is of this family, 
its edible fruit oval in shape and about the size of a plum, 
with an acid taste when fresh; the Dahurian buckthorn, 
growing wild from central Asia to the Amur region, and the 
purging buckthorn of Europe, the berries of which are 
medicinal, are here; from the juice of the ripe fresh berries 
of the purging buckthorn, mixed with alum, is made the pig- 
ment, known as sap-green or bladder green, used by water- 
color artists. The mallow family, further along the path, 
is represented by two specimens of the rose-of-Sharon {Hibis- 
cus syriacus), from western Asia, and often found escaped 
from cultivation in the eastern United States; many her- 
baceous representatives of this family may be found at the 
herbaceous grounds. Near the mallow family is the tea 
family, represented by the mountain Stuartia, from the 
southeastern United States ; other members of the tea family, 
including the tea plant and the common camellia, may be 
found in the conservatories. Also near the mallows may be 
found the St. John's-wort shrubs (Hypericum), with their 
showy yellow flowers. Farther on, where the path bends to 



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the left, is the tamarix family, represented by several species 
of tamarix. Old World plants. Next comes the mezereon 
family, having as a representative the leather-wood or moose- 
wood (Dirca) , of the eastern parts of North America; the 
name leather-wood refers to the very tough inner bark; the 
bark is a violent emetic. 

Some distance from the path and opposite the Woodlawn 
Road entrance, is the oleaster family, including several species 
of oleaster, the buffalo berry and the sea-buckthorn, a native 
of Europe, the berries of which are acrid and poisonous; the 
berries of several of the species of oleaster are edible; the 
buffalo berry, of northwestern North America, is largely 
eaten by the Indians of that region; the berries of the ori- 
ental oleaster, known as Trebizond dates, are made into 
cakes by the Arabs, after having been dried. Plants of the 
ginseng family form a group opposite the same entrance, 
some of these being quite tropical in aspect; the Japanese 
angelica-tree, from Japan, is one of these, and another is 
Maximowicz's acanthopanax, also from Japan; the varie- 
gated Chinese angelica-tree, a native of China, is quite orna- 
mental. Beyond this group, and on both sides of the trans- 
verse path, is the dogwood family, shown by many species of 
dogwood or cornel (Cornus), from both the Old World and 
the New; the red-osier dogwood, the kinnikinnik and the 
panicled dogwood are American representatives; the officinal 
dogwood comes from Japan and is known there as sandzaki ; 
the dogberry, gater-tree, or hound's-tree, is from Europe and 
western Asia; its wood is hard and is sometimes made into 
butchers' skewers and tooth-picks; in France, an oil used for 
burning and in soap-making is extracted from the black 
berries. 

Across the path from the dogwoods, at the foot of the 
steps, may be found the white-alder family. Here are the 
Japanese sweet-pepper bush and the North American sweet- 
pepper bushes or white-alders, their fragrant white flowers 
appearing in August. The heath family is next, represented 
by many forms of azeleas and rhododendrons ; the Japanese 



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Pieris Is a pretty plant, and another of the same genus, from 
the southeastern United States, Is called stagger-bush. Fol- 
lowing the path to the south, we come next to the huckle- 
berries and to the shrubs of the storax family. On the other 
side of the path Is the olive family, which covers a large area, 
extending along the path for a considerable distance; the 
olive-tree Is the type of this family, and specimens may be 
found at the conservatories; In the frutlcetum are several 
forms of the golden-bell {Forsythia) ^ from China; a num- 
ber of the privets, Including the California privet, so much 
used for hedges; a variety of lilacs (Syringa), Including the 
Rouen lilac, from China, the Pekin lilac, from southern 
China, the Himalayan lilac and the common lilac, a native 
of eastern Europe, so frequently cultivated In gardens, and 
the adellas. To the right of the path and following the 
storax family Is the loganla family, with species of Buddleia, 
including the showy variable buddleia, from China. Follow- 
ing this Is the vervain family, and some of these shrubs are 
especially attractive In fruit, among them being the purple 
calllcarpa, from China, and the Japanese calllcarpa; most 
attractive Is the late-flowering clerodendron, a Chinese plant, 
whose flowers have a delicious spicy fragrance, much like 
that of the sweet-pepper bush; the sepals are a beautiful 
rose color, while the corolla Is creamy white; It blooms late 
In the summer or early fall, when flowers of shrubs are few. 
We next come to the potato family, shown here by the 
matrimony vine, a native of Europe, but often found growing 
wild. Its purple flowers followed by bright red berries ; most 
of the hardy representatives of this family are herbs, so must 
be sought for In the herbaceous grounds, while many of the 
woody species, and some of the herbs, are tender, and may be 
found In the conservatories. The succeeding group Is the 
honeysuckle family, to which Is allotted a large area, there 
being many hardy kinds; the viburnums are represented by 
many species, both from the Old World and the New, such 
as the cranberry-tree, from north temperate regions, orna- 
mental by Its masses of bright red fruit; the dwarf cran- 



> 



o 




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berry-tree, an exceedingly compact form, very dense in Its 
growth; the Chinese viburnum, from China and Japan; 
Slebold's viburnum, from Japan; the Japanese snowball, 
from China and Japan; the wayfaring tree, from Europe 
and Asia; and the woolly viburnum, from China and Japan; 
among American forms may be mentioned the arrow-wood, 
the coast arrow-wood, the black haw or sloe, the wIthe-rod, 
and the larger wIthe-rod with Its large bunches of showy fruit. 
The group of the honeysuckles occupies a position across 
the path from the viburnums, and here may be found, among 
others, the fragrant honeysuckle, from China, one of the 
first to send forth Its blossoms richly laden with perfume; 
Morrow's honeysuckle, from Japan, covered with coral- 
red fruit In late summer and fall; Standlsh's honeysuckle, 
from China; the narrow-leaved Albert honeysuckle, from 
Turkestan; the blue fly-honeysuckle, from north temperate 
regions; and the golden-veined honeysuckle, from China 
and Japan, with the veins richly marked with yellow, or 
sometimes the whole leaf yellow. Across the transverse path 
to the south, and overlooking the lake, may be found the 
welgelas, symphoricarpos and the diervlllas; the welgelas 
are Illustrated by many showy forms, flowering in early 
summer; the showiest Symphoricarpos Is the snowberry, 
native of northern North America, laden in autumn with its 
ivory-white fruit, making It most attractive; the diervlllas 
are represented by two or three species, including the bush 
honeysuckle, a native of northern North America. The 
elder-berries (Sambucus) are also represented by two or three 
species. The Chinese abella will also be found here; Its 
fragrant flowers are borne in great profusion during late 
summer and early fall; the sepals are deep red-brown and 
the corolla is white, flushed with rose, making a pleasing 
combination. 

Following the viburnums comes the thistle family. Few 
of the woody species of this family are hardy in this latitude, 
but large numbers of the herbaceous species may be found at 
the herbaceous grounds. As representatives in the frutice- 



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turn, we have the groundsel-bush or pencil-tree (Baccharis), 
a native of the southeastern United States, bearing in the fall 
a profusion of white fruit, making it a most attractive object; 
and some of the shrubby wormwoods (Artemisia) of the Old 
World. 

Sallcetiim. — The area occupied by this plantation is be- 
tween the main driveway and the Bronx River, north of the 
fruticetum, and comprises several acres. Here are brought 
together moisture-loving willows (Salix) and poplars (Popu- 
lus) as a collection apart, many species grown here not being 
represented in the arboretum and fruticetum. Immediately 
beyond the uncompleted north path at the fruticetum is a row 
of poplars, fringing the southerly end of the north meadow, 
consisting of several trees each of Simon's poplar, from 
China, and Wobst's poplar, a Russian species. In the corner 
of the salicetum, next to the driveway, is a group of willows, 
consisting, in part, of the red-stemmed yellow willow, of 
horticultural origin, and the Ural purple willow. To the 
east of this may be found the golden, or yellow willow, of 
common occurrence in eastern North America, and Bash- 
ford's willow, a native of France. Along the west bank of 
the Bronx River may be found a row of trees of the cotton- 
wood, or Carolina poplar, found wild in eastern North 
America; and another row of the weeping willow, a native 
of Asia. At the northern end of the area devoted to this 
plantation are to be found, among others, the purple willow, 
a native of Europe ; and the black willow, of North America. 
Many other species are represented in this collection. 

6. The Deciduous Arboretum 
This plantation extends over most of the garden area east 
of the Bronx River, The sequence of plant families begins 
at the southeast entrance to the grounds and continues north- 
ward to the northern boundary, occupying the easterly ridge 
and the low grounds adjacent thereto. Here hardy trees are 
brought together, trees being regarded as woody plants which 
have a single main stem arising from the ground and not 



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branching until some distance above it. This collection Is 
only partially formed, but additions are made to it every 
season. The groups will be referred to in the order of their 
sequence. 

The first is the willow family which occupies the low-lying 
land near the southeast entrance and the ridge to the north, 
where a collection of willows and poplars may be found. 
Of these Simon's poplar, from China, is of rapid growth and 
upright habit, and more graceful than the cottonwood or 
Carolina poplar; the American aspen, a native of northern 
North America, the wood of which is largely manufactured 
into pulp for the making of paper; in northern British 
America it is the principal fuel of the Indians, as it burns 
freely when green and without sparks ; the inner bark, which 
is sweet, is often used by them as a food in early spring. 
This tree has been of great service in re-foresting large tracts 
which have been denuded by fire ; the long hairy appendages 
to the seeds enable the wind to carry them far and wide, and 
as they germinate quickly and the young seedlings grow 
rapidly in exposed situations, it is admirably adapted to the 
above purpose, quickly furnishing a covering for the land 
until more desirable trees may get a foothold. Bolle's pop- 
lar, a form of the white, or silver-leaf poplar, is quite orna- 
mental in its lobed leaves; the white or silver-leaf poplar is 
a native of Europe and Asia. Another ornamental tree and 
one frequently used where quick growth is desired, is the 
eastern cottonwood, or Carolina poplar, common in eastern 
North America. There also is the Lombardy, or Italian 
poplar, from Europe and Asia, with its tall spire-like growth. 
Among the willows are the golden willow, from eastern 
North America, and the weeping willow, native of Asia, a 
tree commonly planted for ornamental purposes, and some- 
times known as Napoleon's willow. 

The walnuts and their relatives may be found to the west 
of the nursery on the ridge. The narrow-winged wing-nut, 
from China, and the Rhoeas-leaved wing-nut from Japan, 
are both here. Of the walnuts {Juglans) , the English wal- 



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nut, native from southeastern Europe to China, produces a 
most desirable nut, often called Madeira nut; the Romans 
introduced it into Italy, and from that place as a center its 
cultivation has spread in all directions, both in the Old World 
and the New; the nuts form a common article of food in 
southern Europe; in Europe and northern India an oil, 
called walnut-oil, used as a substitute for olive-oil, is obtained 
by subjecting the seed-leaves to pressure. The black walnut 
and the butternut are both wild elsewhere in the Garden. The 
pecan-nut {Hicoria pecan) ^ wild in the south central United 
States, is another nut of popular favor, as is also the big shag- 
bark, or king-nut, of the eastern United States. The water 
hickory, of the southeastern United States, and the bitter-nut 
or swamp hickory, of eastern North America, are both rep- 
resented, vv^hile the common shag-bark hickory and the pig- 
nut grow elsewhere in the grounds. 

The birch family is located on both sides of the driveway 
to the south and southwest of the stable, where birches, alders 
and hornbeams are planted; the Japanese hornbeam is rep- 
resented by a single specimen along the road to the propa- 
gating houses; the American hornbeam is common in Bronx 
Park, and the hop-hornbeam is occasional. Those desiring to 
study the birches (Betula) will find several species available; 
one of these is the yellow birch which grows wild in eastern 
North America, and is one of our most valuable timber trees; 
the wood, on account of its closeness of grain, strength and 
hardness, is suitable for many purposes. Another is the 
paper, or canoe, birch, of frequent occurrence in northern 
North America ; the wood of this is preferred to that of any 
other tree for the manufacture of spools, and is also used in 
the manufacture of shoe-lasts and pegs; the Indians also 
make use of its wood In the manufacture of sledges, and from 
its tough bark they also make canoes and baskets. The 
Japanese white birch, a close relative of the American and 
European white birches, is represented. The river or red 
birch may be seen here ; it is frequent along streams and lakes 
in the eastern parts of the United States ; its wood is used in 



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the manufacture of furniture. The black, or sweet birch, 
and the poplar-leaved birch are wild elsewhere in the Garden. 
The alders are present in several species: the dye alder, of 
Japan, which becomes a large tree; the Japanese alder, also 
of Japan; the speckled, or hoary, alder, of north temperate 
regions; and the European tree alder. 

The area devoted to the beech family lies to the westward 
of that assigned to the walnut and birch families, and on both 
sides of the road leading to the Lorillard mansion. The 
oaks, the chestnuts and the beeches belong here. The oaks 
{Querciis) are represented by many species. One of those to 
the east of the road referred to above is the pinnatifid-leaved 
oak, from Japan, with its odd leaves cut into long linear 
lobes; it is said to be a form of the toothed oak of Japan. 
Near by is the rock chestnut oak, of eastern North America ; 
its wood is strong and durable, especially when in contact 
with the soil, and is therefore of great value for railroad ties 
and fence posts, and its bark is largely used for tanning. 
The mossy-cup, or bur oak, also of eastern North America, 
may be found here; this was discovered by the botanist 
Michaux in 1795, and is a valuable timber tree, its wood 
largely used for boat-building, for the manufacture of car- 
riages and agricultural implements, for the interior finish of 
houses, and, on account of its durability in contact with the 
soil, for railroad ties. To the west of the road may be found 
other oaks. The red oak and the swamp white oak are 
natives of eastern North America ; the latter is also a good 
timber tree, its wood being used for cabinet work and in 
various kinds of construction. The Japanese silkworm oak 
forms a part of this collection; its leaves are much like those 
of the chestnut, and might easily be mistaken for them; it is 
often planted in Japan in the silk districts, as its leaves are 
available as food for the silkworms, whence its name; the 
Japanese make charcoal from its wood, and from the bark 
they extract a black dye. The post, or Iron oak is a native 
of the eastern United States. Here may be seen also the 
sessile-flowered English oak, a native of Europe and western 



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Asia. The large-toothed oak, of Japan, a valued timber tree 
there, is represented near by; as is also the gland-bearing 
oak, another Japanese species. The shingle, or laurel oak, 
of the central parts of the United States, is not of much com- 
mercial value, as its wood checks badly in drying; it is some- 
times used in making clapboards and shingles. Schneck's red 
oak comes from the south central parts of the United States. 
The Turkey oak, of southeastern Europe and western Asia, 
is valued in that region on account of its bark which is used 
in tanning leather. The swamp oak, the scarlet oak, the 
black oak and the white oak are to be seen in large wild 
specimens elsewhere in the grounds. 

The chestnuts {Castanea) are represented by the Japanese 
chestnut, of China and Japan; in addition to this, in various 
parts of the grounds, the American chestnut may be found 
as wild specimens. The beeches {Fagiis) are located to the 
westward of the chestnuts, in the north part of the swale. 
The European beech and its purple-leaved variety may both 
be found here in small, recently planted trees. Small trees 
of the American beech are also here, but large wild specimens 
may be found along the driveways and paths in the vicinity; 
the wood of the beech takes a high polish and is largely used 
for furniture, while the nuts are edible. The uses of the 
European beech are about the same as those of the American. 

The elm family, to which belong the elms, the hack- 
berries, or sugarberries and the water-elms, is located on the 
ridge to the north of the stable. Among the thns{Ulmus) 
to be found here is the Scotch, or Wych elm, a native of Eu- 
rope and Siberia ; the late-flowering elm, growing wild from 
Tennessee to Alabama ; the cork, or rock elm, of northeastern 
North America; the Chinese elm, of northern China and 
Japan; and the winged elm, or wahoo, of the southeastern 
United States. The American elm and the slippery elm are 
wild in the grounds. The hackberries (Celtis) represented 
are the southern hackberry, of the southeastern United States ; 
and the American nettle-tree, or sugar-berry, of eastern North 
America. The water-elms are illustrated by the pointed 



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water-elm, a native of Japan. The mulberry family is rep- 
resented by the osage orange (Toxylon) , trees of which may 
be found to the south of the driveway; it is a native of the 
central parts of the United States ; the red mulberry and the 
white mulberry are wild. The cercis-leaf family has for a 
representative the cercis-leaf, of Japan, located just to the 
south of the row of tulip trees just east of the Bronx River. 
The magnolia family is planted in the swale lying between 
the two ridges. Fraser's magnolia is one of those to be seen 
here; it is a native of the mountain woods from Virginia to 
Florida and Mississippi. The tulip-tree is shown by a row 
of fine wild specimens just to the south of the long bridge 
over the Bronx River, the largest trees within the grounds of 
the Garden. This tree is native of the eastern United States 
and yields a valuable lumber known as yellow poplar or white- 
wood ; the Indians formerly made their canoes from this wood. 
The laurel family is represented by the sassafras, many trees 
of which may be found wild in various parts of the Garden. 
The sweet gum (Liquidambar) , also wild in the grounds, rep- 
resents the witch-hazel family. 

The plane-trees are to be found just to the north of the elms. 
Here is a small tree of the oriental plane, native from south- 
eastern Europe to India. A little to the southwest of this is 
a large specimen, native to the grounds, of the American 
plane, known also as the button-wood and button-ball, and 
there are many other wild trees along the Bronx River. 
The oriental plane is largely used as a shade tree in 
Europe and is sometimes planted in this country. The wood 
of the American plane, or button-wood, is largely used in the 
manufacture of boxes for tobacco, for furniture, and for the 
interior finishing of houses. 

The apple family and the plum family are located to the 
north of the driveway leading to the long bridge. In the 
apple family may be found some of the tree hawthorns and 
thorns, including the Washington thorn, a native of the 
southeastern United States. Following to the west are 
some of the true apples (Mains), among them the Siberian 



(80) 

crab-apple, a native of eastern Asia; the prune-leaved crab- 
apple, a native of northern China and Japan; and Soulard's 
crab-apple, from the central United States. In the plum 
family, among others, may be found the rose-bud cherry, a 
Japanese plant, and a highly decorative species; the double 
form of the Japanese flowering cherry, native throughout 
eastern Asia ; the ordinary sweet cherry, originally from Eu- 
rope and western Asia, a delicious fruit, of which there are 
many horticultural forms; and the ever-blooming cherry. 

Near the eastern end of the long bridge are trees illustrat- 
ing the senna family, located south of the bridge approach, 
and the pea family, the rue family and the mahogany family 
on the north side. One of those in the senna family is the 
honey-locust or three-horned acacia (Gleditsia) , a native of 
the southeastern United States; its durability when in con- 
tact with the ground makes Its wood of especial value for 
fence posts, for which purpose it is largely used; from China 
and Japan comes the Japanese locust, also represented here. 
Another of this family is the Kentucky coffee-tree, in several 
large and small specimens. One of the representatives of 
the pea family, from the Amur region, Is the Amur yellow- 
wood {Maackia) . Another Is the locust-tree (Robinia) , a 
native of the southeastern United States, but extensively nat- 
uralized elsewhere; its wood Is hard and close-grained, and 
is very durable when in contact with ground or with water, 
:so the high value in which It Is held for fence posts and for 
ship-building may be readily understood. The rue family 
has for representatives the Japanese cork-tree {Phelloden- 
dron) y from Japan, and the Chinese cork-tree, from the 
Amur region, China and Japan. The mahogany-tree family 
has a single species represented, the Chinese bastard-cedar, a 
native of China; the mahogany tree itself, and other repre- 
sentatives of the family, will be found at the conservatories. 

On the ridge to the northeast of the apple family, and to 
the west of conservatory range No. 2, are trees of the ailan- 
thus family, represented by the Ailanthus, or tree-of-heaven, 
a native of China, but extensively naturalized in the eastern 



(8i) 

parts of the United States, where in some places it has become 
a nuisance, both on account of its ill-smelling staminate 
flowers and its habit of freely suckering from the roots. 

On the ridge to the west of conservatory range No. 2 are 
the maple and buckeye families. The maples {Acer) are 
represented by a number of species. Perhaps the most im- 
portant of these is the sugar, or rock maple, a native of 
eastern North America, and the principal tree yielding maple 
sugar and syrup. The sap is usually collected from late in 
February to early in April; trees from twenty to thirty years 
old are considered the most productive, and a tree will usually 
yield in a season from four to six pounds of sugar, some 
giving less and others much more. This tree is often planted 
for shade along streets and in parks, its beautiful coloring in 
the fall enhancing its value for this purpose. Its wood is 
largely used for making furniture, in ship-building, for tool- 
handles and for shoe-lasts and pegs. Another tree here is 
the red maple, ranging throughout eastern North America; 
its wood is now used in large quantities for the manufacture 
of furniture of various kinds, for gun-stocks, etc. The 
striped, or goose-foot maple, sometimes known also as 
moosewood, of northeastern North America, is a pretty deco- 
rative species, especially attractive on account of the beautiful 
marking of its bark. Two Old World representatives are 
the common European maple, of Europe and western Asia, 
and the sycamore maple, from Europe and the Orient. The 
sycamore maple is a valuable timber tree in Europe; its wood 
is used in the manufacture of musical instruments, spoons 
and other household utensils. From the southeastern United 
States comes the white-barked maple, also in the collection. 
The ash-leaved maple, or box elder, of eastern North Amer- 
ica, is represented by several specimens. 

In the buckeye family, planted near power house No. 2, 
is the common horse-chestnut {Aesculus) ; for a long time 
the native country of this tree was unknown, and its home 
was ascribed by different authors to various lands; it has been 
pretty well established now that it is indigenous to the moun- 



(82) 

tains of Greece. Another tree here is the fetid, or Ohio 
buckeye, of the central United States; its wood, as well as 
that of some of the other kinds of buckeye, is manufactured 
into artificial limbs, for which purpose it is highly esteemed; 
it is also used for wooden-ware and paper pulp. To the 
north of the buckeye family is the linden family. The 
American linden, or basswood, found over the eastern parts 
of North America, is here; it produces a large amount of 
lumber under the name of whitewood, which is used in the 
manufacture of wooden-ware, furniture and carriage bodies; 
it is also largely used in the manufacture of paper pulp. 
Another species is the cordate linden, a native of Europe and 
Siberia, and a third is the white, or silver linden of eastern 
Europe. 

Next in the sequence comes the ginseng family, repre- 
sented by several species of aralia ; many other species of 
this family may be found at the conservatories. West of 
these is the ebony family, represented by the persimmon or 
date-plum (Diospyros), a native of the southeastern United 
States; its wood is preferred for the manufacture of shuttles; 
its fruit contains tannin, which gives it its astringent proper- 
ties; this fruit, when fully ripe, is eaten in large quantities 
in the southern states, and is also offered for sale in the mar- 
kets of the north. 

Beyond the ginseng family, on the western slope of the 
hill, is the olive family, represented by several species of the 
ashes (Fraxinus) , some of which are useful for timber. The 
common European ash is to be seen, and among the North 
American representatives are the green ash; the Texas ash, 
restricted to that state ; the Biltmore ash, from Pennsylvania 
to Georgia ; the white ash and the red ash are common. Fol- 
lowing to the north is the figwort family, represented by 
Paulownia, a native of Japan. Terminating the sequence is 
the trumpet-creeper family, represented by species of Catalpa; 
among these is the Indian bean, a native of woods in the 
Gulf States, and Kaempfer's catalpa, from China. 



Q 
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(83) 

7- The Hemlock Forest 

The forest of Canadian hemlock spruce along the Bronx 
River, within the portion of Bronx Park set apart for the 
New York Botanical Garden, is one of the most noteworthy- 
natural features of the Borough of the Bronx, and has been 
characterized by a distinguished citizen as " the most precious 
natural possession of the city of New York." 

This forest exists in the northern part of Bronx Park on 
the banks of the river and their contiguous hills; its greater 
area is on the western side of the stream, but it occupies a 
considerable space on the eastern side above the Lorillard 
mansion and below the boulder bridge. The area west of 
the river extends from just above this bridge down stream to 
a point nearly opposite the old Lorillard snuff mill, and is 
the part commonly designated " Hemlock Grove." Its total 
length along the river is approximately 3,000 feet; its great- 
est width, 900 feet, is at a point on the river about 700 feet 
above the water fall at the Lorillard mansion. The total 
area occupied by the trees on both sides of the river is be- 
tween thirty-five and forty acres. 

While this area is mostly covered by the hemlock spruces, 
and although they form its predominant vegetation, other 
trees are by no means lacking; beech, chestnut, sweet birch, 
red maple, hickory, oaks, dogwood, tulip-tree and other 
trees occur, and their foliage protects the hemlocks from the 
sun in summer to a very considerable extent; there are no 
coniferous trees other than the hemlock, however, within 
the forest proper. The shade is too dense for the existence 
of much low vegetation, and this is also unable to grow at all 
vigorously in the soil formed largely of the decaying resinous 
hemlock leaves ; it is only in open places left by the occasional 
uprooting of a tree or trees by gales that we see any con- 
siderable number of shrubs or herbaceous plants, their seeds 
brought into the forest by wind or by birds. In fact, the 
floor of the forest is characteristically devoid of vegetation, 
a feature shown by other forests of hemlock situated further 
north. The contrast in passing from the hemlock woods to 



(84) 

the contiguous hardwood area which borders them to the west 
and north, toward the museum building and the herbaceous 
grounds, is at once apparent, for here we see a luxuriant 
growth of shrubs and of herbs, including many of our most 
interesting wild flowers. 

8. The Gorge of the Bronx River 

The gorge of the Bronx River extends from the boulder 
bridge at the north end of the Hemlock Forest southward 
for about a mile, nearly to Pelham Avenue, and is a most 
beautiful and picturesque natural feature, besides being of 
great geological significance. Its depth from the summits of 
the hills on both sides averages nearly 75 feet, and its sides 
below the foot-bridge at the Lorillard mansion are nearly ver- 
tical rock faces. The hills on both sides are heavily wooded 
with hemlock spruces and other trees. In the upper part of 
the gorge the Bronx flows slowly, being held back by the 
dam forming the water-fall at the Lorillard mansion, and 
the elevation of its surface is only a few inches higher at the 
boulder bridge than it is at the fall; after plunging over the 
dam, however, the river runs in its unobstructed natural chan- 
nel with all the appearance of a mountain stream, which at 
high water is exceedingly beautiful. 

9. North Meadows and River Woods 

The Bronx River enters the northern end of the Garden 
from Williamsbridge and flows as a slow stream southward 
to the water-fall at the Lorillard mansion, its surface being 
nearly level throughout this distance. It is spanned just 
inside the northern boundary of the Garden by a concrete- 
steel arched bridge with granite copings, which carries the 
main park driveway across it near the Newell Avenue en- 
trance. The entire northern end of the Garden is formed of 
the flood plain of the Bronx River, consisting largely of 
grassy meadows and marshes which at average flow of the 
stream are several feet above its surface, but which at flood 
time are occasionally submerged for short periods, the whole 



(85) 

valley being a very interesting illustration of the behavior 
of a small stream with a large water-shed at and about its 
sources. Considerable areas of the marshy land have already 
been reclaimed by filling, and by the lowering of the dam 
forming the water-fall at the Lorillard mansion ; the general 
plan contemplates a much further reduction in the amount of 
marshy ground, and a further lowering and deepening of the 
river by dredging, in order to take off freshets with greater 
rapidity. A part of this flood plain is occupied by the plan- 
tations of willows and poplars already described, and these 
will be considerably extended, but large areas of meadow will 
be left in their natural condition. 

South of these open meadows, the valley of the river is 
much narrower and is occupied by several acres of charac- 
teristic river woods, containing a considerable variety of native 
trees and shrubs, extending south as far as the long driveway 
bridge near the northern end of the hemlock forest. 

Park Features 

The whole plan of the development of the Garden has 
been designed in such a manner as to include all the features 
of a public park, and it has been carried out in close coopera- 
tion with successive park commissioners and engineers of the 
Borough of the Bronx. The grounds are open to the public 
every day in the year without any charge whatever. An 
elaborate series of driveways provides several miles of Tel- 
ford-Macadam roads, most of which are now constructed, 
with suitable entrances at eight points as follows : 

I. Mosholu Parkway. 2. Bedford Park Avenue. 3, 
Southern Boulevard. 4. Hemlock Forest. 5. Southeastern 
entrance (not yet constructed). 6. Bleecker Street. 7. 
Newell Avenue. 8. Woodlawn Road. 

Paths located so as to lead to all the principal features are 
included in the plan, with an aggregate length of over ten 
miles and approximately one-half of this system has already 
been built. 



(86) 

All the roads and paths have been located so as to do no 
damage to the natural features of the grounds, particular 
care having been taken to save all possible standing trees and 
to avoid disturbing natural slopes except in the immediate 
neighborhood of the large buildings, where considerable 
grading has been necessary, but even here the study has been 
to adjust the new surfaces so that they shall merge imper- 
ceptibly into the original ones. Ornamental masonry retain- 
ing walls, made necessary by the grades of the roadways, 
have been built at the Mosholu Parkway entrance, at the 
Woodlawn road entrance, and at the approach to the Ele- 
vated Railway station, and vines have been planted at the 
bases of these walls which partly clothe them with foliage. 

The plan of the driveway and path systems called for the 
construction of six bridges; three of these, first, the lake 
bridge, crossing the valley of the lakes near the museum 
building; second, the long bridge, which carries the drive- 
way across the valley of the Bronx River north of the hem- 
lock forest; and, third, the upper bridge which crosses the 
Bronx River at the northern end of the Garden, have been 
carried out in masonry arches from designs by Mr. John R. 
Brinley, landscape engineer of the Garden. A stone boulder 
foot-bridge of five arches, just at the northern end of the 
hemlock forest was built from designs by the same engineer; 
studies have been made for a bridge to replace the wooden 
bridge which crosses the gorge of the Bronx River at the 
Lorillard mansion ; and the sixth bridge in the plan is a foot- 
bridge, not yet built, to cross the Bronx River in the north 
meadows. 

The park treatment further contemplates the planting of 
shade trees where these are needed along the driveways, and 
much of this has been done, a great many kinds of trees 
having been used, and many shrub plantations have been set 
out, especially at roadway and path intersections, utilizing 
considerable numbers of the same kinds of shrubs at different 
points. 



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(87) 

The drainage of the grounds has been carried out in ac- 
cordance with a well-studied original plan, which provides 
outlets for the surface drainage for the most part either into 
the lakes or into the river, only a small portion of it being 
taken into the sewers ; a considerable portion of the drainage 
system still remains to be built. 

The water supply has also been constructed in accordance 
with the general plan and the system is being extended from 
year to year as the development of the grounds proceeds. 

The general planting plan includes provision for com- 
pletely surrounding the grounds, except at entrances, with 
border screens. This planting has already been accom- 
plished along the entire western and northern boundaries, and 
partly along the southern boundary. These screens are 
composed of a very great variety of trees and shrubs, var- 
iously grouped, and average about fifty feet in width. It has 
not been practicable hitherto to plant these screens along the 
eastern border of the park on account of being obliged to 
wait for the construction of the street known as the Bronx 
Boulevard or Bronx Park East, the land for which has re- 
cently been secured by the city by condemnation proceedings. 

A feature of this border screen is an old-fashioned flower 
border, composed of herbaceous plants in large variety, which 
extends from the 200th Street, or Bedford Park Avenue, 
entrance northward to the New York Central Railroad Sta- 
tion and thence to the Mosholu Parkway entrance, and there 
is a similar plantation at the Elevated Railroad station ; here 
herbaceous perennials are massed in front of a belt of flower- 
ing shrubs which in turn are backed by the trees of the 
border screen, and so selected that some of them are in 
bloom throughout the season. Among the plants used in 
this old-fashioned flower border are daffodils, crocuses, irises, 
phloxes, paeonies, rose mallows, sun-flowers, cone-flowers, 
coreopsis, columbines and many others. 



(88) 

Guides 

In order to provide a method for viewing the collections 
under guidance, an aid leaves the front door of the Museum 
Building every week-day afternoon at 3 o'clock, to escort all 
who may wish to accompany him. The routes are as follows : 

Monday: Hemlock Forest and Herbaceous Garden. 
Tuesday: Pinetum. Wednesday: Fruticetum and North 
Meadows. Thursday: Deciduous Arboretum, Nurseries, 
Propagating Houses. Friday: Public Conservatories, Sat- 
urday: Museums. 

City Ordinances 

1. The picking of flowers, leaves, fruits, nuts, or the break- 
ing of branches of any plants, either wild or cultivated, the 
uprooting of plants of any kind, the defacing of trees, and 
the carrying of flowers, fruits or plants into or from the 
grounds of the Garden, are prohibited, except by written per- 
mission of the Director-in-Chief of the Garden. 

2. Leaving or depositing paper, boxes, glass or rubbish of 
any kind within the grounds of the Garden is forbidden. 

3. Dogs are not allowed within the limits of the Garden 
except in leash. 

4. It is forbidden to take fish from within the Garden, or 
to molest in any way squirrels, birds, snakes, frogs, toads, 
turtles or any other wild animals. 

5. Throwing stones or other missiles, playing ball, foot- 
ball, tennis, or other game is prohibited. 

6. It is forbidden to offer for sale food, candy, newspapers, 
books, tobacco, beverages, flowers or any other objects, 
without written permission from the Director-in-Chief and 
the Commissioner of Parks for the Borough of the Bronx. 

7. Boating or rafting on the ponds, lakes and streams is 
forbidden. 

8. Trucking, or the driving of business wagons of any 
kind, is forbidden on the roads of the Garden, except on those 
designated for such purposes. 



xr V. BoT. Garp. 
Bill-. ^• 



GENERAL PLAN OF THE YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 



Vol. VII, Pi.. 130 



ohlic conservatories, Range.. 

^■^"'Ta P^rk Avenue Entrance. 
♦•51 York Central Railroad Station. 
J- Mosholu Parkway Entrance. 
;; Museum Building- 

« Pinetuin- 
■ Southern Boulevard Entrance. 

,„Herbaceons Grounds. 

;; Morphological Garden. 

„. Economic Garden. 

1, Viticetum. 

,J.' Deciduous Woodlands. 

„ Hemlock Forest. 
,6 Bronx Park Entrance. 
,. Gorge of the Bronx River. 
'■ .fall. 



19. Boulder Foot-bridge. 

20. Long Driveway Bridge. 

21. Lake Driveway Bridge. 

22. Lakes. 

23. Fruticetum. 

24. Woodlawn Road Entrance. 

25. Saiicetuiii. 

26. Upper Driveway Bridge. 
Bronx River. 



28. River Woods. 

29. North Meadows. 

30. Newell Avenue Entrance. 

31. Deciduous Arboretum. 

32. Public Conservatories, Range 2. 

33. Bleecker Street Entrance. 

34. Stables. 

35. Propagating Houses and Nursery. 

36. Southeastern Entrance. 




(89) 

9- It Is forbidden to accept or solicit passengers for any 
cab, carriage, or other conveyance, at any point within the 
grounds of the Garden without written permission from the 
Director-in-Chief of the Garden and the Commissioner of 
Parks for the Borough of the Bronx. 

lo. Visitors are not allowed within the Garden after eleven 
o'clock at night nor before six o'clock in the morning, except 
upon driveways and paths designated for their use between 
those hours. 



APPENDIX 

NATIVE TREES OF THE HUDSON RIVER 
VALLEY* 

By Norman Taylor 

The valley of the Hudson River contains most of the 
trees native in the northeastern United States. It is probable 
that all species which grew there at the time of Henry 
Hudson's visit in 1609, grow there today, although, owing 
to the clearing of land for agricultural purposes, and to the 
cutting of forests for wood, the number of individuals of 
most kinds has been much reduced. 

In the following account, the trees known to grow 
naturally in the counties of New York and New Jersey 
which border the Hudson River have been included. A few 
of the species may not occur immediately within the topo- 
graphical area of the valley itself but all the others might 
have been seen by the explorers. 

White Pine PiNus Strobus 

The white pine, one of the most beautiful and the best 
known of our native evergreens, is a tall tree reaching a maxi- 
mum height of 200 feet in some parts of the country; but in 
the Hudson Valley it is never so tall as this. The trunk is 
continuous, but in some rare cases it forks. The bark is 
fissured on the old trunks, but smoother and greenish-red on 
the young ones. The system of branching is very character- 
istic and exceedingly graceful. The upper branches are 
somewhat erect, but the middle and lower ones stand out 

* This descriptive list of trees growing naturally near the Hudson River 
has been prepared at the request of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Com- 
mission. N. L. B. 

(90) 



Bull. N. V. Box. CiARn. 



Vol. VII. Pi,. 131 




WHITE PINE 
New Baltimore, Greene County, N. Y. 



(91) 

straight from the trunk, or even droop a little at their tips 
when old. As in all pines the leaves are very slender and 
sharp-pointed, whence the name "pine-needles." Unlike all 
the other Hudson Valley pines this species has five of these 
needles in a cluster; there is a little tubular sheath enclosing 
the bases of the leaves when young. In the white pine the 
leaves are from 3 to 5 inches long and pale green or bluish- 
green In color. 

The flowers, which appear in May or June, and the sub- 
sequent seeds, are found at the bases of scales, the pistillate 
of which collectively form the well known " pine-cone." 
During the second year the scales of the cone loosen and 
release the winged seeds. 

The white pine prefers sandy slopes and is found in all 
the counties bordering the Hudson Valley; rare and local 
on Staten Island, but abundant northward. Its timber is 
very valuable and few forests of it remain uncut. (Plate 

131-) 

Pitch Pine PiNUS rigida 

The pitch pine, a round-topped but often irregularly 
shaped evergreen, attains a height of 50 or 60 feet. The 
bark is coarse, irregularly and deeply fissured when old, and 
red-brown In color. The branches are stiff and stand out 
straight from the trunk, in age becoming twisted and Ir- 
regular. 

The bright green leaves are arranged In clusters of three, 
enclosed at the base by a sheath, and persistent for 2 or 3 
years. They are stout, sharply but closely toothed and from 
2 54 to 5 Inches long. 

The flowers come out in spring, the pistillate or " cones " 
being almost without stalks and arranged In clusters along 
the sides of the branches. They are scarcely more than 2>4 
Inches long and globose or ovoid In outline. The scales of 
the cone, which are armed with strongly recurved prickles, 
spread to release the seed during the second season. 

The wood of the pitch pine is used for a variety of pur- 



(92) 

poses where coarse lumber is needed. As a source of turpen- 
tine it has been superceded by the southern long-leaved pine. 
We find it growing freely throughout the lower part of the 
Hudson Valley, and it forms most of the " pine-barrens " of 
Long Island and New Jersey. (Plate 132.) 

Short-leaved Pine PiNus echinata 

On Staten Island and in adjacent New Jersey the short- 
leaved pine reaches its most northerly known stations. The 
trunk is tall and somewhat tapering, and usually bears numer- 
ous branches that are slender and droop at the tip. The old 
bark is roughly fissured and usually reddish in color. 

The leaves of the short-leaved pine are mostly in clusters 
of twos or threes. The bases of the leaves are enclosed by 
a tubular sheath which stays on as long as the leaf still clings 
to the branch; in this pine the leaves often persist for three or 
even five years. The "needles" are from 2 to 5 inches long 
and sharp-pointed, their margins are closely and finely 
toothed, thus feeling rough to the touch. 

The flowers come out in April or May and the pistillate 
or "pine-cone" are almost always found at the sides of the 
branches on short stalks. Occasionally they may grow on 
the ends of the branches. Two or three, sometimes four, 
grow together, and after they spread their scales, which are 
prickle-tipped, they often hang on the branches for several 
years. 

In North Carolina this evergreen is often tapped for tur- 
pentine, and it is used very generally for woodworking. It 
grows in sandy or clayey situations from Texas to Florida 
and northward to southern New York. 

Scrub Pine PiNUS VIRGINIANA 

In the lower Hudson Valley the scrub or Jersey pine as it 
is sometimes called is scarcely more than 40 feet tall, but in 
the west it is often 100 feet in height and 3 feet in diameter. 
The bark is reddish-brown and splits into large plates. The 
branches, several of which arise as successive whorls on the 
trunk, are slender and often drooping at their tips. 



Bui.L. N. Y. Box. Gard. 



Vol. VII. Pl. 132 




PITCH PINE 

New Baltimore, Greene Count v, N. V 



(93) 

The leaves of the scrub pine are twisted and this character 
serves to distinguish It from all the other pines of the Hudson 
Valley. The " needles " are from an Inch and a half to two 
and a half Inches long and arranged two in a cluster, their 
bases being enclosed in a persistent sheath. 

The cones are without a stalk and usually attached to the 
side of a branch but sometimes at the end of it. When 
closed they are conical In outline, but become ovoid when the 
scales loosen to release the seers. The scales are prickle- 
tipped. 

Commercially the tree Is of little importance, the wood 
being soft and weak. It has little decorative value, except In 
picturesque masses, as It Is more or less scraggy. It Is much 
valued as a reforester, for it quickly covers burned or worn 
out areas. It reaches Its northernmost limit on Staten Island 
and adjacent New Jersey. 

Red Pine PiNus resinosa 

In favorable situations the red pine often attains a height 
of 1 20 feet, and a trunk diameter of 3 to 4 feet. The tall 
straight trunk is clothed with scaly reddish bark that is only 
shallowly fissured. 

The sharp-pointed "needles" are arranged In clusters of 
two, and their margins are minutely toothed. They are 
from 5 to 7 inches long, slender and flexible. The infertile 
flowers bloom in May, followed later by the fertile flowers 
and " cones." The latter are oblong In shape, from 2^ to 
3^ Inches long, and composed of numerous scales that are 
turned backward at their tips, but are without prickles. 
These blunt-tipped scales of the cone distinguish this tree 
from all the other pines of the valley, except the white pine, 
from which the red pine differs in having only two leaves to 
a sheath instead of five. 

The red pine is occasional in the upper Hudson Valley, 
and a record exists of its having once grown at Inwood on 
Manhattan Island. It Is distributed from Nova Scotia to 
Minnesota and southward to the mountains of Pennsylvania. 



(94) 

American Larch Larix laricina 

The tamarack or larch Is the only Hudson Valley conifer 
which loses all its leaves during a single season. It Is a 
round-topped tree when young, bat In age the branches often 
become contorted and consequently the whole tree is scraggy 
in appearance. The leaves are narrow, triangular in section, 
and bright green In color, becoming yellow before they fall 
In the autumn. They are usually not more than i ^^ Inches 
long and arranged In Isolated little clusters. The flowers 
come out In spring and the pistillate or cones are scarcely 
more than three quarters of an inch long. They mature 
during the first season. 

The larch usually grows In cold bogs where It may form 
dense forests. It reaches Its southerly limit In Pennsylvania 
and West Virginia. The wood Is much used for railway ties, 
ship construction and for telegraph poles. 

Swamp Spruce Picea mariana 

Within the Hudson Valley region the spruce, with the 
larch, seems to be confined to low bogs. Far north the tree 
grows on slopes and attains a height of lOO feet, it Is never so 
tall as this in our area. The bark is thin, closely fissured 
and brownish in color. As in all the spruces the leaves are 
four-sided; In this sort they are not more than a half Inch 
long, sharp-pointed, and bluish-green in color. They are 
usually scattered on the hairy twigs. The pistillate flowers 
or cones are fastened to a strongly incurved stalk. They are 
oval in outline and composed of numerous small scales which 
are notched at the top. The tree may often be seen with 
cones several years old still clinging to the branches. 

The wood of the swamp spruce is soft and Is occasionally 
used as lumber, but it Is now an Important source of paper 
pulp. It grows practically throughout the northeastern part 
of the continent, coming down as far south as Pennsylvania 
and West Virginia. 

The red spruce {Picea ruhens) also growing In the Hud- 
son Valley may be distinguished from the swamp spruce 



(95) 

by its lustrous green leaves, by its early falling cones, and 
by the scales of the cones, which are scarcely ever notched. 
The red spruce is also used in making paper pulp and its 
sap furnishes the commercial spruce gum. It grows in a 
narrow belt from New Brunswick to Tennessee. Both these 
spruce trees are essentially northern plants, and in the 
Hudson Valley are more common near the mountains than 
southward. 

Hemlock Spruce TsuGA canadensis 

The hemlock, one of our slow-growing evergreens, reaches 
its greatest development in the northern part of the continent. 
It frequently forms exclusive forests under favorable condi- 
tions, but southward the trees become scattered and inter- 
mingled with other kinds. One of the most southerly groves 
is that within the grounds of the Botanical Garden where the 
tree has practically exclusive control of a tract of some 35 
acres. It is common along the Palisades. 

The tree is sometimes as high as 120 feet, with a stout 
trunk covered with a coarse roughly ridged bark. The 
branches stand out straight from the trunk when old or 
droop slightly at their tips. The arrangement of the twigs 
and leaves in a practically flat plane with the branch gives the 
tree a very characteristic and beautiful facies. Unlike the 
spruce the leaves of this hemlock are flat; they are bluish 
green on the under side and dark olive green on the upper. 
They are seldom more than % inch long and rounded at the 
tip. 

The cones mature the first season and shed their seeds dur- 
ing the winter; they are smaller than the cones of the pines, 
scarcely ever being more than ^ inch long. They are 
usually found attached by a short stalk to the tips of the 
young branches. 

The rough coarse lumber of the hemlock is used only for 
general construction purposes, and the tree is of economic 
importance almost solely on account of its bark which is an 
important agent in tanning leather. 



(96) 

Balsam Fir Abies balsamea 

The balsam fir occurs but sparingly in the lower Hudson 
Valley, it being chiefly a northern tree and abundant in the 
Adirondacks. It forms, when isolated, a broad, symmetrical 
tree of cone-like shape scarcely exceeding 75 ft. in height. 
The trunk is covered with a smooth gray bark which has 
numerous resinous blisters spread throughout it. The resin 
exuded is the well-known Canada balsam of commerce. The 
branches are arranged in successive and sometimes widely 
separated whorls; in age they droop slightly at their ends. 
There are usually two kinds of leaves on the balsam fir, those 
on the cone-bearing branches and those found only on 
branches not cone-bearing. On the former they are about 
Yz inch long and sharp-pointed, but on the sterile branches 
they are twice as long and usually rounded at the tip. 

The cones, which stand erect on the branches, instead of 
drooping as they do in most of our evergreens, are from 2 to 
4 inches long and composed of numerous roundish scales. 
The tree may often be found with only the naked stalk of the 
cone clinging to the branch; as the scales fall off, from the 
top downwards, thus releasing the seeds, while the stalk is 
still fast to the branch. 

This evergreen, which in the Hudson Valley region prefers 
moist situations, has been lately used in making paper, but for 
general purposes its wood is too soft and coarse-grained 

Red Cedar Juniperus virginiana 

Because of its use in making moth-proof chests, and in the 
manufacture of lead-pencils, the red cedar or juniper, is one 
of the trees that comes more closely in touch with every- 
day affairs than almost any other Hudson Valley evergreen. 
It is common throughout the area in soil that will maintain 
scarcely any other trees, loves rocky and exposed places and 
will stand any amount of abuse from the elements. 

The tree is tall, straight, and spire-like, with the lower 
branches somewhat spreading and the upper always erect. 
The trunk, which is covered with shedding, fibrous bark, is 



Bull. N. V. Box. Gard. 



Vol. Vir. Pl. 13^ 




1) 



RED CEDAR 
New Baltimore, Greene Countv, N. Y 



(97) 

fluted and often buttressed at the base. It has two kinds of 
leaves; those on the vigorous young shoots are awl-shaped, 
about y^ in. long, and spreading from the twig. On the old 
branches the leaves are reduced to tiny scales which are 
pressed flat against the branches. 

The flowers come out in early spring; those which sub- 
sequently form the fruits are never found on the same tree 
as the none-fruiting flowers. The fruits, which are cones, 
become pressed into a bluish berry-like structure, are 34 Jiich 
in diameter, and almost smooth. (Plate 133.) 

A single tree of the juniper {Juniperus communis) form- 
erly grew near the south shore of Staten Island, where it 
may have been planted; on hillsides from Poughkeepsie 
northward we find the low juniper {Juniperus nana) as a 
round shrub scarcely over three feet high. 

Arbor-Vitae Thuja occidentalis 

The arbor-vitae, or tree of life, is popularly much con- 
fused with the white cedar. It may be readily distinguished 
by its cones which are oblong and composed of several loose 
scales, instead of being spherical and with more or less com- 
pressed scales. In other respects the resemblances are strik- 
ing and the differences not very apparent. 

In favorable situations it may reach a height of 60 ft. 
The trunk is continuous or sometimes divided, fluted and 
often conspicuously buttressed at the base. The horizontal 
branches frequently curve upwards at the tip. The small 
scale-like leaves are pressed closely to the frond-like, usually 
fan-shaped branchlets. 

The flowers are usually reddish-brown, come out early in 
May and mature during the season. The cones are cin- 
namon-brown, ripen and shed their seeds in the autumn, but 
cling to the branches during the following winter. 

Shingles, fence-posts and many other articles are made 
from the wood of the arbor-vitae, and the highly aromatic 
twigs and leaves are much prized. It grows in moist situa- 
tions from New Brunswick to West Virginia and westward 



(98) 

to Minnesota. It is common in the Highlands of the 
Hudson. Owing to its popularity for decorative planting it 
has become the progenitor of at least fifty different horti- 
cultural varieties. 

White Cedar Chamaecyparis thyoides 

The white cedar, a tree from 70 to 80 ft. in height, is the 
swamp evergreen par excellence. It occurs from Maine to 
Florida and often forms exclusive forests; it grows in many 
parts of New Jersey. The horizontal branches which be- 
come more erect near the top give to the tree a spire-like 
conical shape. The branchlets are usually arranged in flat 
fan-like clusters and thus give a very characteristic appear- 
ance to the whole tree. 

As in the red cedar there are two kinds of leaves; those on 
the young shoots are sharp-pointed, ridged on the back, and 
spreading from the stem. But the greater number of the 
leaves are pressed flat against the stem, are scarcely more than 
^ inch long, and more scale-like than leaf-like. They turn 
russet brown during the winter and may drop off the second 
year but many of them cling to the branches for several 
years. 

Unlike the red cedar, this tree has cones that are truly 
cone-like and not so compressed as to resemble berries. The 
cones are scarcely more than ^ inch in diameter, almost 
spherical, gray-green at first but subsequently bluish-purple or 
reddish-brown. 

The wood of the white cedar is not nearly so fragrant as 
that of the red cedar, but it is used in ship-building and for 
a variety of construction purposes. 

Swamp Poplar Populus heterophylla 

The swamp poplar is common only in the southern part 
of the Hudson Valley. A few trees are known to grow in 
the Highlands but above this point it is rare. It grows plen- 
tifully along the Atlantic seaboard as far south as Georgia, 
and prefers moist or inundated situations. 



(99) 

In the north the tree is scarcely more than 50 ft. in 
height; in the south it is often twice this size. The trunk, 
which is covered with gray-brown bark, is mostly continuous, 
and bears towards the top the slender spreading branches. 
The leaf-blades, which are hoary when very young, sub- 
sequently become bright green and smooth. The leaf stalk 
is round, and consequently the leaves do not quiver in the 
breeze as they do in nearly all the other Hudson Valley 
poplars. 

The flowers are of two kinds, those which subsequently 
produce fruit and those which do not. Almost always the 
two kinds are found on different trees, and they come out in 
April and May, usually before the leaves. The flower 
cluster, or catkin, is about 2 or 3 inches long. The fruits 
mature in May or June, and are filled with the seeds which 
are closely invested with silky, white or orange hairs. 

The wood is of little economic importance, although under 
the name of black poplar it has been used in interior decorat- 
ing and finishing. 

Balsam Poplar Populus balsamifera 

The balsam poplar, more or less of a swamp tree, occurs in 
the extreme northerly part of the Hudson Valley. It is 
known to be plentiful northward into Newfoundland and 
Hudson Bay, but becomes scarcer southward. It is a tall 
tree reaching a height of 100 feet and a trunk diameter of 
4 feet, under favorable conditions. The bark and young 
twigs are reddish-gray; and the buds are conspicuously 
resinous. 

Balm of Gilead Populus candicans 

The Balm of Gilead poplar, which may be distinguished 
by its bright green and smooth young leaves, with hairy 
stalks, is not known as a wild tree in the Hudson Valley. 
There are numerous specimens of this tree in the area but 
they are presumably derivatives of cultivated trees. The 
home of the Balm of Gilead is doubtful, but it has been 
stated to be Michigan and the country to the northwest. 



( loo) 

Carolina Poplar Populus deltoides 

The Carolina poplar and the aspens may be readily dis- 
tinguished from all the other native Hudson Valley poplars 
by their flattened leaf-stalks. To this flattening and con- 
sequent weakening may be traced the characteristic quivering 
of the leaves in the breeze. 

The necklace poplar, as it is also called, is a tree rarely 
higher than 120 feet. The trunk is covered with smooth 
gray-green bark when young but in age the bark becomes 
rough and fissured. The branches are more or less spread- 
ing and stout. From the aspens of the Hudson Valley the 
Carolina poplar can be distinguished by its broadly triangular 
or delta-shaped leaf-blades, which are long-pointed at their 
tips. The flowers are so clustered as to form the familiar 
catkin, a peculiarity of all poplars. They bloom in April 
or May. Those catkins which subsequently bear the fruits 
elongate greatly after the blooming period. 

The Carolina poplar grows best near water and it is found 
from Quebec to Florida and westward. It is common in the 
Hudson Valley. 

The well-known Lombardy poplar {Populus italica) 
characterized by its rigidly erect branches, grows in the 
Hudson Valley only as an escape from cultivation. It is an 
Asiatic tree. 

American Aspen Populus tremuloides 

The American aspen or quaking aspen is a tree occasion- 
ally reaching a height of 100 feet and a trunk diameter of 
3 feet but in the Hudson Valley it is much smaller. The 
bark is pale yellow, becoming whitish. The spreading 
branches are remote, often contorted, and give the tree a 
round-topped outline. 

The leaf-blades are dark green; oval in outline, with a 
rounded or wedge-shaped base and sharp-pointed tip. The 
teeth on the margin are small and have a tendency to be 
incurved. The leaf-stalk is flat and about as long as the 
leaf-blade. The gray-green flowers bloom in April and 



(lOl) 

May, followed by the fruits about a month later, when the 
stalk of the catkin becomes greatly elongated. 

The American aspen Is a rapid grower, and consequently 
the wood Is soft and of little commercial Importance, except 
as a source of paper pulp. Tannin Is extracted from the 
bark. It grows best on moist gravelly soil or hillsides In the 
area, but It Is found quite generally throughout the northern 
part of the continent. It Is common along the upper 
Hudson, and extends southward to Staten Island. 

Large-toothed Aspen Populus grandidentata 

The tree may be distinguished from the common aspen by 
its leaves which are broader than In the latter. The teeth 
on the margin of the leaf-blade are at least twice as large 
as those on the aspen, and they are not Incurved. The buds 
of the aspen are usually quite smooth but in the large-toothed 
aspen they are uniformly clothed with dense hairs. 

This tree prefers moist soil near swamps or streams, and it 
is confined to the eastern part of Canada and the United 
States. It Is known to grow throughout the Hudson 
Valley. 

Black Willow Salix nigra 

Most of the willows of the Hudson Valley are mere 
shrubs, but the black willow is a tree 30 to 40 feet high. 
There are a few more that very rarely become trees, 
although their characteristic habit Is shrub-like. The bark 
of the black willow Is dark brown or nearly black, but some- 
times it is lighter brown tinged with orange. The branches 
are stout and spreading, giving the tree an open irregular 
head. 

The leaves, which are alternately arranged on the reddish 
twigs, have lance-shaped blades from 3 to 6 inches long and 
are finely toothed on the margin. In age the leaf-blades 
may become scythe-shaped. 

The flowers are clustered to form the well-known catkin. 
In the black willow they are found on short twigs, and bloom 
with the appearance of the leaves in early spring. 



( I02) 

The wood of the black willow is of little use except for 
fuel. The tree is found usually at the edges of streams, and 
grows plentifully from New Brunswick to Georgia and west- 
ward. 

The weeping willow {Salix babylonica) is common in the 
Hudson Valley. It is an Asiatic tree, however, and rarely 
establishes itself as a wild element in our flora. 

The white willow {Salix alba) which is botanically re- 
lated to the weeping willow, is a European tree that is as 
much at home in this country as our native willows. It may 
be distinguished from the black willow by its leaves, which 
are whitish beneath. 

Butternut Juglans cinerea 

The butternut is a tree occasionally reaching a height of 
80 feet in favorable situations. The trunk is scarcely ever 
continuous but divides about the middle and spreads out into 
several widely-spreading branches. The bark is usually 
brownish in color, coarse, and roughly fissured. 

The leaves are compound, that is, they are composed of 
from II to 17 leaflets all attached to a common, hairy leaf- 
stalk. Each leaflet is more or less broadly lance-shaped and 
has an inequilateral base, which is attached directly to the 
common leaf-stalk, as the leaflets are themselves stalkless. 

In the butternut the flowers bloom when the leaves are 
partly grown. They are in spike-like or catkin-like clusters. 
Those which are found in spike-like clusters subsequently 
develop into the fruits or " butternuts." The nut is oval- 
pointed, 4-ribbed and irregularly sculptured, and the sticky 
husk enclosing the nut is greenish and contains a violent yel- 
low-green dye or stain. 

The tree grows best in rich soil, either along streams or 
on low hillsides, and is found from Maine to Alabama and 
westward. It is common along the top of the Palisades and 
northward throughout the Hudson Valley, uncommon on 
Staten Island. It is of considerable economic importance 
for the wood is used in cabinet-making, the inner bark has 



Bull N. Y. Box. Gard 



Vol. VII. Pi.. 134 




BUTl'ERNl'T 
New Baltimore, Greene Countv, N. V. 



( I03) 

medicinal properties and the outer bark yields a good sugar. 
(Plate 134.) 

Black Walnut Juglans nigra 

Closely related, botanically, to the butternut is the black 
walnut. It is taller than the former, frequently reaching a 
height of 130 feet. The bark is coarse and prominently 
ridged ; and it is a darker brown than in the butternut. The 
leaflets on the black walnut are more numerous, frequently 
exceeding 20 to a single common leaf-stalk. They are un- 
equal at the base, practically stalkless, and their margins are 
sharply small-toothed. 

As in the butternut the flowers are arranged in catkins or 
in spike-like clusters. Those which subsequently develop the 
fruits are yellowish-green tinged with red. Unlike the but- 
ternut the fruit of the black walnut is never 4-angled or 
ribbed. It is almost perfectly round, the shell slightly 
sculptured, and covered with a thick husk. 

The wood of the black walnut has become famous for its 
beautiful markings, the so-called figured trees being of almost 
fabulous value for the manufacture of furniture. Extensive 
forests of it once flourished throughout the eastern part of 
the United States, but it is now comparatively scarce. It 
grows in the vicinity of West Point and in the Highlands 
generally, southward to Staten Island, but it is less common 
than formerly. 

Mocker-Nut Hickory Hicoria alba 

In the autumn the mocker-nut will be found retaining its 
foliage longer than most other hickories. It is a tall tree, 
often reaching a height of 90 feet, and a trunk diameter of 
3 feet. The trunk is usually continuous in the forest, but 
branched and forked when the tree grows in the open. The 
irregularly fissured close bark is characteristic and serves to 
distinguish it from the shag-bark hickories, where the bark is 
regularly fissured and splits off in large plates. 

In the mocker-nut, as in all hickories, the leaves are com- 



( 104) 

pound, being composed of from 5 to 9 hairy leaflets, all at- 
tached to a common hairy leaf-stalk. The leaflets are ob- 
long or lance-shaped, sharp-pointed at the tip, and wedge- 
shaped at the base. They are practically equilateral. In 
May or June the catkin-like flowers appear, followed in the 
fall by the well-known edible mocker-nut. The splitting of 
the husk of the mocker-nut serves to distinguish it from the 
pignut, in which the husk of the nut does not split. 

The tree grows naturally from 'Maine to Florida, Ne- 
braska and Texas, and it was at one time common on Man- 
hattan Island. The hard, strong wood is indiscriminately 
classed with the other hickories by lumbermen. 

Bitter-Nut Hicoria cordiformis 

Because of its inequilateral and curved leaflets, the bitter- 
nut may be easily distinguished from the preceding, with 
which, in other respects, it might be confused. It is a tall, 
quickly growing hickory, quite commonly distributed from 
Massachusetts to Georgia and westward; and is found in fair 
abundance along the Hudson Valley. The wood is largely 
used for fuel, and also for making implement handles and 
hooks. Its thin-shelled nut is very astringent. 

Shagbark Hickory Hicoria ovata 

In the Hudson Valley the shagbark, or shellbark as it is 
sometimes called, is one of the two hickories in which 
the bark splits off in long plates. The whole trunk is covered 
with the pieces of bark clinging at their upper edges and 
free from the trunk at the lower, thus giving the trunk its 
strikingly shaggy appearance. 

It rarely reaches a height of 100 feet, and usually does not 
have a trunk diameter of more than 2 to 3 feet. 

There are usually only 5 leaflets in this kind of hickory, 
but sometimes 7 leaflets may be found. The leaflets are 
almost equilateral, and wedge-shaped at the base. The 
catkin-like flower clusters come out in May followed by the 
fruits in the fall. The nut, which is the common hickory 



Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 



Vol. \'IT Pl 135 




SHAGBARK HICKORY 
New Baltimore, Greene Countv, N. Y 



(105) 

nut of commerce, is slightly flattened at the top, 4-sided and 
closely invested with a husk which splits all the way down to 
the base. 

The range of this valuable tree is from Maine to Georgia ; 
in the Hudson Valley it is common. The hard tough wood 
is much prized in making tool handles. (Plate 135.) 

Small-fruited Hickory Hicoria microcarpa 

There are two Hudson Valley hickories that have shaggy 
bark. The small-fruited hickory may at once be distin- 
guished by the husk of its smaller nut which does not split all 
the way to the base, as it does in the common shagbark 
hickory. The splitting plates of the bark are smaller, and 
consequently the trunk is not so distinctly shaggy. 

The small-fruited hickory, which is a large tree, often 
reaching a height of 80 feet, grows commonly in the same 
situations as, and often with, the shag-bark hickory; it is 
known to occur only from New York to North Carolina 
and westward to Missouri. It is comparatively common on 
Staten Island but scarcer northward. (Plate 136.) 

Pignut Hickory Hicoria glabra 

The pignut prefers drier ground than most of the other 
hickories. It is often as much as 100 feet in height and with 
a trunk diameter of 3 to 4 feet. The bark is close, some- 
times shallowly fissured, and is usually of a grayish color. 

The compound leaf is composed of 3 to 7 leaflets; very 
rarely 9 leaflets will be found. Being practically without 
individual stalks, the leaflets are attached by their bases to 
the common leaf-stalk of the leaf. The leaflets are smooth 
above, and smooth below except at the forking of the prin- 
cipal veins where a tuft of hairs may often be found. The 
tree flowers in May, and the fruits develop about October. 
The nut, which is the common, and usually bitter, pignut of 
the markets, is almost spherical, sometimes slightly com- 
pressed and is closely invested by a husk which splits very 
tardily, if at all. 



(io6) 

From New York to Florida and westward Is the natural 
home of the pignut and It Is common along the Hudson 
Valley. 

American Hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana 

Of all the native trees of the Hudson Valley the wood of 
the hornbeam Is undoubtedly the hardest and least easily 
worked. The tree Is never more than 30 to 40 feet In height 
and the trunk Is covered by a close-fitting, smooth, bluish- 
gray bark. The tough, spreading branches, together with 
the trunk, are often fluted and have a characteristic sinewy 
appearance. 

The oval or oblong, sharp-pointed leaf-blades are dull 
green In color, from 2 to 5 Inches long, and coarsely toothed. 
On the upper side the veins are deeply Impressed, thus mak- 
ing the leaf-blade distinctly roughened. The leaf-stalk Is 
hairy and slender, and scarcely more than Yz Inch long. 

There are two kinds of flowers on the hornbeam, those 
which subsequently develop Into the fruits and those which 
do not. Both kinds are arranged In catkins, and bloom be- 
fore the leaves expand, usually In April. The fruit Is a 
small nut, scarcely more than y^ Inch In diameter, which is 
enveloped In a flat 3-lobed miniature leaf. Sometimes one 
or both of the lobes of this small leafy envelope may be 
wanting. 

In moist bottom lands and often associated with the red 
maple, the hornbeam Is In Its natural element, although it Is 
sometimes found In drier situations. The tree grows freely 
from Maine to Florida and westward, and Is very common 
in the Hudson Valley. 

Hop Hornbeam Ostrya virginiana 

Although the wood of the hop hornbeam is almost as hard 
as the American hornbeam It Is more easily worked, and Is 
used for making mallets, handles of tools and other Imple- 
ments. Unlike the American hornbeam the bark of this tree 
is rough, and distinctly, but closely, fissured or roughened. 



Bull. N. Y. Box. Gard. 



Vol. VII. Pl. 136 




SMALL FRUITED HICKORY 
New Baltimore, Greene Count\', N. Y. 



I 



( 107) 

The tree rarely attains a height of 60 feet. The oblong- 
pointed leaf-blades are coarsely toothed on the margin, and 
furnished with conspicuous tufts of hair on the under side 
at the juncture of the principal veins. A small tuft of hair 
tips the marginal teeth, when the leaves are very young. 

Before the tree becomes covered with foliage, the catkin- 
like clusters of flowers bloom. The fruits follow, usually 
maturing during the summer. The fruit consists of a small 
nutlet completely enclosed by a bladder-like structure, and 
in this it differs from the American hornbeam in which the 
nutlet is surrounded by a small leaf-like wing. 

This tree prefers dry gravelly slopes and ridges and is 
found growing wild from Cape Breton to Florida and west- 
ward. It is common in the upper Hudson region particu- 
larly near the country bordering the Catskills, becoming 
scarcer southward. 

Gray Birch Betula populifolia 

The brilliant white bark of the gray birch and paper 
birch serves at once to distinguish them from all the other 
Hudson Valley birches. In the gray birch, or white birch as 
it is often called, there are usually 2 to 5 trunks in a cluster. 
The tree rarely exceeds 40 feet in height. 

The poplar-like leaves of the gray birch serve to dis- 
tinguish it from the other white-barked birch. In the former 
the leaf-blades are delta-shaped and the tip of the blade runs 
out into a fine point. They are usually 2 to 3^ inches long, 
somewhat heart-shaped at the base, and the margins are 
coarsely toothed ; these large teeth are themselves more finely 
toothed. 

About the time the leaves unfold the catkin-clustered 
flowers bloom, followed subsequently, in the fertile flowers, 
by the fruits. These are a collection of scales, each scale 
enclosing a small winged seed. 

Many common articles are made from the gray birch and 
it is extensively used in making charcoal. The tree occurs 
freely from Quebec to Pennsylvania and Ontario. It is 
common along the Hudson. 



(io8) 

Paper Birch Betula papyrifera 

The familiar birch-bark canoe of the Indian was made 
from the impervious bark of this paper- or canoe-birch, as 
it is often called. As in the gray birch the bark is white, 
but often the lower part of the trunk of the paper birch 
becomes darker colored, particularly when the tree is old. 
In the Hudson Valley the tree is seldom over 80 feet in 
height. 

The oval-shaped leaf-blades with the margin irregularly 
but not coarsely toothed, serve to distinguish this tree from 
the preceding. From 2-4 inches is the usual length of the 
leaf-blade, and the top sometimes runs out into a fine point. 
In April and May the flowers open, either with or before 
the leaves. The sterile, non-fruiting catkins are usually 
clustered in twos or threes, but the fruit producing catkins are 
mostly solitary. The fruits are somewhat similar to those 
of the gray birch. 

From Labrador to Alaska, southward to New Jersey and 
northern Montana is the natural range of the paper birch. 
It occurs sparingly southward and is known to grow along 
the Hudson Valley near the Catskills. (Plate 137.) 

River Birch Betula nigra 

From all the other birches of the Hudson Valley that 
have dark colored bark the river birch may be distinguished 
by its lack of an aromatic sap. The other dusky-barked 
birches all have the characteristic odor of birch-beer and 
other derivatives of their wintergreen-flavored sap. Under 
favorable conditions the river birch attains a height of 80 or 
90 feet, and if growing in the open it develops into a freely 
branching, oblong-outlined tree. The reddish-brown bark is 
thick and irregularly segregated into small scales. The leaf- 
blades are sharp-pointed at the tip, oval in outline, and either 
wedge-shaped or blunt at the base. They are dark green 
and shining above and woolly on the veins beneath. In April 
and May the catkin-like flowers bloom, followed in June by 
the fruits. 



Bur.i . N. Y. Box. Gakd. 



Vol. \'II. Pl. 13; 




PAPER BIRCH 
New Baltimore, Greene County, N. Y 



( 109) 

Various kinds of woodenware are manufactured from the 
wood of the river birch, and it is used for fuel. As its name 
indicates it prefers moist places along river banks, and it 
grows wild from Massachusetts to Georgia and westward. 
In the Hudson Valley it is known to grow near the Catskills, 
and southward to Staten Island. 

Cherry Birch Betula lenta 

Birch-beer, betul-oil and a flavoring extract, all of which 
are derived from the aromatic sap of the cherry birch, make 
it the best known of all the native birches. Under favorable 
conditions the tree often attains a height of 70 feet, and it is 
more or less symmetrically ovoid in outline. The nearly 
black bark of the tree has suggested the name of black birch, 
and it is known by this name in many places. The name 
sweet birch is derived from its aromatic sap. The oval- 
oblong leaf-blades are from 2^ to 5 inches long, sharp- 
pointed at the tip, and more or less heart-shaped at the base. 
The margins are sharply but not coarsely toothed. 

Sometime before the leaves appear the tree is covered with 
its drooping and erect catkins of flowers. The pendulous 
non-fruiting kind are golden-brown, when mature, and the 
blending of these golden flowers with the reddish twigs pro- 
duces beautiful color harmonies in the early spring. The 
erect, fertile catkins produce the fruit about two months after 
the flowers reach maturity. As in all the birches the seeds 
are prominently winged. 

The cherry birch is confined to the region from New 
Brunswick to Georgia and Iowa. It is exceedingly common 
throughout the Hudson Valley. 

Yellow Birch Betula lutea 

Although it has many characteristics in common with the 
cherry birch, the yellow birch can generally be identified by 
its yellowish or reddish-yellow bark. It is a tree sometimes 
as high as 90 feet and in the open it develops a broad 
rounded top. The bark of the branches and branchlets and 



(no) 

sometimes of the trunk peels very readily and the curled up 
edges of these peelings give a very characteristic appearance 
to the whole tree. 

Unlike the cherry birch, the oval-shaped leaves of this 
kind, are coarsely toothed and the larger teeth are themselves 
more finely toothed. It can be distinguished from the river 
birch by its stalkless catkins of flowers. In the latter sort 
the catkins are always stalked. The sterile catkins are 
usually found in clusters of from 2 to 4. The fertile, or 
fruit-producing catkins are always solitary and usually fast- 
ened to the twig at Its juncture with a leaf-stalk. 

Agricultural implements, woodenware and furniture are 
all made from the wood of this tree. It grows wild from 
Newfoundland to North Carolina and westward, and is 
found along the upper Hudson. 

Southern Yellow Birch Betula alleghanensis 

This is related to both the cherry and the yellow birch. It 
is smaller than the latter and about the same size as the 
former. The bark on the trunk is sometimes peeled and 
sometimes merely fissured. It is usually of a reddish-yellow 
color. 

The fertile catkins of this birch are scarcely more than 3^ 
inch long and more or less oval or globose-oval in outline. 
In the common yellow birch they are elliptic in outline and 
longer than those of this tree. 

Lumbermen use the wood of this birch indiscriminately 
with that of the yellow birch and for like purposes. It 
grows in woodlands from Massachusetts to southern New 
York and westward. Trees of this birch are known to grow 
in the Highlands of the Hudson, and, when better known, 
it will doubtless be found elsewhere. 

New York Alder Alnus noveboracensis 

Nearly all the alders are typically shrubs, but specimens 
of this species are sometimes distinctly tree-like. So far as 
known the tree grows only on Long Island and Staten 
Island. 



(Ill) 

The tree is some 25 feet high, having a trunk covered 
with a smooth brownish bark, and young brownish hairy 
twigs. The thin leaves are more or less oval in outline 
from 3 5^ to 5 inches long, and acute at both ends, or some- 
times they may be bluntish at the tip. The flowering cat- 
kins are of two kinds, sterile and fertile. The latter produce 
the fruits which cling to the branches throughout the follow- 
ing winter. The nut is winged. 

Our native alders are of little economic importance. 

American Beech Fagus grandifolia 

Its smooth, bluish-gray bark, silky-golden buds and its 
lustrous green leaves, which turn bright yellow in autumn, 
all make the beech one of the most distinctive and beautiful 
trees of the American continent. 

It sometimes surpasses 100 feet in height and the trunk 
often exhibits a tendency to be fluted. The leaf-blades are 
oblong or oval-oblong, rough and with numerous veins, some 
of which terminate in the coarse marginal teeth. The 
flowers appear after the leaves unfold. Those which do not 
produce fruit are arranged in catkins and the fertile flowers 
are found usually two together on a short stalk. They have 
practically no petals. The fruit is a small nut completely 
surrounded by a prickly shell-like husk which splits and thus 
releases the seed. 

The wood of the beech is much used for a variety of 
purposes and particularly in the manufacture of creosote. 
The kernel of the nut is sold in the Canadian market. The 
tree is confined to the eastern half of the continent and is 
common in the Hudson Valley. 

The copper beech, a dark-leaved form of the European 
beech {Fagus syhatica), is much planted for ornament, 
but it is not known to have established itself as a wild ele- 
ment in out native flora. 



(112) 

American Chestnut Castanea dentata 

Most of the chestnut trees in the Hudson Valley are 
affected by a fungus disease that has failed to yield to the 
ordinary methods of fighting tree-diseases. If the disease 
keeps up its present activity, a few years hence will see the 
practical extinction of one of the largest and most useful trees 
of North America. In the open it often forms a round- 
topped tree more than 90 feet across. The trunk is closely 
invested with a coarse, deeply fissured bark, and Is often as 
much as 10 feet In diameter. The lance-shaped or elliptic 
leaf-blades are sometimes as long as 8 inches and are 
furnished with coarse, sharp-pointed marginal teeth. 
Usually about the Fourth of July the tree is covered with its 
golden-brown catkins of flowers, making the tree a con- 
spicuous feature of the landscape. The upper part of most 
of these catkins is sterile but the lower part of them sub- 
sequently develop into the well-known chestnut. 

The chestnut Is known to grow only east of the Mississippi 
and from central New York to Georgia. It is, or was, com- 
mon throughout the Hudson Valley. The wood Is of great 
economic Importance and the bark is extensively used in the 
tanning of leather. (Plate 138.) 

Red Oak Quercus rubra 

Although the wood of the red oak is inferior to that of 
the white. It is largely used for Interior decorating. The 
tree sometimes reaches a height of 130 feet with a trunk 
diameter of 5 feet. The stout spreading branches give the 
tree a broad round-topped outline. At first the young twigs 
are greenish becoming successively reddish and brown. The 
thin leaf-blades are green both sides, lobed about halfway, 
to the middle of the blade, and the divisions are always 
tipped with a strong bristle. As in all oaks the flowers are of 
two kinds, sterile and fertile. In the red oak the sterile are 
arranged In catkln-like clusters, and the fertile are usually 
solitary or in twos. The latter subsequently develop into 
the well-known acorn. In this oak the acorn Is oval but with 



Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 



Vol. VII. Pl. 13S 




AMERICAN CHEbTNUT 

Vassar College Campus, Poughkeepsie, N. Y 



^ 



("3) 

a flat base, and usually 34 to i J4 inches long. The base is 
surrounded by a flat saucer-shaped cup, which is hairy on the 
inside. 

The red oak is found growing wild from New Brunswick 
to Georgia and westward. It is common throughout the 
Hudson Valley. 

Swamp Oak Quercus palustris 

The coarse, rough wood of this oak make it undesirable 
for the fine work for which the wood of the red oak is used, 
and consequently it is used mostly for making shingles and 
clap-boards, and in rough construction work. On the whole 
it is a smaller tree, and has a more restricted distribution, 
although it is exceedingly common throughout the Hudson 
Valley. 

The reddish, close bark is often scaly and split into small 
plates which are flattened against the trunk. The greenish 
young twigs turn reddish-brown when old. The blade of 
the leaf is oblong in general outline, but the bristle-tipped 
lobes divide it almost to the center. At its base the leaf- 
blade is narrowly or sometimes broadly wedge-shaped. The 
drooping lower branches, especially in older trees, are exceed- 
ingly characteristic. 

The widely cultivated swamp oak has acorns decidedly dif- 
ferent from those of the red oak. They are short-stalked, 
solitary or in small clusters, and nearly hemispherical; 
scarcely ever more than Yi inch in diameter. The cup en- 
closes only about one quarter of the acorn, and it Is hairy on 
the inside. (Plate 139.) 

Black Oak Quercus velutina 

A conspicuous charactertistic of the black oak serves as a 
ready means of distinguishing it from all the other bristle- 
tipped sorts. The inner bark, easily disclosed by cutting in 
about an Inch, is of a bright orange color. It is the titular 
head of all the bristle-tipped kinds, as they are often col- 
lectively known as the black oaks, and In this species the 



(115) 

always bristle-tipped. From the blunt base to the acute, 
bristle-tipped apex the blade is usually from 5 to 8 inches 
long. On the under side of the blade they are paler than on 
the upper, and often furnished with tufts of rusty-colored 
hairs at the juncture of the more prominent veins. The 
flowers appear when the leaves are half unfolded, followed 
in the autumn of the second season by the acorns. These 
are practically stalkless, solitary or two in a cluster. The 
acorn is ovoid, from ^ to ^ of an inch in length, and en- 
closed for ys or yi oi its lower part by the cup. 

The scarlet oak grows best in dry sandy situations from 
northern New York to Georgia and westward to Iowa. In 
the Hudson Valley it is a fairly common tree. Its wood, 
which resembles that of the red oak, is used for much the 
same purposes, but is not so valuable. 

Black-jack Oak Quercus marilandica 

From all the bristle-tipped oaks that have lobed leaves the 
black-jack oak can be easily distinguished by its peculiar leaf- 
blades. They are much broader above the middle than 
below it. In the Hudson Valley it is found only on Staten 
Island and adjacent Long Island and New Jersey. Further 
south it reaches a height of 40 feet. 

The leaf-blades which are narrowed at the base, and con- 
spicuously widened upward, are from 3 to 6 inches long. 
There are mostly three blunt, but bristle-tipped lobes, at the 
apex of the blade, which on the under side is usually covered 
with short brownish hairs. In April or May the flowers 
appear followed in the autumn of the second year by the 
acorns. These are hemispherical and from ^ to ^ inch 
long, and enclosed for their lower half by the thin cup. 

The wood of the black-jack oak is little used except for 
fuel and in the manufacture of charcoal. The tree has much 
value for decorative planting, but is of very slow growth. 



(ii6) 

Willow Oak Quercus Phellos 

The popular name willow oak is truly descriptive of this 
tree. It has the leaves of a willow and it is the only Hudson 
Valley bristle-tipped oak that is entirely without lobing in 
the leaves. The tree prefers rich bottom lands and its 
northern limit of growth is in the southern extremity of the 
Hudson Valley. On Staten Island there are some big trees 
of the willow oak. 

The lance-shaped leaves closely resemble a typical willow 
leaf, and are from 2 to 5 inches from the sharp-pointed base 
to the bristle-tipped apex. In texture the leaf-blade is thick 
and leathery. Soon after the leaves unfold the flowers ap- 
pear, followed in the second season by the acorns. These 
are mostly solitary, almost round and not more than Yz inch 
in diameter. Only the base of the acorn is enclosed by the 
reddish-brown cup, which is hairy on the inside. 

The wood is used sparingly in the manufacture of wagons, 
but the tree is valuable for ornamental planting from Phila- 
delphia southward. 

Yellow Oak Quercus Muhlenbergii 

The chestnut oak is also one of the names used for this 
tree and it is well chosen for the leaf is something like the 
chestnut leaf. In the most favorable situation the tree may 
be as high as 160 feet, but in the Hudson Valley it is never 
so tall as this. The bark is light brown and the twigs, at 
first green, become dark brown in age. The oblong, lance- 
shaped leaf-blades are from 4 to 8 inches long, sharp-pointed 
at both ends, and with several small marginal lobes or 
roundish teeth. The lobes and tip of the blade are not 
bristle-tipped. In the spring, appearing with the leaves, the 
flowers come out, followed in the succeeding autumn by the 
acorns. These are practically stalkless, solitary or two in a 
cluster. The nut is ovoid, ^ to ^ inch long and its lower 
half enclosed by the woolly cup. 

The wood of the yellow oak is very hard, not easily 
seasoned, and is mostly used for rough construction work. 



Bill. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 



Vol. VII. Pl. 140 




BLACK OAK 
New Baltimore, Greene Count v, X. Y. 



("7) 

such as railroad ties and fencing. The tree grows naturally 
from New York to Alabama and westward. It is common 
in the Hudson Valley particularly in the Highlands. 

Alexander's Oak Quercus Alexanderi 

This oak is rare in the Hudson Valley. Trees have been 
observed at West Point and Hyde Park, but it is doubtful 
if it is found south of these points. It is otherwise known 
from Vermont to Michigan and Iowa. From the yellow 
oak, to which it is botanically allied, it can be distinguished 
by its leaf-blades which are broadest above the middle, and 
have shallow lobes or teeth. The cup of its acorn encloses 
only the base of the nut, in contrast to the yellow oak where 
the nut is half enveloped by the cup; its bark is somewhat 
flaky. 

Rock Chestnut Oak Quercus Prinus 

As in the two preceding kinds this oak has leaves that 
strongly resemble the leaf of a chestnut. The trunk often 
becomes forked a short distance above the ground and the 
tree is often as high as 70 feet. The exceedingly coarse 
deeply-fissured bark is used in tanning leather. The oblong 
or lance-shaped leaves are from 6 to 8 inches from the narrow 
base to the equally narrowed apex. Neither the tip of the 
blade nor the numerous, rounded marginal teeth are bristle- 
tipped. When the leaves are about one third unfolded the 
flowers appear, followed subsequently by the acorns. From 
the other chestnut oaks this sort differs in having its acorns 
at the end of a stout stalk. The nut is ovoid or oblong and 
from 1-1% inches long; its lower half is enclosed by the 
hairy cup. 

The hard, close-grained wood is hard to cure and is used 
mostly for railroad ties, fencing and so forth. The tree is 
confined to a wide belt ranging from central New York to 
Georgia, and as its name implies prefers rocky situations ; it 
is common in the Hudson Valley. 



(ii8) 

Swamp White Oak Quercus bicolor 

This oak often attains a height of 90 feet in the forest but 
Isolated specimens are usually lower and broader. The tor- 
tuous branches and trunk are invested by a red-brown, scaly 
bark, which on the trunk is deeply furrowed with confluent 
fissures. 

The leaf-blades are lobed, but not deeply so, and In gen- 
eral outline the blade is broadest above the middle. Neither 
the lobes nor the apex of the blade are bristle-tipped. The 
leaf-blades are green above and more or less woolly and pale 
beneath. In April or May the flowers appear followed In 
the succeeding autumn by the fruit. The nut Is slender- 
stalked, ovoid, about ^ of an inch long and its lower half is 
Immersed In the woolly cup. 

The tree prefers moist places and is found from Quebec 
to Georgia and westward. Its wood is sold indiscriminately 
by lumbermen for the same purpose as white oak and it is 
exceedingly valuable. 

Bur Oak Quercus macrocarpa 

In some situations this tree attains a height of 170 feet, 
but It never becomes as tall as this in the Hudson Valley 
where It Is local and found only In the northern part. The 
brown or reddish bark Is deeply fissured and split Into Irregu- 
lar plates. 

The upper half of the leaf-blade is broader than the lower 
half and divided almost to the middle by the lobes. The 
terminal lobes are longer than the lateral ones, and are 
coarsely blunt-toothed. Neither the apex, lobes nor teeth 
are bristle-tlpped. The upper surface of the leaf-blade is 
smooth and green, the lower grayish and hairy. According 
to the latitude the flowers appear from March to June, In 
the Hudson Valley early in May. The stalkless fruits ma- 
ture the same autumn, singly or in clusters of 2 or 3. The 
nut is almost round or sometimes oblong, and varies from 
1/2 to 2 Inches long according to latitude. It Is about half 
immersed In a cup which Is conspicuously fringed at the 



Bill. X. Y. Box. G ard. 



\'oL. VII. Pi.. 141 




BLR OAK 
New Baltimore, Greene Count\', X. Y 



("9) 

upper edge. This fringe or burr on the cup gives the tree Its 
name and serves to distinguish It from all the other oaks in 
the Hudson Valley. 

Commercially the tree is very important, its wood being 
used for a variety of purposes. It occurs from New Bruns- 
wick along the mountains to Tennessee and westward, where 
it reaches its greatest development. (Plate 141.) 

Post Oak QuERCUS stellata 

The post oak reaches Its northernmost limit on Staten 
Island and the adjacent territory in New Jersey and Long 
Island. It does not attain its full dimensions In this region 
and never reaches 100 feet in height, a stature credited to It 
in southern Ohio. The flat-ridged bark is coarse, and 
grayish-brown In color. 

A peculiarity of its foliage furnishes the reason for the 
name stellata, meaning star or star-like. The leaves are 
closely clustered, which, with their deep loblng, give the leaf 
clusters enough resemblance to a star to make the name 
appropriate. The divisions of the leaf-blade extend almost 
to the middle, and a striking feature of the loblng is that the 
middle lobe Is longer than those above and below It. The 
acorn which is often as long as i inch is ovoid in outline, and 
the nut is usually half enclosed by the woolly cup. 

The wood of the post oak Is resistant to rotting agencies 
when under ground and is much used for work of this nature, 
and In cooperage. 

White Oak Quercus alba 

From a commercial point of view this is probably the most 
valuable tree of the American continent. Its wide spread- 
ing branches and majestic trunk very actively suggest the Idea 
of great architectural strength. The tree is frequently as 
high as 150 feet, but In the open usually shorter than this and 
correspondingly more widely spreading. It takes its name 
from the shallowly fissured light gray or whitish bark. 

The deeply lobed leaf-blades are not bristle-tipped, and as 



( 120) 

in the post oak there is a tendency for the middle lobe to be 
longer than the lobes above and below it. The base of the 
blade is sharply wedge-shaped. When the leaves are about 
one third unfolded the flowers appear, followed in the same 
autumn by the usually stalkless acorns. The nut is ovoid 
or oblong and about % of an inch long, covered only for 
its lower fourth by the woolly cup. 

The tree is very common within its area of distribution, 
which extends from Quebec to Florida and westward. It is 
well represented in the Hudson Valley by many magnificent 
specimens. 

American Elm Ulmus Americana 

The American or white elm is the largest and most widely 
dispersed of our native elms. The well-known habit of 
branching gives the tree a distinctive and beautiful outline, 
which is particularly attractive in winter. The branches are 
without corky ridges, which distinguishes another native elm, 
and are usually reddish-brown. The leaf-blades are smooth- 
ish above, oval in outline, abruptly pointed at the apex, and 
from 2 to 5 inches long. The base of the blade is usually 
inequilateral, and the leaf margins are conspicuously toothed. 
Some time before the leaves unfold the flowers appear. 
As the word is usually understood they are without petals. 
In early summer the little clusters of fruits mature. Indi- 
vidual fruits consist of a seed with a wing surrounding and 
closely investing it. In the American elm the seed-wing is 
smooth on its face but conspicuously hairy around its edges. 
In New England the elm has been planted for decorative 
purposes more extensively than any other tree. It grows 
wild from Quebec to Florida and westward, and is very com- 
mon in the Hudson Valley. Besides its decorative value the 
American elm is prized for its valuable wood which is much 
used for making ships, floors, and so forth. (Plate 142.) 

Slippery Elm Ulmus fulva 

The highly mucilaginous inner bark of this tree has given 

it its common name of slippery elm. It is not so tall as 



Bull N. Y. Box. Gard. 



Vol. VII. Pl. 142 




AMERICAN ELM 

New Baltimore, Greene Countv, N. Y. 



(121) 

the American elm, and more local and rare in its distribution. 
The outer bark is darker and more deeply fissured. 

In general outline the leaves much resemble those of the 
American elm but they are larger, more conspicuously 
toothed on the margins, and very prominently roughened on 
the upper surface. Its flowers are very similar to those of 
the better known tree but the fruits have one characteristic 
that is strikingly different from the preceding kind. The 
wing of the seed is quite smooth on its edges, and on the face 
it is hairy only immediately over the seed. 

The slippery elm is found from Maine to Georgia and 
westward. It is fairly common along the Hudson, especially 
northward. The slippery elm lozenge is made from the 
precipitation of the mucilage which the tree secretes so ex- 
tensively in its inner bark. The wood is also valuable for 
construction purposes. 

Cork Elm Ulmus Thomasi 

This is the least known and most locally distributed native 
elm. It attains a height of 80 or 90 feet in favorable situa- 
tions. The trunk is stout, and clothed by the thick fissured 
bark. The lower branches are often conspicuously droop- 
ing, and the young branches have prominent corky wings 
along the sides. 

The oval-outlined leaf-blades are sharp-pointed at the tip, 
and rounded at the nearly equilateral base. The marginal 
teeth are prominent, incurved and the large teeth are them- 
selves toothed. Before the leaves unfold the flowers appear, 
followed in early summer by the fruits. These differ from 
both the American and slippery elm in having the seed-wing 
hairy on its margin and also its entire surface. 

Railroad ties, bridges, and agricultural implements are all 
made from the wood of this tree. It grows wild from 
Quebec and Ontario to northern New York, Tennessee and 
westward. In the Hudson Valley it is rare, and only defi- 
nitely known in the northern part. 

The English elm {Ulmus campestris) is widely planted 



(I22) 

for ornament but is not known to have established itself as a 
wild element in our native flora. 

Hackberry Celtis occidentalis 

In the Hudson Valley this is not a common tree and fre- 
quently escapes notice as there it never attains its full dimen- 
sions; but further south and west it becomes 60 feet in height. 
The rough, often corky-winged bark is gray-brown and be- 
comes scaly when old. The smooth leaf-blades are 2 to 4 
inches long, oval in outline, with a fine-pointed tip, and a 
rounded or heart-shaped, inequilateral base. Sometimes 
there are marginal teeth and sometimes the margins are quite 
smooth. Just as the leaves unfold the small greenish flowers 
come out, usually at the base of a leaf-stalk. They sub- 
sequently develop into a fruit which is berry-like, but has a 
hard bony stone. The outside skin of the fruit may be red, 
or orange, but more frequently black. 

In the Hudson Valley the hackberry is of little commercial 
importance as its scarcity precludes regular supply. Geo- 
graphically the tree has a wide range, extending from the 
Atlantic coast to the Great Plains. 

Rough-leaved Hackberry Celtis crassifolia 

The rough-leaved hackberry is more rare than the common 
kind. Very few trees are known to occur in the Hudson 
Valley, but one good specimen occurs along the east bank of 
the river at the southern end of the Highlands. The tree 
may be distinguished from the common hackberry by its 
rough leaf-surface. In other respects it is closely related to 
the preceding species. 

Red Mulberry MoRUS rubra 

This is the only native mulberry that grows in the Hudson 
Valley. The Old World white mulberry, so much grown 
for the silkworm industry, occurs only as an occasional escape 
from cultivation. The native species is a tree from 60 to 80 
feet in height, with a trunk diameter of 3 to 4 feet. The 
long-fissured bark often splits off in plates. 



( 123) 

For variety of leaf-shapes it is doubtful If many known 
trees equal the red mulberry. When young the leaves are 
often deeply lobed, sometimes one-sidedly so, and sometimes 
they are without lobes. The mature leaf-blade Is usually 
oval in outline, with a square or heart-shaped base and an 
acute-tipped apex. The margins are prominently toothed. 
The catkin-clustered flowers come out with the leaves, the 
fertile clusters followed in early summer by the juicy fruits. 
These are really a conglomeration of many fruit-units all 
going to form what Is popularly termed the fruit. 

The wood has some commercial value, and the tree de- 
serves wide planting for Its decorative value. It Is found 
from central New York to the Gulf of Mexico and westward. 
In the Hudson Valley it Is local and rare In the southerly 
portion, and probably wanting northward. 

Sweet Bay Magnolia virginiana 

In the southern states this often becomes a tree exceeding 
50 feet in height, but in the Hudson Valley, It Is not known 
to be more than a shrub or a shrub-like tree. On Staten 
Island and In adjacent New Jersey It grows in swamps. 

The plant may be Identified by its leathery lance-shaped or 
oval leaf-blades which are conspicuously white, silky-hairy, 
on the under side. Beautiful white, fragrant flowers appear 
in June and the conspicuous red fruits later in the summer. 

Tulip Tree Liriodendron Tulipifera 

One of the most attractive trees for decorative planting In 
the eastern states is the tulip tree. Its giant columnar trunk 
is often free of branches for 50 or 60 feet but it may have 
branches lower than this In some specimens. The tree fre- 
quently exceeds 150 feet in height and Is usually broadly 
oblong in outline. 

The characteristic leaves give a striking distinctiveness to 
the tree. They are broadly heart-shaped at the base, and 
conspicuously notched at the apex; and the lobes are at first 
shallowly and subsequently deeply divided. The blade is 



( 124) 

shining and gives to the foliage its lustrous green color. In 
May or June the beautiful flowers appear. They are always 
solitary at the ends of young twigs, and their tulip-like form 
has given the tree its popular name. The orange-yellow or 
greenish-yellow color of the flowers is very conspicuous, and, 
as the flowers frequently exceed i ^ inches in depth, the 
tree is very attractive in full bloom. The cone-like fruits 
develop the same autumn and shed their seeds after the tree 
has become bare. 

It is often known as the yellow poplar, saddle-leaf or 
white-wood, and under the latter name it is much used for 
carpentry. The native home of the tulip tree is from Mas- 
sachuetts to Florida and westward. In the upper Hudson 
Valley It Is rare and it is probable that most of the trees 
above Poughkeepsle are cultivated or derivatives of plants 
once cultivated. South of this point it is common. (Plate 
I43-) 

Sassafras Tree Sassafras Sassafras 

In central New York and Massachusetts which are the 
northern limits of the sassafras It Is often a mere shrub but 
occasional trees are seen and they frequently exceed 30 to 40 
feet In height. Further south the tree attains a height of 
80 or 90 feet. Even on young trees the bark Is very coarsely- 
fissured and brownish In color. 

There is a bewildering variety of leaf shape on most 
sassafras trees. On the same twig one often finds unlobed 
oval-shaped leaf-blades, intermixed with leaves lobed on one 
or both sides. When fully mature they usually have two 
prominent lateral lobes and a terminal one. In all forms 
the base of the blade Is more or less wedge-shaped. At the 
ends of the twigs, and appearing with or before the leaves, 
the yellow-green flowers are clustered. Each cluster Is at 
first enclosed by a green bud. The fruits are almost round, 
more or less fleshy and scarcely more than ^ inch in di- 
ameter. They ripen In August or September. 

OU-of-sassafras is extracted from the roots and bark, and 



Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 



Vol. VII. Pl. 143 




TL'LIP TREE 
Vassar College Campus, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 



(125) 

medicinal properties are credited to the bark of the root and 
the pith of the twigs. The wood is used in making pails and 
buckets, and for fence posts. It is common along the Hud- 
son but most of the specimens are more shrubby than tree- 
like. 

Sweet Gum Liquidambar Styraciflua 

Of all the trees included in this list it is doubtful if one 
of them surpasses in brilliancy of coloring the gorgeous au- 
tumnal tints of the sweet gum. In the Hudson Valley it be- 
comes a tree lOO feet high or more. Its branches are as- 
cending, and when very young covered with dense brown 
hairs, which subsequently fall away. 

The characteristic star-shaped leaf-blades have a conspicu- 
ous tuft of hairs at their base on the under side of the blade. 
The lobes of the leaf are all pointed and the terminal and 
two upper lobes are conspicuously larger than the lower lobes. 
Both the fertile and infertile flowers of the sweet gum are 
arranged in globular little heads. The infertile heads are 
clustered on slender stalks which are all joined to a main 
flower-stalk, while the fruit-producing flower-heads are soli- 
tary on a short stalk arising at the base of the infertile flower- 
stalks. The fruit matures in the autumn and is about 1 3^ 
inches in diameter; its whole surface is crowded with a col- 
lection of stout recurved prickles. 

The wood of the sweet gum is used for a great variety of 
purposes, street paving-blocks being one of them. It grows 
naturally from Connecticut to Florida and westward. It is 
common in the lower Hudson Valley but rare or perhaps 
wanting north of the Highlands. (Plate 144.) 

Button Wood Platanus occidentalis 

Peter Kalm, a discriminating historian and traveller, writ- 
ing in 1749, relates that in the northern part of New York 
City, large groves of the button wood flourished. To-day 
it is a common tree throughout the Hudson Valley and is 
found very generally distributed in the eastern states. 

The peeling of the outer bark and consequent exposure of 



(126) 

large patches of the light gray inner bark is a conspicuous 
feature of this tree. The young branches, leaf-stalks and 
leaf-blades are all covered with a coating of white wool 
which falls off later. The broadly oval leaf-blades are 
coarsely-toothed or lobed, heart-shaped at the base, and 
sharp-pointed at the tip. Usually they are from 4 to 7 
inches long, but vigorous young leaves are often twice this 
size. The little ball-like clusters of flowers have given the 
tree the frequently used name of button-ball. Usually the 
sterile and fertile flowers are arranged in separate flower- 
balls but sometimes a single ball may contain a mixture of 
both kinds of flowers. The fruit is scarcely more than i 
inch in diameter, ball-like, and yellow-brown in color. 

The wood of the button wood, or sycamore as it is often 
called, is used for making tobacco boxes, ox-yokes and other 
articles and also for interior finishing. (Plate 145.) 

American Mountain Ash Sorb us Americana 

Throughout most of its range this plant is more shrub-like 
than tree-like, but in the far north it often attains a height of 
25 feet. 

The leaves are compound, that is, composed of from 
12 to 18 lance-shaped leaflets all fastened to a common leaf- 
stalk. Each leaflet is acute at both ends and sharply toothed. 
The flowers are scarcely more than ^ inch in diameter but 
some hundreds of them are arranged in a broad flat-topped 
cluster that is frequently 3 or 4 inches across. In the fall 
the tree is conspicuous with its brilliant scarlet berries. 

The tree is too small and weak-wooded in the Hudson 
Valley to be of any commercial importance, but its brilliant 
autumnal coloring and its clusters of white flowers make it a 
splendid tree for decorative planting. 

American Crab Apple Malus coronaria 

The only native apple tree to grow wild in the Hudson 

Valley is this crab apple. All the ordinary apple trees are 

derived from the European apple, and in some places this 



Bull. N. Y. Box. Gard. 



Vol. VII. Pi.. 144 




SWEET GUM 

New York Botanical Garden 



( 127) 

has escaped from cultivation and is now practically wild. 

The crab apple is a tree sometimes as high as 25 feet, and 
its stout spreading branches often form a round-topped tree 
that is almost as wide as this. The oval-oblong leaf-blades 
are mostly rounded at the base and rounded or pointed at the 
tip. The marginal teeth are numerous and sharp. The 
flowers are usually clustered and make a magnificent showing 
in the early spring. The fine whitish or rose-colored petals, 
exhaling a delicate fragrance, are the most conspicuous fea- 
ture of the flowers. In mid-summer the crab apples are 
ripe. They are usually about ^ inch in diameter, fragrant 
and greenish-yellow in color. 

The natural range of the tree is from Ontario south to the 
District of Columbia and westward. It is evidently rare in 
the Hudson Valley but grows in northern New Jersey. A 
few tool handles and domestic articles are made from its 
wood. 

Serviceberry Amelanchier canadensis 

The illustration gives a very fair idea of the shape of the 
serviceberry. The tree is seldom more than 40 feet high 
and often forms a symmetrical round crown. The shallowly 
fissured bark is dark reddish-brown and the twigs are the 
same color when old, and quite smooth. The leaf-stalks 
and young leaves are usually slightly hairy but become 
smooth when mature, except that the under side of the leaf- 
blades are sometimes persistently hairy. The leaf-blades are 
from 2^ to 4 inches long, oblong or oval-oblong in outline, 
and shallowly heart-shaped at the base. On the margins the 
leaves are somewhat coarsely toothed. 

When the leaves are about one third grown the white 
flowers cover the tree. They are clustered and often the 
clusters droop. The fine white petals are arranged not 
unlike a star, and they are blunt at the tip and narrowed 
towards the middle of the flower. About July or August 
the reddish-purple fruits ripen. There are from 4 to 10 
seeds in each fruit, which is not more than 5/s inch in 
diameter. 



(128) 

Tool handles and machinery are sometimes made from the 
wood of the serviceberry and the fruit is often eaten. The 
tree grows wild from New Brunswick to Florida and is com- 
mon in the Hudson Valley region, (Plate 146.) 

Swamp Serviceberry Amelanchier intermedia 

The swamp serviceberry is a smaller tree than the preced- 
ing and it has other distinguishing characteristics. It rarely 
forms such a symmetrical tree as the common serviceberry, 
and is usually spindly or scraggy when growing in a crowded 
forest; it may often be found with several trunks arising 
from the same point, and is more commonly a shrub than a 
tree. 

When the leaves and twigs are very young they are 
covered with a growth of dense white wool, but most of this 
wool is shed as they grow older. In outline the leaf-blades 
are elliptic or oblong, and they are very rarely heart-shaped 
at the base. The margins are toothed except towards the 
lower end of the leaf-blade where the teeth are often want- 
ing. Before the leaves are fully expanded the flowers come 
out. They are very similar to those of the common service- 
berry. The fruits of this sort are somewhat larger than the 
preceding, and dark purple-black when ripe. 

The swamp serviceberry is of little economic importance. 
It has a similar range to that of the serviceberry and is very 
common all along the Hudson. 

Cock-spur Thorn Crataegus Crus-galli 

Most of the thorns are mere shrubs but a few are small 
trees. They are armed with curved or straight prickles. 
The cock-spur thorn is often a tree 20 feet high or more 
with smooth, spreading branches. The leaf-blades are 
elliptic or sometimes wider above the middle, dark green 
and leathery when old. The leaf-margins are conspicuously 
toothed at the apex but smooth at the base. In early sum- 
mer the tree is covered with a profusion of white flowers. 
These are usually arranged in little clusters of 7 or 8. In 



Bill. N. V. Box. Garu. 



\'oL. \'II. Pl. 145 




BUTTOXWOOD 
Vassar College Campus, Poughkeepsie. N. V 



(I29) 

the fall the dull red apple-like fruits make the tree very at- 
tractive. These miniature apples are about Yz inch in 
diameter and contain usually only 2 stones, imbedded in the 
greenish flesh. 

The tree is of little economic importance except for deco- 
rative planting. It is found wild from Lake Champlain to 
Georgia and westward. It is common in the lower and 
central Hudson Valley. 

The English Hawthorn {Crataegus Oxyacantha) is botan- 
ically related to the cock-spur thorn and may be distinguished 
by its jagged leaves, and its usually single stone imbedded in 
the yellow flesh. It is known in the Hudson Valley only as 
an escape from cultivation. 

Large-fruited Thorn Crataegus punctata 

The shallower double-toothing of the leaf-margins of this 
thorn is very distinct from the toothing of the leaves of the 
cock-spur thorn. The fruits are brick-red and almost always 
contain 3 or 4 stones, imbedded in the greenish-yellow flesh. 
The tree attains a height of 25 feet or more. 

It grows from Quebec southward to Georgia and is fairly 
common along the Hudson Valley. 

The waxy thorn {Crataegus pruinosa) is not a very large 
tree and is found growing from the Thousand Islands to the 
southern Appalachians. From the preceding sorts it can be 
distinguished by its leaf-blades which are broadest towards 
the base. The fruit is waxy and purple-green in color. It 
is common in the area covered by this list. 

Round-leaved Thorn Crataegus rotundifolia 

This is credited with a distribution further north than any 
other North American thorn. It is also widespread, grow- 
ing as far south as Virginia and westward to Wisconsin. 

It frequently attains a height of 20 feet and forms a beau- 
tiful round-topped tree. The dark red-brown bark Is scaly 
on the trunk but smooth on the twigs. The prickles are 
from I to 3 inches long and usually curved. The leaf-blades 



( i3o) 

are oval and roundish In outline and lobed or coarsely double- 
toothed on the margins. In late spring the beautiful clusters 
of white flowers make the tree very attractive. About Oc- 
tober the dark red fruits ripen, and they are usually about 
Yz inch In diameter and almost round. Imbedded in the 
dry yellow flesh are usually 2 to 4 stones. 

Thin-leaved Thorn Crataegus tenuifolia 

In early spring this thorn Is a conspicuous feature in the 
landscape as Its young leaves are bronze-red. The tree is 
often 25 feet high or more, and usually has a large round 
crown. On the trunk the bark is scaly and gray-brown but 
the twigs are smooth and reddish-brown. The ellipsoid or 
oval leaf-blades are coarsely double-toothed on the margin, 
green on the upper surface and somewhat paler on the lower. 
The leaves have a tendency to be broadest towards their 
bases. The many-blossomed clusters of flowers are at- 
tractive in the early summer, followed In August or Sep- 
tember by the small apple-like fruits. These are crimson, 
pear-shaped or oblong and not more than ^ of an Inch in 
diameter. In the acid yellow flesh there are usually 4, some- 
times 3 or 5, stones imbedded. 

The thin-leaved thorn grows wild from western New 
England to Virginia and westward. It Is fairly common 
in the upper and central part of the Hudson Valley. 

The twin-mountain thorn {Crataegus pentandra) differs 
from the thin-leaved thorn In having mostly 3 stones im- 
bedded In the flesh of the fruit. It rarely exceeds 15 feet in 
height. It is known to grow in the central part of the 
Hudson Valley. 

Pringle's Thorn Crataegus Pringlei 

This Is one of the most variable thorns of the region. 
The lobing of the leaves is often very different on separate 
plants but usually the leaf-blades are coarsely double-toothed 
or lobed. The many-flowered clusters of blossoms are very 
beautiful In the early summer and the fruit matures later 



Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 



Vol. VII. Pl. ^6 



vc 






l«-'tt — - 




>y^"I, >'-■;■'< i:'-itJK<L'^-::-','l:%i': 




SERVICEBERRY 

New Baltimore, Greene County, N. Y. 



(131) 

than that of most of the thorns. It is red, hairy, and is 
often eaten, but is too acid to be generally liked. 

In Dutchess County Pringle's thorn is common but north 
and south of this it is apparently rare in the valley. 

Red-fruited Thorn Crataegus mollis 

This well-known thorn is often called the red haw. It 
grows from Quebec to Tennessee and westward and is com- 
mon along the Hudson Valley. It often attains a height of 
35 feet and forms a broad round-topped tree. 

The broadly oval leaves are sharply and deeply toothed, 
cut square or heart-shaped at the base and sharp-pointed at 
the tip. On the upper surface the leaf-blades are finely 
hairy, and on the lower surface woolly hairy. The curved 
prickles are not more than 2j^ inches long. After the 
flowers, which foiTn many-blossomed clusters, mature, the 
fruits ripen. The latter are usually ripe by September, and 
have a yellow acid flesh. The outside of the fruit is crimson. 
There are commonly 5 stones imbedded in the flesh but oc- 
casional fruits are found with only 4 stones. 

Brainerd's Thorn Crataegus Brainerdi 

So far as the Hudson Valley is concerned this is a localized 
plant. In the region about Dutchess County it is common, 
but beyond this it is rare. However it grows freely in 
western New England and is common in Pennsylvania. 
From all the preceding thorns it may be distinguished by 
its fruits. Those previously mentioned have the stones of 
their fruits without pits, but this sort has its fruit-stones 
pitted. Individual stones may sometimes be found lacking 
this characteristic but most of them are at least shallowly 
pitted. 

Long-spined Thorn Crataegus macracantha 

This is a common and widely dispersed plant. It seldom 
attains a height of more than 25 feet and forms an irregular, 
broad head. Its long, curved prickles, frequently exceeding 
4 Inches, gives the tree its common and technical names. 



(132) 

In outline the leaf-blades are oval, sharp-pointed at the 
base and similarly shaped at the tip. The lower quarter 
of the leaf-margin is mostly quite smooth, but from this 
point upwards the margins are conspicuously but finely 
double-toothed. Towards the tip the teeth often give way 
to distinct lobes. The many-flowered clusters of blossoms 
make the tree very attractive for planting. These are fol- 
lowed by the fruits which ripen about September. In out- 
line the fruits are almost perfectly round. Imbedded in the 
sweet, pulpy, yellow flesh are 2 or 3 stones that are con- 
spicuously and deeply pitted. 

Wild Yellow Plum Prunus Americana 

A tree sometimes reaching a height of 35 feet. The 
numerous branches are wide spreading and armed with 
prickly spurs. On the trunk the bark is split up into dark 
brown plates and on the branches it is reddish and smoother. 
The elliptic-oval leaves are from 2 to 5 inches long, rounded 
at the base and rather sharp-pointed at the tip. The leaf- 
margins are finely but sharply toothed. On the upper side 
the leaf-blade is dark green and smooth while the lower 
surface is paler and hairy, at least on the nerves or veins. 

In May the tree is covered with the profusion of white 
flowers that has occasioned its popularity for decorative 
planting. The fruit follows, maturing about the middle of 
September. It is not quite round, about i inch in diameter 
and orange or bright red in color. The acid, yellow flesh is 
not much used, except for preserving, and imbedded in it is 
the oval, flattened stone. 

The tree grows naturally from New York to Florida and 
westward. In the Hudson Valley it is more common 
towards the southern end than northward. Beyond its deco- 
rative value and the use of the fruits for preserves, the wild 
yellow plum is of little economic importance. 

The common garden plum (Primus domes tica) grows 
wild in the Hudson Valley only as an escape from cultivation. 
The flowers appear in April or May with the leaves and its 
well-known fruit is too familiar to need description. 



( 133) 

Wild Red Cherry Prunus pennsylvanica 

If the wild red cherry were a longer-lived tree it would be 
splendid for decorative planting. Its profusion of early- 
bloom and the great number of bright red fruits make it 
exceedingly attractive. In favorable places it attains a 
hieght of 30 feet and a trunk diameter of 10 inches. The 
oblong or lance-shaped leaf-blades are from 3^ to 5 inches 
long, and finely, but doubly, toothed on the margins. In 
April or May the tree is a riotous mass of bloom, the flowers 
being arranged several in a cluster. The 5 petals are some- 
what broader upward than toward the center of the flower. 
The round fruits are smooth and bright red, being much 
eaten by birds, although the flesh is bitter and rather thin. 
Imbedded in it is the round and slightly rigid stone. 

On account of its soft wood the wild red cherry is little 
used except for fuel. It grows from Newfoundland to 
Georgia and westward, and is common along the Hudson, 
particularly northward. 

The common sweet cherry {Prunus Avium) is often found 
growing wild in the eastern states, presumably spread by 
birds. The plant is a native of Europe. 

Wild Cherry Padus serotina 

The arrangement of the flowers of the wild cherry and 
the choke cherry is very different from those of the other 
cherries and plums. Those previously mentioned all have 
their flowers arranged in clusters with the individual flower- 
stalks arising several in a bunch. In the wild and choke 
cherry there is a general flower-stalk, rather long, and at- 
tached to this are numerous small individual flower-stalks. 
The flower cluster is thus oblong and contains from 30 to 40 
flowers or even more. 

The wild cherry is often 80 feet in height with a trunk 
covered wtih dark red-brown bark. The oblong-oval leaves 
are from 2 to 5 inches long and taper-pointed at the tip. 
Along the margins the leaf-blade is toothed and the teeth are 
distinctly incurved. The white flowers cover the tree in May 



(134) 

or June, followed later by a drooping cluster of fruits. 
These are purple-black when ripe, about 5^ to ^ inch in 
diameter, and with an astringent flesh in which is imbedded 
the oblong, pointed stone. 

Alcoholic liquors are sometimes flavored with the fruits 
of the wild cherry, which are also used for preserving. The 
tree is common from Nova Scotia to Florida and westward, 
and is plentiful throughout the Hudson Valley. 

Choke Cherry Padus virginiana 

The choke cherry is similar to the wild cherry, but usually 
smaller. In our region it rarely develops a trunk but oc- 
casional trees may be found. They never exceed 25 feet. 
From the flowers of the wild cherry they have practically no 
distinguishing characters, but the fruit is smaller and reddish 
instead of black-purple. The teeth of the leaf-margins are 
not incurved as those of the wild cherry, but spreading. 
Without seeing either flower or fruit the trees may be dis- 
tinguished by this character of the marginal teeth of the 
leaves. 

As a shrub the plant flourishes over a large part of the 
continent but as a tree it is rare. It is common in the Hud- 
son Valley, particularly along roadsides, where its white 
clusters of flowers make it very attractive in the spring. 

Honey Locust Gleditsia triacanthos 

This often forms a magnificent spreading tree that exceeds 
120 feet in height. Its trunk, which is commonly 2 to 4 feet 
in diameter, is covered with a coarse, brown bark. The 
zigzag twigs are often armed with stout branching prickles 
that frequently exceed 4 inches in length. The leaves are 
doubly compound; that is, there is one main leaf-stalk to 
which are attached from 4 to 18 pairs of secondary leaf- 
stalks and these minor stalks usually have from 7 to 10 pairs 
of leaflets attached to them. All the leaf-stalks are hairy. 
The leaflets are ovate or elliptic, short-stalked, and not more 
than I Yz inches long. They often " fall asleep " at night. 



(135) 

when they will be found face to face, Instead of spread apart. 
Both sterile and fertile flowers are found on the honey locust, 
and they are both somewhat irregularly unequal, arranged 
in finger-shaped clusters and greenish in color. They con- 
tain great quantities of nectar and are much visited by bees. 
The subsequent fruits are pea-like but much longer than ordi- 
nary garden peas, frequently exceeding a foot in length. 
The seeds are flat and oval. 

The durability of the wood of the honey locust when 
underground has made the tree much prized for fence posts 
and railroad ties. It grows wild from Ontario to Pennsyl- 
vania and Florida; most of the trees in the Hudson Valley 
are presumably naturalized as it seems not to have been 
ancestrally wild in the valley. To-day it is common. 

The locust (Robinia Pseudacacia) is not a wild tree in the 
Hudson Valley but has become naturalized from its fre- 
quent cultivation. Its trunk is covered with deeply-fissured 
bark, and often forks into several main branches. The 
flowers are in clusters, white, and are much like a common 
pea. The pods are quite smooth. Naturally the tree is 
confined to a narrow belt stretching from southern Pennsyl- 
vania to Georgia. Its wood is very hard and durable. 

The clammy locust (Robinia viscosa) may be distin- 
guished from the preceding by its smaller stature, red or 
pinkish flowers, and hairy pods. Its natural range is con- 
fined to a small area in Tennessee and North Carolina ; the 
many wild trees in the Hudson Valley are escapes from 
cultivation. 

Staghorn Sumach Rhus hirta 

Most of the sumacs are shrubs, but an occasional tree 
30 feet high may be found. The bark on the trunk and 
larger branches is smooth and brown; very rarely it splits 
up into small plates. 

The compound leaves are from 16 inches to 2 feet long, 
hairy, and composed of from 11 to 3 1 leaflets, all attached 
to the common, reddish, or greenish-red leaf-stalk. The 
leaflets are themselves practically stalkless, lance-shaped or 



(136) 

oblong and sharp-pointed at the tip. The margins are 
finely toothed. There are two kinds of flowers, fertile and 
sterile, and they are usually found on separate trees, but oc- 
cational trees have both kinds on the same plant. Both 
kinds of flowers grow in large clusters, and the fertile 
flowers bloom about ten days later than the sterile. The 
fruits are in dense clusters, and when ripe the fruit-cluster is 
covered with a quantity of dark red hairs, thus giving the 
plant a beautiful color scheme in the early fall and late 
summer. 

This sumac is common throughout the eastern states. 
The wood is of little value, but the bark and leaves are rich 
in tannin. 

The scarlet sumac (Rhus glabra) , a closely allied plant, is 
smaller than the staghorn sumac and it may be distinguished 
by its perfectly smooth leaves which are conspicuously whitish 
on the under side. It, too, is very common, as a shrub, but 
it rarely becomes a tree in the Hudson Valley. 

American Holly Ilex opaca 

It is only in the extreme southern part of the Hudson 
Valley that we find the holly. On Staten Island and Sandy 
Hook the tree was formerly abundant. In favorable situa- 
tions it reaches a height of 50 feet and a trunk diameter of 
2 feet. 

Its well-known, prickly-margined leaves are from 2 to 5 
inches long, quite stiff and leathery. There are two kinds 
of flowers on the holly, fertile and infertile and they are 
almost never found on the same trees. Both kinds are white 
and rather inconspicuous. It is mostly from the fertile 
trees that the Christmas sprays are picked with their pro- 
fusion of bright red berries. Inside the berries there is a 
small prominently ribbed stone. 

The whiteness and compactness of its wood make the holly 
desirable for turnery and it is also used in cabinet work and 
interior finishing. The tree is a slow grower. 



(137) 

Striped Maple Acer pennsylvanicum 

Most of our native maples are large trees, at least 50 feet 
high or more; but the striped maple and the mountain maple 
are more frequently shrubby than tree-like. So far as the 
Hudson Valley is concerned these two kinds, and one other, 
differentiate themselves, also, from all the other maples by 
the arrangement of their flowers. In the tall growing kinds 
there are several flower-stalks that arise at one point, so that 
there is no real flower-cluster; only several individually 
stalked flowers. In the striped and mountain maples there is 
a rather long common flower-stalk which bears numerous 
stalklets that support the flowers. The whole flower-cluster 
is often 4 or even 6 inches long. 

The striped maple takes its name from the striping of its 
young bark. It is prominently marked by white or greenish- 
white stripes, but these become fainter on the old wood. 
The broad 3-lobed leaves are often 5 inches long, heart- 
shaped at the base and usually yellowish-green on the upper 
surface. From the mountain maple It can readily be dis- 
tinguished by Its drooping flower-clusters. 

The plant occurs mostly as a shrub within the Hudson 
Valley, but a few good-sized trees are found In the Catskllls 
and farther north It attains a height of from 30 to 40 feet. 
South of Kingston it is rare In the Hudson Valley. 

Mountain Maple Acer spicatum 

Of the eastern North American maples this species Is the 
smallest. It Is usually shrubby and In the Hudson Valley It 
is doubtful if It attains a greater height than 25 feet. It Is 
a shade-loving plant and in favorable places It Is exceedingly 
common. The leaves are from 3>^ to 4^ inches long and 
either 3-lobed or partially 5-lobed. The margins of the 
lobes are coarsely toothed. The comparatively stiff and 
erect flower-cluster Is a prominent feature of the mountain 
maple and this character serves as a ready distinction be- 
tween it and the preceding kind. The fruits, as in all maples, 
are two-winged, to the Imaginative suggesting an old time 



(138) 

key. In the mountain maple they are reddish and the wings 
are not spreading while in the striped maple the wings are 
widely spreading and bright green. 

The mountain maple Is common from northern New York 
to Georgia and westward. In the Hudson Valley It is very 
common from the Highlands northward. It Is too small to 
be of economic importance. 

Silver Maple Acer saccharinum 

This is one of the most beautiful and widely planted 
maples used for ornamental purposes. It frequently attains 
a height of 120 feet and a trunk diameter of 3 feet. On 
the old trunks the bark Is split Into thin scales but the 
young branches are clothed with a smooth bark. 

The leaf-blade is roundish In general outline, but is deeply 
5-lobed to beyond the middle. They are bright green on 
the upper side, whitish or gray beneath. Long before the 
leaves appear the tree Is covered with its flowers. They are 
greenish-red, but have no petals. Each individual flower- 
stalk Is so short that the flowers appear to be stalkless and 
attached several together along the sides of the twigs. The 
typical " key " fruits have widely diverging wings. 

The silver maple grows plentifully from New Brunswick 
to Florida and westward. It is common throughout the 
Hudson Valley. The brittleness of its wood has limited its 
use in the arts and manufactures. 

Red Maple Acer rubrum 

The natural home of the red maple Is in swamp lands, and 
often In the spring, before the foliage appears, the brilliant 
red flowers give a characteristic ruddy tinge to many of our 
swamps. The tree is often 120 feet in height and with a 
trunk 3 feet In diameter. On the old branches and trunk the 
bark splits off In rough plates; the younger branches are 
smooth-barked. The 3- or 5-lobed leaves are from 2 to 6 
inches long and the lobes are more or less sharp-pointed. 
The silver maple and the red maple are the only tall kinds 



Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 



Vol VII. Pl. 147 




SUGAR MAPLE 
Vassar College Campus, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 



( 139) 

that flower before the leaves develop, and from the former 
the red maple may be distinguished by Its stalked flowers. 
The fruits are also red, and the foliage turns bright red In 
the autumn, so the tree is well-named. 

Throughout the eastern states the tree is common and In 
the Hudson Valley it may be found in great quantity. Its 
wood Is largely used in the manufacture of furniture. 
Scarlet maple and swamp maple are names often used for 
this tree. 

Sugar Maple Acer saccharum 

Maple sugar and maple syrup have made this the most 
widely known of all our native maples. It rarely exceeds 
120 feet In height, and when perfectly developed It has a 
great dome-like crown. The brown channelled bark of the 
old trunk does not split off in plates. The leaf-blades are 
roundish In outline, 3- or 5-lobed and sometimes as wide as 
6 inches across the broadest part. On the upper surface they 
are dark green, on the lower paler or even bluish-green. 
Unlike the two preceding kinds the flowers of the sugar 
maple do not come out until the foliage Is well developed. 
They are greenish-yellow and very conspicuous. The wings 
of the " key " fruits are almost parallel and strongly veined. 
The tree Is confined to the region east of the Mississippi 
and Its tributaries, and Is common In the Hudson Valley 
particularly northward. The wood is valuable for decora- 
tive finishing of all kinds, and the tree may be annually 
tapped for its sap, from which maple syrup and sugar are 
made. From 12 to 13 quarts a year per tree Is an average 
yield of syrup. (Plate 147.) 

Black Maple Acer nigrum 

In some localities this tree seems to usurp the place of the 
sugar maple, to which it Is very closely allied. In the Hud- 
son Valley the black maple Is rare and local. It frequently 
attains the same stature as the sugar maple and its flowers 
and fruits are very similar to those of the better known tree. 



( i4o) 

The wings of the " key " fruit of the black maple are scarcely 
parallel, tending, rather, to diverge when old. The most 
distinctive difference between the two trees is the leaves. In 
the sugar maple the under-side of the leaf-blades is paler than 
the upper; in the black maple the leaf is uniformly green 
throughout. 

The black maple grows from Quebec to Georgia and west- 
ward. Its wood is used for the same purpose as that of the 
preceding, and a little sugar is made from its juice. 

The Norway maple {Acer platanoides) is our most widely 
planted foreign maple. In the Hudson Valley it occurs wild 
only as a very rare escape from street or garden plantations. 
It is a native of northern Europe. 

Ash-leaved Maple Acer Negundo 

This tree takes its common name from its compound 
leaves which are somewhat like those of the ash. In the 
Hudson Valley it is the only maple that has a leaf composed 
of from 3 to 5 leaflets all joined to a common leaf-stalk. The 
tree often attains a height of 50 feet or more and the trunk 
is clothed with a thick-ridged and scaly brown bark. The 
leaflets, one or two parts of which with a terminal one are 
attached to a common leaf-stalk, are thin, oval or lance- 
shaped, and often irregularly or one-sidedly lobed. Either 
with the leaves or a trifle before them, the bright green 
flowers bloom. The flowers are without petals, and ar- 
ranged in clusters similar to those of the striped maple and 
rock maple. When the tree is in fruit the cluster elongates 
greatly. The wings of the " key " fruits are divergent at 
various angles. 

The ash-leaved maple grows from New York along the 
mountains to Alabama and westward. As a wild plant it 
is not definitely known in the Hudson Valley but it may be 
found in the northern part and it is much planted for orna- 
ment. The wood is soft and weak and is used to a limited 
extent in the manufactures. Paper pulp is made from it. 



Bull. N. Y. Boi . Gard. 



Vol. VII. Pl. 14S 




AMERICAN LINDEN 

Vassar College Campus, Poiighkeepsie, N. Y 



(141) 

American Linden Tilia Americana 

When growing in the open the linden is apt to develop 
into a broad round-topped tree, but in the forest it is taller 
and more slender, often attaining height of no feet and a 
trunic diameter of 3 feet. The old bark is dark gray and 
furrowed into flat ridges. In outline the leaf-blades are oval 
or roundish, sharp-pointed at the tip and more or less un- 
equally heart-shaped at the base. The blade is from 5 to 8 
inches long and about ^ as wide. 

The stalk of the flower-clusters in the linden tree are 
peculiar, and make it comparatively easy to distinguish it 
from all the other trees of the Hudson Valley. To the lower 
third or half of the flower-stalk is fastened a leaf-like 
organ which is from 5 to 8 inches long and about ys as wide. 
These leaf-like flower-bearing organs occur indiscriminately 
mixed with the true leaves. There are from 5 to 20 flowers 
in a cluster, and they subsequently develop into the ovoid 
fruit containing a good sized seed. 

The tree grows naturally from New Brunswick to Georgia 
and westward. It is common all along the Hudson. The 
soft wood is largely used for furniture, carriages, and 
woodenware; it is also a productive source of wood-pulp for 
paper manufacture. (Plate 148.) 

Hercules Club Aralia spinosa 

In the south this plant often becomes a tree 25 feet or more 
in height. Towards its northernmost limit it becomes in- 
creasingly scarce. A few small trees have been found in the 
extreme southern part of the Hudson Valley, which may, 
however, have escaped from cultivation. All the woody 
parts of the plant are covered with short stout prickles. 
There is some popular misunderstanding of the leaves of the 
Hercules club. The leaf is very large and composed of a 
great many leaflets, which are attached to leaf-stalks that are 
themselves joined to the main or central leaf-stalk. The 
whole leaf is from 2 to 4 feet long; the leaflets scarcely more 
than 3 or 4 inches long, oval, thick and sharp-pointed. The 



( 142) 

midrib on the under-side of the leaflets is often prickly. 
There is a huge flower-cluster sometimes 4 feet long, com- 
posed of hundreds of tiny white flowers. The fruits are 
black. 

The tree is valuable for its decorative effect, but the wood 
is soft and weak. 

Sour Gum Nyssa sylvatica 

This tree is often known as tupelo and pepperidge, and 
loves moist swampy places. It grows commonly in such 
situations from Maine to Florida and westward and under 
favorable conditions it attains a height of 140 feet. The 
branches are widely spreading and often the lower branches 
are conspicuously drooping. The leaves which turn brilliant 
crimson in the autumn, are more or less oval in outline, but 
usually broadest above the middle. They are taper-pointed 
at the tip, roundish at the base, and from 2^ to 6 inches 
long. There are two kinds of flowers which appear about 
May. The sterile flowers are arranged in many-blossomed 
clusters, the fertile or fruit-producing in clusters of 3. The 
dark blue or purple fruits, usually arranged in clusters of 3, 
are about Yz inch in diameter and contain a many-ribbed 
stone. 

The wood of the sour gum is soft, but very tough and hard 
to split. For this reason it is much used in making wheels, 
rollers and ox-yokes. The sour gum requires a moist situa- 
tion for favorable development, and if such a place can be 
found for it the tree is well worth planting for decorative 
effect. (Plate 149.) 

Flowering Dogwood Cynoxylon floridum 

This tree scarcely ever exceeds 40 feet in height, but it is 
one of the most showy and popular trees of the eastern states. 
The old bark is dark brown or nearly black in color, and is 
split up into small scales or plates. The leaf-blades are 
oval or elliptic in outline, and more or less sharp-pointed at 
both ends. The leaf-margins are shallowly toothed or quite 
smooth. 



r.vi.h. N. Y. Box. Gari). 



Vol. \U. Pl. 149 




SOUR GUM 
New York Botanical Garden 



(143) 

In early spring the tree is covered with what appear to be 
large white flowers. There are 4 of these petal-like leaves, 
each one notched at the tip, and they are really nothing 
more than a sheath which covers the small greenish flowers. 
These may be found at the point where the large white, 
petal-like leaves converge, and after the latter have withered 
the true flowers bloom. They are followed later by the 
bright red fruits which contain a hard stone. 

Owing to its showy whiteness in the spring and the beauty 
of its branching the dogwood is much planted in lawns and 
parks. It grows wild from Massachusetts and Ontario to 
Florida and west ; and is very common throughout the Hud- 
son Valley. Its wood is much used in making parts of ma- 
chinery, and tool-handles. 

Persimmon Diospyros virginiana 

It is only in the southern part of the Hudson Valley that 
we find the persimmon. Its range of distribution is from 
Rhode Island to Florida and westward, and it is only near 
Long Island Sound, on Staten Island and adjacent New 
Jersey that the tree is known to occur with us. Here they 
are scarce and local. In the north the tree is never more 
than 40 to 50 feet in height, but southward it becomes twice 
this size. The thick bark is dark brown or almost black, 
and somewhat irregularly fissured. When very young the 
leaves are hairy but they are quite smooth in age. In out- 
line they are oval or oblong and from 3 to 7 inches long, 
sharp-pointed at the tip and more or less rounded at the base. 
There are two sorts of flowers, appearing about May or 
June. The fertile are solitary and the infertile are arranged 
in little clusters; both are greenish in color. The fruit is 
orange or reddish-orange in color, about an inch in diameter, 
and often persists late into the winter. The wood is used for 
the manufacture of shoe-lasts. 

Black Ash Fraxinus nigra 

When growing in its favorite habitat the black ash attains 



( 144) 

a height of 90 feet and a trunk diameter of 20 inches, but 
most of the trees in the Hudson Valley are smaller than 
this. The thin, scaly bark Is gray in color, and slightly 
fissured. The compound leaves are from 10 to 16 inches 
long and are composed of from 7 to 1 1 leaflets. The latter 
are practically without stalks and this characteristic is pecu- 
liar to this ash, all the other Hudson Valley ashes having 
stalked leaflets. The flowers are borne in many-flowered 
clusters. The individual flowers are without petals or cover- 
ing of any kind. The fruits are clustered and each one is 
surrounded by a wing, the upper end of which is notched. 

The wood of the black ash is very durable underground 
and it is much used for fence posts. It is also used in basket- 
making, interior finishing and cabinet-work. 

Red Ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

This common and widely dispersed tree grows from Ver- 
mont to Florida and westward, and is plentiful throughout 
the Hudson Valley. Its average height is from 50 to 60 feet, 
and it not infrequently attains a trunk diameter of 5 feet. 
The bark is thick and furrowed, and usually brownish in 
color. 

In the red ash there are 5, 7, or 9 thin, finely toothed 
leaflets that compose the compound leaf. They are in pairs, 
with a terminal one, and each leaflet is distinctly stalked, 
green on both sides, and from ijE^ to 2^ inches long. In 
this ash the fertile and sterile flowers are borne on different 
trees. In both the sterile and fertile there are no petals and 
the flowers are greenish in color. From the fertile flowers 
subsequently develop the fruits which are winged ; the wing is 
broader above the middle than below it and slightly notched 
at its tip. It may be from i to 2 inches long. 

The wood of the red ash is much used in carpentry and 
wagon building, and the tree is desirable for street planting 
as it grows rapidly. (Plate 150.) 

Darlington's Ash {Fraxinus Darlingtonii), a tree related 
to the red ash, is known to grow wild from Massachusetts to 



Bull. N. Y. Box. Gard 



Vol. VII. Pl. 150 




RED ASH 

New Baltimore, Greene County, N. Y. 



(145) 

central New York and southward, and may be distinguished 
by its fruits. In Darhngton's ash the wings of the fruit are 
narrow, and practically parallel-sided, while In the red ash 
the wings are broader above the middle, the sides of the wing 
converge downward, and they are not parallel. 

Michaux's Ash Fraxinus Michauxii 

As yet this tree Is little known and its distribution not fully 
determined. It is known to grow from southern New York 
to North Carolina and specimens grow In the grounds of 
New York Botanical Garden, at Closter, New Jersey, and 
on Staten Island. Its general features resemble the red 
ash and its chief distinctive characteristics are the greater 
thickness of Its leaflets and the greater width of the fruit. 
Their margins are practically smooth while in the red ash 
the margins of the leaflet are more or less toothed, except in 
rare instances. 

White Ash Fraxinus Americana 

Probably the best known and one of the most widely 
distributed of our native ashes. The tree prefers rich hill- 
sides and in such situations often reaches a height of 120 
feet. Its bark Is thick, grayish-brown and Irregularly 
fissured. 

There may be from 5 to 9, usually 7, leaflets composing 
the compound leaf and each leaflet Is distinctly stalked. They 
are sharp-pointed at the tip, rounded or acutish at the base, 
from 3 to 6 Inches long and fine toothed or smooth on the 
margins. The under face of the leaflet is paler than the 
upper and is either hairy or quite smooth. As in the red ash 
the fertile and Infertile flowers are, In the majority of cases, 
borne on different trees. Sometimes, however, both kinds 
of flowers may be found on the same tree, but in different 
flower-clusters. The fruits are winged above and the 
margins of the wing are either parallel or converge slightly 
downward. The seed-bearing part of the fruit is full and 
round, the wing arising from its upper end, and not running 
down the side of the seed. 



(146) 

Button Bush Cephalanthus occidentalis 

Almost all the plants of the button bush are shrubs, but 
occasional trees may be found. In the grounds of the New 
York Botanical Garden a plant was cut out that had died, 
apparently from old age, which was a good sized tree of 
25 feet or more. On old trunks the bark is dark brown or 
nearly black, and deeply fissured. The leaves are arranged 
in pairs or threes on the twigs. The blade is oval in out- 
line, sharp-pointed at the tip and rounded or wedge-shaped 
at the base. In July the compact, ball-like clusters of creamy 
white flowers almost cover the plant. The fruits ripen late 
in the autumn and are arranged in densely compact ball-like 
heads, usually % of an inch in diameter. 

The button bush prefers swamps and the edges of streams 
and is common over the greater part of the United States. 
In the Hudson Valley it is common, but mostly as a shrub. 

Sweet Viburnum Viburnum Lentago 

This plant is often known as nannyberry and grows in 
rich soil from Ontario to Georgia and westward. It is 
common in the Hudson Valley, where it occurs as a shrub or 
a tree in about equal proportions. As a tree it reaches a maxi- 
mum height of 30 feet and a trunk diameter of 8 to 10 
inches. 

The leaves, which are in pairs along the twigs, are bright 
green, smooth on both sides, oval or elliptic in outline, very 
rarely becoming roundish. The margins are sharply 
toothed, and the leaf-blade is 2^ to 5^ inches in length 
from its sharp-pointed base to the taper-pointed tip. The 
small white flowers are borne in large, almost stalkless 
clusters, and the collection of petals in the individual flowers 
are united at their bases. 

In September its buish-black edible fruits ripen. They 
are scarcely 5^ inch in diameter, covered with a bloom and 
contain a flat oval stone. The beauty of its autumnal foli- 
age makes the plant desirable for decorative effects. Other- 
wise It is of little economic importance. 



(147) 

Black Haw Viburnum prunifolium 

The black haw is more frequently a shrub than a real 
tree, although occasional specimens attain a height of 30 
feet. It grows from Connecticut to Georgia and westward, 
and is very common along the lower Hudson, more rare 
northward. The stiff, spreading branches are usually armed 
with numerous prickle-like branchlets. The leaf-blades are 
smooth, from i ^ to 4 inches long, and essentially oval in 
outline. They are somewhat sharp-pointed at both ends and 
the margins are finely toothed. They are not taper-pointed 
at the tip and this serves as the chief distinction between it 
and the nannyberry. As in that species the flowers are 
arranged in an essentially stalkless flower-cluster. The 
petals are white and united below. The fruit is much the 
same as that of the nannyberry and is edible, usually being 
most prized after it has been frozen. 

The plant is greatly in demand for decorative effects, and 
the bark of the roots and trunk is astringent. The wood is 
brittle and of little economic importance. 



INDEX 



Abelia, Chinese, 73 
Abies, 41 

bahamea, 96 
Abutilon fiber, 21 
Acacia, Australian, 15 
three-horned, 80 
Acalypha hispida, 10 
Acanthopanax, Maximovvicz's, 71 
Acanthorhiza aculeata, 4 
Acanthus Family, 59 
Access, means of, i 
Acer, 81 

Negundo, 140 

nigrum, 139 

pennsylvanicum, 137 

platanoides, 140 

rubrum, 138 

saccharinum, 138 

saccharum, 139 

spicatum, 137 
Acids, vegetable, 24 
Aconite, 26, 52 
Acrocomia media, 4 
Aceranthes, two-leaved, 53 
Actinidia Family, 63 

toothed, 63 
Adam's needle, 49 
Adelia, 72 
A es cuius, 81 
Agaric, white, 25 
A gathosma apiculata, 14 
Agave, 5, 8 

americana, 8 

Queen Victoria's, 8 

sisalana, 8 

thread-bearing, 8 
Agrimony, 53 
Ailanthus, 80 

Family, 80 
Akebia Family, 63 

five-leaved, 63 
Albuminoids, 24 
Alder, 65, 76, 77, no, in 

dye, 77 

European tree, 77 

hoary, 77 

Japanese, 77 

New York, no 

smooth, 65 

speckled, 77 

white, 71 

Family, 71 
Ale, 23 



Algae, 28, 30 

blue-green, 28 

brown, 28 

fossil, 36 

green, 28 

red, 28 
Alkanet root, 22 
Alkaloids, vegetable, 24 
Allamanda, 7 

Henderson's, 7 
Allspice, 22 
Almond, 23, 25, 26 

Russian, 68 
Alnus noveboracensis, no 
Aloe, 7, 8 
Alum root, 53 
Amaranth Family, 50 
Amaroids, 24 

Amaryllis Family, 5, 14, 16, 49 
Amelanchier canadensis, 127 

intermedia, 128 
Amsonia, willow-leaved, 57 

broad-leaved, 57 
Andreaea, 31 
Anemone, 52 
Angelica tree, Japanese, 71 

variegated Chinese, 71 
Angiosperms, 32 

fossil, 37 
Anice, star, 26 
Anona cherimolia, 9 

muricata, 9 
Anthocerotes, 30 
Anthurium, 71 

Veitchii, 6 
Apple, 25, 68, 126 

crab, 79, 127 

American, 126 
prune-leaved, 80 
Siberian, 79 
Soulard's, 80 

European, 126 

Family, 68, 79, 80 

thorn, 68 

true, 79 
Apricot, 68 
Aquatic leaves, 61 

plants, 10, n, 47 

roots, 61 

stems, 61 
Araceae, 11 
Aralia, 82, 141 

heart-leaved, 56 



(148) 



(149) 



Aralia spinosa, 141 
Araucaria, 14 

Bidivillii, 14 

brasiliana, 14 

excelsa, 14 
Arboretum, deciduous, 3, 74 
Arborvitae, 46, 97 

Chinese, 46 

common, 46 

Japanese, 46 
Aroid Family, 6, ii 
Aroids, n 

Arrow-arum, green, 48 
Arrow-grass Family, 48 
Arrow Head, 48 

-root, 5, 24 
Family, 5 
flour, 24 

-wood, 73 
coast, 73 
Artemisia, 60, 74 
Artichoke, Jerusalem, 25, 60 
Artocarpus iiicisa, 6 
Arum Family, 48 

arrow-, green, 48 
Asarum, 50 
Ascobolus, 33 
Ash, 82, 143-145 

American mountain, 126 

black, 143, 144 

Biltmore, 82 

Darlington's, 144, 145 

European, 82 

green, 82 

Michaux's, 145 

mountain, American, 126 

prickly, 69 

red, 82, 144, 145 

Texas, 82 

white, 82, 14s 
Asparagus, 25, 49 
Aspen, 100, loi 

American, 75, loo, ici 

large-toothed, loi 

quaking, icx) 
Asphodel, 49 
Aster, 60 

Aucuba japonica, 16 
Australian plants, 14 
Avens, 53 
Azalea, 71 

Baccharis, 74 
Bacteria, 27 
Balm, horse, 58 

of Gilead, 99 
Balsam, 55 

Canada, 41, 96 

fir, 96 



Balsam of fir, 41 
Bamboo, 4, 10 

Chinese, 4 
Bambusa 'vulgaris, 4 
Banana, 12, n, 24, 25 

Family, 12, 13 

flour, 24 
Banyan tree, 6 
Baptisia, 54 
Barbados nut, 10, 26 
Barberry, 65, 66 

European, 65 

Family, 52, 65 

large-toothed, 66 

neat, 65 

Thunberg's, 65 
Basswood, 82 
Bay, 22 
Bayberry, 64 

Family, 64 
Beard-tongue, 58 
Bean, 25, 54 

calabar, 26 

Indian, 82 

Tonka, 26 
Bedstraw, 59 
Beech, 78, 83, iii 

American, 78, iii 

copper. III 

European, 78, iii 
purple-leaved, 78 

Family, 65, 77 
Beet, 25 

sugar, 25 

-tops, 25 
Beer, 23 

birch, 109 
Begonia, 10 

foliosa, lo 

nelumhiifolia, 10 

Rex, lo 

rotundifolia, 10 
Bell flower, Carpathian, 5f 

creeping, 59 

Family, 59 

Hosts, 59 

Japanese, 59 
Bellwort, 49 
Benzoin, 66 
Bergamot, 58 
Betel nut, 26 
Betony, 58 
Betul oil, 109 
Be tula, "J 6 

alleghanensis, no 

lenta, 109 

lutea, 109 

nigra, io8 

papyriferi, 108 



(I50) 



Betula populifolia, 107 
Beverages, 22 

alcoholic, 23 

malt, 23 

non-alcoholic, 22 
Bicuculla, 52 
Bindweed, 63 

small, 57 
Birch, 23, 26, 76, 107-110 

beer, 109 

black, 77, 109 

canoe, 76, 108 

cherry, 109, no 

Family, 65, 76 

gray, 107, 108 

paper, 76, 107, 108 

poplar-leaved, 77 

red, 76 

river, 76, 108, no 

sweet, 77, 83, 109 

white, European, 76 
American, 76 
Japanese, 76 

yellow, 76, 109, no 
southern, no 
Bird-of-Paradise plant, 13 
Birthwort Family, 50, 63 
Bishop's cap, two-leaved, 53 
Bitternut, 26, 104 
Bittersweet, 26, 63 
Blackberry, 53, 67 
Black lead, 36 
Bladder green, 70 

-nut, 70 

Family. 70 

senna, woody, 69 
Bleeding heart, 52 

wild, 52 
Bluets, 59 

Bocconia, cordate, 52 
Boehmeria nlvea, lo 
Boneset, 26, 60 
Borage Family, 57 

flowers, 26 
Border screens, 87 
Bottle-brush, 15 

tree, 15 
Bougain<villaea, 16 
Box, 55 

elder, 81 

Family, 54, 69 

tree, 69 
Bracken, 47 
Brake, 47 
Bread-fruit, 6 

Kafir, 18 
Bridges, 86 
Brier, cat-, 62 
green-, 62 



Brier, sweet-, 67 

wild, 67 
Br me Ha Pinguin, 12 
Bronx River, 3 

gorge of, 3, 84 
Broom, common, 68 

dense-flowered, 68 

white, 68 
Brunnichia, 63 
Bryophyta, 27, 30 
Buckbean, 26 

Family, 57 
Buckeye, 70, 82 

Family, 70, 8i 

fetid, 82 

Ohio, 82 

small-flowered, 70 
Buckthorn, Dahurian, 70 

Family, 70 

purging, 70 

sea, 71 
Buckwheat, 50 

Family, 50, 63 
Buddleia, 72 

variable, 72 
Buffalo berry, 71 
Bullrush, 48 

Bunchflower Family, 49 
Burdock, 60 
Burgundy pitch, 42 
Burnet, 53 
Burning bush, 69 
Burr-reed Family, 48 
Bush clover, 22, 54 

two-colored, 68 
Buttercup, 52 
Butternut, 76, 102, 103 
Button-ball, 79, 126 
Button-bush, 146 
Button-wood, 79, 125 
Biixus, 55 

Cactus, 7-9, 55 

Family, 7, 10, 55 
hedgehog, 9 
Turk's-head, 7 

Calamites, 36 

Calamus, 23, 26 
buds, 25 

Calathea, 5 

Calcareous tufa, 31 

Calla lily, n 

Callicarpa, Japanese, 72 
purple, 72 

Callistemon citrinus, 15 

Camphor, 15 
tree, 15 

Camellia, 15, 70 

Candy-tuft, 52 



(151) 



Candy-tuft, evergreen, 52 
Canterbury bells, 59 
Canna Family, 12, 50 
Cantlioceros, 70 
Caper Family, 52 
Caraway, 23, 56 

seed, 22 
Cardamon, 26 
Cardinal flower, 60 

blue, 60 
Car ex, 48 

Carludovica palmata, 4 
Carnegiea, 7 

gigantea, 9 
Carrion flower, 7 
Carpet-weed, 51 

Family, 51 
Carpinus caroliniana, 106 
Carrot, 25, 56 

Family, 56, 57 

wild, 56 
Cascara, 26 
Cassava plant, 24 

flour, 24 

starch, 24 
Cassia, 54 
CastaUa, 11 
Castanea, 78 

dent at a, 112 
Castor oil, 23 

plant, 23 

seed, 23, 26 
Catalpa, 82 

Kaempferi, 82 
Cat-brier, 62 
Catchfly, 51 
Catnip, 58 
Cat's-foot, 60 
Cat-tail Family, 48 
Cauliflower, 25 
Cedar, 23, 96-98 

bastard Chinese, 80 

Deodar, 44 

Indian, 44 

Japanese, 44 

low, 45 

Mt. Atlas, 44 

red, 23, 45, 96, 98 

stinking, 14 

white, 46, 97, 98 
Celery, 56 

seed, 22 
Celtis, 78 

crassifolia, 122 

occidentalis, 122 
Century plant, 5, 8 
Cephalanthus occidentalis, 146 
Cephalaria, 59 
Cephalotaxus, 45 



Cereus, 7 

giant, 9 
Cercis-leaf, 65, 79 

Family, 65, 66, 79 
Cercidiphyllum, 65 
Ceropegia Sandersoni. 16 
Cestrum Parqut, 7 
Chamaecyparis, 45 

obtusa, 45 

pisifera, 45 

thyoides, 98 
Chamomile, German, 26 

Roman, 26 
Charcoal, 107, 115 
Chenille plant, 9 
Chenopodium, 50 
Cherimoyer, 9 
Cherry, 68, 133 

choke, 133, 134 

ever-blooming, 80 

Japanese flowering, 80 

rose-bud, 80 

sweet, 80 

common, 133 

western sand, 68 

wild, 26, 133, 134 

red, 133 
Chestnut, 25, 77, 78, 83, 112, 117 

American, 78, 112 

horse-, 26, 70, 81 

Japanese, 78 
Chewing gum, 22 
Chickweed, 51 
Chicle-gum, 22 
Chicory Family, 60 
Chimonanthus, 66 
Chinquapin, 65 
Choke berry, 68 
Chocolate, 6, 22, 23 

beans, 6 

fruit, 23 

germs, 23 

nibs, 23 

seeds, 23 

tree, 6, 23 
Chrysanthemum, 60 
Cihotium Barometz, 19 
Cinchona, 26 
Cinquefoil, 53 
Cinnamon, 22, 23, 26 
Cinnamomum Camphora, 15 
City ordinances, 88, 89 
Clammy weed, 52 
Clerodendron, late flowering, 72 
Clot burr, 60 
Cloth, 21 

grass, 10 
Clover, 54 

bush, 22, 54 



(IJ2) 



Clover, red, flowers of, 26 
Cloves, 22, 23 
Coal, 36, 38 
Coca, 26 
Cocaine plant, 9 
Cochineal, 8 

insect, 8 
Cocoa, 6, 23 

breakfast, 23 

-butter, 23 

cake, 23 

liquor, 23 
Coco de Mer, 17 

des Maldives, 17 
Cocos IVeddelliana, 4 
Cocothrinax argentea, 4 
Codiaeum, 10 
Coffee, 22, 59 

-tree, Kentucky, 80 
Cohosh, blue, 52 
Colchicum, 26 
Colic root, 26 
Colocynth, 26 
Colt's foot, 60 
Columbine, 52, 87 
Comfrey, 57 

rough, 57 

tuberous, 57 
Compound-leaved plants, 60 
Cone-bearing plants, 32 

fossil, 35-37 

trees, collection of, 40 
Cone-flower, 60, 87 
Conifers, resin of, 22 
Conservatories, 2-19 
Conservatory court, 17 
Convallaria, 49 
Coontie, 18, 24 

flour, 24 
Copaiba, 9 

tree, 9 
Copaiva officinalis, 9 
Coral, 36 
Corallines, 28 
Cordaites, 36 
Coreopsis, 87 
Coriander, 22 
Cork, 24 

-tree, Chinese, 80 
Japanese, 80 
Corn, 24, 25 
Cornel, 71 
Cornus, 71 

Corokia Cotoneaster, i6 
Corylopsis, 67 
Cost us, 13 
Cotinus, 69 
Cotton, 21 

plant, 21 



Cotton oil, 23 

seed, 23 

-wood, 74, 75 
eastern, 75 
Cowslip, 56 
Cranberry-tree, 72 

dwarf, 72 
Cranesbill, 54 
Crataegus Brainerdi, 131 

Crus-galli, 128 

macracantha, 131 

mollis, 131 

Oxyacantha, 129 

Pringlei, 130 

pruinosa, 129 

pentandra, 130 

punctata, 129 

rotundifolia, 129 

tenui folia, 130 
Creeping charlie, 56 
Creosote, in 
Crinum, 5 
Crocus, 87 
Croton, 10 

Crowfoot Family, 52, 65, 66 
Cubebs, 26 
Cucumber, 63 

one-seeded bur, 63 

star, 63 
Culver's root, 58 
Cupressus, 44 
Currant, 66, 67 

golden, 66 
Custard-apple Family, 9 
Cycadofiliacales, 36 
C3'cads, 18 

fossil, 35, 37 
Cycas circinalis, 18 

revoluta. 18 
Cyclanthus Family, 4 
Cynoxylon floridum, 142 
Cyperus Papyrus, 10 
Cypress, 44 

American, 44 

bald, 44 

Hinopi, 45 

pond, 44 

Sawara, 45 

swamps, 44 

Daffodil, 49, 87 
Dasylirion, 8 
Date palm, 4 

plum, 82 

Trebizond, 71 
Day flower, 49 

lily, 49 
Deal, white, 42 
Deciduous arboretum, 74 
Decodon, 55 



(153) 



Delphinium, 26 

Dendrology, North American, 20 

Dendrophycus, 36 

Desert plants, 7-9, 17, 60, 61 

Deutzia, 66 

slender, 66 
Diatoms, 28, 33 
Dicotyledons, 32, 47, 50 

fossil, 35 
Dictyolites, 36 
Diervilla, 73 
Digitalin, 58 
Digitalis, 58 
Diospyros, 82 

virginiana, 143 
Dirca, "ji 
Dittany, 58 
Dock, 50 

Dogbane Family, 21, 57 
Dog-berry, 71 
Dog-rose, 67 

Dog-wood, 71, 83, 142, 143 
Family, 16, 71 
flowering, 16, 142 
officinal, 71 
panicled, 71 
red-osier, 71 
Douglas spruce, 40, 41 
Dracaena, 5 
Dragon, green, 48 

-head, false, 58 
Drainage, 87 
Drosera, 14 
Drugs, 20, 25 

crude, 26 
Duckweed, 48 

Family, 48 
Dutchman's pipe. 63 
Dye stuffs, 22 

Ebony Family, 82 

Echeveria, 8 

Echinocactus, 7 

Economic botany, museum of, 20 

garden, 3, 62 
Egg plant, 58 
Elderberry, 73 

box, 81 
Elecampane, zt, 60 
Elemi, 23 
Elm, 78, 79, 120, 121 

American, 78, 120, 121 

Chinese, 78 

cork, 78, 121 

dwarf, 65 

English, 121 

Family, 65, 78 

late-flowering, 78 

rock, 78 



Elm, Scotch, 78 

slippery, 26, 78, 120, 121 

water, 78 

pointed, 78 

white, 120 

winged, 78 

Wych, 78 
Encephalartos, 18 
Endogenous plants, 13, 14. 47 
Entrances, 85 
Enzymes, 24 
Epimedium, red, 52 
Epiphytes, ii, 16 
Equisetum, 31, 34 
Ergot, 25 

Erythroxylon Coca, 9 
Eucalyptus, 15, 23, 26 
Euonymus, 69 
Evening primrose, 56 

Family, 56 
Exochorda, large-flowered, 67 
Exogenous plants, 13, 14, 47 

Fagus, 78 

grandifolia, iii 

sylvatica, iii 
Fennel, 23 
Fern, II, 13, 18, 19, 27, 31, 32, 47 

cinnamon, 47 

Clayton's, 47 

floating, II 

fossil, 36, 37 

lady, A7 

leaf stalk of, 34 

ostrich, 47 

root of, 34 

royal, 47 

American, 47 

shield, 47 

staghorn, 19 

sweet, 64 

tree, 16, 19 
Feverwort 59 
Fibers, 20, 21, 25 

articles manufactured from, 21 

plants, 62 

wood, 24 
Ficus, 6 

benghalensis, 6 

Carica, 15 

elastica, 6 
Fig, 6, 15 

-marigold, 9, 51 

Roxburgh's, 6 
Figwort, 58 

Family, 58, 82 
Filbert, 65 
Fir, 41, 42, 96 

balsam, 41, 96 



(154) 



Fir, red, 41, 42 
Siberian, 42 
silver, 42 

Japanese, 41 
Nikko, 42 
Nordman's 42 
Sicilian, 42 
Vietch's, 42 
white, 42 
Flag, blue, 49 
sweet, II, 48 
yellow, 49 
Flavoring agents, 22 
Flax, 21, 54 
Family, 54 
New Zealand, 15 
seed, 23 
Fleabane, 60 

Floating-heart, water lily, 57 
Flower clusters, 60, 61 
Flowering plants, 32 
Flowerless plants, 27-32 
Fly poison, 49 
Fodder plants, 22 
Foods, 20, 25 
Food plants, 62 
Forsythia, 72 

Fossil botany, Museum ot, 35-35 
Fossils, methods of formation, 38 
carbonization, 38 
incrustation, 38 
petrifaction, 38 
Fothergilla, 67 
Fountain, 20 
Four-o'clock, 51 
Family, 51 
Foxglove, 58 

purple, 58 
Fragaria, 53 
Frankincense, 23 
Fraxinella, 54 
Fraxiniis, %z 

americana, 145 
Darlingtonii, 144 
Michauxii, 145 
nigra, 143 
pennsylvanica, 144 
Frog-fruit, wedge-leaved, 58 
Frostweed, 55 
Fruit-bearing plants, 32 
Fruit forms, 60-62 

juices, 23 
Friillania, 34 
Fruticetum, 3, 63-74 
Fumitory Family, 52 
Funaria, 31 

Fungi, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34 
alga-like, 29 
bracket, 29 



Fungi, imperfect, 29 

parasitic, 29 

saprophytic, 29, 30 

spore sac, 29 

stalk-spored, 29 

symbiotic, 29 
Fustic, young, 69 

Gale, sweet, 64 
Galium, 59 
Galls, oak, 22 
Gamboge Family, 9 
Garget, 51 
Gasteria, 7 
Gater tree, 71 

Gelsemium sempervirens, 16 
Gentian, blind, 57 
Family, 57 
Thibet, 57 
Geranium, 54 

Family, 54 
Gesneria, 10 
Gill-over-the-ground, 58 
Ginger, 22, 23, 26 
Family, 12, 13 
plant, 13, 22 
wild, 23, 50 

short-lobed, 50 
Shuttleworth's, 50 
Ginkgo biloba, 46 
Ginseng, 56 

Family, 10, 56, 71, C:: 
Gleditsia, 80 

triacanthos, 134 
Globularia, 59 
Family, 59 
Glossopteris, 37 
Glucosides, 24 
Goat's-beard, 53 
Golden bell, 72 
Goldenrod, 60 
Gooseberry, 25, 66, 67 

Family, 66 
Goosefoot Family, 50 
Gossypium, 21 
Gourd, 63 

Family, 63 
Grain-of-Paradise, 26 
Grains, 24 
Grape, 63 

Family, 63 
Oregon, 66 
Graphite, 36 
Grass, 10, 22, 48 
blue, 48 
cloth, 10 

Family, 4, 10, 48 
Japanese plume, 48 
orchard, 48 



(iSS) 



Grass, red-top, 48 

reed canary, 48 
variegated, 48 

rib, 59 

ribbon, 48 

sweet vernal, 48 

sour, 54 

tall fescue, 48 

timothy, 48 
Grevillea, 14 
Green-brier, 63 

-felt, 38 

-slime, 28 
Ground ivy, 58 
Groundsel bush, 74 
Guides, 88 
Gulf weed, 28 
Gum, chewing, 23 

chicle, 33 

sapodilla, 23 

sour, 143 

spruce, 95 

sweet, 79, 125 
Gums, 20 
Gum trees, 15 
Gutta percha, 21 
Gymnosperms, 32, 36 
Gypsophils, 51 

Hackberry, 78, 122 

rough-leaved, 122 

southern, 78 
Haematoxylon campecJiianum, 9 
Hake a, 14 
Hardback, 26, 67 
Haw, black, 73, 147 

red, 131 
Hawthorn, 68, 79 

English, 129 
Hawk-weed, 60 
Ha<worthia, 7 
Hazel-nut, 65 

beaked, 65 

European, 65 
Heartsease, 26 
Heath Family, 71 
Hedge nettle, 58 
Heliconia, 13 
Hemlock, 22, 23, 83, 95 

Carolina, 41 

forest, 40, 83-85 

ground, 45 

grove, 3, 41, 83, 95 

spruce, 41, 83, 95 
Canadian, 41, 83 
Carolina, 3, 41 
Japanese, 41 
Hemp, 21 

bowstring, 5 



Hemp, Manila, 12 

Sisal, 8 
Henbane, 26 
Hepatics, 30, 31 
Herbaceous grounds, 3, 46-63 

economic collection, 62 

morphological garden, 60, 61 

systematic plantation, 47-60 

viticetum, 62, 63 
Herbarium, 39 
Hercules club, 141 
Hibiscus syriacus, 70 
Hickory, 83, 103-105 

mocker-nut, 103 

pignut, 105 

shagbark, 103, 105 

shellbark, 104 

small-fruited, 105 

swamp, 76 

water, 76 
Hickory nut, 35 

common, 104 
Hicoria alba, 103 

glabra, 105 

cordiformis, 104 

nicrocarpa, 105 

ovata, 104 

Pecan, 76 
Hoff mania, lo 
Holly, American, 69, 136 

crenate, 69 

European, 69 

Family, 69 

serrate, 69 
Hollyhock, 55 
Honey locust, 80, 134, 135 
Honeysuckle, 59, 63, 73 

blue fly-, 73 

bush, 73 

Family, 59, 63, 73 

fragrant, 73 

golden-veined, 73 

Morrow's, 73 

narrow-leaved Albert, 73 

Standish's, 73 
Hops, 36 
Horse-balm, 58 
Horse chestnut, 26, 70, 81 
Horseradish, 25 
Horsetail, 31, 32, 34 
Horticultural Society, 39 

exhibits, 39 

meetings, 39 
Hornbeam, 76, 106 

American, 76, 106, 107 

hop-, 76, io6 

Japanese, 76 
Hornwort Family, 52 
Hound's tree, 71 



(156) 



House-leek, 8, 53 

Huariqui, 8 

Huckleberry, 72 

Hudson River Valley, Native Trees 

of the, 90 
Humble plant, 9 
Hyacinth, grape, 49 

blue, 49 

water. 11 
Hybrids, 61 
Hydrangea, 66 

Family, 63, 66 

hortensis, 15 

large-flowered, 66 

oak-leaved, 66 
Hydroid, 36 
H y drop hy Hum, 57 
Hymenocallis, 5 

caribaea, 5 
Hypericum, 70 
Hyssop, 58 

Jberv'tUea sonorae, 8 
Iceland moss, 25 
Ilex opaca, 136 
Indian root, 56 
India rubber, 21 

articles manufactured from, 21 

instruments for collecting, 21 

sources of, 21 
Indigo, 22 

false, 68 
Innocence, 59 
Insectivorous plants, 14 
Insect powder, 23 
Ipecac, 26 

American, 26 
Iraga boku, 45 
Iris, 87 

Family, 49 

German, 49 

Japanese, 49 

Siberian, 49 
Irish moss, 25 
Isoeies, 31 
Ivy, ground, 58 

Japanese, 63 

poison, 69 
Ixora, lo 

Jack-in-the-pulpit, 11, 48 
Jacob's ladder, 57 
Jamestown weed, 58 
Jatropa C ureas, 10 
Jessamine, night-blooming, 7 

yellow, 16 
Jewel-weed, 55 

Family, 55 
Jimson weed, 58 



Judas tree, American, 68 

Asiatic, 68 
Juglans, 75 

cinerea, 102 

nigra, 103 
Juices, fruit, 23 
Jujube tree, 70 
Juniper, 45, 64, 96, 97 

Chinese, 46 

common, 45 

Irish, 45 

low, 97 

prostrate, 46 

Savin, 45 
Juniperus, 45 

communis, 97 

nana, 97 

var. pyramidalis, 46 

virginiana, 96 
Jute, 21 

KaflSr bread, 18 
Kaffir's head, 18 
Kagoma utsugi, 67 
Karamume, 66 
Katzoura, 65 
Kelp, great, 28 
King nut, 76 
King's sword, 49 
Kinnikinnik, 71 
Knotweed, 50 

Japanese, 50 

Sakhalin, 50 

Laboratories, 39 
Lactuca, 60 
Lady's mantle, 53 
Lamb's quarters, 50 
Lantern Slides, 39 
Larch, 44, 94 

American 94 

Chinese, 45 

European, 44 

golden, 45 

Japanese, 44 
Larix, 44 

laricina, 94 
Larkspur, 52 
Laurel, 26 

cherry, 26 

Family, 66, 79 
Lavender, sea, 56 
Lead, black, 36 
Leaf forms, 60 

aquatic, 61 

compound, 61 

insertion, 60, 6i 

margins, 60, 61 

mosaic, 6i 



(157) 



Leaf movements, 60 

position, 61 

simple, 60 

venation, 60, 6i 
Leather wood, 71 
Lectures, 38 

hall, 38 

public, 38 
school, 38 
Lemna, 48 

Lemon, 14, 23, 54, 69 
Lepidodendron, 36, 39 
Leptobryum, 31 
Lettuce, 25, 60 

water, n 
Library, 39 

Lichens, 27, 29, 30, 34 
Licorice, 22 

plant, 22 
Lignite, 38 
Lilac, 23, 72 

Himalayan, 72 

Pekin, 72 

Rouen, 72 
Lilium, 49 
Lily, 49 

blackberry, 50 

calla, 11 

day, 49 

yellow, 49 

Family, 5, 8, 14, 49 

lemon, 49 

plantain, 49 

pond, large-yellow, 51 
red-disked, 51 

true, 49 
Lily-of-the-valley, 49 

Family, 49 
Linden, 26, 141 

American, 82, 141 

cordate, 82 

Family, 82 

flowers, 26 

Japanese toad-, 49 

silver, 82 

white, 82 
Linen, 21, 54 
Linseed oil, 23 
Linum, 54 
Lippia, 58 
Liquidambar, 79 

Styraciflua, 125 
Liriodendron Tulipifera, 123 
Liver-leaf, 52 
Liverwort, 34 
Lizard's tail, 50 

Familv. 50 
Loasa Family, 13 
Lobelia Family, 60 



Local flora, 34. 
Location, i 
Locust, 135 

bristly, 68 

clammy, 135 

honey, 80, 134, 135 

Japanese, 80 

tree, 80 
Lodoicea maldwica, 17 
Logania Family, 72 
Logwood, 22 

tree, 9 
Loosestrife, clethra-Iike, 56 

Family, 55, 56 

fringed, 56 

purple, 55 

swamp, 55 
Lopseed, 59 

Family, 59 
Lorillard Mansion, 3, 77, 83, 84 
Lovage, 23, 56 
Lycopodium, 31 
Lycopods, 31 

Maackia, 80 
Mace, 22 
Madder, 22 

Family, 10, 59 
Madeira nut. 76 
Magnolia, 50, 123 

Family, 66, 79 

Fraser's, 79 

virginiana, 123 
Maguey, 5 
Mahogany Family, 80 

tree, 9, 80 
Mahonia, 65, 66 

Japanese, 66 
Maiden-hair tree, 46 

Family, 46 
Mai us, 79 

coronaria, 126 
Mallow, 55 

crimson-eye, 55 

Family, 55, 70 

marsh, 55 

rose, 87 

swamp, 55 
Mammee-apple, 9 
Mandrake, 26, 52 
Mangrove, 22 
Man-in-the-ground, 26 
Maple, 25, 70, 81, 137-140 

ash-leaved, 81, 140 

black, 139, 140 

European, 81 

Family, 70, 81 

Ginnala, 70 

goosefoot, 81 



(iS8) 



Maple, mountain, 137, 138 

Norway, 140 

red, 81, 83, 106, 138 

rock, 81 

scarlet, 139 

silver, i-j8 

striped, 81, 137 

sugar, 25, 81. 139, 140 

swamp, 139 

sycamore, 8i 

white-barked, 81 
Marshraallow, 26 
Mastic, 23 
Masticatories, 22 
Mate, 23 

Matrimony vine, 72 
Mayapple, 52 
Maranta arundinacea, 5 
Marigold, 26 

fig-. 7, 51 
Meadow beauty, 55 

Family, 56 

-rue, 52 

-sweet, willow-leaved, 67 
Means of access, i 
Medicinal plants, 62 
Medusa. 9 

Philippine, 9 
Meetings, 39 

Horticultural Society, 39 

Torrey Botanical Club, 39 
Mesembryanthemum, 51 
Mezereon Family, 13, 71 
Micorhiza, 29 
Microscopes, collection of, 39 

exhibit, 32 
Mignonette Family, 52 

white cut-leaved, 52 

yellow cut-leaved, 52 
Mildew, 29 
Milfoil, 26, 56 
Milkweed, 7, 57 

common, 57 

Family, 57 

hairy, 57 

swamp, 57 
Milkwort Family, 54 
Mimosa Family, 9, 21, 53, 54 

ptidica, 9 

resins from, 21 
Mint, 22, 58, 59 

creeping whorled, 58 

curled, 588 

Family, 58 

pepper-, 23 

spear-, 23, 58 
Miscellaneous specimens, 23 
Mock orange, 66, 67 
Mocker-nut, 103, 104 



Moneywort, 56 
Monk's hood, 52 
Monocotyledons, 5, 32, 47 

fossil, 35 
Monstera, 6 
Moon flower, 63 
Moonseed, Canada, 63 

Family, 63 
Moose wood, 71, 81 
Morel, 25, 29 
Morning glory, 63 

bush, 57 

Family, c?. 63 
Morphological Garden, 60, 61 
Morus rubra, 122 
Moss, 27, 30, 31 

black, 31 

Florida, 11 

Iceland, 25 

incrusted, 38 

Irish, 25 

peat, 31 

sea, 33 

scale, 30, 34 

Spanish, n 

true, 30, 31, 34 
Motherwort, 58 
Mould, 29 
Moutan, 65 
Mucillage, 55, 121 
Mulberry, 25, 122 

Family, 21, 63, 65, 79 
resins from, 21 

red, 79, 122, 123 

Tartarian, 65 

white, 79, 122 
Museum, 2 

approach to, 20 

botanical, 2, 20 

economic botany, 20-26 

fossil botany, 35-38 

systematic botany, 26-35 
local flora, 34, 35 
microscope exhibit, 32-34 
synoptic collection, 27-32 
Mushroom, 25, 29 
Muskmelon, 63 
Musk root, 23 
Mustard, 22, 23, 26 

Family, 52 
Musa t ex tilts, 12 
Myrrh, 23 

Family, resins from, 21 
Myrtle Family, 15 
Myxomycetes, 27 

Nannyberry, 146, 147 

Narcissus, 49 

N eoivashingtonia robusta, 16 



(159) 



Nepenthes, 12 
Nettle Family, 50 

hedge, 58 

slender, 50 

stinging, 50 

-tree, American, 78 

wood, 50 
Nemusia, 67 
Nicotiana, 22 
Nightshade, 58 
Nine-bark, 67 
Nopalea coccinellifera, 8 
North meadows, 3, 84, 85 
Nut, Barbadoes, 10 

bitter-, 104 

mocker-, 103, 104 

physic, 10 

pig-, 104 
Nutmeg, 22, 23 
Nuts, 62 
Nyssa sylvatica, 142 

Oak, 65, 77, 83, 112-120 

Alexander's, 117 

black, 78, 113, 114 

black-jack, 115 

bur, 77, n8 

chestnut, 116, 117 
rock, 77, 117 

cork, 24 

galls, 22 

gland-bearing, 78 

gray, 114 

iron, 77 

Japanese silkworm, 77 

large-toothed, 78 

laurel, 78 

live, II 

mossy cup. 77 

pinnatifid-leaved, 77 

post, 77, 119, 120 

red, 77, 112, 115 
Schnecks, 78 

scarlet, 78, 114, 115 

sessile-flowered English, 77 

shingle, 78 

swamp, 78, 113 

toothed, 77 

Turkey, 78 

white, 78, 112, 118, 119 
swamp, 77, 118 

willow, 116 

yellow, 116, 117 
Oenothera, 56 
Oils, by-products of, 23 

fixed, 23 

volatile, 23 
Olea europaea, 15 
Oleander, 15 



Oleaster, 71 

Family, 71 

oriental, 71 
Olive, 16, 23 

Family, 15, 72, 82 

oil, 23, 76 

tree, 15, 72 
Onion, 25, 49 
Ooze, 33 
Opuntia, 7, 55 
Orange, 14, 23, 2;, 54, 69 

flowers, 26 

mock-, 66, 67 

Osage, 79 

trifoliate, 69 
Orchid, 13, 14., 50 

Family, 16, 17 
Ordinances, city, 88, 89 
Orpine Family, 52, 53 
Orris root, 23 
Ostrya virginiana, 106 
Oswego tea, 58 
Oyster plant, 60 

Pachysandra, trailing, 54 

terminal, 55 
Padiis virginiana, 134 
Paeonia, 52 
Paeony, 52, 87 

moutan, 65 

tree, 65 
Palm, 4, 5, 16, 17, 24, 25 

cocoanut, 4, 25 
double, 17 

corozo, 4 

date, 4 

fan, I 6 

Chinese, 4 

royal, 4 

sago, 18, 24 
fossil, 37 

silver-top, 4 

sugar, 25 
Palmetto, 16 

saw, 22, 26 
Panama hat plant, 4 
Papaya, 6 
Papaw, 6 
Paper, 24, 25, 96 

plant, Egyptian, 10 

pulp, 94, 95, loi, 140, 141 

straw, 25 

wood and fiber, 21, 24 
Parachute flower, 16 
Parasites, 60, 6i 
Park features, 85-87 
Parrot's feather, 11, 56 
Parsley, 25 
Parsnip, 56 



(i6o) 



Parsnip, golden meadow-, 56 
Paths, 85 
Paulownia, 82 
Pea, 54, 63 

Family, 54, 63, 68, 80 

tree, 68 

Charaelegro, 68 
common, 68 
pigmy, 68 
small-leaved, 68 
Peach, 26, 68 

dwarf, 68 

three-lobed, 68 
Peanut, 25 
Pear, 68 
Peat moss, 31 
Pecan nut, 76 
Pedicellaria, showy, 52 
Pelargonium, 54 
Pennyroyal, 23, 26 
Pencil tree, 74 
Pepper, 23 

black, 22 
Pepperidge, 142 
Peppermint, 23 
Pereskia, 7 
Persimmon, 82, 143 
Philadelphus, 66 
Philippine Medusa, 9 
Philodendron, 6, 11, 80 
Phlox, 87 

Britton's, 57 

Family, 57, 58 

garden, 57 

ground, 57 

white-flowered, 57 

hairy, 57 
Phoenix dactylifera, 4 
Phoenicophorium sechellarum, 4 
Phormium tenax, 15 
Physic nut, 10 
Phytolacca, 51 
Phytopsis, 36 
Picea, 42 

mariana, 94 

rubens, 94 
Pickerel weed, 49 

Family, 49 
Pie plant, 50 
Pieris, Japanese, 71 
Pignut, 76, 104-106 
Pigweed, 51 
Pine, 14, 21, 22, 23, 40, 43, 64, 91-93. 

95 . 
Austrian, 44 

Bank's, 43 

bull, 44 

Canadian, 44 

Cembra, 43 



Pine, Corean, 43 

Corsican, 43 

Family, 13-15, 64 
resins from, 21 

Himalayan, 43 

jack, 43 

Japanese black, 44 
red, 43 

Jersey, 92 

long-leaf, 21 

long-leaved, 92 

Macedonia, 43 

Norfolk Island, 14 

pitch, 91 

red, 44, 93 

Scotch, 44 

variegated, 43 

screw, 6 

scrub, 92, 93 

short-leaved, 92 

small-flowered, 44 

Swiss stone-, 43 

Table mountain, 44 

Tyrolese mountain-, 43 

umbrella, 44 

white, 43, 90, 93 

yellow, 44 
Pineapple, 6, 11, 12 

Family, 9, 11, 12 
Pines, 6 
Pinetum, 3, 40 
Pink, 51 

Family, 51 

swamp, 49 
Pinus, 43 

echinata, 92 

resinosa, 93 

rigid a, 91 

Strobus, 90 

virginiana, 92 
Pipewort Family, 49 
Pitch, Burgundy, 42 
Pitcher plants, 14 

East Indian, 12 
Plan, general, 2 
Plantain, 12 

Family, 59 

lily, 49 

Rugel's, 59 

wild, 13 
Plane tree, 79 

American, 79 

Oriental, 79 
Plant constituents, 24 
Platanus occidentalis, 125 
Plum, 68, 132, 133 

date, 82 

garden, 132 

Family, 64, 68, 79, 80 



(i6i) 



Plum, wild yellow, 132 
Plumalina, 36 
Plumbago Family, 56, 57 
Podop/iyllutn, 52 
Poke, 25, 51 

root, 26 
Pokeweed Family, 51 
Polanisia, 52 
Polemonium, 57 
Polygonum, 50 
Polypody, 34 

spores, 34 
Pond cypress, 44 

lily, red-disked, 51 
yellow, 51 

scums, 28, 33 
Pond's extract, 67 
Pond-weed Family, 48 
Po7itederia, 49 
Poplar, 24, 74, 75, 85, 98-100 

balm of Gilead, 99 

balsam, 99 

black, 99 

Bolle's, 75 

Carolina, 74, 75. ico 

Italian, 75 

Lombardy, 75, loo 

necklace, 100 

silver-leaf, 75 

Simon's, 74, 75 

swamp, 98 

white, 75 

Wobst's, 74 

3-ellow, 79 
Poppy, 26 

Family, 52 

Mexican, 52 

oriental, 52 

water, 11, 48 
Populus, 74 

balsamifera. 99 

candicans, 99 

deltoides, 100 

grandidentata, loi 

heteropJiylla, 98 

italica, 100 

tremuloides, loo 
Porter, 23 
Portulaca, 51 
Potato, 24, 25, 58 

Family, 10, 58, 72 

flour, 24 

sweet, 24, 25 
Power house, 19 
Prickly pear, 55 

eastern, 55 
Primrose, 56 

European, 56 

Family, 56 



Primula, 56 
Privet, 72 

California, 72 
Propagation, forms of, 60, 61 
Prunus americana, 132 

Avium, 133 

domestica, 132 

pennsyl'vanica, 133 
Pseiidolarix, 44 
Pseudotsuga mncronata, 40 
P/^/^fl trifoliata, 68 
Pteridophvtes, 27, 31, 35, 36 
Puffball, 29 

Pulp, 94, 95, loi, 140, 141 
Pulque, 8 
Purposes, 2 
Purslane, 51 

Family, 51 
Pusley, 51 

Quaker-lady, 67 
Quassia, 26 
Queen's root, 26 
Quercus, 77 

<7/^fl, 119 

Alexanderi, 117 

borealis, 114 

bicolor, 118 

coccinea, 114 

macrocarpa, n8 

marilandica, 115 

Muhlenbergii, 116 

palustris, 113 

Phellos, 116 

Prinus, 117 

rubra. 112 

stellata, 119 

velutina, 113 
Quillworts, 31 
Quince, 68 

Ragweed, 60 

Family, 60 

giant, 60 
Ramie plant, 10 
Raspberry, 53, 67 

purple-flowered, 67 
Rattlesnake-master, 56 
Red root, 70 

top, 48 
Reeds, incrusted, 38 
Reseda, 52 
Resins, 20-23, 43 
Resinoids, 24 
Retinospora, 45 
Rhahdocarpon, 36 
Rhododendron, 71 
Rhubarb, 26, 50 



(l62) 



Rhus glabra, 136 

hirta, 135 
Rib-grass, 59 
Rice, 25 

River woods, 3, 84, 85 
Roads, 85 
Robinia, 80 

Pseudacacia, 135 
viscosa, 135 
Rock cress, Alpine, 52 
-rose, 55 

Family, 55 
Rodgersia, 53 
Rondeletia, 10 
Roots, aquatic, 61 
Rope, 21 
Rose, 53, 67 
box, 68 
Cherokee, 15 
climbing, 63 
dog, 67 

Family, 53, 63, 67, 68 
hips, 26 
Japanese, 67 
pasture, 67 
red-leaved, 67 
of Sharon, 70 
Watson's, 67 
Rosemary, 16 
Rubber, 21 

plant, 6 
Rubus, 67 
Rue, 54 

Family, 14, 54, 60, 80 
meadow-, 52 
Ruellia, hairy, 59 
Rumex, 50 

Rush, common bog, 49 
common wood, 49 
Family, 49 
slender, 49 
Rusts, 29 
Rye, 24 

Sabal Palmetto, x6 
Saccharum, 25 

offic'inarum, 10 
St. Johnswort, 70 

Family, 55 
Safflower, 26 
Sage, 22, 58 
Sagittaria, 48 
Sago, 24 

flour, 24 

palm, 18, 36, 37 

starch, i8 
Sahuaro, 9 
Salicetum, 74 
Salix, 74 



Salix alba, 102 

babylonica, 102 
nigra, 101 
Salvinia, 11 
Sambucus, 73 
Sandalwood, 23, 26 
Sandzaki, 71 
Sansevieria, 5 
Sap green, 70 
Sapodilla, 22 
Family, 21 
gum, 22 
Sargasso weed, 28 
Sargassum, 28 
Sarracenia, 14 
Sarsaparilla, 26 
Sassafras, 23, 26, 79, 124 
medulla, 26 
oil of, 124 
Sassafras, 124 
Sanrurus, 5c 
Saxifrage Famih-, 53 
heart-leaved, 53 
Menzie's, 53 
shield-leaf, 53 
Scale moss, 30 
Scolithus, 36 
Screens, border, 87 
Screw-pine, 6 
Scythian lamb, 19 
Sea lavender, 56 

moss, 33 
Seaweeds, 27, 28, 33 
brown, 28 
fossil, 36 
green, 28 
red, 28 
Sedge, 10, 22, 48 
cat-tail, 48 
Family, 10, 48 
fox, 48 
Fraser's, 48 
Gray's, 48 
tussock, 48 
Seditm, 53 

Seed-bearing plants, 32, 47 
dispersal, 60, 61 
plants, fossil, 36, 37 
Seedless plants, 47 
Sempervivum, 8, 53 
Senega, 26 
Senna, 26, 54 

American, 54 
bladder, 68 

Family, 9, 54, 64, 68, 80 
scorpion, 69 
Sensitive plant, 9 
Serviceberry, 68, 127, 128 
swamp, 128 



(i63) 



Shadbush, 68 
Shagbark, 76, 103, 104 
Shellbark, 104 
Shrubs, collection of, 63-74 
Skunk cabbage, 11, 48 
Sigillaria, 36, 37 
Silicified wood, 38 
Silkworms, 77 
Silver fir, 42 

Japanese, 41 

Nordmann's, 42 

Sicilian, 42 

Veitch's, 42 
Siroyama buki, 67 
Sisal, 8 

Slime moulds, 27, 32, 33 
Sloe, 73 

Smilax Family, 62, 63 
Smoke tree, American, 69 

European, 69 
Smuts, 29 

Snake-head, Lyon's, 58 
Snakeroot, Canada, 26 
Sneezeweed, 60 
Snowball, Japanese, 73 
Snowberry, 73 
Snowflake, water, 11, 57 
Soap, 23 

Soapberry Family, 70 
Soapwort, 26 
Solatium, 58 
Solomon's seal, 49 
Sorbus americana, 126 
Sorrel, wood, 54 
Sour grass, 54 

gum, 142 

sop, 9 
Spatterdock, 51 
Spearmint, 23, 58 
Species, 61 
Speedwell, 58 

gentian, 58 

long-leaved, 58 
Spermatophyta, 32 
Spice bush, 66 
Spices, 22 
Spider lily. 5 
Spiderwort. 19 

Family, 49 
Spikenard, wild, 49 
Spinach, 25 
Spindle tree, Bunge's, 69 

winged, 69 
Spiraea, 67 

Thunberg's, 67 
Sphagnum, 31 
Spleenwort, 47 
Spruce, 23, 24. 41-43. 94. 95 

blue, 42 



Spruce, Colorado, 42 

Engelmann's, 42 

gum, 95 

hemlock, 41, 83, 95 
Canadian, 41, 81 
Carolina, 3, 41 
Japanese, 41 

Norway, 43 

oriental, 42 

red, 94, 95 

Servian, 42 

swamp, 94 

tiger's-tail, 42 

white, 42 

Yesso, 42 
Spurge, cypress, 54 

Family, 9, 10, 21, 54 

flowering, 54 
Squash, 63 
Staff-tree, European, 69 

Family, 63, 69 
Stagger-bush, 72 
Stangeria, 37 

eriopus, 18 
Stapelia, 7 
Staphylea, 70 
Star anise, 26 
Starch, 11, 18, 24 

arrowroot, 24 

banana, 24 

cassava, 24 

chocolate seeds, 24 

coontie, 24 

corn, 24 

grains, 24 

palm, 24 
sago, 24 

potato, 24 
sweet, 24 

rye, 24 

sago palm, 24 

sweet potato, 24 

wheat, 24 
Starwort, water, 54 
Statice, 56 
Steeple-bush, 67 
Stem forms, 60, 61 

aquatic, 6i 

root climbing, 61 

tendril climbing, 61 

tree climbing, 61 

twining, 61 
Stigmaria, 37 
Stinkhorn, 29 
Stonecrop, 8, 53 

Family, 8, 52 

great, 53 

purple, S3 

mossy, 53 



(i64) 



Stonecrop, Nevius', 53 
poplar-leaved, 53 
Siberian, 53 
Siebold's, 53 
white, 53 
wild, 53 
Stonewort, 26, 28 
Storax Family, 72 
Strawberry, 53 
shrub, 66 

Family, 66 
Strelitzia, 13 
Stuartia, 70 
Sugar, II, 20, 25, 103 
beet, 25 
-berry, 78 
cane, 10, 25 
maple, 25, 81, i39, UO 
palm, 25 

palm, 25 
sources of, 25 
Sumac, 22, 135, 136 
Family, 21, 69 

resins from, 21 
fragrant, 69 
mountain, 69 
Osbeck's, 69 
scarlet, 6q, 136 
smooth, 69 
staghorn, 13s, 136 
Sundew, 14. 26 
Sunflower, 60, 87 
Sunplant, 51 
Swallowwort, 57 
Swamp pink, 49 
Sweet bay, 123 
brier, 67 
fern, 64 
flag, II, 48 
gall, 64 

gum, 79. 125 , » . 

pepper bush. North American 

Japanese, 71 
potato, 24, 25 
flour, 24 
Sivieiienia Mahagoni, 9 
Sycamore, 126 
Symphorkarpos, 73 
Synoptic collection, 27-32 
Syringa, 66, 72 
Syrup, maple, 81, 139 
Systematic Botany, Museum of, 26 
Systematic plantations, 47-60 

Tail flower, 6, n 

Veitch's, 6 
Talinum, small-flowered, 51 
Tamarack, 94 
Tamarind, 7, 26 



T amarindus indica, 9 
Tamarix, 71 

Family, 71 
Tanner's tree, 69 

Family, 69 
Tannin, loi, 136 
Tanning materials, 22, 95, 112, 114 

refuse, 22 
Tansv, 23, 26, 60 
Tanks for water plants, 17 
Tape-grass Family, 48 
Tapioca, 24 
Tara, 11 
Taxaceae, 44 
Taxus, 45 
Taxodium, 44 
Tea, 15, 23, 70 
Family, 70 
New Jersey, 23, 70 
Oswego, 58 
Paraguay, 23 
Teasel, 59 

Familj% 59, 60 
Tendril-climbing stem, 6i 
Thallophyta, 27, 35 
Thea sinensis, 15 
Theohroma, 23 

Cacao, 6 
Thistle, 60 

Family, 13, 16, 60, 64, 73 
Thorn, 79, 1 28-1 31 
apple, 68 
Brainerd's, 131 
cock-spur, 128, 129 
large-fruited, 129 
long-spined, 131 
Pringle's, 130, 131 
red-fruited, 131 
round-leaved, 129 
thin-leaved, 130 
twin-mountain, 130 
72 waxy, 129 

Washington, 79 
Thrift, 56 
Thuja, 46 

occidentalis, 97 

Thyme, 22 
Tick-seeds, 60 

-trefoil, 54 
Timothy, 48 
Toad-lily, Japanese, 49 
Tobacco, 22, 58 
Tomato, 25, 58 
Tonka bean, 22, 26 
Torrey Botanical Club, 39 
Touch-me-not, 55 
Toxylon, 79 
Traveler's tree, 13 
Tree of Heaven, 8c 



( i6i ) 



Tree of life, 97 

Trees of the Hudson River Valley, 

Native, 90 
Trefoil, shrub, 69 

tick-, 54 
Trichosporum, 10 
Trigonocarpon, 36 
Tropical plants, 6, 9, 11, 12 
Truffle, 25, 29 
Trumpet creeper, 63 

Family, 63, 82 
Tsuga, 41 

canadensis, 41, 95 

caroliniana, 41 
Tufa, calcareous, 31 
Tulip tree, 79, 83, 123, 124 
Tumioji taxifoliurn, 14 
Tupelo, 143 
Turkey beard, 49 
Turpentine, 21, 43, 92 
Twine, 21 
Twining stem, 61 
Twin-leaf, 52 

Ulmus, 78 

americana, I20 

campestris, 121 

fulva, 1 20 

Thomasi, 121 
Umbrellaworts, 51 
Unicorn-plant, 58 

Family, 58 

Valerian, 59 

Family, 59 
Vanilla bean, 22 
Variety, 61 
Vegetables, 62 
Vetch, 54 
Veronica, 58 
Vervain, 58 

Family, 57, 72 
Viburnum, 72, 73, 146, 147 

Chinese, 73 

Lentago, 146 

prunifolium, 147 

Siebold's, 73 

sweet, 126 

woody, 73 
Vines, 62 
Violet, African, 10 

Family, 55, 56 

Usambara, lo 
Virginia creeper, 63 

-willow Family, 66 
Viticetum, 62, 63 

Wahoo, 78 
Walnut, 25, 75, 103 



Walnut, black, 76, 103 
English, 75 
Family, 77 
oil, 76 
Water-hyacinth, 11, 49 
blue, 49 
elm, 78 
lily, n, 17 

Cape Cod, 51 
European, 51 
Family, 51 
floating-heart, 57 
pink, 51 
royal, 17 
small white, 51 
sweet-scented, 51 
Waterleaf, broad-leaved, 57 
Family, 57 
purple, 57 
Virginia, 57 
Watermelon, 63 
Water-milfoil, Chilian, 56 
Family, 56 
-plantain, 48 

Family, 48 
-poppy, II, 48 

Family, 48 
-shield, 51 

-starwort Family, — 
-snowflake, 11, 57 
-target, 51 
Waxberry, 64 
Wayfaring tree, 73 
Weigela, 73 
Wheat, 24 
White deal, 42 
White wood, 79, 83 
Wig tree, 69 
Wild brier, 67 

Willow, 64, 65, 74, 75, 8s, loi, 116 
black, 74, loi, 102 
Bashford's, 74 
Family, 64, 75 
golden, 74, 75 
Napoleon's, 75 
purple, 74 

Ural purple, 74 
Virginia, 66 
weeping, 74, 75, io3 
white, 102 
yellow, 74 

red-stemmed, 74 
Willow herb, 55 
Wine, 23 

-berry, Japanese, 67 
Wing nut, narrow-winged, 75 

Rhoeas-leaved, 75 
Winterberry, Virginia, 69 
Wintergreen, 23, 25 



(i66) 



Wistaria, 63 
Witch hazel, 66 

Family, 66, 79 
Withe-rod, 73 

larger, 73 
Wood, 20, 26 

carbonized, 38 

crude products of, 26 

fiber, 24 

silicified, 38 

specimens, 26 
Woodbine, 63 

Wood-sorrel Family, 54., 55 
Wormseed, 23 
Wormwood, 60, 74 

Xanthorrhiza, 65 

Yama doosin, 67 
Yam Family, 62 



Yantias, 11 

Yarrow, 60 

Yeast, 29 

Yellow-eyed-grass Family, 49 

root, 65 

wood, Amur, 80 
Yew, 45 

American, 45 

cluster-flowered, 45 
Fortune's, 45 

English, 45 

Family, 13, 14, 44, 4^ 

Japanese, 45 
Young fustic, 69 
Yucca, 8 

Zamia, 18 

Zantedeschia aethiopica, 11 

Zingiber Zingiber, 13 




PORTRAIT OF ROBERT FULTON 

Painted by himself 

Property of Col. Henry T. Chapman 

At present loaned by him and on exhibition at the 
Museum of the Brooklyn Institute 

Published by permission of Col. Chapman 



MUSEUMS OF THE 

Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences 

FREDERIC A. LUCAS, D. Sc 
Cutator-in-Chicf 



CATALOGUE 

OF THE 

HISTORICAL COLLECTION 

AND 

OBJECTS OF RELATED INTEREST 

AT THE 

CHILDREN'S MUSEUM 



ANNA B. GALLUP, B. A, 
Curator 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION NUMBER 



Prepared by 
AGNES E. BOWEN 



For list cf Officers and Institutions, Hudson-Fulton Celebration, 
see last four pages 



HISTORY. 

"History presents complete examples. Experience is 
doubly defective: we are born too late to see the beginning 
and we die too soon to see the end of many things. History 
supplies both of these defects: modern history shows the 
causes when experience presents the effects alone: and 
ancient history enables us to guess at the effects when ex- 
perience presents the causes alone." — Bolingbroke. 



INTRODUCTION. 

As a part of the Hudson-Fulton celebration, it was 
planned that some of the larger public educational institu- 
tions of New York should issue catalogues of such portions 
of their collections as related to the discoveries of Hudson 
or the inventions of Fulton. Allotments for this purpose 
were made by the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission to 
the Metropolitan Museum of Art, American Museum of 
Natural History, New York Zoological Park, New York 
Botanical Garden and the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and 
Sciences. 

The Central Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts 
■and Sciences contains the Tooker collections of Indian im- 
plements, illustrating the arts and industries of the Indians 
at the time of their discovery by Hudson, and collections of 
the animals and plants found in this vicinity. As the story 
of the Indians will be told at length in the Catalogue of the 
American Museum of Natural History, and the animals and 
plants will be described by that institution, the Zoological 
Park and the Botanical Garden, it seemed best to confine the 
publication of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences 
to a Catalogue of the history exhibits at the Children's 
Museum, the more that such a publication would have not 
merely a passing interest, but a lasting value as a book of 
reference. This catalogue has been prepared by Miss Agnes 
E. Bowen, who has planned and largely executed the exhibits 
in the Children's Museum, and also written their very full 
descriptive labels. This exhibit has proved of very great 
interest to both children and teachers, and of great value in 
teaching the history of Brooklyn and its relation to the his- 
tory of New York and of the country at large, and to Miss 
Bowen belongs the credit for the exhibits and for this cata- 
logue. 

Frederic A. Lucas. 



CATALOGUE OF THE HISTORICAL EXHIBIT, 
CHILDREN'S MUSEUM. 

The history of New York hinges on the discovery by 
Hudson of what is now New York Bay and the Hudson 
River: but for this there would have been no Dutch colonies, 
so all the history of this part of the country dates from the 
coming of Henry Hudson, which set in motion the train of 
events whose record we call history leading to the conditions 
existing at the present time. 

The special historical exhibit of the Brooklyn Institute 
is at its Children's Museum, placed there because it has been 
thought wise to make history attractive to children. 
Models, in miniature, objects and pictures present in engag- 
ing fashion an outline sufficiently full to permit understanding 
of the sequence of cause and effect in our national life, yet 
simple enough for a child of foreign parentage to compre- 
hend. Excessive detail is omitted as confusing to the youth- 
ful mind which can, however, follow a broad outline. The 
purpose of the exhibit is the induction of civic and national 
spirit, of loyalty to traditions of this nation, and of belief that 
liberty means obedience to law. The foreign born is in- 
structed to bring the noble traditions of his mother country 
as his contribution to the advancement of this nation. Our 
obligation to people of other lands is acknowledged in divers 
ways in the collections, and takes shape in the Historical Col- 
lection in models of the six types of people who were early 
settlers here. It is to be further amplified. 

History as shown at this Museum may be said to center 
on the year 1609. For, in the belief that a local view-point 
appeals to the student of history, particularly if he be a child, 
emphasis is laid on Hudson's probable landing at Coney Is- 
land (a part of Brooklyn), on what he must have seen and 
heard along this shore, and on the Long Island Indians who 
first saw him and his men. Long Island Indians are those 
taken for the subject of a group in the series of type models, 
and the statement that Long Island was called by the Indians 
"Seawanhacky," meaning "The Island of Shells," and was 
"the great aboriginal mint" for the making of shell money, 



6 children's museum, historical collection. 

opens the label on Wampum. Then came the Dutch settle- 
ments here, the beginnings of Brooklyn ; English settlements 
in this vicinity and at the eastern end of the Island, and local 
and Long Island history down to the present. In connection 
with this our national history is studied, "the Brooklyn idea" 
finding place on numerous labels. Fulton visited in Brook- 
lyn — that fact has precedence in the label about him : Hudson 
and the nation and company responsible for his explorations 
are charted with discoverers, nations and sovereigns through 
whose agency the White race entered other parts of this con- 
tinent, our history being thus linked with that of Europe, 
though the latter is not afterward considered except when re- 
lated to that of this country. 

Taken as a whole the Historical Collection is fairly 
representative of our history from the period of discovery to 
and through that of Fulton, as perusal of the catalogue will 
show. In addition to the fine engraving of Hudson on the 
''Explorers" chart (all portraits of him are imaginary), and 
the photograph of Fulton on the "Inventors' " bulletin, pic- 
tures of the two men are framed, given descriptive labels and 
hung in the main hall near a large direction card which calls 
attention to Hudson-Fulton features in the Museum. These 
are in all exhibition rooms in the building, exhibits in each 
having been singled out to receive notice. Such are serpen- 
tine, a rock whose outcrop at Hoboken is accurately described 
by Hudson ; the topaz in the birthstone series of gems, which 
was Fulton's birthstone, he having been born on November 
14; plants, trees and animals which are known to have been 
here when Hudson came, and books set apart on a "Hudson- 
Fulton Bookshelf" in the Library. This has also special bul- 
letins. The orange shade of yellow is much in evidence, and 
the flags of Holland and the United States mark the route 
taken by both men. 

Models, objects and pictures (Classes A, B and C) are 
grouped in five sections.* 

* Lack of space at the Museum necessitates close arrangement, the need for the 
building to be erected sometime in the future being shown here as elsewhere. The 
need is especially impressed when a teacher brings a large class for study of the 
collection and can allow but a limited period of time. The class must enter by small 
divisions and hear too brief description. When, as frequently happens, several large 
classes come at one time, the situation is discouraging, for occasionally scholars miist 
be disappointed, because they cannot remain until their turn comes to see the 
collection. 



THE BROOKIvYN IDEA. 7 

The first comprises European sovereigns and navigators 
and American Indians, sovereigns and explorers taking pre- 
cedence because the history is prepared from the stand-point 
of the White race. The second, the settlement and colonial 
period. The third, the period covered by the six wars. The 
fourth is devoted to New York State and the City of New 
York, and the fifth, to Brooklyn and Long Island. The last 
two sections may seem to overlap, but they do not. Until 
recent time, historically speaking, Brooklyn was a separate 
entity. The fact of its now being a borough of the City of 
New York finds place on labels whenever necessary and is 
not allowed to be forgotten. Brooklyn and Long Island are 
so united historically and in the present daily life of the in- 
habitants that the children naturally think of them as in com- 
bination. Queens, also on Long Island, is a borough of New 
York City. That fact will be mentioned in the history of 
iQueens County, yet to be prepared, and also in the label 
about New York City. 

The collection is still unfinished, though its plan and 
scope are definite, and it is being extended as far as practica- 
ble. The line of extension, however, has to depend upon what 
can be obtained. Thus New York State and City, a section 
which, it was hoped, might be developed in time for this cele- 
bration, is still meagre; the series of United States money 
is but begun ; Brooklyn and Long Island in the Six Wars 
(Section III) period is represented by but one picture, one 
sword and the model of the monitor which was made at 
Greenpoint, although Section V has efficient representation 
otherwise. It will be noticed that the sword and monitor, 
though listed in the objects illustrative of the Civil War, are 
related to Brooklyn and Long Island (Section V) by their 
labels. The Flag exhibit is unfinished, but the material is 
in hand and will be installed as time permits. 

Section I, however, is complete, as it contains enough to 
convey the idea of the meeting of Europeans and American 
Indians. Two charts with portraits, maps and appropriate 
text, and a model of the "Half Moon," present the first men- 
tioned. Indian ornaments, wampum and utensils, and a fas- 
cinating group of Indians digging clams on Gowanus beach 



8 children's museum, historical collection. 

present the second. The group brings the Brooklyn idea for- 
ward, for Gowanus is a part of this borough ; the flat on which 
the cornfield stands that forms the background represents 
that land first bought and its purchase recorded in the present 
Kings County. The borough of Brooklyn is in Kings County. 
Following the Indian group are six showing the most 
important types of early settlers within the limits of the 
United States : the Spanish, French, British and Dutch, there 
being three British sub-types ; Cavalier, New England and 
Quaker. The influencing religious beliefs are expressed in 
Spanish, French and New England models. The first has a 
Franciscan friar listening to a Spanish soldier who is urging 
the establishment of a new mission. It has a setting of mis- 
sion ambulatory and garden in the Southwest ; the second, 
the arrival of a Jesuit at a mission outpost on the northern 
New York border on a wild winter's day ; the third, the visit 
of a clerg}'man of the Congregational Church upon a 
prominent family of his parish, in whose well-furnished par- 
lor he partakes of the usual refreshment of Bohea tea and 
sponge cake. Though widely separated by creed, these little 
groups set forth the idea that the settlers here brought with 
them earnest religious belief, for Franciscan and Jesuit 
softened the rigors of Spanish and French domination and 
were ever faithful to the widely separated people in their 
charge, while the New Englanders settled as congregations, 
in parishes, each with the clerg}'man as a dominant force. 
The Quaker scene also sets forth the religious idea in its 
very name, though it portrays the making of a "name-quilt" 
for a bride's "setting-out," the frame standing in an old- 
fashioned kitchen, through whose open "entry" door arrives 
one of the men guests for the supper that is to conclude the 
"quilting-bee." The Cavalier scene pictures the meeting of 
a gentleman of fashion and his fiancee at the garden porch of 
an old red brick Virginia homestead. Here the dominant 
church might be of either form of the two predominating 
faiths. But the Dutch scene is that of the trading-post in 
the forest at Fort Orange (Albany), the trader buying bear 
skins of friendly Indians, while his wife, two dogs and two 
pigs look on. This expresses the fact that the Dutch re- 



HUDSON NOTED POSSIBILITIES FOR TRADE. 9 

mained here at first entirely for trade and because of com- 
merce cultivated the friendship of the Indians, omitting the 
religious idea in their dealings, though without doubt they 
possessed it, for they were most liberal toward all forms of 
belief. It will be remembered that Hudson^ — of whom it has 
been said that he would have made a better modern consul 
than any other explorer of this country — noted the possibili- 
ties for trade in the amount of fine peltry that he observed. 

These type models arq placed in chronological order in 
a wall case, each having electric illumination, and appearing 
as a separate little scene. Detailed description may be found 
in the catalogue, where the labels are given. 

Brooklyn has its special Dutch model, of extra size, per- 
mitting more detail. It is the home of a Patroon. Brook- 
lyn's representative of this form of the feudal system is 
housed in a mansion whose lines are reproduced from two 
ancient homesteads, still standing, near Bergen Beach, 
Jamaica Bay ; erected by members of the Bergen and Schenck 
families when that section was first settled, on land over 
which some of Hudson's men very likely passed, or, at least, 
saw. The Schenck house is built of the timbers of the ship 
in which the original Schenck came to this country. He 
beached it near where the house now stands and took it apart. 
The ship's "knees" are the ceiling supports of the first floor. 

Models representing the Six Wars are to be nine in num- 
ber, as Myles Standish, the first commissioned officer in New 
England ; a group representing naval warfare with the 
French and the Mediterranean pirates ; and another showing 
Indian warfare in the West, will complete the series. Thus 
far it has Standish, a short soldier in a full suit of armor 
and holding a matchlock, standing on guard in front of the 
meeting-house and fort on Burial Hill, Plymouth ; an Eng- 
lish frontiersman, ambushed, shooting a crouching Indian 
with a flintlock, the frontiersman dressed in deer-skin and 
representing in type the French and Indian wars ; a scene in 
the Vassall House (Headquarters), Cambridge, when Wash- 
ington and his aide-de-camp, John Trumbull, meet John Paul 
Jones. This typifies the Revolution. The first is a snow 
scene, the second a forest, and the third a well-furnished 



10 CHILDRe:n'S museum, HISTORICAI. COLIvECTlON. 

room. The first two models and a set of photographs of the 
historical exhibits represented the Children's Museum at the 
Historical Bazar, held at the Plaza Hotel, Manhattan Bor- 
ough, in November of last year. 

Settings average 22 inches in length, 15 in height and 
12 in depth. The average height of the figures is 7 inches, 
Washington, of course, standing above this, and Standish 
and Jones proportionately below it. 

The miniature treatment of the subject enables the child 
to comprehend it at a glance and to understand the distinct 
and inclusive character of each type. Teachers and adults 
who have charge of children appreciate the putting of history 
into tangible form, which is unequalled as a vehicle for bring- 
ing an intellectual concept to children. 

Before the plan for the group may be formulated the 
period which it is to represent must be carefully studied. An 
instance of the difficulty experienced here appeared when it 
was desired to incorporate Washington, Jones and Trumbull, 
the portrait painter, in the "Revolution" group. Had they or 
could they have met in Boston at any time between July 3, 
1776, and the succeeding April? This involved months of 
research. When historic accuracy is settled — and it would 
seem that the easily ascertained facts of history are not suit- 
able for miniature type model — then arise the questions of 
setting, proportion, grouping and color, as important as in a 
stage presentation. To complicate matters, these must be ac- 
curate in the historic sense. One mistake here would cause 
some observer to forget all else in the entire exhibit. The 
amount of study necessary to these preHminaries may be 
judged by the book list appended. Cut and material of the 
costume, with average measurement to decide the amount, 
must be certain before doing the preliminary shopping for the 
figure models, as some of the accessories are expensive; 
With all this goes study of the character and personality of 
the one it is desired to model, complexion and color of the 
hair often modifying the color scheme. Where possible the 
figure models are portrait models. 

Preparation for label writing is included in that for the 
models, but has an additional difficulty. While the model is 



WHAT CHILDREN SAID ABOUT MODELS. 11 

of but one typical scene, the label must describe that and also 
give concise epitome of the period represented, one usually 
so full of interest that this exceeds other space writing, in 
laboriousness, for its value is dependent upon condensation 
instead of "spread." As the labels are to appeal to children 
they are sometimes read to a child and changed to the exact 
form of expression used by him in repeating the story. This 
accounts for the extreme simplicity of some and for a repeti- 
tion of words, it having been found that perhaps but the one 
word, not any of its synonyms, conveys that one idea to a 
child. 

Children, for whom the models were made, are most en- 
thusiastic and enjoy them in process of making perhaps as 
much as in the finished product. Several have been built in 
the laboratory of the Museum, a basement room with win- 
dows opening into deep well-holes which are covered by iron 
gratings. Here the children would crowd in such numbers 
as to obscure the light. When sent away they compromised 
by having two remain on watch, these giving out information 
as if interpreting a pantomime to the others who grouped 
them,selves "out of the light." Comment and instruction were 
freely intermixed. "She's wirin' him. Now she's makin' his 
face and hands. He ain't very pretty," was said of the 
Franciscan padre as he was being made, with "Oh ! Oh ! Oh ! 
Now she's puttin' him in the oven!" said in horrified tones 
as, the day being warm and the composition not drying suffi- 
ciently fast, the figure was baked a bit to hasten its comple- 
tion. A pretty girl made the courtesy and stood in position 
while the fair maiden of the Cavalier group was modeled. 
Then "standing room only" was purchased of those nearest 
the window by payments of candy, marbles, etc., the young- 
sters waiting on line for their turn. When the Dutch trading 
group was made and the dogs introduced, one lad bashfully 
said: — "You don't mind if I tell you? Those are a white 
man's dogs, and they would not like the Indians, so their ears 
would be down instead of up." Inquiry confirmed this and 
down went the ears. The making of the morion, or helmet, 
for the Spanish soldier was a poser. His costume was de- 
cided upon after much study, many trips to the invaluable 



12 CHILDRi^N's MUSEUM, HISTORICAL COLLECTION. 

library of the Long Island Historical Society and the trans- 
lation of paragraphs from foreign books, Spanish and Ger- 
man. The morion was finally made of thin pasteboard soaked 
in thick glue, formed over a block made of the maker's thumb, 
held in position until dry enough to remove and then baked 
in the oven. Children watched until the operation was 
finished. 

Historic objects about the Museum were first collected 
and put in one room in the year 1905, at which time the 
charts were prepared and the first model made. This was the 
Patroon's home, carried out in pasteboard, as an experiment, 
"To see if the children would be interested." The experi- 
ment was satisfactory, for the children gathered around "the 
playhouse" like bees. Now, however, they realize that the 
"model is history," and they scorn mention of its figures as 
"dolls." "Don't call them dolls," said a youth of about nine 
years of age. "They are models, not dolls. If they were 
just dolls do you suppose / would care for them? Some of 
that hair was made of cotton. I saw it done. How long do 
you suppose that a doll with cotton hair would last?" 

Children also are greatly interested in objects and pic- 
tures. The warming-pan, foot-stoves, lanterns, case of arms, 
tokens for use as money, the spinning wheel, etc., attract them. 
It would be difficult to say which gets the most of their at- 
tention. Some of the labels are known "by heart." the older 
children teaching them to the younger. A new exhibit causes 
much excitement. The children wish to "know everything 
about it," and put numerous questions. Then they bring their 
parents, teachers and members of their class. 

An invariable question is, "How soon'll that picture be 
in a lecture?" For lectures on history hold important posi- 
tion in the series which each season covers work of Museum 
departments. Last Election Day, Miss Mary Day Lee, the 
assistant curator, spoke four times on "When Old New York 
was Young," and on February 22, her talk on Washington 
was repeated seven times to accommodate 973 children. A 
lecture on Lincoln, given by Miss Gallup on February 12, at- 
tracted 726 children and was repeated six times. This, al- 
though there was a procession and many other things to 



HUDSON-FULTON IN HISTORY CLUB AND LIBRARY, 13 

tempt the little folks to remain away. All lectures are illus- 
trated by lantern slides, the set prepared for a lecture on the 
Museum's historical collection being frequently used by Miss 
Gallup in addresses explanatory of the Museum's work, given 
in other cities. 

Members of the City History Club assisted at the Lin- 
coln lecture. A chapter of this club, organized March 13, 
1907, under auspices of the Colonial Daughters of the 17th 
Century, meets at the Children's Museum during the winter, 
the place chosen because of its exhibit in local history. Last 
season it was directed by Howard C. Green, Instructor in the 
English Department of the College of the City of New York. 
There were three field trips, one to the Brooklyn Navy Yard 
and two to Manhattan. The Hudson-Fulton celebration was 
a frequent topic at the chapter's spring meetings. 

The Library is a valuable adjunct to the Historical Col- 
lection, being rich in works on American history. Its bulle- 
tins for important days are cleverly arranged to attract the 
child. There are bright pictures, bits of poetry, and the 
childhood of the famous person is dwelt upon. The bulletin 
has always its book list, or if, as at present, the subject be of 
sufficient importance, a bookshelf is set apart for reference 
volumes. The librarian. Miss Miriam S. Draper, made note 
that the call for special books began soon after the subject of 
the celebration was broached. Among those called for have 
been biographies of the two men, a history of Holland, of 
the Erie Canal and Dutch canals and origin and results of 
the Hague Conference ; biography of Chancellor Livingston, 
the friend of Fulton; physics and mechanics in relation to 
steam, electric motors and boat building; Long Island, New 
York State and New England Indians, their costume, and 
wampum ; history of the occupation of this section of coun- 
try by the White race, especially that of the settlement and 
Revolutionary periods, history of the army, navy and flag, 
and books on the geography, geology, botany and zoology of 
this state. 

Surprise at the variety of interests brought up by the 
celebration has been expressed by children and adults. 
Teachers have come for aid in preparing programmes and an 



14 children's museum, historical collection. 

historical play on New York history for school celebrations, 
and the demand has increased for poems on historical and 
patriotic topics. Those especially engaged in getting up 
Hudson-Pulton celebrations at the fifty educational centers 
of this city have made frequent use of both library and 
models. 

The writer, who planned the historical exhibit, designed 
its historical models and made the figures, and other parts 
of them, takes this opportunity to thank for their very gener- 
ous assistance in the work, the Curator-in-Chief of the 
Museums, the Curator of the Children's Museum, its Libra- 
rian, the staff, and also the staff of the Library of the Long 
Island Historical Society, and the many not connected with 
Museums or Library who have shown interest and given help 
just when needed. Mention should also be made of those 
whose work appears in the models. Herbert B. Judy, the 
Museum artist, painted the effective background for the 
French group ; John Bender, the Museum cabinet-maker, 
carved the quaint porch for the Cavalier group ; much of 
the woodwork construction, especially that in the British 
groups, and a part of the modeling was by C. R. Luscombe, 
and the Indian group was modeled by Antonio Miranda. 

Agnes E. Bowen. 

At the entrance and in the halls are copies of this large 
direction card : 

HUDSON-FULTON. 

Exhibits of interest in connection with the HUDSON- 
FULTON CELEBRATION are on view in every exhibition 
room in this building. 

The Historical Collection (2d Floor) has been re-ar- 
ranged and increased. There will be found much about 
HUDSON. 

A Bulletin concerning Mechanical Engineers and Inven- 
tors is in the Hall (ist Floor), There will be found much 
about FULTON. 

In the Library (2d Floor) are a HUDSON-FULTON 
Bookshelf and Bulletins about the two men. 

LOOK FOR THESE SPECIAL EXHIBITS. 



HUDSON-i^ULTON BULIvETINS : "HISTORY" LABELS. 15 

The bulletin mentioned has pictures and text about Ful- 
ton, who is put in the center; Franklin, Fitch, Stevens and 
Livingston, to whom he was indebted for the lessons of their 
successes and failures, and other men noted along this line of 
engineering. 

Near it is hung a frame containing pictures of Hudson 
and of Fulton, each with descriptive labels. 

The following (panel shaped) labels on "History" and 
on "American History," are set at either side of the entrance 
to the room in which the Historical Collection is installed. 

No. I. History. 

"History presents complete examples. Experience is 
doubly defective : we are born too late to see the beginning 
and we die too soon to see the end of many things. History 
supplies both of these defects : modern history shows the 
causes when experience presents the effects alone : and 
ancient history enables us to guess at the effects when ex- 
perience presents the causes alone." — Bolingbroke. 

No. n. American History. What to Learn from the 
History Exhibit. 

To us, "Citizens of the Commonwealth of New York, 
by the Grace of God, Free and Independent," according to the 
quaint legal wording, the date 1609, — when Henry Hudson 
passed and named Sandy Hook, anchored in Gravesend Bay 
and landed on Coney Island, thus bringing civilization and 
commerce that founded this comhionwealth — seems most im- 
portant. It is one of the great world dates. It relates us to 
the history of civilization. 

As citizens of this commonwealth it is our duty to study 
its history and to gain intimate knowledge of the men and 
women through whose efforts it was made "Free and Inde- 
pendent." Though they sometimes erred — being but mor- 
tal — in the main they were brave men and sweet women of 
fine character, who, for the sake of freedom — for themselves 
and more especially for their children — endured the hard- 
ships of the pioneer and often gave up their lives. 



16 childre:n's muse;um, historical collection. 

Let us honor them with the loyalty of loving children 
and pass on to our descendants a heritage bettered through 
our efforts. 

New York is but one of the many states composing our 
Union. All have great records. As citizens of these United 
States, therefore, let us so conduct ourselves that our country 
may be the better for our living and our flag be everywhere 
recognized as the emblem of a noble nation. 

Followinsf is the inner entrance label : 



ORDER FOR STUDY OF HISTORY EXHIBIT. 17 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Order for Study of History Exhibit. 

SECTION I. EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS AND 
NAVIGATORS: AMERICAN INDIANS. 

SECTION II. SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL 
PERIODS. 

SECTION III. THE SIX WARS. 

SECTION IV. NEW YORK STATE AND CITY. 

SECTION V. BROOKLYN AND LONG ISLAND. 



EUROPEAN HISTORY RELATED TO OURS. 19 



SECTION I. 

EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS AND NAVIGATORS: 
AMERICAN INDIANS. 

GENERAL LABEL. 

EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS AND NAVIGATORS : AMERICAN INDIANS. 

This section prepares the student for study of the White 
race on this Continent, and connects the history of the race 
here with that in Europe. The Indians, the brave, resource- 
ful Red race th&t they overcame, are typified in one model, 
but it must be remembered that the Red race was — and 
still is — divided into many nations. Of special interest to 
the people of this city and state is the model of "The Half 
Moon" (De Halve Maene), the Dutch ship commanded by 
Henry Hudson, the English navigator who discovered this 
harbor and the river named after him. 

(Class A) 

No. I. Dutch Type. Ship, "The Haee Moon'' (De Haeve 

Maene). Labee: 

This model represents a ship of the early part of the 
seventeenth century such as was used by Henry Hudson. 
The exact dimensions and rig of Hudson's ship are not 
known, but in a ship such as this Hudson sailed first to the 
sea about Spitzbergen, then to the coast of Newfoundland, 
thence to the entrance of Chesapeake Bay and then north to 
New York and up the Hudson River as far as Hudson. 
Small as this vessel is, in comparison with those of to-day, 
vessels of this type were yet able to reach a little beyond 80° 
North Latitude, and 300 years of work and the expenditure 
of much life and vast sums of money have only succeeded in 
attaining a few degrees farther north than did the Old Dutch 
Whalers. In comparison with modern steamships, it may be 
said that it would take seven vessels the size of the "Half 
Moon" to carry a day's supply of coal for an ocean liner; 



20 children's museum, historiCx\l collection. 

and that one modern steamship carries as much cargo as a 
fleet of 125 vessels of the size of the "Half Moon." The 
approximate length of the "Half Moon" was 75 feet ; beam 
17 feet ; depth of hold 6 or 7 feet. 

(Class C) 

Chart i shows (Label), "Sov'Ereigns of Europe 
WHO Sent Navigators on Voyages of Dis- 
covery TO THIS Continent, with Names of 
Men First Commissioned." 
Detail of Chart i: Center — (Map of the World with 
discoverers' routes drawn in blue). This map shows coun- 
tries in Europe from which came discoverers of and early 
white settlers in America. Note by what comparatively easy 
route Norsemen reached this coast. See how near are Alaska 
and Siberia. 

No. I. 

Legend tells of a wonderful land west of Europe, dis- 
covered by St. Brendan or Bren-ainn (484-577), an Irish- 
man of royal lineage, in a second missionary voyage, taken in 
a vessel made of wicker and ox-hide. The first was to Ice- 
land. Articles drifting ashore at the Azores, now known to 
be from America, were all thought to come from St. Bren- 
dan's Land. The Spanish government sent many vessels in 
search of it, the last in 1741. 

No. 2. (Picture of Viking.) 

Many centuries ago the Vikings sailed from Scandinavia 
to Greenland. In the year 1000, Leif, son of Eric the Red, 
sailed from Greenland, discovered our coast from Labrador 
to Point Judith, wintered near Boston, and returned in the 
Spring with a cargo of timber. 

About 1 170, Madoc, a Welsh prince, compelled by civil 
strife to leave home, sailed westward with a colony. It is 
thought they settled in the Mississippi valley. Madoc re- 
turned, equipped another expedition, and again sailed west- 
ward, but was never heard of thereafter. 



EUROPEAN HISTORY RELATED TO OURS. 21 

No. J. (Pictures of Ferdinand and Isabella and of Emanuel.) 
Spices, prized by Europeans, were brought from Asia. 
Henry the Navigator, of Portugal (1394-1450), thought it 
possible to sail eastward around Africa, and bring them by 
sea. In 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella, of Spain, sent Christo- 
pher Columbus sailing zvestward to find India — for people 
were beginning to believe that the world is round. These 
portraits of the sovereigns are from the originals by Ximeno 
Camaron, in the Royal Palace at Madrid. In 1497, in the 
reign of Emanuel of Portugal, Prince Henry's hope was real- 
ized, for then Vasco da Gama doubled the Cape of "Good 
Hope." Emanuel's picture is from the original in the Royal 
Palace at Lisbon. Painter unknown. 

No. 4. (Pictures of Henry VII and Maurice of Nassau.) 

England became interested in the new over-sea route. 
Henry VII gave permission to John Cabot, a naturalized 
Venetian, living in Bristol, to sail at the expense of English 
merchants. He went from Bristol in May, 1497, in a small 
vessel, with but eighteen persons in his company. On his 
discoveries England based her claim to North America. 
This picture of King Henry is from a painting at Kensington 
Palace. The Dutch, well supplied with capital, ships and 
mariners at the close of the war with Spain, made effort to 
find a western passage to the Indies. In 1609, the Dutch 
East India Company, then the greatest commercial corpora- 
tion in Europe, sent an expedition under Henry Hudson, an 
Englishman. Maurice of Nassau was then governor. The 
picture of him is by Miereveld. 

No. 5. (Picture of Francois I.) 

In 1524, Francois I, of France, sent Verrazzano to find 
a way to China. He explored our coast. By virtue of his 
discoveries the French claimed a great part of America. 
Picture by Titian. 

A^o. 6. (Picture of Queen Christina.) 

After the successful settlenxent of the Dutch in the New 
Netherlands, Usselinx, projector of the Dutch West India 



22 children's museum, historical collection. 

Company, submitted to Gustavus Adolphus, of Sweden, a 
scheme for the estabUshment of a similar commercial associa- 
tion in that kingdom. The act of incorporation was passed 
in 1626, but the German War and the death of the king com- 
pelled postponem.ent of the plan until 1637, in the reign of 
Christina. Then Peter Minuit, former Director General of 
the New Netherlands, was commissioned to establish a colony, 
which he did in 1638, building Fort Christina near where 
Wilmington, Del., now stands. The picture is from the origi- 
nal in the Royal Palace, Sweden. 

No. 7. (Picture of Empress Catharine.) 

A favorite project with Peter the Great, of Russia, was 
to find out if Asia united with America at the northwest. 
Unable to accomplish this during his lifetime, he left instruc- 
tions, faithfully executed by Empress Catharine, who fitted 
out an expedition for this purpose and entrusted it to Captain 
Vitus Behring, a Danish navigator in the Russian service. 
He discovered Behring Strait in 1728. This picture of Cath- 
arine is from a noted one, by Lampe. 

Chart 2 shows (Label), "The Navigators, their Ships," 

AND GIVES concise RECORD OE THEIR LIVES. 

Detail of Chart 2: Center — (Map of America, showing 
points at which discoverers touched, and chart of voyages of 
Columbus, Da Gama and Magellan). 

No. I. (Picture of a Norse ship.) 

St. Brendan's ship was of wicker and ox-hide, in form 
like a hollowed log; Madoc's ship was larger, but something 
of the same shape ; the Spanish ships were of slight construc- 
tion, but the Norse ships were well made and handsome. A 
Viking ship was discovered in 1880, at Gokstad Sandefjord, 
Norway. 

No. 2. (Picture, Lief Ericson, from the statue by 'Miss A. 
Whitney, at Boston, Mass.) 
Lief Ericson, viking and explorer, was born in Green- 
land. He went to Norway in 998 and brought Christianity 
back with him. In the year 1000 he sailed from Brattahlid, 



EUROPEAN HISTORY RELATED TO OURS. 23 

on the east coast, with a crew of 35 men, discovered this land 
and began settlement. Norse colonization ceased about 10 12. 
In old story Lief is called, "a large man and strong, of noble 
aspect, prudent and moderate in all things." 

No. 3. (Pictures, the "Santa Maria," "Pinta" and "Nina." 
Photographed from the model caravels sent 
from Spain for the Columbian Exposition. The 
"Santa Maria," Columbus' flag ship, under full 
sail.) 
The Spanish Ships. 

No. 4. (Pictures of Columbus and Vespucius.) 

Christopher Columbus, Genoese navigator, commissioned 
by Ferdinand and Isabella, of Spain, discovered America at 
San Salvador, W. I., October 12, 1492. He made four voy- 
ages, planted colonies, and died in Spain, May 30, 1506. 
This picture is from the authentic Thevet portrait. But the 
new world was named for Americus Vespucius, a Florentine, 
who was with an expedition to South America in 1499 and 
wrote so pleasantly of this and other voyages and of the new 
land he had seen, that Waldenseemiiller, a German geogra- 
pher, suggested that the country be named for him. He died 
in 1 5 12. This picture is from the portrait by Bronzino, 
painted from life, treasured by the Vespucci family, and com- 
mitted by them to C. Edwards Lester, United States Consul 
to Genoa, in 1845. 

No. 5. (Picture of Vasco da Gama.) 

Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese navigator, commissioned 
by Emanuel of Portugal. He sailed around Africa to India 
in 1497, thus accomplishing what Columbus and others at- 
tempted to do by crossing the Atlantic Ocean. He died in 
1524- 
No. 6. (Picture of Sebastian Cabot.) 

John Cabot or Zuan Caboto, a Venetian navigator, sailed 
under the English flag. He was engaged by Henry VII at 
the time of Columbus' discovery, and was immediately given 
letters authorizing him to take possession of any lands he 



24 children's museum, historical collection. 

might discover, for the English. He sailed from Bristol in 
1497, in a small vessel called "The Matthew," with but 
eighteen in his company. He landed at Cape Breton and was 
the first to touch the mainland, claiming it for England. 
He was lost on his second voyage, in 1498. His son, Sebas- 
tian Cabot, carried on his father's work, became a famous 
cartographer, held influential positions under the kings of 
Spain and England, and died in 1.557. This picture is from 
the original in the possession of Charles Joseph Harford, of 
Bristol, England. 

iVo. 7. (Picture of Verrazzano.) 

Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine navigator, was 
sent out by Francois I, of France, in 1524. He explored the 
coast from North Carolina to Nova Scotia. French claims 
to America were founded upon his discoveries. Probably 
executed as a pirate in 1527. 

No. 8. (Picture of Hudson.) 

Henrv Hudson, English navigator, commissioned by the 
Dutch to find the "Northwest Passage" to the "Spice Islands," 
discovered New York harbor, September 4, 1609, after sail- 
ing along the coast from July 2 of that year. He went up the 
river as far as Albany. His ship was called "The Half 
Moon." In 1610, he left England again to look for the 
"Northwest Passage." On that voyage he discovered Hud- 
son Strait and Hudson's Bay. Here the ships were frozen 
in for three months and after enduring many hardships the 
crew mutinied, bound Hudson, his son, and seven others, and 
set them adrift in a small boat. They were never heard of 
afterwards. 

No. p. (Picture of the Swedish ships.) 

Peter Minuit, bom at Wesel-on-Rhine, went to Holland 
early in the seventeenth century, and was made Director Gen- 
eral of the New Netherlands, ably filling office from 1625 to 
1 63 1, when he was recalled. He ofifered his services to 
Sweden and through the influence of Chancellor Oxenstiem, 
a Swedish West India Company was formed and Minuit com- 



LONG ISLAND INDIA,NS SEEN BY HUDSON. 25 

missioned to take out a colony of Swedes and Finns in 1637. 
They landed in Delaware and built a fort near the site of 
Wilmington, calling it "Christina," from the Swedish sover- 
eign. The Dutch opposed their landing and finally captured 
the colony in 1655. 

No. 10. (No picture.) 

Vitus Behring (1680-1741), a Danish navigator, was 
employed by the Empress Catharine of Russia to explore the 
northwest coast of Alaska to find if it joined America. He 
started in 1725, crossed Siberia and spent three years at 
Okhotsk in preparing for the voyage. He discovered 
Behring Strait in 1728. On a later voyage, in 1740, he 
crossed the strait to America, but on the return trip the ship 
was wrecked and he was lost. 

(Class A) 

No. n. Indian Type. Scene, "A Gowanus 'Flat,' with 
ITS Indian Corneield, and Indians in the 
Foreground getting Shellfish eor Food 
and Wampum Making." Label: 

LONG island INDIANS. 

Hudson sent men out in small boats to get fish while the 
"Half Moon" lay in the Lower Bay. It is supposed they 
landed on Coney Island. If so, Canarsie Indians first saw 
them. The Marechkawiecks, who inhabited Brooklyn, were 
of the Canarsie tribe which occupied Kings County and part 
of Jamaica. Other principal tribes were the Merric, Massa- 
pequa, Matinecock, Nissaquogue, Setauket, Corchaug, Man- 
hansett, Secatogue, Patchogue, Shinnecock and Montauk, the 
chief of the last being Grand Sachem. Villages retaining 
the names mark sites of tribal council fires. Massapequas 
fought the only notable battle between Indians and Whites. 
Their fort was taken and demolished by a force under Cap- 
tain John Underbill, in 1653. These tribes were of the Dela- 
ware or Lenni-Lenape branch of Algonkins and their lan- 
guage practically that of the New England Indians. All 
paid tribute to the Pequots, but after 1637 transferred this to 



26 children's museum, historical collection. 

the English, the only reason seeming to be that of superior 
power. War with the Narragansetts preventing payment, 
the New England Commissioners pressed the demand, and 
in 1656, the Montauk chief visited Boston to make terms. A 
dramatic story is that of the Indian uprising hereabout be- 
cause of the treachery of Governor Kieft, followed by a con- 
vention, held at Rechqua-aike or Rockaway, in 1643, on in- 
vitation of Penhawitz, the great Canarsie chief, at which the 
Dutch sued for peace. But, whatever happened, the Indians 
always lost in the end. November 3, 1699, the Governor of 
New York was acknowledged Chief est Sachem, by the Mon- 
tauk chief; by 1761 many of the tribes had disappeared; in 
1783 the Montauk tribe was reduced by an emigration to 
Oneida County, led by the Reverend Sampson Occum. an 
Indian, minister of the Presbyterian church. Now (1909) 
but few are left. Long Island Indians were brave, good 
fighters — their war canoes carried eighty men. Denton says 
they were "extraordinary charitable one to another," and 
courteous, "No man ever interrupting any person in his 
speech." They were still in THE STONE AGE. They 
made canoes, bows and arrows, rude vessels of earth, hard- 
ened by fire, and wampum. Because of the possession of the 
latter they were traders, their tobacco pipes of copper coming 
from Michigan. Their favorite game was FOOTBALL. 
Fighting, hunting, fishing and wampum making were duties 
of men, all other tasks being performed by women. The 
model shows a Gowanus "flat," with its Indian cornfield and 
Indians in the foreground getting shellfish for food and for 
wampum making. 

WAMPUM OR SEAWANE. 

Wampum or seawane, made of shell beads, was used by 
American Indians as money, for ornament and on ceremonial 
occasions. Long Island was "the great aboriginal mint," its 
Indian name, "Seawanhacky," meaning "Island of Shells." 
Wampum was white or blue-black. According to Roger 
Williams it was obtained respectively from the stem of the 
periwinkle (meteauhaug) and the dark portion of the shell 
of the round clam (poquahaug) ; beads were fomied by chip- 



WAMPUM OR SE^AWANE. 27 

ping suitable pieces, drilling a hole in the center of each chip, 
then rubbing on a flat stone until smooth. As ornament, 
worn by chiefs, their wives and daughters, it was a badge of 
distinction and the highest evidence of wealth and power. A 
band or "belt" was sent with all public messages : if returned, 
it meant rejection of the offer. Appropriate figures were 
sometimes worked into wampum as record of a transaction, 
the confederation of the Five Nations being thus chronicled. 
Wampum means white, from "wompi" in the Massachusetts 
dialect and "wapi" in the Delaware. Originally the word 
was applied to white beads only, the black being "suckan- 
hock," from "suki" or "sacki," meaning black. "Peage " was 
the name of the substance from which the beads were made. 
As white beads were most common, "wampumpeage " came 
to be the common name for the money among the Whites, 
though the Indians retained the many definitions and there 
were some local names. The immense quantity of wampum 
manufactured here was shown in the enormous heaps of split 
shells, once frequent, especially at Rockaway, Canarsie, Ber- 
gen Island, and Gravesend, but long ago converted into fer- 
tilizer by thrifty farmers. Winthrop's "Journal," (1634) 
mentions the superior wampum made by Long Island Indians. 
Settlers used wampum as indispensable in domestic commerce. 
It became so scarce that the French manufactured some of 
porcelain beads, but the Indians would not accept the counter- 
feit. Its value was a frequent subject of legislation, the 
Dutch early putting the price of "good splendid seawan of 
Manhattan," as four for a stiver. Josselyn, who visited this 
country in 1638, called blue-black wampum the Indian's gold 
and the white his silver, adding, "King Philip, on his visit 
to Boston, had a coat and buskin set thick with these beads in 
pleasant wild works and a broad belt of the same. His ac- 
coutrements were valued at £20. The English merchant 
giveth them 10 to a fathom for their white and as much again 
for their blue beads." 

Specimens are shown of light and of dark wampum, each 
with an example of the shell from which most generally made 
and accompanied by special label, as follows : 



28 childre^n's museum, historical collection. 

wampum and shells of periwinkle and whelk. 
Wampum, made of white shell, was called the Indians' 
silver. Roger Williams and other earh^ writers say it was 
obtained from the stem of the periwinkle, Littorina littorea; 
Mayer, that the Indians used whelk shells, Fulgur carica and 
Sycotypits canaUailatiis ; other writers mention whelk and 
also other shells. It is probable that the Indians took whatever 
shell would best serve their purpose among the snails found 
in their vicinity. As the periwinkle is a well-known edible 
snail in the British Isles, Williams and the others probably 
classed all snails as periwinkles. Whelks, the largest coiled 
shells found north of Cape Hatteras, are especially abundant 
off the New Jersey coast and in Long Island Sound upon 
gravelly or sandy bottoms, at, or below, low-tide level. They 
grow to be six inches long. 

SUCKAXHOCK AND THE SHELL OE THE ROUND CLAM. 

Suckanhock. made of the dark portion of the shell of 
the adult round clam or Quahaug (abbreviated from the In- 
dian name Poquahaug), was called the Indians' gold. Note 
how little blue-black color occurs. That is why Suckanhock 
was the more valuable form of Indian money. 

"The Round Clam, Quahaug, or Little-neck Clam, 
Venus mcrccnaria, is the common hard-shelled clam of the 
New York market, and the fishery in the Middle Atlantic 
States is worth $200,000 annually. The Indians made their 
purple wampum from its shell. The hard clam ranges from 
Yucatan to Nova Scotia, but is common only from the Caro- 
linas to Cape Cod. It is most abundant in shallow bays or 
estuaries where it lives below the level of low tide." 

Alayer, — "Sea-Shore Life." 

Among Long Island Indian relics are bowls and cooking 
utensils, ornaments, various implements for husbandry, and 
arrow heads. A bow with arrows (western Indian) has this 
label : 

"The bow and arrows together with quiver and bow- 
case were once owned and used by an Indian chief in Kansas. 
They were purchased from this Indian Chief by Major 
McElroy, commandant at Fort Ellsworth, Kansas, in 1867- 



INDIAN ARTICLES. 29 

68 ; and presented by him to Miss E. A. Braine, who gave 
them to the Children's Museum in 1901." 

An Indian pipe, from Owensboro, Kentucky, is thus de- 
scribed : 

"The earUer inhabitants of our country have left many 
objects of stone, clay and other materials which give us some 
information as to their skill in the arts. This pipe, a rare 
form, shows surprising cleverness in clay modelling and orna- 
mentation. Possibly the designer of the pipe intended to 
represent a canoe. This pipe was taken from a cave." 




o a; 

CO ex, 

W & 
2 ° 

<i 

^ -c 

O 
tn 

Q 
Z 
■< 

H 
tn 
W 

S 



THE SIX gre;a,t types. 31 



SECTION II. 

SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL PERIODS. 
GENERAL LABEL. 

SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL PERIODS. 

Nearly every nation of Europe was represented in the 
early settlers of America, but SIX GREAT TYPES formed 
permanent settlements here. These were from Spain, France, 
England, and the Netherlands. 

Three came from England : — the CAVALIER, that 
colonized in Virginia and southward ; the NEW ENGLAND, 
formed by the blending of the Pilgrims and the Puritans, and 
the "Quaker" or "Friend" that dominated Pennsylvania and 
adjacent sections. The Netherlanders, called the "DUTCH," 
laid the foundation of our own State, with first settlements 
on Manhattan Island, in our own City, and first landing at 
Gravesend, in our own borough. Colonies of these four 
types settled later in each other's territory, with consequent 
warfare, succeeded by friendly relations, and afterwards, by 
general British government. 

Earliest of the types to arrive was the Spanish. They 
and the French settled to the south, southwest and north. 
Between them and the first four mentioned there was fre- 
quent fighting, until their territory was purchased by the 
United States. 

(Class A) 

No. I. Spanish Type. Scene, "Priest and Soldier Plan 
A New Mission." Label: 
The SPANISH came in search of fabulous wealth. 
After many unsuccessful attempts at settlement in various 
parts of this country, St. Augustine, Florida, was founded 
in August, 1565, by Pedro Menendez de Aviles. THIS 
WAS THE FIRST PERMANENT EUROPEAN SET- 
TLEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. The conquista- 



32 children's museum, historical collection. 

dores (conquerors) were horribly cruel and superstitious, 
after the manner of the time, but with them came the brothers 
of the missionary orders of the Roman Catholic church, full 
of zeal for the "saving of souls." So, hand in hand with the 
cruelty of the soldiers went the founding of missions among 
the Indians and many of the missionaries have left records 
of great kindness and piety, as well as of efficient leadership. 
In California and the Southwest are still to be found 
some of the mission buildings erected by the priests, who 
were mainly of the Franciscan order. The model shows a 
portion of the ambulatory of such a mission, opening upon a 
garden. The Franciscan, a man past middle life, is listening 
to the plan of an ardent young SPANISH soldier for found- 
ing another mission further up the coast of California. In 
the gravel path, with his sword, the soldier has just drawn 
a plan of the possible mission and of the route to be followed 
to reach the spot. He is clothed in the rich costume of the 
military of that time with the cape and fringed gloves, which 
he has thrown off during his conversation with the priest. 

No. II. French Type. Scene, "Jesuit Arrives at Mis- 
sion Station." Label: 

The French were among the earliest explorers here. 
Jacques Cartier discovered what is now known as the Domin- 
ion of Canada, in 1535, the first permanent settlement being 
Quebec, founded in 1608. Prominent personages in this 
new town were the "factor" of the fur company (which 
Parkman called "The owner and sovereign lord of all 
Canada"), the trader among the Indians, the soldier, and the 
Jesuit priest. The trader and the Jesuit are most typical of 
the French type. Knowing the forest and the Indian, they 
were practically leaders in the great expeditions to the interior 
and south of this continent sent out under French officers. 

The Jesuits ministered to the French in villages along 
the water courses, which were for years the only roads. 
There were also villages of Indian converts with whom the 
French lived amicably. A friendship was begun which later 
enabled the French to strike fearful blows upon the English 
settlers through their Indian allies. 



FRENCH AND CAVAUER. 33 

A Jesuit mission was established among the Hurons who 
occupied what is now a portion of Simcoe County, Ontario. 
The name "Huron" was given by the French. 

The priest was fearless in carrying religion to the In- 
dians, establishing missions among them undeterred by the 
miseries of life among savages that more often than not was 
terminated in torture and martyrdom. It is from their "Re- 
lations" of missionary experiences sent to the superior of the 
order in France that we get most of our present-day knowl- 
edge of the Indian of that time and this section of North 
America. 

Chief among the missionaries to the Hurons was Father 
Jogues, a courageous, refined, modest, scholarly and noble 
man. Captured by the Iroquois, he was brought by them 
from Lake St. Peter up the Richelieu River and Lake Cham- 
plain to Lake George and the Mohawk towns, being the first 
white man to see Lake George. He was rescued by the Dutch 
at Fort Orange and sent to France. Thence he returned to 
become a missionary to the Iroquois, and was killed by them 
October i8th, 1646. 

The model shows Father Jogues being rowed by one of 
the Huron converts toward a village hid at the edge of the 
wilderness. Just as the canoe rounds a point a French 
trader approaches through the forest and meets the mis- 
sionary. 

No. HI. Cavalier Type ([a] British). Scene, "The 
Cavaeier Comes to Call." Label: 
The CAVALIER came to found a state, and at James- 
town, Virginia, in 1607, "laid the foundation of the first 
permanent English colony in America." Early comers suf- 
fered hardships, but later arrivals, usually of the aristocratic 
class, brought retainers, servants, and ample household fur- 
nishings. The tobacco trade brought riches, and ships ply- 
ing in its interests between Virginian and European ports 
brought back the latest modes, and life was much the same 
as among the wealthy in the mother-country. There was 
much entertaining — house-parties, balls and routs — and mag- 
nificent costumes were worn. The upper classes were well 



34 childre^n's museum, historical collection. 

educated, but very different ideas prevailed from those in 
New England. When Governor Berkely heard some one al- 
lude to the free schools in New England, he said he "thanked 
God there v^as no such things in Virginia, nor any printing 
press, because too much education was apt to breed a sedi- 
tious spirit." 

The few houses left which were erected by the settlers of 
this type are models of comfort. They are mainly built of 
red brick with broad porches, wide doors and windows, and 
within are halls which can easily accommodate two sets of 
square dances, and huge rooms each with its open fireplace. 
These houses were set in fine gardens and each had a stable 
full of thoroughbreds such as the gentleman, in the model has 
been riding. The women were as good riders as the men, 
for few roads in the early days were built for carriages, 
though many of these were imported, and one has evidently 
just been driven away from the door where the lady is stand- 
ing, as the mark of the wheels may be seen in the gravel. 

No. IV. Dutch Type. Scene, "Indians Selling Furs 
TO Dutch Trader at Fort Orange (Al- 
bany)." Label: 

The DUTCH came for trade in furs and through com- 
merce effected peaceful relations with the Indians. In 1614 
they built a trading-post called a fort, on Manhattan Island, 
which was practically their first settlement. In 1623 they 
had established posts as far north as Fort Orange, the present 
site of Albany, and as far south as Fort Nassau, near Phila- 
delphia. With the exception of a few "Patroons" the 
DUTCH were mainly "middle-class people," thrifty, intelli- 
gent, and tolerant of all creeds, so that, from the beginning, 
people from all parts of Europe came to Manhattan, whose 
trading-post soon grew into the city of New Amsterdam. It 
is said that by 1664. eighteen languages were spoken there. 
Unlike the English settlements, however, the DUTCH had no 
representative assembly, and there was no check upon the 
authority of the governor except through appeal to the home 
government. 



DUTCH AND NEW ENGLAND. 35 

A Trading Post was set in the wilderness. It was com- 
posed of a few houses, at first roughly built of logs (see 
model), then in more shapely form. Here lived the DUTCH 
trader and his family and others employed in the business. 
They had as many of the home comforts as could be brought 
in the small sloop or river boat of those days. These always 
included swine, for the DUTCH had to have sausages. The 
settlement was surrounded by a strong stockade built of logs, 
with gates of thick timbers fastened by heavy bolts and bars. 
Through these, Indians were admitted a few at a time. They 
were glad to trade valuable furs for steel hatchets, jackknives, 
and cheap trinkets, though sometimes they demanded pay- 
ment in their own form of money called "wampum." 

No. V. New England Type ([b] British). Scene, "The 
Minister Calls on the Family." Label: 

The New England, second of the English types, became 
distinctive late in the 17th century, when the ideas of Pilgrims 
and Puritans had been modified by place and circumstance 
and educated by that principle which immortalizes the name 
of Roger Williams, "The civil power has no jurisdiction 
over the conscience." For the Pilgrims (the pioneers of this 
type, who landed on Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, in 1620) 
came here for "Freedom to worship God," but brought from 
the old country a belief in the union of state and church which 
led them to prosecute those whose religion differed. They 
were of Non-Conformist, or Congregational creed, each group 
of settlers forming a congregation, whose minister was an 
important personage in town councils and a leader of his peo- 
ple. The colonists were mainly of English stock, though 
there was a mixture of the other British nationalities. They 
were thrifty and prosperous, but more aggressive than the 
Quakers, and suffered because of frequent warfare with the 
Indians. Dwellers on the coast, they were a hardy, sea-going 
people who achieved wealth through commerce with foreign 
countries and inland trade at home. 

Some of the comforts obtained through commerce may 
be observed in this scene, whose setting presents the parlor 
of a typical New England home about 1750, the room and 



36 children's museum, historical collection. 

furnishings modeled from actual objects and the costumes 
from old paintings. The wall paper, however, "in Chinese 
style," then much the fashion, — is a genuine antique dating 
to about the time of the model. Elegance of finish charac- 
terizes the carved mantel, wainscot and other "trim," the 
"beaufet" in the corner being the favorite form of cupboard 
for the display of fine china and silver. The china is 
"Lowestoft" often called "Lofifester ware" in old wills and 
inventories. Though bearing the name of an English town, 
it was made in China, and was a delicate porcelain of blue- 
white body with decorations in color. The mahogany furni- 
ture and mirror frames are Chippendale from England, and 
candlesticks and snuffers probably came from there. The 
tea table was known as the "pie crust table" because of its 
circular shape and the incut of the surrounding molding. The 
green chairs are the famed Windsor make. On the back of 
one hangs a turkey-tail feather handscreen with which My 
Lady protects her face when sitting before the fire. And- 
irons, shovel and tongs were forged by the local smith. The 
bellows, with its theorem painting decoration, was brought 
from France. The green candle was made of wax from the 
bayberry and gave forth delicate perfume when burning. 
Candles were made at home and the fine linen napkins were 
spun and woven by My Lady. 

The scene shows an afternoon call from the minister; 
and the family assembled to meet him. His broadbrim hat 
and heavy cane have been left in the entry outside the door. 
Bohea tea has been brewed in his honor and sponge cake cut 
that is made after the recipe used in families of quality in 
New England, beginning: "Take the weight of ten eggs in 
flour." The buttonholes on the gentleman's coat have prob- 
ably been the subject of much discussion between him and 
his tailor. In all orders sent to England for clothes, men of 
that time, Washington particularly, specified with much ex- 
actness their desire as to buttonholes. The tiny white ruffle 
in the neck of My Lady's gown is a "tucker." The name 
comes down to us in the saying "best bib and tucker." The 
son is aiding the baby daughter to walk by means of "lead- 
ing strings," often beautifully embroidered by fond mothers. 



the; ouake:r ouilting-bee;. 37 

No. VI. Quaker Typk ([c] British). Scene, "A 
Quaker 'Quilting-bee.' " Label : 

The "Quakers" or "Friends," third of the EngHsh types, 
desiring freedom in rehgion, came here among early Massa- 
chusetts Colonists. Persecution from the Puritans drove 
them elsewhere, numerous groups finding refuge on Long 
Island and the mainland in this vicinity. Under William 
Penn, Quakers founded the independent colony of Pennsyl- 
vania, Philadelphia, its first city, being organized in 1683. 
Just and honorable in their treatment of all, the Quakers lived 
at peace w^ith Indians and white neighbors, and prospered 
mightily, until "As thrifty as a Quaker" became a proverb, 
and the name "Quaker," first given in derision, was highly 
respected. The Quaker costume was adopted about 1800. 
Before then it differed little in cut and color from the pre- 
vailing fashion, though characterized by absence of ornaments 
and richness of material. 

A Group of Quakers at a "Quilting-bee" is shown in the 
model. This was an enjoyable occasion especially when as 
here, a "name quilt" was made for a bride's "setting out," 
each square the gift of a friend and marked with that friend's 
name and date. Experienced hands "set up" the quilt cover. 
Lining and wadding were evenly stretched upon the frame 
and the quilting pattern drawn. Sometimes four quilts set 
up in a long kitchen were finished at a "bee.^' The stitching 
was done with linen thread spun upon the small wheel stand- 
ing near the fireplace. At the date of this rnodel, about 1800, 
there was no spool cotton. The women came early in the 
afternoon to sew. There was much rivalry among the girls, 
for she who put the last stitch in a quilt was promised an 
early marriage. The men came to the bountiful supper pre- 
pared over a fire of logs, cooking utensils being hung from 
the crane by pot-hooks and trammels, or stood on high feet 
over the coals. Filling the wood-box was the work of the 
children of the house. Cupboards over the mantel held small 
kitchen conveniences and always a pot of bear's grease or 
neat's-foot oil for softening the heavy leather shoes worn 
by the men. 



38 childrivn's museum, historical colle;ction. 

In this scene the last quilt is nearly finished, when Friend 
Richard, the owner of the house, ushers in the first of the 
men guests, saying to his wife, the woman in gray, "Hannah ! 
Friend John has brought thee a basket of his fine pippins. 
Has thee most finished thy stent? It is getting late. The 
other men folk will soon arrive." Hannah says, "Thank thee, 
John. Thee and, thy apples are most welcome! Anna, thee 
may take the basket. Yes, Richard. Just a few more 
stitches. We think Sarah will put in the last stitches. 
Friend Elizabeth will take my needle while I help about the 
supper. Until it is ready thee will have to entertain the men 
folk in the fore room. Tell them our bake-kettle never made 
better biscuit, and as for our apple-sauce and pies — !" 

(Class B) 

No. I. Skirt. Label: 

This skirt was worn at the court of James II, by Hannah 
Borland, the mother of Dr. J. L. Borland, Surgeon in the 
British Army, 1812. Dr. Borland finally settled at Somer- 
set, Massachusetts, and this skirt was left to the only surviv- 
ing heir, Joseph S. Borland, who died at the American House, 
Boston, Massachusetts, in June, 1870. 

No. II. Foot-Stove. Label: 

The foot-stove was an arrangement for keeping the feet 
warm in cold weather. Inside the stove is a pan for holding 
live coals in a bed of ashes. Ladies formerly carried foot- 
stoves to church in cold weather. 

No. III. Warming-Pan. Label: 

In olden times a warming-pan containing live coals was 
used in winter time to warm the inside of a bed. 

Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Gifts of Newton H. Chittenden. 
No. IV. FiRE-ToNGS. Label: 

When houses were heated by means of open fires tongs 
were used to help move the blazing sticks and hot coals. 



LANTERNS, LOCKS AND LATCHES. 39 

No. V. Lanterns. Label: 

In olden times lanterns were frequently made of tin 
thickly perforated with holes and lighted by means of a can- 
dle held in a socket. 

The tin covering was a partial protection against wind 
and rain, while the holes allowed the flickering candle flame 
to shine through and light up the pathway. 

Lanterns have been also made from other substances 
such as horn, talc, mica, oiled fabrics, paper and glass. 

No. VL Lock. Label: 

Locks of various kinds have existed from very ancient 
days. 

The Egyptians, Hebrews and Oriental nations had locks 
and keys of ponderous size. 

The chief parts of a lock are the bolt, or part that locks, 
and the staple, or part into which the bolt locks when turned 
by the key. 

Until the beginning of the last century the only lock 
generally employed was the "warded" lock. "Wards" are 
pieces of metal in the lock which fit into grooves in the key 
and prevent the lock from being opened except by its own 
proper key. 

The origin of warded locks is not known, but it is un- 
doubtedly of early date. A century ago they were considered 
very safe and were made in most complicated and ingenious 
forms. 

See "Young People's Encyclopaedia of Common Things," 
pages 443, 444; "Inventions of the Century" — Doolittle, pages 
420-427. 

No. VII. Door Latch, erom a Church, New Marlbor- 
ough, Massachusetts. Label: 

This is an example of a "Thumb-latch." A lifter pass- 
ing through the door raises the latch. This lifter is made to 
move from the outside of the door by pressing upon the 
broadened end of it with the thumb. 

Door knobs have now taken the place of door latches in 
many parts of our country. 



40 childre^n's museum, historical collection. 

No. VIIL Hand REEL. 

No. IX. Wooden Bit-Stock. Gift of James Leffingwell, 

New MAiiLBOROUGH, MASSACHUSETTS. LabEL 1 

The bit-stock is a handle or brace for holding and turn- 
ing a bit. The bit is a tool used for boring holes in wood. 

No. X. Sheep-Shears. Label: 

Used for cutting off the wool of sheep. The blades of 
the shears form the two ends of a steel bow, by the elasticity 
of which they open as often as pressed together by the hand 
in cutting. 

No. XL Spinning Wheel. Label: 

A machine for spinning wool, cotton, or flax into thread 
by hand. It consists of a wheel, band and spindle, and is 
driven by foot or by hand. Before the introduction of ma- 
chinery there were two kinds of spinning wheels in common 
use ; the large wheel for spinning wool and cotton, and the 
small or Saxon wheel for spinning flax. 

No. XII. Fire Bucket. Label: 

From the days of Washington until the beginning of the 
19th century, the law required every householder to be a fire- 
man and to own at least one leathern fire bucket inscribed with 
his name. 

When the church bells rang the alarm of fire each man 
seized his bucket and set off for the fire. Some joined the 
line that stretched away to the water, and helped to pass the 
full buckets to those who stood by the fire. Others took posts 
in a second line, down which the empty buckets were has- 
tened to the pump. The house would often be half consumed 
when the shouting made known that the engine had come. 

For picture of fire engine of 1800 see "School History of 
U. S.," McMaster — page i8i. 

No. XIII. Sickle. Label: 

An instrument used for cutting grass, grain, or weeds. 
Some sickles have the inner edge toothed like a saw, others 
have a smooth blade. 



HISTORICAL PICTURKS. 41 

In reaping, the harvester takes as much of the grain as 
he can hold in the left hand, and then cuts off the stalks as 
close to the ground as possible with the sickle which is held 
in the right hand. When a sufficient quantity of grain has 
been cut it is tied up by means of a band of twisted straw 
and made into a sheaf. 

The sickle is the oldest of reaping instruments and is 
still used to gather crops in certain localities. 

The Romans used it not only as a farmer's tool, but also 
as a weapon of war. 

(Class C) 

No. I. Harlow House, Plymouth, Massachusetts, 
Built 1660. 

No. n. Standish House, Duxbury, Massachusetts, 
Built by Alexander Standish, Son oe Cap- 
tain Myles Standish. 

No. HI. Alden House, Duxbury, Massachusetts, Home 
OE John and Priscilla (Mullin) Alden. A 
Descendant oe the Eighth Generation is 
Standing in the Yard. 

No. IV. Photographs (3) oe Historical Type Rooms in 
THE Essex Institute, Salem, Massachu- 
setts. GiET oE George Francis Dow. 

No. V. Benjamin Franklin (Fur Collar Portrait) 
EROM Painting by J. S. Duplessis (a French 
artist), now in the Philadelphia Academy 
of Fine Arts. Engraved by W. F. Bather. 
GiET oe W. F. Bather. 

No. VI. "Lady Washington's Reception," by D. Hunt- 
ington, P. N. A. (an American Artist), 
WITH Key. 




MYLES STANDISH. ABOUT 1622. 
For description see page 46. 



THE SIX WARS : OUR POLICY OF PEACE. 43 



SECTION III. 

THE SIX WARS. 
Section III is placed in wall cases, or hung (pictures) 
upon the wall, grouped in chronological order. 

GENERAL LABEL. 

THE SIX WARS. 

The people of the United States have engaged in SIX 
WARS. As Colonists we fought the FRENCH AND IN- 
DIAN (1689-1760), a long and brutal series of fights be- 
tween British and French colonists and their Indian allies, 
arising from questions of boundary rights. In the REVO- 
LUTION (1775-1781) we separated ourselves from Great 
Britain and became THE UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA. The WAR OF 1812 (1812-1815) forced Great 
Britain to abandon a so-called "Right of Search" of our ves- 
sels and to remove restrictions against our commerce. The 
MEXICAN WAR (1846-1848) arose from another boundary 
question — between the United States and Mexico. The 
CIVIL WAR (1861-1865) involved the question of "State 
Rights" in form of "The Slavery Question." The SPANISH 
WAR (1898) was undertaken in defense of the application 
of the Monroe Doctrine to conditions prevailing in Cuba. 

In addition, our army has distinguished itself in Indian 
fighting, and our navy in suppression of piracy and in the 
Boxer Outbreak in China. "Both arms of the service" have 
made and are making records that thrill us because of the 
bravery, efficiency and nobility of character manifested in 
them. 

Though our history tells of so many fierce conflicts, the 
spirit of our people is peaceful. Our influence has been for 
the promotion of peace. Edward Everett Hale speaks for 
the most of us in saying, when telling of the justice of our 
war with Spain, "This Nation never wishes to make war. 
Our whole policy is a policy of peace, and peace is the pro- 



44 children's museum, historical collection. 

tection of the * * * civilization to which we are pledged." 
Case No. i contains pictures of the Presidents, a series 
representing the history of the flag, and models of our fight- 
ing men and their environment at critical periods. There 
are three general labels in this case. 

No. I. Army and Navy (large over label). 

"The reason the world honors the soldier is because he 
holds his life at the service of the state." — Ruskin. 

"Every history of our navy claims attention first of all 
as a hero story." — Spears. 

No. 11. Army and Navy. 

•Military organizations, many of them still in existence, 
formed the nucleus of the NATIONAL ARMY, created by 
the Continental Congress, June 15, 1776, with George Wash- 
ington, of Virginia, then 43 years old, as Major-General and 
Commander-in-Chief. He took command on July 3, the day 
before the DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE was 
adopted. This declaration changed the name of The United 
Colonies of America, to THE UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA. "The first stroke afloat for American liberty" 
was the destruction of the British war schooner, "Gaspe," 
near Providence, Rhode Island, June 10, 1772. The first 
NAVY ships were 13 frigates, ordered December 13, 1775, 
and on December 22 of that year, Esek Hopkins, of Rhode 
Island, was commissioned as Commander-in-Chief of the 
Fleet, He was called Commodore, or sometimes Admiral. 
After the Revolution both army and navy were virtually dis- 
banded, though a thousand troops were retained. The pres- 
ent United States Navy dates from an act of Congress, April 
30, 1798, establishing a Navy Department. By Article II, 
Section 2, of the CONSTITUTION, which went into opera- 
tion on March 4, 1789, the PRESIDENT was made COM- 
MANDER-IN-CHIEF of the ARMY and NAVY. 

No. III. (Without headline.) 

"No matter what happens to you, no matter who flatters 
you or who abuses you, never look at another flag, never let 
a night pass but that you pray God to bless that flag. Re- 



PRESIDENTS. — THE FLAG. — WAR MODELS. 45 

member * * * that behind all these men you have to do 
with, behind officers, and government, and people even, there 
is the Country herself, your country, and that you belong to 
Her as you belong to your own mother. Stand by Her as you 
would stand by your mother." — Edward Everett Hale, "The 
Man Without A Country." 

Cabinet size photographs of the Presidents, mounted on 
framed labels which announce in condensed form the im- 
portant events of each administration, are placed in line across 
the top of the case, with base label, in large type, "THE 
PRESIDENT IS THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF 
THE ARMY AND NAVY." The label accompanying the 
picture of George Washington is presented as an example of 
the presidential series, although it is two lines longer than 
the others : 

George Washington (I) 

Two Terms : 1789-1797. 
Chief Events. 
Creation of Departments of State, Treasury, War, 
Attorney-General (Justice). Money matters put 
on firm basis. Admission of Vermont, Kentucky and 
Tennessee, ist 10 Amendments to Constitution. In- 
vention of cotton-gin. Seat of government removed 
from New York to Philadelphia. 

Beneath the photographs is a line series showing the 
history of our flag in pictures and miniature flags. This ex- 
hibit is unfinished. 

Models will complete this case. Subjects selected for 
presentation are : "Myles Standish, the First Commissioned 
Military Officer in New England" ; "A Frontiersman, Am- 
bushed, Shooting an Indian," as typifying the French and 
Indian Wars ; "Meeting of Washington and John Paul Jones 
at Headquarters, Cambridge, Massachusetts" (The Revolu- 
tion) ; "The Dey Signing the Treaty" (Naval Wars with 
France and the Barbary States) ; "The Deck of the 'Constitu- 
tion' " when in battle (War of 1812) ; "Storming of Palo 
Alto," showing field artillery (Mexican War) ; "Cavalry in 
the Western Mountains" (Indian Wars) ; "Council of War" 
(Civil War) ; "On Board the Olympia at Manilla" (Spanish 



46 children's museum, historical collection. 

War). Of these the first three have been finished. Their 
labels are: 

MYLES STANDISH. 

"The first commissioned military officer in New Eng- 
land," was small of stature but of fiery temper and spirit. 
Born in England about 1584, he was with the army in Flan- 
ders, became captain, and when about 36 years old. came here 
with the Pilgrims, and for the remainder of his life had 
charge of the military affairs of the colony, never having more 
than 16 men under his command and often but 10. He sub- 
dued and then made friends with the Indians, explored the 
country about Plymouth, and acted as treasurer and magis- 
trate. When he died, at Duxbury, Mass., October 3, 1656, 
the hamlet of 7 huts which he had helped to build had in- 
creased to 8 towns with a population of 8.000, a common- 
school system was established, and Harvard University 
founded. 

In the model's background is seen the fort and first meet- 
ing house, on Burial Hill, Plymouth. On the roof are 
mounted "Minion" and 3 other small cannon from the "May- 
flower." Standish's costume is that worn by the English cap- 
tain of the period. 

French and Indian Wars, 1689-1769. 
Questions of boundary rights brought on a series of 
brutal wars between the English and French on this continent. 
They were called by dififerent names, as, KING WILLIAM'S 
WAR (1689), QUEEN ANNE'S WAR (1702), KING 
GEORGE'S WAR (1774), "THE OLD FRENCH WAR" 
(1755) and PONTIAC'S WAR (1763). The Iroquois were 
allies of the English and the Algonkins of the French. Al- 
gonkins struck the first blow of the first war at Dover, N. H., 
when for the first time English captives were sold to the 
French. War closed by treaty with the Indians at Pejepscot, 
Maine, after all but 3 of the Maine settlements were destroyed. 
The second war involved South Carolina and New England, 
increasing English territory at the South. It was closed by 
the PEACE OF UTRECHT (1713), which surrendered 



the; frontiersman. 47 

Acadia to England. The principal event of the third war 
was the capture of Lonisburg, which was returned to France 
by the TREATY OF AIX LA CHAPELLE ( 1749) . These 
treaties did not define English and French boundaries in 
America and the Indian was entirely overlooked. "You and 
the French," said one to an Englishman, "are like the two 
edges of a pair of shears, and we are the cloth which is cut 
to pieces between them." To gain Indian trade and induce 
English settlement, the OHIO COMPANY was formed in 
1749. The French then fortified Presque Isle (Erie, Pa.). 
In 1749, Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, sent a message 
demanding their removal from English soil, by his adjutant- 
general, GEORGE WASHINGTON, age 21 years. In 1754 
the French built Fort Duquesne (Pittsburg) and occupied the 
entire Mississippi valley. In the following (fourth) war oc- 
curred "Braddock's Defeat," the expulsion of the neutral 
French from Acadia, great battles in northern New York, 
Quebec and Montreal (1760), after which Canada and its 
dependencies was surrendered to the British. The last war 
involved gallant fighting on the lakes as well as on land. 

An English frontiersman is chosen as typical of this 
stormy period. He wears the usual hunting costume — an old 
felt hat turned up at one side, deer-skin hunting shirt, trow- 
sers and leggings; cartouche-box, canteen, hunting-knife, and 
flintlock gun. Sometimes the shirt was of heavy linen. 
This was the uniform chosen by the nth Virginia Riflemen 
at the beginning of the Revolution, and, on advice of WASH- 
INGTON, was that first adopted for the army, the linen 
hunting shirt being "steeped in a dye vat until it was the color 
of a dead leaf." 

The Revolution, 1775-1781. 
Various acts of oppression, including the STAMP ACT, 
the TAX ON TEA, and the BOSTON PORT BILL, led the 
Colonists to revolt from British rule. Beginning with RE- 
SISTANCE to the GENERAL SEARCH WARRANT, in 
1 761, the history of the REVOLUTION may be divided into 
four periods. The first culminates in "The Boston Tea- 
party," December 16, 1773. The second opens in June, 1774, 



48 childre^n's museum, historical collection. 

when Massachusetts began to nullify the acts of Parliament 
of April, that year, and closes with the DECLARATION OF 
INDEPENDENCE, July 4, 1776. The third covers the 
struggle for the State of New York, and closes in the SUR- 
RENDER OF BURGOYNE, at Saratoga, October 17, 1777. 
In the fourth, France sends aid, CORNWALLIS SURREN- 
DERS at Yorktown, Virginia, and by treaty,' signed at Paris, 
France, September 3, 1783, GREAT BRITAIN AC- 
KNOWLEDGES THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 

From its outbreak, April 19, 1776 (the Battle of Lex- 
ington), to the virtual disbanding of the army, April 19, 1783, 
the Revolution lasted eight years, to a day. 

Our ARMY and NAVY were created at the beginning 
of this war by the CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, with 
George Washington, of Virginia, as Commander-in-Chief of 
the one, and Esek Hopkins, of Rhode Island (1775), as 
Commander-in-Chief of the other. The model presents 
the meeting of Washington and John Paul Jones at Head- 
quarters, in the old Vassall House, at Cambridge, Massachu- 
setts, in 1776. The Aide-de-camp is John Trumbull, of Con- 
necticut, a son of "Brother Jonathan," and afterwards the 
famous historical painter. Washington and Jones are 
modeled from the C. W. Peale portraits, and Trumbull from a 
portrait which he painted from his reflection in a mirror. 
Washington is costumed as he appeared when taking com- 
mand at Cambridge. There was political significance in the 
blue and buff. Worn by the soldiers of William of Orange 
when they invaded Ireland in 1689, this Holland insignia 
became that of the English Whigs, who were the champions 
for Constitutional Liberty, and was adopted by the American 
Whigs. It was worn by soldiers of the New York and New 
Jersey "line," therefore by members of the regiment made 
up of Long Island Militia which fought under Gen. Nathaniel 
WoodhuU at the Battle of Long Island. Blue, red or white, 
in facings and "underclothes" was used to distinguish troops 
from other sections. The Naval uniform was adopted Sep- 
tember 5, 1776. 



MILITARY AND NAVAL OBJECTS. 49 

Case No. 2 contains military and naval objects and 
several pictures of Fortress Monroe that show heavy artillery. 

(Class B) 

French and Indian Wars, 1689- 1760. 
No. I. Flint-Lock Musket. Gift of Hannah E. Win- 
ters. Labels : 
Brought to America about the year 1690, and supposed 
to have been used in the Revolutionary War and War of 1812. 

The Flint-Lock. 

In olden times all kinds of gxms and pistols had flint- 
locks made of a flint fastened tightly in the hammer and a 
piece of steel on which it struck fire when the trigger was 
pulled. The sparks were caught in some gunpowder in a 
little hollow iron pan on the side of the gun barrel, into which 
the touch-hole opened and the powder inside the barrel was 
thus fired. 

Flint-lock muskets are supposed to have been of Spanish 
origin. In one form or another they remained in use in the 
British Army till 1840. 

No. II. Flint. Label: 

A kind of quartz rock which may easily be split into 
pieces having very sharp edges. For this reason it was much 
prized by the Indians who made knives, axes, spear-heads and 
arrow-heads out of it. 

Before lucifer matches were known a piece of flint and 
steel were used to strike fire, the spark being caught in tinder 
and blown into a blaze. 

Also used for striking fire in flint-lock muskets and pis- 
tols. 

No. III. PoWDER-HoRN. 

Revolution, 1775-1781. 
No. IV. Holsters. Label: 

These are leathern cases for holding pistols. Horsemen 
or cavalrymen formerly carried holsters attached to the sad- 



50 children's museum, historical collection. 

die, one on each side of the pommel. Occasionally they are 
still carried in this way, but they are more commonly worn 
on the belt. 

These holsters, which will carry pistols a foot and a half 
long, were found at the time of the destruction of the Snedi- 
ker homestead, which was situated on the Jamaica Plank- 
Road. This house was two hundred and fifty years old and 
was supposed to be the oldest house on Long Island. 

No. V. SwoRD. Gift of Richard B. Harned, Jr. Label: 
This sword was found by Mr. Harned in Curry's Woods, 
Greenville, Hudson County, New Jersey, in 1875. It was 
thrust into the ground, the hilt only showing. 

No. VI. Piece of Oak Beam. From Washington's 
Headquarters, Franklin Square, Manhat- 
tan Borough, New York. 

War of 1812. 1812-1815. 
No. VII. Wood from Perry's Flagship, "Lawrence." 
Gift of C. F. Laurie. 

No. VIII. Spike from Perry's Flagship, "Lawrence." 
Gift of C. F. Laurie. 

No. IX. Piece of Oak Beam from British Frigate 
"Macedonian." Gift of Col. William C. 
Booth. Label : 
This piece of English Oak was a part of the Rudder- 
Post of the British Frigate "Macedonian," Captain John Gar- 
den, which surrendered after a four-hour engagement with 
the United States ship, "United States," Captain Stephen De- 
catur, October 25, 1812. The "Macedonian" was broken up 
in the Norfolk, Virginia, Navy Yard, in 1833, by order of the 
Secretary of the Navy. Alahlon Dickinson. 

Mexican War, 1846- 1848. 
No. X. Sabre. 



MILITARY AND NAVAL OBJECTS, 51 

1850. 

No. XI. Naval Cutlass. Gift of Sergeant David Ar- 
vENus. Label : 
This Cutlass, marked C. Jurmann, 1850, was found 
under an old carpenter shop in Glendale, Long Island, in 1884, 
by Sergeant Arvenus. 

Civil War, 1861-1865. 
(Class A) 
No. I. Model of the First Monitor. Label: 

The Monitor was the first successful iron clad in the 
history of the United States Navy. It was built at Green- 
point, Long Island, under the direction of John Ericson, was 
launched on January 30th, 1862, and on March 6th, 1862. 
under the command of Lieutenant John L. Worden, started 
for Hampton Roads, Va., where it arrived on the night of 
March 8th. On Sunday, the Monitor engaged the con- 
federate iron clad Merrimac in an indecisive battle lasting 
several hours, the Merrimac finally withdrawing up the 
Elizabeth River. This engagement was one of the most 
important in the naval history of the world, proving the 
value of armored vessels, and the relative uselessness of the 
old style wooden warships. On December 31st, 1862, the 
Monitor sank in a gale while on her way to Beaufort, North 
Carolina. 

(Class B) 

No. XII. John Brown's Pike. Gift of William A. M. 
Grier. Label : 
Pike made by the followers of JOHN BROWN. Used 
by him in his raid on Harper's Ferry, October 10, 1859. 

No. XIII. Canteen, Marked "I, 3' Art'y, 13." 

No. XIV. Falchion Sabre, Commonly Called "Artil- 
lery SwoRD," WITH (a) Sheath and (b) 
Belt. (Federal.) 



52 children's museum, historical collection. 

No. XV. Artillery Sabre. (Confederate.) 

No. XVI. Boarding Cutlass. (Man-o'-War.) 

No. XVII. Sword and (a) Belt. 

No. XVIII. Rifle of the Springfield Pattern. Gift of 
Lieutenant James A. Bills, September 17, 
1865. Label: 

This rifle was carried by one of the members of the 139th 
Regiment, New York Volunteers, Infantry, when that regi- 
ment entered Richmond, Virginia, on the morning of April 
3rd, 1865. 

Richmond, Virginia, was the capital of the Confederate 
States of America, during the War of the Rebellion, from 
1861-1865. 

The 139th Regiment, New York Volunteers, was the first 
regiment that entered Richmond, Virginia, after its evacua- 
tion by the Confederates during the night of April 2nd, 1865. 

No. XIX. Bullets from Springfield Rifle, Dug out of 
A Tree at Gettysburg in 1867. 

No. XX. Springfield Musket Bayonet, Gift of Captain 
David Petty. Bayonet Sheath, Gift of 
John C. Atwater, Jr. 

B.\yonet. 
The bayonet, named from Bayonne, France, where bayo- 
nets are said to have been first made about 1640, is a steel 
pike or sword which can be fastened on the end of a gun. 
There are several kinds of bayonets, such as 

1. The Common Bayonet, or straight three-cornered pike 

2. The Sword Bayonet. 

3. The Trowel Bayonet. 

The trowel bayonet is still used for digging trenches and 
pits for the protection of riflemen. 

No. XXI. Carbine, No. 19332. Gift of Lieutenant 
David F. Beale. Label: 



MILITARY AND NAVAL OBJECTS. 53 

This Carbine was made by the C. Sharp's Rifle Manu- 
facturing Company, Hartford, Connecticut. It was found on 
the battlefield of Williamsburg, Virginia. 

No. XXII. United States Artillery Carbine. General 
Label, The Carbine. 

The carbine is a short rifle especially adapted to mounted 
troops. 

All rifles have little channels or grooves cut on the inside 
of the barrel. These grooves do not run straight from one 
end of the barrel to the other, but twist around the barrel, 
usually once in its length. When the gun is fired the ball 
must follow the grooves in passing out of the barrel, and this 
gives it a twist which makes it turn around very fast after 
leaving the barrel, and always in the same way on the princi- 
ple of a spinning top. 

The old kinds of guns had smooth bores. These would 
not shoot a ball very far nor very straight, and in time it 
was found out that guns could be made to shoot truer and 
farther if the barrels were grooved. 

Both small arms and cannon are now grooved or rifled. 
The rifling of small arms has been done for over three hun- 
dred years, but rifles did not take the place of muskets till 
late years. 

(Class C) 

Three Pictures oe Fortress Monroe^ Showing (a) Exte- 
rior AND (b) Interior Views and (c) Trophy Guns. 

Spanish War, 1898. 
No. XXIII. Spanish Machete. Label: 

The "machete" is a large, heavy knife resembling a 
broadsword and is often two or three feet in length. 

It is used by the inhabitants of Spanish-America as a 
hatchet with which to cut their way through thickets, and is 
also used as a weapon in fighting. 

Made by Warden & Hotchkiss, Birmingham. It was 
purchased in New York by David H. Wintress, the blind 



54 children's museum, historical collection. 

veteran of Company G, 139th Regiment, New York Volun- 
teers Infantry, June 19th, 1885. 

No. XXIV. lo-PouND Shell, from the United States 
Arsenal at Iona Island. Gift of K. Thur- 

VVOSKE. 

(Class C) 

Army. 

French and Indian Wars, 1689- 1760. 

No. I. Fall of Braddock.' 

No. II. Washington Raising the British Flag at Fort 
DuQUESNE (Pittsburg). 

No. III. Wolf's Interview with Pitt before His De- 
parture for Canada. 

Revolution, 1 775-1 781. 

(Concord, ^Massachusetts.) 

No. IV. The Old Adams Houses. Label : 

These houses are still standing in Quincy, Massachusetts, 
which town is sometimes referred to as "Where Independence 
Began." The house on the right was the home of John 
Adams, the great advocate of independence and second presi- 
dent of the United States. The house on the left is the home 
of John Quincy Adams, son of John Adams, and often called 
the Puritan President. 

No. V. Unitarian Church. Label : 

The meeting house of the First Parish of Concord was 
built 1712. On October nth, 1774, the Provincial Congress 
first met in the Church and organized with John Hancock 
as president, and Benjamin Lincoln as secretary, and by its 
measures prepared the way for the war of the Revolution and 
American Independence. In 1841 the building was turned 
partly around and remodelled as shown in the picture. It was 
entirely destroyed bv fire April 12th, 1900. 



THE REVOLUTION, IN PICTURES. 55 

No. VI. The Old Hunt House. Label: 

This house is situated on Punkatawsett Hill in Concord, 
Massachusetts. It was the one where the Americans were 
supplied with food previous to their marching down that hill 
to defend the bridge. 

No. VII. The Old North Bridge. Label : 

Where was fired "The shot heard around the world." 

No. VIII. The Struggle on Concord Bridge. 

No. IX. Merriam's Corner. Label: 

Here after their severe repulse from the old North Bridge, 
the British, on their hurried march to Boston, were severely 
attacked by the Americans. From here all the way down 
the Lexington road the British were fired upon from behitid 
stone walls and trees. 

No. X. The Jones House. Label: 

This was built long before the Revolution, and is one of 
the oldest houses in Concord, Massachusetts ; it is now oc- 
cupied by Judge Keyes. In the ell part of the building a 
bullet hole is plainly visible which was probably made by a 
British bullet. 

No. XI. The Old Manse. Label : 

Where Emerson wrote his first book of essays, "Nature," 
also several of his poems. Here Hawthorne wrote "Mosses 
from an Old Manse." From a window in the back of the 
house, the Rev. William Emerson witnessed the firing by the 
British troops, also that by the Americans which drove the 
British away from the old North Bridge. 

No. XII. Colonel James Barrett's House. Label: 

This is where the stores of guns and ammunition were 
kept which the British were Sent to Concord to destroy. 

No. XIII. Antiquarian House. Label: 

Residence of Captain Reuben Brown, 1775. Now used 
as a museum for revolutionar^• relics. 



56 children's museum, historical collection. 

(Cambridge, Massachusetts.) 

No. XIV. The Vassall House. Label : 

Few private houses in New England have so much his- 
toric interest as this. It was built in 1757 by Colonel John 
Vassall, a Loyalist, who fled to England in 1775, his property 
in Cambridge and Boston having been confiscated. Its next 
occupant was Colonel John Glover, "a bold little Marblehead 
soldier," who quartered some of his troops there. When 
Washington rode into Cambridge on Sunday, June 2, 1775, 
he saw and liked the old house, but found it very dirty. He 
had it cleaned and established himself there, taking the south- 
east room on the first floor for his study and council room, 
the room overhead for his sleeping room, and that back of his 
study for his "Military Family" or Stafif. He kept up a cer- 
tain amount of official splendor, but maintained this sort of a 
court at his own expense. Colonel John Trumbull, his Aide- 
de-camp, complained that he "could not keep up in such mag- 
nificent society." Mrs. Washington came in December, 1775, 
and remained until Washington left in April, 1776. Owners 
of the house after the Revolution were Nathaniel Tracy, 
whom Washington visited for an hour in 1789; Thomas Rus- 
sell, and Dr. Andrew Cragie. Talleyrand and Lafayette slept 
in it; Jared Sparks began housekeeping there; Everett and 
Worcester the lexicographer occupied it for a time, and Long- 
fellow rented Washington's sleeping room in 1837. Here he 
Vv'rote "Hyperion" and "Voices of the Night." He very soon 
bought the house, which is now (1909) occupied by his 
daughter. 

(King's Mountain, South Carolina.) 

No. XV. Death oe Major Ferguson at King's Moun- 
tain. 

No. XVI. George Washington. Giet oe W. E. Bather. 
Steel Engraving, by W. E. Bather, of 
Stuart's Washington, with Remark of 
"Washington Crossing the Delaware," 
AFTER Leutze's Picture. 



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the; revolution and "i8i2," in pictures. 57 

No. XVII. Washington and His Generals. By A. H. 
Ritchie. With Key. 

No. XVIII. Washington's Farewell to His Army. By 
A. C. Gow, R. A. With Key. 

General label with the Washington pictures : 
COSTUMES in the TIME of WASHINGTON. 

In all classes of society there was more formality than 
now and the display of elegant costumes was much greater. 

Ladies wore beautiful silks and brocades ; their hair was 
dressed with powder and pomatum, and often built up to a 
great height above the head. Hair-dressers were kept so 
busy on the day of any fashionable entertainment, that ladies 
had to employ their services at four or five in the morning, 
and had to sit upright all the rest of the day in order to avoid 
disturbing the head-dress. 

"If a gentleman went abroad he appeared in his wig, 
white stock, white satin embroidered vest, black satin small 
clothes with white silk stockings, and fine broadcloth or vel- 
vet coat." 

Balls were sometimes given on a very large scale, es- 
pecially by foreign ambassadors. Ladies and gentlemen 
went to balls in sedan-chairs carried by men, and guests were 
expected to arrive between seven and eight. 

The dances were chiefly minuets and contra-dances. 

From "Young Folks History of the United States," pages 
223-224. 

War of 1812 — Indian Wars. 
(Ohio.) 

No. XIX. Gen. Harrison and Tecumseh, 

No. XX. Tecumseh Saving the Life of Prisoners. 

(Alabama.) 

No. XXI. Interview between Gen. Jackson and 
Weatherford. 



58 children's museum, historical collection. 

Mexican War, 1846- 1848. 
(California.) 

No. XXII. Fremont Raising the United States Flag, 
•May 13, 1846. 

(Class C) 
Navy. 

1805. 

No. XXIII. United States Frigate "Constitution,"* 
Riding at Anchor during a Gale in thE 
Harbor of Marseilles, 1805. Label: 

This picture is a copy of a painting by Etienne Roux, a 
French painter of the sea-going craft of his time, and famous 
for his accuracy aside fr.om his skill as a painter. It is be- 
lieved that this picture by Roux is a careful study of the ship 
during her early days, and a true picture of the "Constitution" 
when in charge of Preble during his Mediterranean opera- 
tions against the Tangier pirates. 

The commander of a fleet in those days "flew his broad 
pennant of 15 stars at the mainmast head," as shown in the 
pictures. 

The figure head is that of a woman and child, the origi- 
nal head with which the "Constitution" was furnished having 
been knocked oft' by a round shot. 

This copy of Roux's painting was made by Mr. Edward 
J. Russell, of Dorchester, Massachusetts. 

This series, from No. 24 to 47, inclusive, is not labeled, 
though all have the same name card. The pictures are mainly 
colored prints. There are a few engravings and woodcuts of 
good quality. 



*Doubt has been recently cast on the claim of some students that 
Roux's picture represents the "Constitution." If not the "Constitu- 
tion," it is probably a picture of her sister ship, the "President," which 
is known to have been in Mediterranean waters at that time. In any 
case, the uncertainty as to the exact subject of the picture detracts 
nothing from its historic interest, for the two sister ships resembled 
each other very closely and either vessel is a good example of the 
best warship used in the United States Navy of that period. 



THE CIVIL AND SPANISH WARS, IN PICTURES. 59 

No. XXIV. Frigate "Constitution" and the "Kear- 

SARGE." 

No. XXV. Action between the "Constitution" and 

THE "GuERRIERE." 

No. XXVI. Frigate "Constellation," Companion to 
THE "Constitution" ; Corvette "Sara- 
toga," THE "Portsmouth" and the 
"Bancroft." 

No. XXVII. "New Hampshire" and "Dolphin." 

No. XXVIII. "Pennsylvania," "South Carolina" and 
"Hornet." 

No. XXIX. "Charleston" and "San Francisco." 

No. XXX. "Boston" and "Baltimore." 

No. XXXI. "Kearsarge" under Full Sail, with (a) 
Copy of the Log of the Vessel the Day 
she Sunk the "Alabama" off Cher- 
bourg, France. 

No. XXXII. "Philadelphia" and "Vesuvius." 

No. XXXIII. "Dispatch," "Atlantic" and "Yankton." 

No. XXXIV. Naval Review, 1893. 

No. XXXV. "Oregon," "Monterey" and "Detroit." 

No. XXXVI. "Amphitrite," "Puritan" and "Mont- 
gomery." 

No. XXXVII, "Newark" and "Miantonomah." 
No. XXXVIII. "Iowa," "Bennington" and "Katahdin." 
No. XXXIX. "Concord," "Stilletto" and "Columbia." 
No. XL. "Chicago" and "Boston." 



60 children's museum, historical collection. 

No. XLI. "Cincinnati," "Terror" and "Indiana." 

No. XLII. "Massachusetts." 

No. XLIII. "Texas," "Olympia," and "Minneapolis." 

No. XLIV. "New York." 

No. XLV. "Brooklyn." 

No. XLVI. "Raleigh," "Castine" and "Maine." 

No. XLVII. "Petrel" and "Vesuvius." 

A collection to show types of United States money, with 
related series of Continental and Confederate money, is in 
process of installation. Some of the types are well repre- 
sented, while others are yet conspicuous by their absence. 
There is a large and valuable collection of copper tokens in 
use during the Civil War, the gift of the Misses Huldah 
M. C. and Frances Louisa Bond, in memory of their father, 
George R. Bond, M. D., who got the coins together and 
mounted them, incorporating pictures of the Presidents, arms 
of the states, noted men. Federal and Confederate, flags, alle- 
gorical pictures, printed information, etc., in the mounting. 
This collection occupies two large frames surmounted by an 
eagle clasping in its claws American flags, arrows and a laurel 
branch. With exception of name-cards the only label in this 
collection at present is the following : 

Continental Money. 

In 1775 when Congress was called upon to conduct the 
War of the Revolution it had nothing with which to pay ex- 
penses and was forced to issue Continental "bills of credit." 
These were rudely engraved bits of paper stating that the 
bearer was entitled to a certain number of Spanish milled 
dollars, or the value thereof in gold or silver. 

They were issued in sums of various denominations 
from one-sixth of a dollar up and were to be redeemed by the 
states. 



CONTINE^NTAL MONEY. 61 

The value of these bills fell so rapidly that in 1780 they 
became worthless. It took $150. in Continental currency to 
buy a bushel of corn, and an ordinary suit of clothes cost 
$2,000. 

It is probable that during the war more damage was done 
by paper currency than by all other causes put together. 

See "History of the United States" — John Fiske, pages 
235-236; "History of the United States" — McMaster, pages 
198-200. 



NEW YORK STATE AND CITY. 63 



SECTION IV. 

NEW YORK STATE AND CITY. 

GENERAL LABEL. 

NEW YORK STATE AND CITY. 

VERRAZZANO, commanding the "Dolphin," under 
commission from Francis I, of France, was probably the first 
European to sail into the bay of New York. He came in 
1524, and is supposed to have landed at the Battery, planting 
there a large wooden cross, and claiming the country in the 
name of his king. He was followed by GOMEZ, in 1625, 
who sailed under commission from Charles V, of Spain. The 
next of whom we have record is HUDSON, commanding the 
"Half Moon," under commission from the Dutch East India 
Company. He discovered Manhattan Island on September 
6, 1609, and is called "THE DISCOVERER," because he 
was that in the true sense of the word. To him the nations 
were chiefly indebted for their knowledge of the stream. The 
earliest use of his name for the river appears in an Amsterdam 
publication of 1612. BLOCK, the Dutch navigator, visited 
Manhattan Island in 161 1. Reports of many fur-bearing 
animals induced Amsterdam merchants to form a trading 
company which was chartered by the States General of Hol- 
land and given exclusive privilege of trade in the NEW 
NETHERLANDS, then first mentioned as such, for three 
years, beginning January i, 161 5. This company built a trad- 
ing house and fort (see Dutch Trader type model) near the 
present site of Albany and another on Manhattan Island. 
The WEST INDIA COMPANY (Dutch), chartered June 
3, 162 1, was, however, the real founder of the city and 
province, whose, first director was MINUIT (1624-1632), 
who bought Manhattan Island (22,000 acres) of the Indians, 
for $24 in merchandise, the bargain being made on May 6, 
1626, the parties to it meeting at the Battery. A fort and a 
storehouse and mill built of native stone, were first erected ; 



64 children's museum, historical collection. 

the church was organized, slaves were brought here, and the 
Patroons (see Brooklyn model) were established. VAN 
TWILLER (1632-1638) finished the fort— Fort Amsterdam 
— at a cost of $1,688; the first school-master arrived and the 
first church was built. Kieft (1638-1647) -was not a good 
ruler and brought on Indian war, but he improved the village 
of Manhattan, straightened the streets and enacted laws for 
keeping them in better sanitary condition. Under 
STUYVESANT (1647-1664) the first lawyer began practice, 
a city charter was granted, palisades were put along Wall 
Street as defense against the English, and the city surveyed 
(1656). It had 17 streets, 120 houses and 1,000 inhabitants. 
The average price of city lots was $50 and the average rent 
^'14 a year, August 25, 1664, the city was taken by the Eng- 
lish, who shortly established jury trials. In 1673 it was re- 
taken by the Dutch, and in 1674 it was receded to the English, 
the New Netherlands being exchanged for Surinam, which 
the Dutch still (1909) hold. 

(Class C) 

(City, Manhattan Borough.) 

No. I. Fraunces' Tavern. 

No. II. New York (from an Old Print). 

No. III. Old Saint Paul's Church and Yard, and Their 
Modern Neighbors. 

No. IV. Middle Dutch Church, in 1751. 

No. V. View of Haerlem, 1765 (From an Old Print). 

(State.) 

No. VI. Old Senate House, at Kingston. Label: 

In this the Senate was held at the time of the Revolu- 
tion. It was built in 1676 by Wessel Ten Broesk. It is the 
oldest house in Kingston and was sold to the State of New 
York in 1887 to be preserved as a relic. 

No. VII. Huguenot House, at New Paltz. Label: 



NEW YORK state: : OLD HOUSES, 65 

This house was built in 1712 and bears that date. In. 
1899 it was purchased by the Huguenot Memorial Society 
and became a storehouse for relics and old documents, being- 
known as "The Memorial House." 

No. Vni. Old Dutch House, near Montgomery, 
Orange County. Label : 
This house was built by Henderyokns Van Kemen in 
1763. It is situated on the oldjroad running toward New 
Windsor. The house, still in good preservation, is a short 
distance from the town of Montgomery, Orange County, New 
York. Henderyokns Van Kemen was an officer in the revo- 
lution and was in several engagements. He warmly 
espoused the cause of his country and aided with his money, 
his influence and his personal efforts. 

No. IX, Home oe General Herkimer, Orange County, 
Label : 
Built at Little Falls, Herkimer County, New York, 1764. 
The General died here ten days after the battle of Oriskany, 
during which a musket ball killed his horse and shattered his 
own leg. With perfect composure and cool courage he or- 
dered the saddle taken off the dead horse and placed against 
a large tree. Seated here with his men falling and the bul- 
lets of the enemy flying, he gave his orders which made him 
master of the field and victor in the hard-fought backwoods 
fight of Oriskany. 

No, X, The Billop House, Staten Island, Label : 

The place of the conference between Lord Howe and 
the American Commissioners, 1776. These commissioners 
were Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Francis Rutledge 
of South Carolina. 




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HUDSON ANt) LONG ISLAND. 67 



SECTION V. 

BROOKLYN AND LONG ISLAND. 

GENERAL LABEL: 

BROOKLYN AND LONG ISLAND. 

"When, on the evening of the nth of September, 1609, 
the 'Half Moon' of Amsterdam came to anchor at the mouth 
of the 'Great River of the Mountains,' then, undoubtedly, the 
eyes of white men rested for the first time upon the isle of 
'Manahatta,' the green shores of 'Scheyichbi,' or New Jersey, 
and the forest crowned 'Iphetonga,' or 'Heights' of the pres- 
ent city of Brooklyn." — Stiles. These shores were then 
covered with magnificent forests. Hudson wrote of the 
country hereabout, "It is as pleasant a land as one need tread 
upon. The land is the finest for cultivation that I ever in 
my life set foot upon." He mentions again the "grass and 
flowers and goodly trees," when telling of his further sail up 
the "Great River." The journal of Hudson's voyage, kept 
by his clerk, Robert Juet, is now lost, but we have some of it 
in direct quotations made by Van Meteren and De Laet, who 
appear to have had access to it. The Long Island that he 
saw was covered with heavy growth of oaks, chestnut, syca- 
more and linden as the prominent trees, while among the 
smaller ones were the blue plum and wild crab-apple. Wild 
berries were plentiful and golden-rod and aster lent their own 
color to the scene, while the "Red Hook" or promontory in 
South Brooklyn, now covered with warehouses, then showed 
the bright tint of the soil which led the Dutch to give it its 
name. There were many small islands between the shore and 
Governor's Island. The water-front of Brooklyn is largely 
made land. At intervals along the shore there were "flats" 
or miniature prairies having a dark-colored surface soil. 
These the Indians cultivated. Hudson must have noticed the 
beans, the waiving maize and golden pumpkins of these fields, 
the large numbers of shore birds and water fowl, attracted by 



6S children's museum, historical collection. 

the plentiful growth of wild celery, and the heaps of shells 
near the beaches — for oysters, which were especially fine at 
Gowanus, formed a large part of the Indian's food. Doubt- 
less he and his men were fighting mosquitoes as they rowed 
towards the shore in their small boats, and this must have 
reminded them of similar experiences in May of the same 
year, when they had sailed past the North Cape toward Nova 
Zembla in the search for the Northeast Passage. 

BROOKLYN — FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 

The "flats," so like the low and level Netherlands and 
ready for the plough because of the rude cultivation practiced 
by the Indians, were first bought by the settlers, who were 
inexperienced in the clearing of forests. THE EARLIEST 
RECORDED GRANT TO AN INDIVIDUAL WITHIN 
THE LIMITS OF THE PRESENT COUNTY OF 
KINGS WAS IN JUNE, 1636. Then Jacob van Corlaer, 
a subordinate official of Wouter van Twiller's administra- 
tion, purchased from the Indians a flat of land called "Casta- 
teeuw, on Sewan-hackey, or Long Island, between the Bay 
of the North River and the East River," the old records tell 
us. On the same day Andries Hudde and Wolfert Gerritsen 
purchased the flats next west and shortly after Wouter van 
Twiller secured those to the east. This was the beginning 
of New Amersfort or FLATLANDS. Later in 1636, 
William Adriaense Bennet and Jacques Bentyn purchased 
930 acres at GOWANUS (an Indian name) between the 
present 27th Street and the New Utrecht line. In 1637, 
Jansen de Rapalie, a Walloon (Huguenot), purchased 
"Rennegackonk in the bend of Marechkawieck," about 335 
acres now known as THB WALLABOUT, which in Dutch 
was "Waal-Bogt," or "Bay of the Foreigners," the name 
being first given to the Marechkawieck or Wallabout Bay. 
The PERRY (Fulton Ferry) was established by 1642, the 
ferr}'man, Cornelis Dircksen, having a house and garden near 
by. In 1645, Jan Evertse Bout, followed in 1646 by Huyck 
Aertsen, Jacob Stofifelsen, Pieter Cornelissen and Joris Dirck- 
sen, and in 1647 by Gerrit Wolphertsen van Couwenhoven 
and others, established themselves in the vicinity of Smith, 



First settlements. 69 

Hoyt and Fulton Streets, and called the village BRBUCK- 
BLBN, after the ancient village of that name in Holland, 
about i8 miles from Amsterdam. These were the beginnings 
of the old city of Brooklyn. The Indian name for this terri- 
tory was "Meryckawick," or "The Sandy Place." In 1638, 
Van Twiller bought for the Dutch West India Company an 
extensive area which comprised the whole of the former town 
of Bushwick, and later became the Eastern District of Brook- 
lyn, paying for this "eight fathoms of duffels cloth, eight 
fathoms of wampum, twelve kettles, eight adzes, eight axes, 
and some knives, corals and awls." From these beginnings 
Brooklyn has grown, taking in village after village, until it 
occupies the whole of Kings County. January i, 1898, it 
ceased independent existence as a city and became a borough 
of the City of New York. 

LONG ISLAND — EiRST SETTLEMENTS, 

Many explorers observed the seaward side of Long 
Island. Hudson landed here in 1609; Block discovered it to 
be an island in 1614-1615; Charles I requested the Plymouth 
Company to issue a patent to Lord Stirling for this and adja- 
cent islands, April 2, 1636, the Earl giving power of attorney 
to James Farret, April 20, 1637, and Farret mortgaging the 
property "to Fenwick and others," for the sum of iiio, in 
1641 : settlement was begun by the Dutch at the western end 
of the island in June, 1636; Lyon Gardiner bought Gardiner's 
Island in 1639, and the English settled at the Eastern end of 
the island in 1640. These are the main facts of the beginning 
of history of the White race on Long Island. Boundary dis- 
putes between Dutch and English were settled by a commis- 
sion at Hartford, Connecticut, September 19, 1650, which 
divided the island by a "line running from the westernmost 
part of Oyster Bay straight and direct to the sea." An- 
nouncement of capture of the New Netherlands by the British 
was sent to the Long Island towns, September 8, 1664. In 
consideration of the sum of ^300 sterling, Charles II obtained 
release of the Stirling grant and conveyed this and other terri- 
tory to his brother James, Duke of York. A new and very 



70 childrkn's museum, historical collection. 

unpopular body of "Duke's Laws" was imposed in February, 
1665, the people having no voice in the government. Long 
and Staten Islands were erected into a shire, called York- 
shire, towns in the present Suffolk County constituting the 
East Riding ; Kings County, Staten Island and Newtown the 
West Riding, and the remainder of Queens the North Riding. 
These laws changed names of Midwout, Amersfort, Middle- 
borough, Rusdorp, Breuckelen and Vlissengen, to Flatbush, 
Flatlands, Newtown, Jamaica, Brooklyn and Flushing, and 
made their "cattle numbers" N, M, O, P, O and R. July 
30th, 1673, the province was captured by the Dutch, whose 
occupation was terminated by the TREATY OF WEST- 
MINSTER, February 19, 1674, by which Great Britain 
received it in exchange for Surinam. It was divided into 
counties, November 3, 1683, those of Long Island being 
Kings, Queens and Suffolk. April 10, 1693, Long Island 
was njmed "Nassau," but this was soon dropped. The 
island's history by county division and in the six wars has 
separate statements. It ranks among; the desirable places of 
the earth for habitation because of the healthful properties 
of its air and soil, its good water, its fine beaches permitting 
invigorating sea bathing, and its variety in topography. 

(Class A) 

No. I. Dutch Type. Scene, "In the New Netherlands, 

ABOUT 1640. A Patroon, His Family, and 

Home." Label : 
Colors in Dutch dress were almost uniformly gay and in 
strong contrast to the quieter tints worn in New England. 
As here represented the heads and costumes of the Patroon 
and his wife are modeled from Elizabeth McClellan's "His- 
toric Dress in America," and the baby from a picture of the 
same period, by J. Jordaens, now in the Madrid Gallery. The 
time was about 1640. The Patroon wears the rich doublet 
and baggy breeches of Holland, fastened with gold buttons. 
His ruff is wired, and his hat, of grey felt, is ornamented with 
long plumes of two colors, fastened with "points." His 
woolen stockings are fastened at the knee with a scarf of silk 
and "points." Points, or ties ornamented at the ends with 



BROOKLYN : THE PATROON'S HOME. 71 

metal sheathes or tags, called aiglets or aiguillettes, and often 
richly jewelled, were the usual fastenings during the i6th 
and 17th centuries, taking the place of buttons in securing the 
different parts of the dress. They were often very dainty and 
sent as love tokens. Sometimes as many as twenty or thirty 
pairs were used by a man of fashion. These, and bowknots 
about his waist, proclaim this Patroon to have been such. 

The lady's gown is of crimson satin with pointed bodice, 
cut low neck, with full sleeves slashed to show the white 
undersleeves. Her ruff and cuffs are of lace starched and 
wired, and her stomacher is held in place by jewelled brooches. 
An overgarment of blue woolen has open sleeves and is tied 
with white ribbons. Her hair is worn in a knot at the back, 
with short wavy locks in front and a fringe of short curls 
upon the forehead. 

The baby, after the fashion of the time, has a dress of 
rich brocade, with cap, "body" and apron of finest linen. 

Such costumes and houses as these pictured might have 
been seen in Brooklyn or any of the Dutch villages of the 
New Netherlands, at that period. Houses varied in size and 
detail according to the purse and fancy of the builder, but all 
were hospitable in appearance, ample in proportion and gen- 
erally painted white, with green blinds. The typical house 
was a one-story structure built of stone, wood or brick- — fre- 
quently of all three — set gable end to the road, with finished 
attic containing a few sleeping rooms, a store-room and a 
spinning and loom room. The roof, steep at the ridge pole, 
curved slightly in the descent, was pierced by three dormer 
windows and carried beyond the side wall to form a piazza. 
Its outer edge rested on five turned pillars. At a later date 
the roof line was modified by the "hip," an idea introduced 
from the houses of the English colonists on the island. The 
Dutch house always had plants and a pet bird brought from 
home in the windows, and was set in a pleasant garden or 
bouwerie bright with flowers, especially tulips, with lilacs and 
syringas growing against the house corner. The house pic- 
tured was modeled from the Bergen and Schenck homesteads 
on the road to Bergen Beach (Bergen Island and Crooke's 
Mills), the first of which dates to 1649, while the other is 



72 children's muse;um, historical collection. 

supposed to be several years older. These are the oldest 
houses in good repair in Brooklyn. 

Nineteen years after Hendrick Hudson landed at 
Gravesend Bay, Dutch trading posts in the New Netherlands 
had become so important that the Home Government decided 
to attract desirable and permanent colonization. To that end 
an act was passed in Holland (1629) conferring the title of 
"Patroon," which means patron or protector, together with 
the grant of a large tract of land with manorial privileges 
and the right to entail, on one who raised a company of fifty 
colonists and brought them to America. At first the indi- 
vidual had to be a member of the Dutch West India Company 
which had control here, but later the title could be obtained 
by any fulfilling the conditions. Patroons acquired immense 
wealth and the furnishings of their homes were the choicest 
they could import. Through the effort of the Anti-rent Party 
the privileges of the Patroon were extinguished about 1850. 

(Class B) 
(Brooklyn.) 

No. I. Candle Snuffers Used in the Early i6th Cen- 
tury. Gift of Herbert Lee Utter. 

No. II. Window Weights and Door Hinges. Gift of 
Henry Ropke. Label : 

From an old Dutch church, Jamaica, built in 1740. It 
was changed into a house and used as headquarters by Wash- 
ington during the Revolution. 

The house was destroyed by fire in 1903. 

No. III. Infant's Hand Embroidered Waist (about 
1800). Gift of Mrs. M. Mumby. 

No. IV. Infant's Hand Embroidered Lace Cap (about 
1800). Gift of Mrs. M. Mumby. 

No. V. Sampler, Wrought in Silk, by Miss Charlotte 
A. Sibley, Dated July 23, 1825. Gift of 
Mrs. ;M. Mumby. 



OBJECTS AND PICTURES. 73 

No. VI. Sampler, Wrought in Worsted, by Catherine 
I. James, in 1843. Gift of Mrs. Julia A, 
Searing. Label : 
This Sampler was worked by the mother of Mrs. Sear- 
ing, in 1843, at the age of ten. At that time samplers were 
used in school for instruction and practice in needle-work. 
When a sampler was well made it was framed and hung for 
exhibition. 

No. VII. Sabots. Oe Modern Make. Introduced to 
Show the Kind Worn by the First Dutch 
Settlers. 

(Class C) 

No. I. Miniature Portrait, Painted on Ivory, of Miss 
Charlotte A. Sibley. Giet oe Mrs. M. 
Mumby. 

No. II. Lord Stirling at the Battle oe Long Island. 

No. III. Battle Pass. 

No. IV. Martyrs' Monument. 

No. V. Invitation to Opening oe the Brooklyn Bridge. 

No. VI. Brooklyn in 1816. 

(Long Island.) 
(Roslyn.) 

No. VII. William Cullen Bryant, with (a) Autograph 
Copy of "Truth Crushed to Earth." 

(Easthampton.) 

No. VIII. Windmill, Revolutionary Period. 

No. IX. Home of John Howard Payne, with Portrait. 
Label : 
John Howard Payne, author of "Home, Sweet Home," 
was born at No. 33 Pearl Street, Manhattan, June 9, 1791.' 
His parents soon after removed to Easthampton, Long Island, 
his father, William Payne, having been made head-master of 
the Academy which Governor Clinton had caused to be 



74 children's museum, historical collection. 

erected in that town. His mother was Sarah Isaacs, daugh- 
ter of a distinguished Hebrew Hving in Easthampton, and of 
a Scotch woman, formerly Miss Hedges, niece of the Earl of 
Dysart. Payne was a man of varied ability, actor and author. 
"Home, Sweet Home" is trom his "Clari, the Maid of Milan," 
first performed at Covent Garden Theatre, London, on May 

8, 1823, Miss Tree, sister of Miss Ellen Tree (Mrs. Charles 
Kean), singing the song. In 1842, Payne was made Colonel 
on the staff of Major-General Aaron Ward, 4th Division, 
New York State Militia, and on August 23 of that year, Pres- 
ident Tyler appointed him Consul at Tunis, Algiers. He 
died there, April 9, 1852, was buried in St. George's Ceme- 
tery ; his body was subsequently removed to this country, ar- 
riving at 'Martin's Stores, Brooklyn ; lying in state at the 
City Hall, Manhattan, and being reinterred at Oak Hill Ceme- 
tery, Washington, D. C, with impressive ceremony, on June 

9, 1883. Payne was well known in Brooklyn, as he was a 
frequent visitor at the home of his brother, on Clinton Street, 
near Harrison. A fine bust of Payne, by Baerer, was un- 
veiled in Prospect Park, September 2'j, 1873. 

(Southold.) 

No. X. The First Church. Label: 

This church was formed on the 21st of October, 1640, by 
Rev. John Youngs of St. Margaret's, Reyden, and its chapel 
of St. Edmund's, Southold, Suffolk County, England. Rev- 
erend Mr. Youngs was a Puritan, who came over with his 
family and founded the church and the town of Southold. It 
was the earliest church to be organized as a religious corpora- 
tion on Long Island. The present church was rebuilt in 1803. 
It stands a short distance east of the first meeting-house, the 
site of which is marked by a granite monument. This view 
of the church also gives a portion of the cemetery which is 
called "new." 

No. XL Churchyard oe the First Church. Label: 

In this cemetery are buried the first pastor. Rev. John 
Youngs, and his son, the Honorable John Youngs, High 
Sheriff of Yorkshire, and member of His Majesty's Colonial 



HUDSON-FULTON SPECIAL LABELS. • 75 

Council. He was the most eminent and powerful man of 
Long Island for a generation. 

HUDSON-FULTON LABELS IN OTHER THAN THE 
HISTORICAL COLLECTION. 

In each collection whatever relates to the Hudson-Fulton 
celebration is emphasized by special label, or, where there are 
a number of such objects, attention has been called to them 
in a general label posted in conspicuous place. 

BOTANY. 
I General Label. 

WHAT HUDSON MUST HAVE SEEN. 

"This is a very good land to fall in with, and a pleasant 
land to see," is the record in the "Journal" of Hudson's voy- 
age on the day when his ship came to anchor ofif the Navesink 
Highlands. As he sailed up the bay and explored the shores 
hereabout, he made frequent mention of the beauty of the 
country, with its grass, flowers, and as goodly trees as ever 
he had seen, from which came sweet odors. Barren Island 
and Coney Island then extended much farther into the Lower 
Bay, and back of their long sweep of beach was fertile land, 
now covered by sand. Here were groves of red cedar with 
some lower growth, in which sumach was changing to its 
autumn tint, the whole fringed with golden-rod and aster of 
both white and purple varieties. The flower border con- 
tinued along the promontory where is now Fort Hamilton, 
outlined Gravesend Bay, went over the Red Hook and up to 
the present Heights. This was probably as far on the East 
River as Hudson's boats ventured. But the character of the 
trees changed. The red cedar gave place to oak, chestnut, 
linden, tulip, sour-gum, alders, magnolia, ironwcod, larch, 
white cedar, beech, hemlock, sycamore, pines, and wild fruit 
trees — the plum and black cherry. On the Heights were 
magnificent groves of ash and oak. Wild grape vines rioted 
over the trees. There were quantities of green briar and bit- 
tersweet, the berries then darkening; of Virginia creeper and 
poison ivy. When Hudson's men came ashore, as they are 
known to have done, they must have passed through fields of 



76 children's museum, historical collection. 

corn (maize) and bean patches which the Canarsie Indian 
women had planted, and if they walked through the forest or 
into its glades, their feet must have touched wild flowers, 
either in leaf or in blossom. Among these were members of 
the mint, clover, buttercup, myrtle, mustard, St. John's wort, 
dandelion, lobelia, jack-in-the-pulpit, iris, sorrel, Solomon's 
seal, wild lily, plantain, and tansy families, mushrooms, toad- 
stools, ferns, the many luxuriant grasses and sedges, the 
water rushes, the wild celery on which the ducks fed, and 
many other flowers familiar to us at this day. 

Examples of the flora mentioned are in this collection. 

GEOGRAPHY. 
2 Special Labels. 

On a wall map of this section of the United States the 
Hudson-Fulton route is marked by tiny flags of the Holland 
of 1609 and the United States of 1807, the first-mentioned 
placed at Navesink Highlands and at Albany, the second at 
Manhattan Borough and at Albany. The label states : 
"These flags, of the Holland of 1609 and the United States 
of 1807, show the route followed by Henry Hudson, in 1609, 
beginning at Navesink Highlands, New Jersey, and ending at 
Albany, New York, and by Robert Fulton, in 1807, beginning 
at Manhattan Borough, the old City of New York, and end- 
ing at Albany." 

The collection is enriched by large type models, which 
open a series showing life and occupation as governed by 
zonal distribution. California and Haida Indians, Labrador 
and Alaska Eskimo, and a lumber camp in a temperate forest 
are those now installed. The last named was given the fol- 
lowing label when put on exhibition in 1907 : 

LUMBER CAMP IN TEMPERATE FOREST. 

These men have gone into the deep forest away from 
human dwellings, to fell trees and prepare the valuable tim- 
ber for the markets of the world. 

The log cabin, its furniture and nearly all the conven- 
iences of the camp are obtained directly from the forest. 
Food, clothing, oil and the necessary tools of iron and steel 






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HUDSON-FULTON SPECIAL LABELS. 77 

are bought with money made from the sale of the lumber. 
The barrels on the bobsled at the right are filled with food 
supplies from the nearest trading station. 

While the lumberman must earn his living by hard labor 
with his hands, life for him is much easier than for the Es- 
kimo. The lumberman can always find people ready to sell 
him food and clothing, while the Eskimo must either capture 
his food or starve. 

The methods of lumbering shown in this model are those 
employed many years ago before steam and machinery came 
into use. 

It now has this additional label : 

LUMBER CAMP IN TEMPERATE FOREST, 

Because it shows conditions that the settlers had to meet, 
this model relates very closely to the period of early settle- 
ment on Long Island. While the forest was not so dense 
here as on the mainland and some wind-swept stretches were 
almost bare of trees, there were heavily wooded sections. 
These the British were more ready to take up than were the 
Dutch, who preferred the "flats" of fertile land along shore, 
as being like the farms in their own Holland, so first pur- 
chased those from the Indians, though afterwards they occu- 
pied the wooded hills. But nearly every British colony had 
members brought up in or near the great British forests, there- 
fore familiar with woodcraft. 

GEOLOGY. 
2 Special labels and one General (Long Island) label. 

The topaz, in the series of birthstones, case of gems, in 
the mineralogy room, has this label : 

The TOPAZ was 

ROBERT FULTON'S BIRTHSTONE 

He was born November 14, 1765. 

A specimen of serpentine, in prominent position in the 
mineral case, has this in addition to the usual descriptive 
label : 

"On Friday, the 2d, the Half Moon anchored near 'a 
cliffe that looked of the colour of a white greene.' This cliff 



78 children's museum, historical collection. 

is one of the most accurately located landmarks in Hudson's 
river voyage, being without doubt the green serpentine out- 
crop at Castle Point, Hoboken." Edward Hagaman Hall, 
L. H. M., L. H. D.— "Hudson and Fulton." 

The general label, also printed as a leaflet for the use of 
teachers and students, is as follows : 

GEOLOGY OF LONG ISLAND. 

Long Island Indians account for the stones and huge 
boulders on the north shore in a legend of an angry demon 
on the Connecticut shore who hurled the rocks at offending 
demons on this side of the Sound, Geology accounts for 
them by showing that they were left by a great ice-sheet which 
swept down from the North, thousands of years ago, and left 
its story plainly written in the language of stone and sand. 
The first was brought from northern mountains, and the 
second was scooped up out of the ground where Long Island 
Sound now is. Both were deposited at a line about the center 
of the Island in what is called a moraine, thus forming a ridge 
now known as "the backbone of Long Island." This starts 
at Bay Ridge and forks at Port Jefiferson, the southern line 
continuing to form Montauk Point, with vanishing remains 
further eastward in Block Island, Martha's Vineyard, and 
Nantucket: the northern line forming Orient Point, and 
Plum, the two Gull, and Fisher's Islands. Some geologists 
think this northern line the work of a second ice-sheet. The 
hills of the island are composed, of what is called "gravel- 
drift" and "till" or drift proper. The yellow gravel drift also 
forms the soil of the pine barrens of southern and eastern 
Long Island and appears in a brickyard at Huntington. 
Near Brooklyn the till attains it greatest depth, between 150 
and 200 feet. Mt. Prospect, in Prospect Park, 194 feet in 
height, probably consists for the most part of till. Some of 
the boulders placed by the ice-sheet are of enormous size. At 
Shelter Island is one, now split in three pieces, that as a solid 
mass contained over 9,000 cubic feet. Rock in place comes 
to the surface only near Astoria. 

It is said that "highways follow deer paths," but the 
paths which those animals choose were frequently first laid 



GEOLOGY OF LONG ISLAND. 79 

down by glacial action. When the progress of the ice-sheet 
was stopped the ice began to melt — the water collected in sub- 
glacial rivers and where two such rivers met or where great 
balls of ice, boulders and debris were left at the edge of the 
moraine, basin-shaped depressions called "kettle holes" were 
made. Up to 1904 three such existed on Brooklyn Avenue 
just beyond the Eastern Parkway. Gardiner's, Great and 
Little Peconic bays, and one or two smaller bays, were origin- 
ally formed by sub-glacial streams as they emerged from the 
land. Some of these have a bottom below present sea level 
because the old river channels had their beds near the old sea 
bottom and retained their original depth while the drift was 
being deposited around them. An "esker" or gravel ridge, 
formed by a sub-glacial stream, was formerly to be seen at 
DeKalb Avenue near Myrtle Avenue Park, Ridgewood. 
Brooklyn streets which follow depressions left by old sub- 
glacial streams are Martense Lane, in Flatbush ; the old Port 
Road, through Prospect Park; the old Clove Road, near the 
Penitentiary, and the Hunter-Fly ("Vly" Dutch for Valley) 
Road in East New York. 

A uniform water level exists in the stratified sands of 
Long Island which are underlain by clays, and on this depends 
the existence of the many ponds of clear and cool water, some 
of which have no visible inlet or outlet. The largest of these, 
Lake Ronkonkoma, is 13 miles in circumference, with a maxi- 
mum depth of 83 feet. 

Fossils have been found at Fort Lafayette, New Utrecht, 
Prospect Park, Fort Greene, and Front Street. Fossil leaves 
and plants exist from Eaton's Neck to Glen Cove. 

The New Jersey clay beds continue on Long Island, 
reaching it at Rockaway Inlet and crossing the Island diagon- 
ally to Lloyd's Neck. South of this is a marl belt. Lignite 
is found and peat beds abound. Magnetite, occurring almost 
everywhere on the beaches in the form of sand, is the only 
magnetic ore on the Island. Iron pyrites is present as Mar- 
casite, a material prized by jewelers. With the sand, gravel 
and clays before mentioned, it will be seen that almost the 
whole of Long Island can be utilized in the arts and trades. 



80 children's museum, historical collection. 

ZOOLOGY. 
I General Label. 

HERE WHEN HUDSON CAME. 

Hudson was impressed by the number of fish in this 
harbor. Soon after anchoring he sent men out in a small boat 
to get a supply, and notes in his journal, September 4, 
"Caught ten great mullet, a foot and a half long, and a Ray 
as great as four men could haul into the ship." He mentions 
salmon, sturgeon, and quantities of snipe and other birds, 
and must have noticed the butterflies, for at that time of year 
the monarch, tiger-swallowtail and sulphur butterflies are 
most abundant. Probably at dusk the noise made by katydids 
was heard by those on the "Half Moon." Daniel Denton, 
son of the first minister at Hempstead, who came from Stam- 
ford in 1644, published a "History of New York" in 1670, 
in which he said that the Long Island Indians ate fish, fowl, 
venison, skunks, raccoon, opossum, turtles, etc., and spoke of 
the prevalence of wolves and foxes. Wolves were annoying 
in 1665, for the "Duke's Laws" promise "The value of an 
Indian coat to be given to any one who shall bring the head 
of a wolf to any constable on Long Island, provided it be 
killed on Long Island." Foxes and wild-cats had laws passed 
against them in 1717. It is possible that bear were localized 
in small numbers. Whales were so plentiful that the salary 
of the first minister at Easthampton was paid mainly in whale 
oil. Shad were also abundant, the shad fishery at Fort Hamil- 
ton being noted as late as 1848. All these must have been 
here when Hudson came. Many remain, but wolves, bear, 
otter and others have been exterminated. The Labrador 
duck, once plentiful, became extinct here about forty years 
ago. The black rat, introduced early in the history of the 
country, has been almost universally replaced by the obnox- 
ious rodent, the Norway rat, which, with other pests, such as 
the house mouse, the Croton bug and Oriental roach, was 
brought on European ships. Native roaches and mice were 
confined more to the woods, though Indians had plenty of 
pests in their habitations attracted by lack of cleanliness — 
bedbugs, lice, carrion and scavenger beetles, flies, mosquitoes, 



"here when HUDSON CAME." 81 

ants, etc. Of the creatures that were here when Hudson 
came this Museum exhibits : 



Bear 


Water 


Bay lynx or wild-cat 


Ring-necked 


Wolf 


Worm 


Fox 


Turtles 


Skunk 


Snapping 


Opossum 


Red-legged 


Porcupine 


Box 


Raccoon 


Mud 


Woodchuck 


Painted 


Squirrels 


Spotted 


Gray 


Lobster 


Red 


Crab 


Chipmunk 


Shrimp 


Rabbit, cotton-tail 


Oysters 


Mink 


Clams 


Weasel 


Mussels 


Martin 


Squid 


Bat 


Fish 


Porpoise 


Mullet 


Whale (model) 


Ray 


Beaver 


Salmon 


Muskrat 


Sturgeon 


Vole 


Bass 


Mole 


Brook-trout 


Frogs 


Shad 


Green 


Perch 


Leopard 


Weak-fish 


Pickerel 


Dog-fish 


Wood 


Birds 


Tree 


Song birds 


Bull 


Duck 


Toads — 3 kinds 


Geese 


Salamander 


Snipe 


Snakes 


Swan 


Banded rattle 


Herons 


Blue racer 


Pigeons 


Copperhead 


Eagle 


Black 


Osprev 


Brown 


Gulls ' 


Garter 


Owls 


Blowinsf-adder 


Hawks 


Red-beilied 


Butterflies 


■Milk 


Insects. 



82 children's museum, historical collection. 

THE LIBRARY. 

The Library has a Hndson-Fulton bookshelf and bulle- 
tins about each of the men. 

Books Consulted. 

Abbott Old Paths and Legends of the New England 

Border. 

Abbott Lives of the Presidents. 

Arnold The Sea Beach at Ebb Tide. 

Beauchamp Wampum and Shell Articles. 

Boutelle Arms and Armor. 

Church Indian History. 

Cooper Navy of the United States. 

Denton History of New York. 

Demmin Die Kriegs wafifen. 

Drake Indian History. 

Drake Nooks and Corners of the New England 

Coast. 

Earle Two Centuries of Costume in America. 

Earle Costume of Colonial Times. 

Eggleston Household History of the United States. 

Ellis The People's Standard History of the United 

States. 

Elson History of the United States. 

Emmerton Life on the Sea Shore. 

Emmons Navy of the United States. 

Fairlie National Administration of the United States. 

Fiske New France and New England. 

Fiske History of the United States. 

Fiske Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America. 

Fiske Old Virginia and Her Neighbors. 

Gauss The American Government. 

Griffis Brave Little Holland. 

Hadyn Dictionary of Dates. 

Hart The American Nation. 

Hart Source Readers in American History. 

Hart (ed.) . . . .Grolier Club Catalogue of Washington Por- 
traits. 



BOOKS CONSULTED. 83 

Harrison This Country of Ours. 

Jenks Our Army for Our Boys. 

Johnson French Pathfinders in America. 

Johnson Pioneer Spaniards in North America. 

Johnson Original Portraits of Washington. 

Kretschmer 1 

and [Trachten der Volker. 

Rohrbach J 

Lacombe Arms and Armor. 

Lockwood Colonial Furniture in America. 

Lossing Field Book of the Revolution. 

Lossing Our Country. 

Luddington. . . .Uniforms of the Army of the United States. 

Lyon Colonial Furniture in New England. 

Maclay History of the Navy. 

Macgeorge Flags. 

Mayer Sea Shore Life. 

McLellan Historic Dress in America. 

Mercuri Costumes historique. 

Montgomery. . .American History. 

Moore Old Furniture Book. 

Morgan Theodore Roosevelt. 

Munn Three Types of Washington Portraits. 

National Cyclopedia of Biography. 

New International Encyclopedia. 

Parkman Jesuits in North America. 

Parkman Montcalm and Wolf. 

Putnam Open Fireplace. 

Racinet Le costume historique. 

Richardson. . . .Cambridge on the Charles. Harper's Maga- 
zine, January, 1876. 

Septimo Colleccion litografica de guadros del rey de 

Espafia. 

Smith Thirteen Colonies. 

Spears United States Navy. 

Stiles The History of Brooklyn. 

Stratemeyer. . .American Boy's Life of William McKinley. 

Thomas History of the United States. 

Thompson History of Long Island. 



84 children's museum, historical collection. 

Thwaites France in America. 

Walton Stories of Pennsylvania. 

Walton Uniforms of the Army of the United States. 

Weir John Trumbull and His Works. 

Winterburn. . .Spanish in the Southwest. 



For fuller information in regard to the Indians of thi^ 
vicinity the reader is referred to 

THE INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND 
AND GREATER NEW YORK. 

by Alanson Skinner, being 

A GUIDE 

TO THE 

HUDSON-FULTON EXHIBIT 

AT THE 

American Museum of Natural History. 



THE HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION COMMISSION 

- Appointed by the Governor of the State of New York 
and the Mayor of the City of New York and 
chartered by Chapter 325, Laws of 
the State of New York, 1906 

LIST OF OFFICERS 

President 
GEN. STEWART L. WOODFORD 

Presiding Vice-President 
MR. HERMAN RIDDER 

Vice-Presidents 

Mr. Andrew Carnegie Mr. John E. Parsons 

Hon. Joseph H. Choate Gen. Horace Porter 

Maj.-Gen. F. D. Grant, U. S. A. Hon. Frederick W. Seward 

Hon. Seth Low Mr. Francis Lynde Stetson 

Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan Hon. Oscar S. Straus 

Hon. Levi P. Morton Mr. Wm. B. Van Rensselaer 

Hon. Alton B. Parker Gen. James Grant Wilson 

Treasurer 

MR. ISAAC N. SELIGMAN 

No. I William St., New York 

Secretary Assistant Secretary 

MR. HENRY W. SACKETT MR. EDWARD HAGAMAN HALL 

Tribune Building, New York 

Art and Historical Exhibits Committee 
MR. J. PIERPONT MORGAN, General Chairman 

Sub-Committee in Charge of Scientific and Historical Exhibits 

DR. GEORGE F. KUNZ, Chairman 

401 Fifth Ave., New York 

Sub Cotnmittee in Charge of Arts Exhibits 

HON. ROBERT W. de FOREST, Chairman 

Metropolitan Museum of Art 



86 chiIvDren's museum, historicai^ collection. 

lyist of Institutions holding Free Exhibitions under the 
auspices of or in co-operation with the Scientific, 
Historical and Art Committees of the Hudson- 
Fulton Celebration Committee. 

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Seventy-seventh 
Street, from Columbus Avenue to Central Park West. Open daily, except 
Sundays, from 9 a. m. to 5 p.m.; Sundays from i to 5 p. m. Always free. 
Special Exhibition during the Hudson=Fulton Celebration, from September 
1st to December 1st. Original objects showing the life and habits of the 
Indians of Manhattan Island and the Hudson River Valley. (Special 
illustrated guide for sale; price, 10 cents.) 

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, Engineering 
Building, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street. Robert Fulton Exhibition consists 
of paintings, drawings, books, decorations and furniture, and working 
models of John Fitch's steamboat, the first boat operated and propelled by 
steam, Robert Fulton's " Clermont," the first successful application 
of steam to navigation, and John Stevens's " Phoenix," the first steamboat 
to sail on the ocean. 

Council Room of the Society, eleventh floor, and will be open from 
9.00 a. m. until 5.30 p. m. during the entire period of the Hudson-Fulton 
Celebration, and from 9.00 a. m. until 5.00 p. m. daily until December 6th. 

BROOKLYN INSTITUTE MUSEUM, Eastern Parkway. Open daily, 
except Sundays, from 9 a. m. to 6 p. m.; Sundays from 2 to 6 p. m.; 
Thursday evenings from 7.30 to 9.45 p. m. Free except on Mondays and 
Tuesdays, when admission fee is charged of 25 cents for adults and 10 
cents for children under sixteen years of age. Special Exhibition relating 
to Stone Implements of the Indians on Long Island, and examples of native 
animals; Portrait of Robert Fulton painted by himself, the property of 
Col. Henry T. Chapman and loaned by him to the Museum. 

CHILDRENS MUSEUM (Brooklyn Institute), Bedford Park, Brook- 
lyn Avenue. Historical Collection and Objects of Related Interest (Illus- 
trated Catalogue). Open free to the public from Monday to Saturday 
(inclusive) from 9 a. m. to 5.30 p. m., and on Sunday from 2 until 5.30 
p. m. 

CITY HISTORY CLUB OF NEW YORK, 21 West Forty-fourth 
Street. Special Exhibition of Illustrations, Photographs, Maps and 
Plans relating to the history of the City of New York, and all of the orig= 
inals used in the City History Club Historical Guide Book of the City of 
New York. 

COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, St. Nicholas Avenue 
and 139th Street. Hudson=Fulton Exhibit. During the Hudson=Fulton 
Celebration and for some weeks thereafter, the College of the City of 
New York will have on exhibition in its historical museum a collection 
of charts, views, manuscripts and relics representing old New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, BOROUGHS OF BROOKLYN AND 
QUEENS. Through the courtesy of Commissioner Michael J. Kennedy, 
the difTerent species of trees have been labeled in Prospect Park, from the 
Plaza to the Willink Entrance; in Bedford Park; in Highland Park; 
and in Tompkins Park. An additional small enameled sign has been 



CHII^DREn'S MUSE;UM, historical COIvIvECTlON. 87 

hung on those labeled trees that were indigenous to the Hudson River 
Valley in 1609. The special label reads: "This species is a native of 
the Hudson River Valley." 

FRAUNCES TAVERN, 54 Pearl Street, near Broad Street. Historic 
Revolutionary Building. Built in 1719. Open daily, except Sundays, 
from 9 a. m. to 6 p. m. Special Exhibition of Revolutionary Relics by the 
New York State Society of the Sons of the Revolution, who are the owners 
of the historic building, September 15th to November 1st. 

LONG ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, corner of Pierrepont and 
Clinton Streets, Brooklyn, between Brooklyn Bridge and Borough Hall. 
Open daily, except Sundays, from 8.30 a. m. to 6 p. m. Reference library 
of 70,000 volumes; manuscripts, relics, etc. Autograph receipt of 
Robert Fulton and original manuscript volume of Danker's and Sluyter's 
" Journal of a Voyage to New York in 1679=80." 

METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, Central Park East. Main 
entrance on Fifth Avenue at Eighty-second Street. Open daily, except 
Sundays, from 10 a. m. to 6 p. m.; until December 31st, to 5 p. m.; 
Saturdays to 10 p. m.; Sundays from i to 6 p. m. On Mondays and 
Fridays an admission fee of 25 cents is charged, except to members and 
copyists. Collections illustrating all departments of Art and Archaeology. 
Special Exhibition of a magnificent Collection of over 130 of the works 
of 17th century Dutch Masters, constituting the finest Exhibition of this 
kind ever made. Products of Colonial Art: American Paintings, Fur= 
niture. Pewter and Silver of the 17th and 18th centuries, etc. (Two 
catalogues for sale, one of Dutch Exhibit and one of Colonial Arts; price, 
10 cents each. Also finely illustrated edition de luxe.) 

NATIONAL ARTS CLUB, Twentieth Street near Irving Place 
(Gramercy Park). Open daily from September 20th to about October 
18th, 1909, from 10 a. m. to 6 p. m. Special Loan Exhibition by the 
National Arts Club, in co=operation with the American Scenic and Historic 
Preservation Society. 

Three centuries of New York City: Special Exhibition of Paintings, 
Photographs, Drawings and other interesting materials, illustrating the 
growth and progress of New York from the time of Henry Hudson to the 
present day. 

NEW YORK AQUARIUM, in Battery Park. Under the management 
of the New York Zoological Society. Open daily, including Sundays, 
from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. until October 15th. (October i6th to April 14th, 
from 10 a. m. to 4 p. m.) All tanks containing fish indigenous to the 
Hudson River will be so marked. 

NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, Bronx Park. Museums open 
daily, including Sundays, from 10 a. m. to 5 p. m.; Conservatories from 
ID a. m. to 4 p. m. Grounds always open. In the Grounds and Conser= 
vatories exhibits of Plants, Shrubs, Trees and Natural Woodland; in the 
Museums, Plant Products utilized in the Arts, Sciences and Industries. 
All Trees growing on Manhattan Island and Hudson River Valley at the 
time of Hudson's arrival are marked with the letter " H." (Special 
illustrated catalogue for sale.) 

NEW YORK GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 

226 West Fifty-eighth Street, between Broadway and Seventh Avenue. 
Open daily, except Sundays, from 10 a. m. to 5 p. m., until November ist. 



88 CHIIvDREn'S museum, historical COIvIvECTION. 

Special Exhibition of old Deeds, Manuscripts, Books, Portraits, etc., 
relating to the history of the United States up to and including the War of 

1812. (Catalogue for sale.) 

NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY, corner of Seventy-seventh 
Street and Central Park West. September 25th to October 30th, open 
daily from 9 a. m. to' 5 p. m. Robert Fulton Exhibition of the New York 
Historical Society, in co=operation with the Colonial Dames of America. 

(Catalogue for sale.) 

NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY, Lenox Branch, Fifth Avenue 
and Seventy-second Street. Open daily, except Sundays, from 9 a. m. 
to 6 p. m. Special Exhibition of Prints, Books, Manuscripts, etc., relating 
to Henry Hudson, the Hudson River, Robert Fulton and Steam Nav= 
igation. (Special illustrated catalogue for sale; price, 10 cents.) 

NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK, under the management of the 
New York Zoological Society, St. Nicholas Avenue (138th to 140th 
Streets), in Bronx Park. Open daily, including Sundays, from 9 a. m. 
until an hour before sunset (November ist to May ist from 10 a. m.). 
Free, except on Mondays and Thursdays, when an admission fee of 
25 cents is charged. The fauna of Henry Hudson's time on Manhattan 
Island and Hudson River Valley will be indicated by the flag of the Hudson^ 
Fulton Celebration. (Special illustrated catalogue for sale.) 

REFORMED DUTCH CHURCH. The Reformed Protestant Dutch 
Church of the City of New York will make an exhibit in the chapel of the 
Church of St. Nicholas, Fifth Avenue and 48th Street, during the week 
of the celebration, 9 to 5 daily. 

VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE MUSEUM, in Van Cortlandt Park was 
built in 1748. Open daily, 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. Special Exhibition of 
Mezzotint Portraits of men prominent in political life prior to the Revo= 
lution; Wedgwood's Medallion Portraits of Illustrious Personages; 
Cartoons and Caricatures of political events, etc. (Special illustrated 
catalogue on sale.) 

WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS (The Jumel Mansion), Roger 
Morris Park, Edgecombe Road and One Hundred and vSixty-second 
Street. Built about 1760. Open free daily, including vSundays, from 
9 a. m. to 5 p. m. Special features: Collection of Colonial furnishings, 
objects and pictures; also the Bolton Collection of War Relics of the 
Revolution. 



BY SPECIAL CARD ONLY. 

AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 15 West 8 ist Street. 
Special Exhibition of Books and Maps relating to Henry Hudson and 
Robert Fulton. Admission may be obtained by card. Apply to the 
Librarian, 15 West 8ist Street. Open from September 25th to October 
gth, from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. 



MUSEUM BULLETIN 

OF THE 

Statcn Hsland dissociation of Arts and Sciences 

EDITED FOR THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE 

BY CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD'. CU RATOR- I N-CH i EF 

No. H. Published Monthly at New Brighton, N. Y SEPTEMBER, 1909. 

THE HUDSON-FULTON EXHIBIT IN THE MUSEUM. 



As announced in the last issue of the BULLETIN, the special commemora- 
tive exhibit was opened on September 4, the anniversary of Hudson's first 
landing on Staten Island. The exercises were quite informal; in the unavoid- 
able absence of President Bayne, brief addresses were made by Dr. Hollick and 
Mr. Hillyer, of the Board of Trustees, and by the Curator-in-chief. 

The exhibit is desig^ned to illustrate, synoptically, the historical development 
of Staten Island. The physiography and stratigraphic geology of the island is 
first shown by means of specimens of rocks, minerals etc., arranged in geologi- 
cal sequence. The flora and fauna as it was in Hudson's time is indicated either 
by actual specimens or by descriptive labels: practically all the native trees are 
represented in the herbarium loaned by Master Carl Dowell, who recently won 
the annual high school prize offered by the Association. 

The section devoted to the Indians is very complete. It includes a large ser- 
ies of stone implements, weapons, etc., from various parts of the island, their 
uses being fully set forth on the labels. By way of contrast, the Skinner collect- 
ion of recent Iroquois Indian implements and costumes, from Central New 
York, lately presented to the museum, is also displayed here. Models of a 
Manahatas Indian village and of a small Indian tepee complete the section. 

The period of Dutch colonial occupation is illustrated by a model of the water 
gate and adjacent houses at the foot of Pearl Street about 1650. With this is a 
most interesting model of the interior of a Dutch house, showing the typical 
exterior, and within the characteristic furniture, etc. This was constructed by 
Mr. Clement Parsons,, the other models having been made under the direction 
of the Children's Festivals Committee. 

The later colonial period, from the British occupation until after the close of 
the Revolution, is represented by various exhibits. Two cases are devoted to 
interesting relics of the eighteenth century, many of them belonging to Staten 
island; another to old manuscripts, deeds and land grants. The walls are hung 
with series of maps of the island, from the earliest known down to the most recent. 
A large collection of old engravings, loaned chiefly by Mr. Gerald F. Shepard, 
shows various familiar scenes and buildings around Manhattan. The Billopp 
house at Tottenville is commemorated by a fine model. 

As a supplementary feature of the exhibit there is a display of costumes of 
the various nations, — Dutch, French, Italian, etc., — which have contributed 
largely to American citizenship. The room is decorated with Hudson-Fulton 
banners of every description. 

The special exhibit will remain open until November i, although as some of 
the loans are liable to be withdrawn at any time, the public is advised to visit 
the Museum early. The latter is open every afternoon from i to 5 except Sun- 
days, Mondays and holidays. On Saturdays it is open from 10 to 5. 



The Association will commence its various activities next month, the first 
meeting being held, as usual, on the third Saturday in October. The trustees 
will hold a stated meeting on October 9. and proposals for membership should 
be in the hands of the Secretary before that date. 

Entered as second-class matter in the Post office at New Brighton. N.Y., under Act of Congress of July 16, 1894 



H Catalogue x 
of ' ^:, 

J5ooF?s, /Rbaps, etc. 

Relating to 

Ibenri? Ibubeon IRobert J^ultou 

And Their Times 

Exhibited by the 
American Geographical Society 

at its house 

No. 15 West 8 I St Street, New York 

At the request of the 

1bu^son*jfulton Celebration Commfssfon 

September 25th to October loth 
1909 



IRew l^orft 

MCMIX 



New York, November 25, 1907. 

Archer M. Huntington, Esq., 

President American Geographical Society, 
New York City. 

Dear Mr. Huntington: — 

As a member of a special committee for the Hudson-Fulton 
Celebration of 1909, I write to enquire whether the American Geo- 
graphical Society is willing to co-operate with our Committee during 
the Hudson-Fulton Exhibition of 1909; first, the American Geo- 
graphical Society to prepare a special collection of books, maps, 
and manuscripts contemporaneous with the discovery of the Hudson 
River and the explorations of Henry Hudson; and second, to pre- 
pare a collection of books, maps, and manuscripts relating to the 
period contemporaneous with the use of steam for navigation and 
of the time of Robert Fulton, 

Very truly yours, 

George F. Kunz, 

Chairman Special Committee 
Hudson-Fulton Celebration. 



New York, December 31, 1907. 

George F. Kunz, Esq., 

Chairman Special Committee 
Hudson-Fulton Celebration. 
Dear Sir: — 

On behalf of the American Geographical Society, I am 
instructed to say in reply to your favor of the 25th ult., that the 
Society has a small collection of books and maps relating to the 
Hudson and Fulton periods, which it will be glad to place on exhibi- 
tion at the Society's building, 15 West 8ist Street, during the period 
of celebration in 1909. 

When the time of the celebration approaches, the House 
Committee of the Society will arrange with some designated author- 
ity of your Committee, such rules as may be necessary for admission 
of visitors. 

Wishing your Committee every success, we remain, 
Very truly yours. 

For the American Geographical Society, 
John Greenough, 

Domestic Corresponding 
Secretary. 



enUe tjt BieMtD-uftcbontien^ trate 

uan^'-^uDfon. 

MR. I^bfon die ctteltjche malm n^edtoaettj^ 
een doo^gangli gtjefocdt fteeft / Ijat} $i\n oogti- 
inecfK om boo> IfumlJlep^ inlet m jfretum 
®aUij6i in em l»oo;{0arnDe Xtt te roinm / ijfjclijck top 
fuIcrmjiinCaembp^' plantmjSoefieufielJbcn/ m 
InilDetltn i^oi^a Albion in j^at DelZtir te foope/daer 
een CnoJitlss man / Too I|p oheteechmt {jaD/ Doo? ojje^ 
paffeert U)a$, fll^aet naeueelmoepteniji l)eeftj)p Defc 
Ujeci)/Die [)ier op dcefli Caectc ol)ctetcUent (laet/geuon^^ 
den / dte t)p Uerdolcljt foude l)ebben / Dadde'c^b^mren 
^cinpsi'\}olcU ntetfoo oniDtHtcl) glieuieefttUiant alfo 
fpU)eliomaendeupcgeVprelll)adden/daetrenoc|)tan£t 
matt doo;t s maenden geurct alieert luaren / ende op de 
iieele lued) maer een man gfiefien f)ebben die l)aer eeit 
groot «^ierb;{oc[)tdatrpatm ; dte/omdat[)PQ"alijch 
(^Ijetcat teen U3im/ntet Uieer en quam/foo itttt gemeen 
5>ci)eepis(Uolek(alfii fp Uieder uande ftoor Jjte mn^z gt» 
daerrpUertomterden/totopde ftoocljteUan63 grad. 
langf|6dell^e(l'3pdeiiande^ape/daetrpmgeIoopen 
UJaren)op gl)fc!ommen/daet fpeennipme ^eeende 
groote imrcn upten ^ooitdloeaenUetnamen/' endeltrU 

tcgljenjj 

Hudson's fourth voyage here described. From Hessel Gerritsz's '" Beschry- 
vinghe vauder Samoyeden Landt" published in 1612, This text, -svith 12 more 
lines, was printed on the back of the folded map "Tabula Nautica" issued with 
the volume— a map from Hudson's own chart brought back by the mutineers. 
The chart was first published by itself in 161 1. See Asher, Henry Hudson, p. 181 
and p. xliii. 



HUDSON-FULTON BIBLIOGRAPHY 



H.— 1884— ARBER (Editor) 

The English Scholar's Library / Capt. John Smith / of Wil- 
loughby by Alford, Lincolnshire: President / of Virginia and 
Admiral of New England / Works / 1608-1631 / Edited by 
Edward Arber / Birmingham / 1884. 

P. cxix mentions Smith's sending to Hudson by the third return of 
Captain Newport, about November, 1 608, a duplicate of the " mappe of the 
Bay and Rivers." 

H.— 1759— ACRELIUS (Reprint) 

Description / of the Former and Present Condition / of the / 
Swedish Churches / in What was called New Sweden / after- 
wards New Netherland etc. Published by / Israel Acrelius. 
Stockholm, Harberg & Hasselberg. 1759. Memoirs of the His- 
torical Society of Pennsylvania, Vol. XI. / Philadelphia / His- 
torical Society — 1874. 

P. 19. The Entrance of the Hollanders into the New World. 

H.— 1867— ASHER 

Sketch / of / Henry Hudson / The Navigator / By Dr. G. M. 
Asher, of Heidelberg / Brooklyn / Reprinted for Private Distri- 
bution / 1867. — Pamphlet, pp. 23. 

An excellent brief account of Hudson and his voyages. 

H.— 1860-ASHER 

Henry Hudson / the / Navigator / The Original Documents / 
In which his career is recorded / Collected, partly translated, and 
annotated / with / an Introduction / by G. M. Asher, LL. D. 
/ London / Printed for the Hakluyt Society, / MDCCCLX— 
8° — 9I X s'. PP- ccxviii+292. 

The introduction to this volume is the best essay extant on Hudson and 
the sources of information concerning him. The work contains reproduc- 
tion of map from Hessel Gerritsz's volume and another reproduction f. p. i 
from Pontanus's history of Amsterdam, 161 1, of a map by Jocodus Hon- 

Note: — Where the size of volumes is given it is stated in inches and 
eighths. 



2 Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 

dius, with first public mention of Hudson (See Hondius this catalogue), 
all the data concerning the voyages, extracts from De Laet's Nieuwe Wer- 
elt, from Lambrechtsen's History of New Netherland, from Van der 
Donck's Beschryvinge van Nieuw Nederlandt, from Hessel Gerritsz, and 
from the Voyage of Verrazzano, with first discovery of Hudson R'ver (p. 
209), etc., etc. 

H.— F. 1903— BACON 

The Hudson River / From Ocean to Source / by / Edgar Mayhew 

Bacon / G. P. Putnam's Sons / New York and London / 1903. 

Frontispiece, "The Half-Moon " on the Hudson. P. 194. Reference to 
Hudson's fight with Indians "off Spuyten Duyvel. " P. 198. Men- 
tions spot where Hudson is said to have anchored 13 th of September. P. 
422. Matthew Vassar planned monument to Hudson but changed to a 
college for women. P. 509. Point where Hudson anchored Sept. 17th. 

Robert Fulton — Chap. IX. Sketch of his career and of the beginning of 
steam navigation, and of the Clermont. Gives pictures of earliest steam- 
boats on the Hudson and their names, fares, running time between points, 
etc. P. 478. Fulton's marriage. Tradition that the Clermont was built 
near Tivoli fallacious. Confused with unsuccessful steamboat of Nesbit 
built just below upper Red Hook Landing. 

H.— 1907— BACON 

Henry Hudson / His Times and his Voyages / by / Edgar May- 
hew Bacon / G. P. Putnam's Sons. / New York and London — 
1907. 

With frontispiece representing Henry Hudson and his son in the boat 
set adrift. 

H.— 1844— BARBER and HOWE 

Historical Collections / Of the State of New Jersey / by John W. 
Barber / and / Henry Howe / New York / S. Tuttle / 1844. 

P. 2. Mentions Hudson's following coast of New Jersey and anchoring 
within Sandy Hook. 

H.— 1560— BARDI (IV ARE) 

See Boty. 

H. 1560. BARDSDEN (IVAR) (Reprint) 

See De Costa — Sailing directions of Henry Hudson, etc., and 

Boty. 

H.—1818— BARROW 

A Chronological History / of / Voyages into the Arctic Regions / 

Undertaken chiefly for the purpose of discovering a North-east, 

North-west / or / Polar Passage / between the / Atlantic and 

Pacific / from the earliest periods of Scandinavian navigation to 

the / departure of the / Recent Expeditions / under the orders 

of / Captains Ross and Buchan / by John Barrow, F. R. S. 

London, John Murray. 181 8. 

P. 178-195. Sketch of Hudson's voyages. 



Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 3 

H.— 1888— BART RAM 

Retrographs / Comprising / A History of New York City prior to 
the Revolution; / Biographies of George Washington, Alexander 
Hamilton, Nathan Hale; Sketches of John Andre and Beverly 
Robinson; Schemes of Aaron Burr and Benedict Arnold / etc. 
etc. / by F. S. Bartram / New York / Yale Publishing Company, 
126 William St. (1888). lo* x 7 = pp. 196. 

P. I. Discovery of site of New York generally accredited to Henry 
Hudson, 1609. Verrazani's discoveries. 2 to 13. Translation of part of 
"De Nieuwe en Onbekende Weereled: of Beschryving van America en't 
Zuidland: door ArnoledusMontanus, Amsterdam, 1671." Refersto Hud- 
son as the discoverer. P. 9. Hudson on shore with the Indians. 
P. 14. Translation of a portion of a Dutch manuscript of 1641, now in 
the Royal Library at The Hague — description of New Netherland — 
Mentions the river Mauritius (Hudson). P. 17. Mention of the river 
Montagne (Mauritius-Hudson) — "first sailed to (by Dutch) by Hendrick 
Christiaensen Van Cleef . " Mentions Hudson's visit as of 1612. P. 23. 
Portrait of Henry Hudson and copy of his contract with the East India 
Co. 

H.— 1783— BATHURST (publisher) 

The / Modern Part / of an / Universal History / from the / 
Earliest Accounts to the Present Time / Compiled from / Orig- 
inal Authors / by the Authors of the Ancient Part. / London, 
C. Bathurst. etc. MDCCLXXXIII. Vols. Ancient, 18. Modern, 
42. — 8"* X 5. (no authors names given). 

Vol. XXXV, p. 243. 1605. Weymouth "arrived the following 
Whitsunday at the mouth of Hudson's river, ... to which for this reason 
he gave the name of Pentecost harbour." P. 281. Limits of New England. 
344. Captain Hudson said to be first who discovered the country and 
about 1608 he sold it to the Dutch. 

H .—1 7 5 3— B AUMGARTENS 

Algemeine Geschichte / der / Lander und Volker / Von America 
/ Zweiter Theil / Nebst einer Vorrede / Siegmund Jacob Baum- 
gartens / Der h. Schrift Doctors und ofEentl. Lehrers, auch des 
theologischen Seminarii Directors auf der konigl. preuszl. 
Friedrichsuniversitat in Halle. / Mit vielen Kupfern. / Halle, 
bey Johann Justinus Gebauer. 1753. 4° — 9^ x 74 — pp. 905. 
P. 663. Brief resume of Hudson's explorations. 

H.— 1887— BAYLES 

History of Richmond County (Staten Island) New York / From 
its discovery to the present time. / Edited by Richard M. Bayles 
/ New York / L. E. Preston & Co. / 1887 / 

P. 44. Discovery by Hudson. 46. He names "Staaten Eyiandt." 



4 Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 

H.— 1853— BEKE 

A / True Description of / Three / Voyages by the North-East / 
/ Towards / Cathay and China / undertaken by the Dutch in the 
Years 1 594-1 595 and 1596 / By Gerrit De Veer / Pubhshed at 
Amsterdam in the year 1598 and in 1609. Translated into Eng- 
lish by William Phillip. / Edited by / Charles T. Beke, Phil. 
D., F. S. A. London / Printed for the Hakluyt Society. / 
MDCCCLIII. (First edition.) 

Appendix contains "An Account of Henry Hudson's Visit to Novaya 
Zemlya" and "Writings of William Barents etc.," both from Purchas. 
Note p. 273 as to certain headings having been written by Hudson " and 
not by Hakluyt as would at first sight appear. " 

H.— 1876— BEKE AND BEYNEN 

The Three / Voyages of William Barents / to the / Arctic 
Regions / (1594, 1595, 1596) by Gerrit De Veer. / First edi- 
tion edited by / Charles T. Beke Phil. D., F. S. A. / 1853 / 
Second Edition, with an Introduction / by / Lieutenant Koole- 
mans Beynen / (Royal Netherlands Navy) / London / Printed 
for the Hakluyt Society / MDCCCLXXVI pp. clxxiv + 289. 

P. xxxii. Hudson invited to the Netherlands. After long negotiations 
he started out in "De Halve Maan. " Rivalry of Isaac Le Maire. Hud- 
son's instructions. 

xcv. Hudson on second voyage enters creek first entered by Barents 
in Nova Zembla in search of passage. 

P. 265. An account of Henry Hudson's visit to Novaya Zemlya. 

P. 273. Note on Hudson's having written headings recorded by Pur- 
chas. 

H . — 1 7 94— BELKNAP 

American Biography / or / An Historical Account / of those 
Persons / who have been distinguished in / America / etc. / by 
Jeremy Belknap, D.D. Published according to act of Con- 
gress / Boston / Isaiah Thomas and Ebenezer T. Andrews / 
MDCCXCIV / 

Vol. I, p. 394-407. Hudson's voyages (from Purchas). 396, note 
criticises certain authors for putting Hudson's discovery of the river in 
1608. 

Vol. II, p. 135-150, Discussion of Weymouth's river. Analysis of 
Weymouth's log, 1605, to determine whether his Pentecost harbor was 
Hudson's River or not. Decided it was the Penobscot. 

(Another edition m 3 volumes published by Harper & Bros., 1841, with 
additions and notes by F. M. Hubbard.) 

H.—1817— BENSON 

Memoir / Read Before / The Historical Society / of the / 

State of New York /31st December 1816 / By Egbert Benson — 



Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 5 

. . . / New York / Printed by T. & W. Mercein / No. 93 Gold- 
Street. / 1817 — 83 X 5* — pp. 72 (with written interleaves). 
Printed also in Vol. II, Collections of the New York Historical 
Society 

P. 9. Original name of "Collect" Pond. 

P. 10. "Our river" — several names of. 

P. 12. Asks Rouw, who knew the language of the region, about the na- 
tive name of the Hudson and he gave — Sha-te-muc — said it was so 
called by the natives. 

P. 18. Quotes from Van der Donck as to first discovery of Hudson in 
1609 — the River of the Mountains. 

P. 20. Dutch names of places — North River for Hudson — Prince 
Maurits's and Prince Hendrick's River also. 

P. 64. The English gave to the river the name of Hudson by way of 
continual claim, he being of English birth. 

H.— 1876— BEYNEN 

The Three / Voyages of William Barents / see Beke and Beynen. 
H.— 1831— BIDDLE 

A Memoir of Sebastian Cabot with / A Review / of / the History 
of Maritime Discovery. (Richard Biddle.) Illustrated by docu- 
ments from the rolls, now first published. Philadelphia, Pub- 
lished by Cary & Lea, 1831. 

P. 295-296. As to Hudson's knowledge of Cabot's voyage. 

H.— 1635— 1642— BLAEU (Atlas) 

Tweede Deel / van't / Toonneel / Des Aerdriicx / Ofte 
/ Nieuwe Atlas / uytgegeven / door / Wilhelm en Johan- 
nem Blaeu / Amsterdami / Apud Guiljelmum et Johannem 
Blaeu / Anno MDCXXXV— 2d title page dated MDCXLII. 
3 vols. 20 X 13. 

With descriptive text. Volume II has map in colors with the title 
"Nova Belgica et Anglia Nova" showing "Noord Rivier al Mauritius 
Rivier. " Mentions "Hendrick Hudson's" discovery in 1609. Speaks of 
Manhattes and Rio de Montaigne as names of "De groote noord-rivier " 
but the latter the name used by the Hollanders. 

H.— 1693— BLOME 

Cosmography / and / Geography / In two Parts / The First 
Part / Containing the General and Absolute Part of / Cos- 
mography and Geography / being a translation / from that 
eminent and much esteemed Geographer / Varenjus / Wherein 
are at large handled / etc. etc. / The Second Part / Being a 
Geographical Description of All the World / taken from the 
Notes and works of the Famous Monsieur Sanson, late geog- 
rapher to the French King, etc. 



6 Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 

The Third Impression illustrated with maps / London / 
Richard Blome / MDCXCIII / 4°— PP- 493—14 x 9. 

P. 432. "New York being well seated both for security, trade, and 
pleasure in a small isle called Mahatan regarding the sea made so by Hud- 
son's River, which separates it from Long Island." Says the town con- 
tains about 500 houses. 

F.— 1880— BOOTH 

History / of the / City of New York / by / Mary L. Booth / New 

York / E. P. Button & Co. / 1880. 

P. 678. Grant of monopoly of waters of New York State to R. R. Liv- 
ingston. 681. Portrait of Fulton. The "Fulton Folly" launched. 682. 
Picture of the Clermont. John Stevens just too late with his Steamboat 
683. Stevens first to send steamer to sea. First ferry-boat. 717. Erie 
Canal. Commission and scheme of the canal. 

H.— 1560— BOTY 

(Reprint) "A Treatise of Iver Boty a Gronlander, translated 
out of the Norsh language into High Dutch in the yeere 
1560," etc. etc. English translation with heading written by 
Henry Hudson, in Purchas His Pilgrimes, 1625. See Purchas, 
this Catalogue, and also De Costa — Sailing Directions of Henry 
Hudson and Beke, and Beynen. 
H.— 1705— BRADFORD 

Bradford's History / " Of Plimouth Plantation," From the 
original Manuscript / With a Report of the Proceedings inci- 
dent / to the return of the Manuscript to Massachusetts./ 
Printed under the direction of the Secretary of the Common- 
wealth / by order of the general committee / Boston, Wright 
and Potter Printing Co., State Printers / 18 Post Office Square / 
1898. 

The original book is known as the " Log of the Mayflower." 
Folio, III X 7I — reprint 9^ x 6^, pp. 555. 

P. 93. Date 1620 — "After long beating at sea they fell in with that 
land which is called Cape Cod ; . . . After some deliberation had amongst 
them selves & with ye m! of ye ship, they tacked aboute and resolved 
to stande for ye southward (ye wind & weather being faire) to finde some 
place aboute Hudson's river for their habitation." 

H.— 1853— BRODHEAD 

History / of the / State of New York / by / John Romeyn 
Brodhead / First Period / 1609- 1664 / New York / Harper and 
Brothers / 1853. Second Volume 1871. 

Has a map giving names of Hudson River and dates when applied. 

P. 42. Reference to Hudson and his death — footnote gives subsequent 
career of the yacht Half-Moon which was finally wrecked and lost on the 
island of Mauritius. 



Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 7 

H.— 1856— BRODHEAD— O'CALLAGHAN 
Documents / Relative to the / Colonial History / of the / 
State of New York / Procured in /Holland, England, and France/ 
By / John Romeyn Brodhead, Esq. / Agent / under and by virtue 
of an act of the legislature, etc / Edited by / E. B. O'Callaghan 
M.D., LL.D. / With a general Introduction by the Agent / 
Albany / Weed, Parsons and Company, Printers / 1856. Hol- 
land Documents — 2 volumes — 1603 to 1656 and 1657 to 1678. 
12 X 92. 

Vol. I. has frontispiece. Map (reprint) 162 1 by Anthony Jacobsz., 
giving " R. Mauritis" for Hudson. 

There are 14 volumes of this History — 2 Holland Documents, 8 other 
documents and 4 of a later series. 

Vol. I. 271 — Remonstrance of New Netherland and the Occurrences 
there, Addressed, to the High and Mighty Lords States General of the 
United Netherlands, by, The People of New Netherland on the 28th of 
July 1649- 

275 — " Representation of New Netherland as regards its Location, 
Productiveness, and Poor Condition — first found by the ship de Halve 
Mane whereof Henry Hudson was master and factor." — Named New Neth- 
erland. — 564 — Memoir of the English encroachments on New Nether- 
land (From the MS. in the Royal Archives at the Hague). Boundaries 
stated — First discovered by "Hendrick Hudson, skipper and merchant, in 
the ship the Halve Maene." 

Vol. n. 133 — Deduction, or, Brief and Clear account of the situation of 
New Netherland ; who have been its first Discoverers and possessors, to- 
gether with the unseemly and hostile usurpation committed by the Eng- 
lish neighbors, etc. etc. — First discovered by the Netherlanders, as its 
name imports, at their own cost, by means of one Hendrick Hudson, 
skipper and merchant, etc. — 400 — The English to prove prior claim read 
"a collection from divers histories, which, he said, proved that this place 
had been long before discovered by the English, and that Hendrick Hud- 
son had discovered the North River in 1603, when in the service of the 
English, etc." 

H.—F.— (1907)— BRUCE 

The Hudson — Wallace Bruce — 7"* x 5 — pp. 224. 

P. 7. Mention of early visitors to Hudson River. 
P. 8. Robert Fulton and his predecessors. 

F.— (1907)— BUCKMAN 

Old Steamboat Days / on the Hudson River / Tales and Reminis- 
cences of the stirring / Times that followed the introduction of 
Steam Navigation / by / David Lear Buckman / The Grafton 
Press (1907) New York. 

This work is very full in its information on Fulton, giving a great 
amount of detail concerning his life, family, inventions, and affairs gen- 
erally. It also gives, p. 8, a half-tone cut from a photograph of the orig- 
inal portrait of Fulton painted by Benjamin West. P. 12, picture of the 



8 Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 

Clermont. Tells how the new steamer was intentionally obstructed by 
sailing craft, etc., etc. Renamed the North River. 
Appendices I to VI give further details. 

H.— 1848— BUTLER 

Outline / of the / Constitutional History of New York / an / 

Anniversary Discourse Delivered at the Request of the New York 

Historical Society, in the City of New York / November 19th 

1847 / by Benjamin Franklin Butler / Collections of the New 

York Historical Society / Second Series / Volume II. New York 

1848-49. 

P. 13. Territory discovered by Hudson in 1609 and explored by the 
Dutch between that date and 16 14 together with the seacoasts, between 
the fortieth and forty-fifth degrees of north latitude, received in 1614, 
from the charter of the States General of the United Provinces, the name of 
New Netherlands. Right of trade was vested in the "United New Neth- 
erland Company." See the charter, in O'Callaghan's History of New 
Netherland, Vol. I., p. 74. 

H.— 1853— CARPENTER 

The History of New York / from its / Earliest Settlement to the 
Present Time / by W. H. Carpenter and T. S. Arthur. Philadel- 
phia, Lippincott Grambo & Co. 1853. 

P. 29-48. Hudson's career reviewed. P. 35. First view by natives 
of Hudson 's approach, Indian legend, 

H.— 1632— CHAMPLAIN (Reprint) 

Map of New France, reduced, in Volume III, Documentary 
History of New York — gives Hudson River with the name 
" Riviere des trettes." 
H.— 1894— CHRISTEY 

The Voyages / of / Captain Luke Foxe / of Hull / and / Captain 
Thomas James / of Bristol / In search 0/ a North-west Passage / 
in 1631-32 / With narratives of the Earlier North-west voyages 
of / Frobisher, Davis, Weymouth, Hall, Knight, Hudson, Button, 
Gibbons, Bylot, Baffin, Hawkridge, and others./ Edited with notes 
and an Introduction / by / Miller Christey, F. L. S. In two vol- 
umes. — London — Hakluyt Society MDCCCXCIV. 9 x 5^. pp. 
ccxxxi + 681. 

Vol. I p. vii et seq. Hudson not the first at entrance to Hudson's 
Bay. Plancius submits logbooks of Weymouth to Hudson. Of Hudson's 
life and works. 

P. 114. "An Abstract (from Foxe) of the Voyage of Master Henry 
Hudson to the North-West, begun the 17th of Aprill, 1610 and ended with 
his life, being treacherously exposed by some of his Company." (With 
notes by Christey.) 

Footnote (Christey) as to later data on Hudson in Trinity House. 

See Appendix A, Vol. II, p. 629. 



Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. g 

H. —1 732 —CHURCHILL. 

A / Collection / of / Voyages and Travels / Some / Now first 
Printed from Original Manuscripts / Others / Now first pub- 
lished in English / In Six Volumes / etc., etc., / London / 
Printed by Assignment, from Messrs Churchill, / for etc, , etc., etc./ 
MDCCXXXII— 137x86. 

Vol. III. Contains Sir W. Monsen's "Naval Tracts." See Monsen, this 
catalogue. 

H.—1841— COGSWELL 

The / Voyage / of / John de Verazzano / Along the Coast of / 
North America / from Carolina to Newfoundland / A. D. 1524' 
Translated from the original Italian / by Joseph G. Cogswell, Esq. 
/|Member of the New York Historical Society, &c. / Collections 
/ of the / New York / Historical Society / Second Series / Vol- 
ume I. / New York / Printed for the Society / 1841 — 4° — 9^ x 5^ 
pp. iv + 486. 

P. 45. Verazzano's discovery of the river now called Hudson, 1524. 

P. 55 et seq. Reprint of MS. copy of the original Verazzano letter 
found at Florence, Italy. (See also North American Review, October, 
1837; The Life and Voyages of Verazzano.) 

F.— 1817— COLDEN 

The / Life / of / Robert Fulton / By his Friend / Cadwallader D. 
Colden / Read before the Literary and Philosophical Society of 
New York / Comprising Some Account of the Invention, Progress, 
and / Establishment of Steamboats: of Improvements in the / 
Construction and Navigation of Canals: and / other objects of 
Public Utility / With an Appendix / New York / Published by 
Kirk and Mercein / No. 22 Wall Street / 1817/. 8* x 52 — pp. 371. 

Engraved frontispiece of Fulton, "Miss Emmett, pinxit, W. S. Leney, 
sculpsit." 

Mr. Colden was an intimate friend of Fulton's, hence this biography has 
particular value as a source of information. Mr. Colden relates the at- 
tempt to destroy a British ship on the coast of France to demonstrate the 
efficacy of Fulton's newly invented torpedo, tells of the address to Napo- 
leon, the appointment of a committee to examine into the merits of the 
invention and the results. Describes Fulton's submarine boat and the 
inventor's remaining under water in it for more than four hours. Barlow's 
"Columbiad" illustrated under Fulton's supervision. Sketching in 
Holland. British Commission appointed to examine his projects. Blows 
up a brig. Criticises Parkinson's "A Tour in America." Appropriation 
by Congress for torpedo experiments. Invents a "cable-cutter." De- 
velops steam propulsion for boats. Claims stated of various other inven- 
tors. Success of the Clermont. Exposes a perpetual motion fraud. Builds 
ferry-boat. Plans a steam war vessel. P. 257. Description of Fulton. 
P. 247. List of steam vessels built under his direction or according to his 
plans. Reigart plagiarized wholesale this work in his Life of Fulton. 



10 Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 

H.— 1846— COOLEY 

The / History of Maritime / and / Inland Discovery (W. D. 
Cooley) Vol. 11, London, Longman, Brown, Green and Long- 
man's, 1846. 8° — 7 X 42. pp. xiii + 356. 

P. 164. Hudson supposed to be the first Englishman who made obser- 
vations on the dip or inclination of the magnetic needle. P. 165. Made 
many observations with the dipping needle or "inclinatory." Resume of 
his voyages. 

H.— 1763— COTTELLINI 

11 Gazzettiere Americano, etc. — Marco Cottellini. MDCCLXIII 
— 3 vols. 12^ X 9^. 

Vol. II, p. 85. Fiume di Hudson — description. 
H.— 1880— DE COSTA 

Verrazano the Explorer / Being a Vindication of His / Letter 
and Voyage / With an Examination of the / Map of Hieronimo da 
Verrazano / And a Dissertation upon the Globe of Vepius / To 
which is prefixed a Bibliography of the Subject / By B. F. De 
Costa / New York /, A. S. Barnes & Company / 1880. 4° — pp. 
V. + 82 — 10^ X 8^. 

P. 30-31. Verrazano at the Bay of New York and Hudson River, 1524. 
H.— 1608— DE COSTA 

(Reprint) Sailing Directions / of / Henry Hudson / prepared / for 
his use in 1608 / from the / Old Danish of Ivar Bardsen / with / 
an Introduction and Notes / also / a Dissertation on the Discov- 
ery / of the Hudson River / by the / Rev. B. F. De Costa / Al- 
bany / Joel Munsell / 1869. With a critical introduction. 
H.— 1625— DE LAET 

(First Edition) Nieuvve Wereldt / Ofte / Beschrijvinghe / van/ 
West-Indien / Wt veelderhande Schriften ende Aen-teeckening- 
hen / van verscheyden Natien by een versamelt / Door Joannes 
de Laet / Ende met / Noodighe Kaerten ende Tafels voorsien / 
Tot Leyden / In de Druckerye van Isaack Elzevier / Anno 
1625 / Met Privilegie der Ho. Mo. Heeren Staten Generael, 
voor 12, Jaren. 13^ x 8^-pp. 510. 

Pp. 83-88. Voyages of Hendrick Hudson. 

P. 84. Mention of Rieviere de Montaines — afterward Hudson's River. 

P. 87. — "De groote Noordt rievier van Nieuvv-Nederlandt." 

P. 89. Extract from Hudson's journal. 

See also Asher, Henry Hudson — pp. xxix and 154. 

H.— 1630— DE LAET 

(Second Edition) Beschrijvinghe / van / West-Indien / door / 
Joannes de Laet / Tweede druck / In ontallijcke plaetsen / ver- 
betert, vermeerdert, met eenige / nieuwe Caerten, beelden van / 



Descriptio ac delineatio Geographic a 

DETECTIO 

NIS FRETI 

Sive, Tranfitus ad Occafum fuprk 

terras Americanas, in Chinam 
acq; laponem dufturi. 

Recens investigati ah M. Henrico Hudfono Anglo. 

Item, 

Exegefis RECI HISPANIiE fada, fuper 

traftu recens detedto, in quintd Orbis parte, cui nomen 

AVSTRALIS INCOGNITA. 

Cum defcriptione 

Terrarum Samoiedarum^ & Tingoejlorum , in 

Tartaria ad Ortum Freti VVaygats fitarum, nuperq; 
fceptro Mofcovitarum adfcitarum. 



^iMSTERODJMI 



Ex Gfficina Heffelij Gerardi. Anno i5i3. 

Facsimile of title-page of Latin edition of Gerritsz from Muller's 1878 reprint. 



Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. ii 

verscheyden dieren ende / planten verciert. / Tot Ley den bij de 
Elzeviers. A°. 1630 12^ x 8. pp. 622 — fol. 

Map f. p. 88. — Nova Anglia, Novum Belgium et Virginia — shows 
"Noordt Rivier. " P. 100. Hendrick Hudson and his voyages. 

H.— 1633-1640— DE LAET 

(Reprint) / Extracts / From / The New World / or / A Descrip- 
tion of the West Indies / by / John de Laet 1633-1640 — Trans- 
lated into English by George Folsom. 

Collections of the N. Y. Historical Society, 2d Series, Vol. I — 
1841. 

P. 289. The first discovery and general description of that part of 
the country called by our countrymen. New Netherlands. 

P. 290. The yacht Half-Moon sails 1609 under command of Henry 
Hudson to seek a passage to China by the northeast. Names Cape Cod, 
New Holland. Description of course. P. 291. Discovers the great river 
and ascends it. The "Great River of the Mountains. " P. 297. North 
River called by some Manhattes river ; by others Rio de Montaigne, ' ' but 
by our countrymen" generally the Great River. Description of the 
river. 

P. 299. Henry Hudson, first discoverer — his description of the people; 
p. 300, of the country — of the fish. 

P. 305. Resume of Hudson's 1609 voyage — he called the river Man- 
hattes. 

P. 308-309. Names of the Hudson — Description of the river and its 
inhabitants. 

H.— 1633— DE LAET 

News Orbis / seu / Descriptionis / Indi^ Occidentalis / 
Libri XVIII / Authore / Joanne de Laet Antverp / Novis 
Tabulis Geographicis et variis / Animantium, Plantarum, 
Fructuumque / Iconibus lUustrati / Cvm Privilegio / Lugd. 
Batav. apud Elzevirios. A°. 1633. 13*^ x 8^ = pp. 690. 

F. p. 63. Map showing the "Noordt Rivier." 

P. 70. Chap. 7, Book HI. — Mention of the expedition of "Henricum 
Hudsonum, Anglum." 

H.— 1878— DETECTIO FRETI HUDSON! 

(Reprint) / or Hessel Gerritsz's Collection of tracts etc. 1612. 
/ Amsterdam / Frederick Muller & Co. 1878. See Millard — 
Muller. 

H.— 1594-1596— DE VEER 

(Reprint) / The Three / Voyages of William Barents / to the / 
Arctic Regions / (1594, 1595, 1596) by Gerrit De Veer — See Beke 
and Koolemans Beynen. 

H.— 1850— DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 
See O'Callaghan and Brodhead. 



I J If tuison-F niton Bibliosraphy, 

H\-_,65(>— DONCK 

(Reprint^ A/ IVsoription / of the / Now Nothorlands / (As the 
i>,m\o ar\* ut the Ptvsont Time) / compn^hoiulin); / The I'^-iiit fxiltu'ss 
and Natuml Advimtuiios of the Country (tiJro) / Together with re- 
marks on the Churaeter and Peeuhar / C\istoms o( the Savay^es 
or Natives of the Land; / also. / A Partieular IVseripiioii ot the 
Wonderful Naturt^ / and Habits of the Beaver (&e) / Written by 
/ Adriaen Van derlVnek / Doetorof Both Laws, at present in the 
New Netherlands / To Whieh au^ Added / The Rei^nlaiionsof the 
AtTairs of the Country by the / Couneil of the City of Amsterdam, 
ete. / The Seeond Edition / With a Map of the Coimtry / At 
xVmsterdam / published by Evert Nieuwenhof, Bookseller./ Anno 
Domini, iO$6. English tninslatiou. bN Jeremiah Johnson. \\ 
i.;o et. seq. in Colleetions of the N. ^'. Historieal Society, -nl. 
StTJes, Vol. L — 1841. 

P. 136, ''Hondrick Hudson" .»nd his disoovory. Hudson "li.ul re- 
sided many years in Holland." 

P. 137. Natives did not kiunv othor pt\^plo existed till thev saw the 
Half-Mv-XMi and her erew. Impression forn^ed oi\ the natives. 

P. \oo et st\|. deserihes the nunnei-s, food, elothinji, etc., of the natives. 

Siv also .\shex Ht^ry Hthisott, pp. xx.wii .vnd 107. 

U. F.—1S7J— DRAKE 

Dietionary / of / Ameriean Biography / siip[^lemeiU / by / Fran- 
cis S. Drake. Boston. James R. Osgood Jv: Co. 1S7J. 

I'^ilton, p. 345. 
Hndson, p. 400. 

IL— 1046-47— DUDLEY 

(Reprint) Arcano del Mare of Robert Dudley. Duke of Northum- 
berland — Printed at Florence in two volumes, 1040 47. TSvelve 
selected charts referring to North America. Blue-print copies 
from the originals belonging to Harvard Utuvcrsity. 

Carta U. j::ives "R. Marvins o R. Hudson." 

Carta Secvmda Generale gives " Xewe England" with " R. Hudson." 

H.— I S30— EASTMAN 

A / History / of the / State of New York / from the / First Dis- 
covery of the Country / to the / Present Time / with a / Geo- 
graphical Account of the Country / and a / View of its Original 
Inhabitants / by F. S. Eastman / New York / Augustus K. 
White / 1S30. 12'^ — 7^ X 4^ — pp. 456. 

P. 7Q-0O. Resume of Hudson's Ntsyages — including the "Iroquois" 
story of the first coming of the white man — the impression the ship 
made on them. 



H.—i74^>'i747— ELLIS 

/A / V^yyagie / tA> / liv^m'% Bay/ h/v th^ / Dobbs GaJJ^y aii4 
California / In the year* 174/^ artd 1747 / i'>^ f>iK//v*rry of a / 
>/rth%'c«t Paj^age / 'rt/-;. By Henry Elli*, <'>:7J*,. Agent, ev;, 
to which is prefixed / an hiftofical A^cotutt <:^ the Attein{»to 
hitherto made / for the 6aiiia% a Pafca|^ that waf to the Eaat 
Indief / etc, etc, / Lofvk/n/ PrioUd for H, Wl^tfi^ at the 
Royal Exchange / MDCCXLVIIL 

P. 27 et «oq, j^rec an acecwnt of Htticoa'* YOj^afjcs, 
H, F,— 1«7*— EXCYCLOPEDU BRITAXNICA (9th Editloii) 

Vot f 2, p- J3 1, Hudtoa RfTOT, P- j;j2/ — Hcmy IfadK» — "Mal^ae»c^» 
r%3rt publi^ied b^ Haldtift abovt 1600 waw HodKm's Utiid pu4e 00 tlM^ 

697 Kojrajipe/' TkutauB pr» him W«^roinmtii'« jrottniate, aad Hooifiitf 
rxpfilic* bim with UsuuAatioim ci cnXaia Dutch petpet*- An ewdfe et 
ii^Mtni^ of Hfldcoo's atreer, 

V<iL }t, p, $41' Ftiltoit cees tSie Meecw of the Obailotte Dnadbw Is 
Soodaad after his own «i^»erffiieats ta Fraact, 

H,— 1899— FISKE, 

TheDutoh and Quak^/Cxrfooicsia/Aiii^ka/bjr/p/^^ Fk'/:.^/ 
In two W<Aameit. Bottoo. Wm^aioa^ yLtSHin tc 0>, i^i-'/y- — 
VoL I 8 X 5 — pp, 294< 

P. $S ct aeq. As to Httdsoa bmif the Cnt dtseorenr U Mudaom 
tLsver, P. 64, Verrazaao m tStmr YoA Hiator, 

V, fA. The visit of C^mtx, 

P, 71, Htidso0 called River of ? 'v- - ■-: 

P, $0-81, Hudson fOMalofjr, 

$2-94. Henty Ilu dsoa, his voj' :- -" 

H,^i786— FORSTER 

History / of the / Vofa^es / ?= rrie» / made m xr.--. / 

North / TraiMlated from the G . yAm tbaabtAd Porster, 

L U- D- / Ajid duddated by :,- 'v. ^-4 or^jnal jnapc / 

Loodoa / Printed for G, G, J, & J- -^-Hdrter-Riw/ 
MDCCLXXXVI ii»x«*pp 

Pp- 3*4-345- Stwy of HodsoB i V . _, ,. ,. . , , ', Uno, 

P, 421, HMdmm, tho9, sets sail torn the Tf»ei , a ad diseoreas Vlmd ao m 

F^^t^od— FULTOX TRUST CO- 

Life of / Robert Fnhoo / New York / (1906) / 8 x 5^ pp. i^ 

H— 1S92— FISKE 

The / Dkcoveiy of Aiaerica,/ etc, bj John Krice— Bi two y o hi ui f, 

BotUM^ Hoof^itoa, mfflin lb Co, 1892, 

V<^ I, p, 239, DesoiptMa of (keeolaad wrfttas hf fvar ttudf — 
traflSfated into Vvtck bjr Barmtz, Aa Eof^Mi triiwiitiffli Made for 
Hudaou, SeePMchas VoL III, p, 5a; Rain, AaiM|Hitstes Ajneriea«r, 



14 Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 

pp. 300-318; De Costa, Sailing Directions of Henry Hudson, pp. 61-96; 
and Boty, this catalogue. 

Vol.11. 546-547. R^sumd of Hudson 's voyages. 

H.— 1635— FOX 

(Reprint) North-West Fox / or / Fox from the North-west pas- 
sage /Beginning / With King Arthur, Malga, Octhvr /the 
two Zenis of Iseland, Estotiland, and Dorgia;/ Following with 
briefe Abstracts of the Voyages of Cabot, / Frobisher, Davis, 
Weymouth, Knight, Hudson, Button, Gib- / bons, Bylot, Baffin, 
Hawkridge: Together with the / Courses, Distance, Latitudes, 
Longitudes, Variations, / Depths of Seas, Sets of Tydes, Cur- 
rents, Races, / and over—Falls; with other Observations, Acci- 
dents / and remarkable things, as our Miseries and / sufferings / 
Mr. James Hall's three Voyages to Groynland, with a / Topo- 
graphical description of the Countries, the Salvage's / lives and 
Treacheries, how our men have beene slayne / by them there; 
with the Commodities of all those / parts, whereby the Marchant 
may have Trade, and / the Mariner Imployment./ Demonstrated 
in a Polar Card, wherein are all the Maines, Seas, and Hands, 
herein mentioned.! "With the Author his owne Voyage, being the 
XVIth; / with the opinions and Collections of the most famous 
Ma-/ thematicians, and Cosmographers ; with a Probabilitie to 
/prove the same by Marine Remonstrations, compa-/ red by 
the Ebbing and Flowing of the Sea, experimented /with places 
of our owne Coast. / By Captaine Lvke Foxe of Kingstone upon 
Hull, Capt. / and Pylot for the Voyage, in his Majesties Pinnace 
/ the Charles. / Printed by his Majesties Command./ London. / 
Printed by B. Alsop and Tho. Favvcet, dwelling in Gruhstreet / 
1635.— 4°— Map. 9 X 5S pp. 445. 

P. 114 et seq. — "An Abstract of the Voyage of Master Henry Hudson 
to the Northwest begun the 17th of Aprill, 1610, and ended with his life, 
being treacherously exposed by some of his Company." Accompanied in 
this Hakluyt Society's reprint by many notes by the editor, Miller Christey. 
The Abstract contains Prickett's "Larger Discourse," p. 1 20. See Asher 
Henry Hudson, p. 180. 

F_i 866— FRANCIS 

Old New York / or / Reminiscences / of / The Past Sixty Years / 
by / John W. Francis, M.D., LL.D. / New York. / W. J. Middle- 
ton— MDCCCLXVL 

Pp 75-80. Robert Fulton — his services to the New York Historical 
Society — description of dress and person and general character — termed 
"Crazy Fulton" — ridicule of his project — death of, 24th Feb., 1815. 

P. 277. Patron of the American Academy of the Fine Arts. 



Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 15 

H.— 1899— FISKE 

The Dutch and Quaker / Colonies in / America / by / John Fiske/ 

In 2 vols. Vol. I — Boston and New York/ . Houghton, Mifflin & 

Co. 1899 — Chapter IV — Verrazano and Hudson. 

F.— 1860— FRENCH 

Gazetteer / of the / State of New York / embracing etc., etc., etc., 

/ By/ J. H. French / Illustrated etc. / Syracuse N. Y. / Published 

by R. Pearsall Smith / i860. 10^ x 6^ — pp. 739. 

P. 82. Tables of steamship and ferry companies. Sole rights granted John 
Fitch, by act of March 19, 1797 (1787 ?), for steam navigation in thewaters 
of the state for a period of fourteen years. After ten years as he had done 
nothing this act was repealed. An act was passed March 27,1 798, granting 
to Robert R. Livingston the sole right for twenty years with conditions. 
The Livingston right was extended, 1808, 5 years for each new boat 
built, but not to exceed 30 years. See Johnson's Reports, IV, 148; 
Cowan's Reports, III, 713; Wheaton's Reports, IX, i. 

P. 559. Footnote quotation from Everett's address, inauguration of 
Dudley Observatory, on Hudson's finding numerous Indians "on the 
evening of the 15," but fearing to remain on shore with them. 

F— 1879— FULTON FERRY 

Historical Sketch / of the / Fulton Ferry / and its / Associated 
Ferries / by a Director / Printed for the private use of the com- 
pany. Brooklyn 1879. 10* x 6^ — pp.158. 

Frontispiece — Statue of Fulton (photograph). 26. Fulton's connec- 
tion with the establishment of steam ferryboats. 27. Extent of the 
monopoly of the waters of New York by Robert Fulton and Robert R. 
Livingston. 28. Picture of New York and Brooklyn ferry. 35. Death 
by pneumonia of Fulton. Opp. 36. Picture of Fulton ferryboat "Wm- 
Cutting," built in 1827, and of the "Olive Branch," 1836. 

H.— 1613— GERARDI 

(Reprint) / Descriptio ac delineatio Geographica / Detectio — / nis 

Freti/ Sive, Transitus etc. / Amsterodami / Ex Ofificina Hesselij 

Gerardi, Anno 1613 /. See 1878 — Millard — Muller; and facsimile 

of the title-page herewith. 

H.— 1612— GERRITSZ 

(Reprint) Beschryvinghe / vander / Samoyeden Landt etc. 

by Hessel Gerritsz — See Millard-Muller 1878; and facsimile of 

title-page herewith. 

F.— 1899— GOODWIN 

Historic New York. — ^Being the Second Series of the Half Moon 

Papers. Edited by Maud Wilder Goodwin / Alice Carrington 

Royce, / Ruth Putnam/ and Eva Palmer Brownell / New York 

and London / G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1899. 

P. 184. Reference to the Kennedy house formerly on site of No. i 
Broadway as the place where Robert Fulton lived and died. 



1 6 Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 

H.— 1626— GOOS 

Sheet map by Abraham Goos, Amsterdam, " America with those 
known parts in that unknowneworlde, both people and manner of 
buildings. Described and enlarged by I. S. Ano 1626" (original). 
Gives North and South America with "Hudson's Rio." This map was 
printed only 17 years after Hudson's 1609 visit to the river. It is not 
as early a mention of Hudson River however as one in Purchas, Vol. III. 
(1625), pp. 852-853, which gives, "Hudson's R." 

H.— 1669 (?)— GOOS 

Pas caerte van / Nieu Nederlandt / en de Engelsche / Virginies / 
Van Cabo Cod tot Cabo Canrick / — ^by P. Goos. — 1 7x21 (original) . 
Gives mouth of Hudson as " Noort Rivier ofte Maurits Rivier. " 

H.— 1834— GORDON 

The / History / of / New Jersey / from its / Discovery by Euro- 
peans / to / the Adoption / of the / Federal Constitution / by / 
Thomas F. Gordon / Trenton / Daniel Fenton / 1834. 

Pp. 5 and 6. Explorations of Hudson mentioned. Description (from 
Purchas) of his entrance to New York Bay. Appendix A — 333 — Note 
A. Names of the Hudson and Delaware Rivers. (See also Asher's 
Henry Hudson, 257.) 

H.— 1890— GRAVIERE 

Les Anglais / et / Les Hollandais / dans les mers polaires et 
dans la mer des Indes / par le Vice-amiral, Jurien de la Graviere / 
Tome Second / Paris./ E. Plon, Nourrit et Cie. 1890. 

Pp. 252-298. Discussion of Hudson and his voyages, etc. Hudson's 
vessel described — the sailors called the Hudson the "North River." 
Gomez, 1525, called it "la riviere des Daims o Rio de Gamas." 

H.— 1909— GRIFFIS 

The Story of New Netherland by William ElHot Griffis — ^Boston 

— Houghton, Mifflin & Co — 1909. 

Chap. I. Reviews Hudson's career. 

P. II. The several names of Hudson River. 

F.— 1837— HALL 

Statistics of the West / at the close of the year 1836 / by / James 

Hall / Cincinnati / J. A. James & Co. / 1837 / 

P. 229. Fulton predicts steam transportation across country, even 
mountains. 

H.— 1847 + ; HAKLUYT SOCIETY 

Works (Reprints) issued by — One hundred volumes in the first 
series — 1847-1898; — Second series 1899 + . Extra series, con- 
tains Purchas (Glasgow Reprint). 

These volumes cover the ground of early explorations as given in Hak- 
luyt, Purchas, etc. See Purchas. 



Bcfchiyvinghe 

Vdnder 

ttt Cartartm. 

Wtde R»fflhettUtvtrghe^et,Anm ifaf. 
Mctcenvahael 

l^mtue ojproecbtngg entie ontDccbtn^ 

get^andentniuie tmitgangofteftraetmc i^o^D- 
totftm na ^ Otidien ban C&tna entie Catlap. 

Ende 

em a^mtojiaeiffeiijermtcett aeitDeit 

Coumgl^tian Spaengteny delangftendedeont- 

naemt 9itfhralta 3mo0mta, 




t^JdmOerdam/ bp l!^eCDrl^tn:ttf$.15QedMitrroo|ier/opt 

S^aicr/mi» ^afcaert /^tmo 1^12, 

Facsimile of title-page from Muller's 1878 reprint of first edition, 1612, of 
Hessel Gerritsz's book. See Asher's Henry Hudson, pp. xlv and 181-193. 



Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 1 7 

H.— 1748— HARRIS 

Navigantum atque Itinerantum Biblioteca / Or a / Complete 
Collection / of / Voyages and Travels / Consisting of Above / Six 
hundred of the most authentic writers / etc. etc. Originally- 
published in Two volumes in folio, by John Harris, D. D., and 
F. R. S. Revised Edition / London / MDCCXLVHI. 

Vol. II, p. 223. An account of George Weymouth's discovery of the 
most beautiful river in America, 1605; p. 280 — "But before it (North 
Virginia) could be settled, that is about the year 1608, the famous navi- 
gator Hudson discovered that river, which has since borne his name, and 
the country adjacent, which he afterwards sold to the Dutch." 

H.— 1900— HARISSE 

Ddcouverte / et / Evolution Cartographique / de / Terre- 
Neuve / et des / Pays Circonvoisins / 1497-1501-1769 / Es- 
sais de Geographic Historique et Documentaire / Par / Henry 
Harrisse / London, / Henry Stevens, Son & Stiles / Paris./ 
H. Welter / MDCCCC / ii^ x 8^ pp. lxxii+ 420. 

Pp. xxxix-xl. Mention of Hudson on the N. E. coast of America — - 
reference to Juet's narrative in Purchas 1625, Vol. Ill, p. 585-586. 
(See Henry Hudson — Asher — p. 59-60). 

P. 109. Hudson estimated as a discoverer of the N.E. coasts of America. 

H.— 1900— HART 

American History told by / Contemporaries, / Vol. I / Era of 
Colonization / 149 2- 1689 / Edited by / Albert Bushnell Hart / 
New York / The Macmillan Co. / 1900/ 

Chap. V, p. 121. On Hudson's career. Mentions in chapter heading 
the discovery of the Hudson River in " 1607. " The error is one of proof- 
reading as the correct date is given in the first line following. 

H.— 1869— HARTWIG. 

The Polar World / A Popular Description of / Man and Nature / 
in the / Arctic and Antarctic Regions of the Globe / by Dr. G. 
Hartwig / author of etc / With additional Chapters and One hun- 
dred and Sixty-three Illustrations / New York / Harper & Broth- 
ers, Publishers 1869. 8°, pp. xvi — 486. 
P. 342-343. Resume of Hudson's voyages. 

H.— 1 81 9— HECKEWELDER 

An Account / of the / History, Manners, and Customs / of the/ 
Indian Nations / who once inhabited Pennsylvania and / the 
Neighboring States / by the / Rev. John Heckewelder / of Beth- 
lehem / Philadelphia / Printed and Published by Abraham 
Small / No. 112 Chestnut St., — 181 9. Memoirs of the Historical 
Society of Pennsylvania. Vol. XII — Philadelphia. 1876. 

P XXXV. The Delawares who first received and welcomed the whites 



1 8 Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 

to New York (The Delawares were the Lenni-Lenape and were of 
Algonquin stock ) 

P. 71-75. Indian account of the first arrival of the Dutch at New York 
Island. (Hudson's arrival.) 

H.— 1841— HECKEWELDER. 

Indian Tradition / of the / First Arrival of the Dutch / at / 

Manhattan Island / now New York / Rev. John Heckewelder — 

P. 69. Collections of the New York Historical Society — 2d 

Series, Vol. I. 

H.— 1612— HESSEL, GERRITSZ 

Map, showing Iceland, Greenland, Hudson Bay, etc. In Detectio 

Freti Hudsoni (q. v.), a reproduction. 

In Henry Hudson the Navigator — ^Asher, (q. v.,) reproduction. 

This is the map made from Hudson's own charts brought back by the 
mutineers. On the back of it was printed an account of Hudson's 
fourth voyage. Facsimile of a page is given herewith. 

See Millard-Muller for reprint of Gerritsz's book. 

H.— 1682— HEYLYN— 

Cosmographie / in foure / Books / Contayning the / Choro- 
graphie & Historic / of the whole World and all / the Principall 
Kingdomes / Provinces, Seas and / Isles Thereof / by Peter 
Heylyn / Vigil Aeneid / . . . The 6th Edition / corrected and 
Inlarged by the Author / London / Printed for T. Passenger, / 
B. Tooke, & T. Sawbridge / 1682 — With Appendix on Unknown 
Parts of the World. 13^ x 8^ pp. 562. Also editions of 1575, 
1669 and 1703. — ^The 1669 edition has a map by Robert Vaughan, 
giving "Hudson's bay" opposite the mouth of Hudson River. 
This map is republished in the subsequent editions, all of which 
appear to be practically the same. See also Vaughan. 

P. 96, 4"' Book, says Hollanders "had some better title than a bare 
intrusion, having bought Hudson's charts and maps and otherwise con- 
tented him for the charge and pains of his Discovery An. 1609, of which 
more anon." 

"Manhattes River by some called Nassovius but by the Dutch com- 
monly called Noordt River, which falleth into the sea at May-port so 
called by Cornelius May," etc. 

"Hudson an Englishman had spent some time in the Discovery of this 
country and given his name to one of the rivers of it . . . with him the 
Hollanders Anno 1609 . . . compounded for his charts and maps 
and whatsoever he could challenge in the right and success of that his 
voyage." The English disputed possession on the ground that Hudson 
being an Englishman could not alienate or dismember it from the Crown, 
it being a part of Virginia. 

H.— 1758-59— HISTOIRE GENERALE 

des Voyages/. Tome Quinzieme. / A Paris / Chez la veuve Didot, 



Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 19 

Quai des Augustins, a la Bible d'or / MDCCLIX. 

Voyages of Hudson, pp. 140-143. 
Map of Iceland, Greenland, etc., 1758. 

H.— 1861— HOEFER 

Nouvelle Biographic Generale / depuis / Les Temps les plus 
Recules / jusqu'a nos jours / . : . publiee par / MM. Firmin Didot 
Freres / sous la direction / de M. Le Dr. Hoefer. / Tome Vingt- 
Cinquiemc / Paris / Firmin Didot Freres, Fils et Cie, Editeurs / 
etc. / MDCCCLXI. 

P. 370. Sketch of Hudson's career. 
H.—1603-1678— HOLLAND DOCUMENTS 
(Reprints) see Brodhead and O'Callaghan. 
H.— 1829— HOLMES 

The / Annals of America / from / The Discovery by Columbus in 
the year 1492 / to / the year 1826 / by Abiel Holmes, D. D. etc./ 
Second Edition / In two volumes. / Cambridge, / Hilliard and 
Brown / 1829 — 9* x 5^. Also First Edition, in which note al- 
luded to is on p. 143 — Vol. L 

Vol. I, 135 — Brief r^sum6 of Hudson's voyages — " Hudson can hardly be 
called the first discoverer of a coast which had been often explored before." 
136. — References in footnote. 140— 141 — Hudson's 1610 voyage — 
footnote refers to p. 571, Note XX, a quotation from Sir W. Monson, who 
received his information directly from "the mouth of the master that came 
home from Hudson. " See Monson, this catalogue. 

H.— 1611— HONDIUS 

Map — (Reprint) — Map of the World / by Jodocus Hondius / 1 6 1 1 
/ Edited by Edward Luther Stevenson Ph. D, / and / Joseph 
Fischer S. J. / Facsimile / Issued under the joint auspices of / 
The American Geographical Society / and / The Hispanic So- 
ciety of America / New York / 1907 / — ^Portfolio with accom- 
panying pamphlet of text, pp. 20. 

On the top section of the Western Hemisphere written on the East 
Greenland coast occurs this sentence: — "Glacies ab Hudsono detect (a) 
Anno 1608." See also note on page 12 of the accompanying text. 

H.— 1657— JANSSON 

Belgii Novi / Angliae Novae et Partis / Virginse / Novissima De- 

lineatio / by "Joannes Janssonius" (original). 

This map is a copy of Visscher but without the view of New Amsterdam. 
H.— 1903— JANVIER 

The Dutch Founding / of New York / by / Thomas Janvier ./ 
New York / Harper & Brothers / 1903. 

Pp. 5-7. Reference to Hudson's report on ftu--yielding possibilities 
of the new country. 



20 Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 

H.— 1644— JOGUES 

(Reprint) Novum Belgium (1644) Description de Nieuw Neth- 
erland et Notice sur Rene Goupil, par le R. P. Isaac Jogues de la 
Compagnie de Jesus. New York, J. M. Shea 1862. 

P. 9. Refers to "River Nassau ou la grande Riviere du Nord" — or 
Riviere Maurice. Map shows "Noordt Rivier." 

H.— 1644— JOGUES 

(Reprint) A Description of New Netherland in 1644 by Father 
Isaac Jogues — in Documentary History of New York, Vol. IV. — 
Albany 185 1. 

See also Shea reprint. 

P. 115. Gives limits of New Netherland and mentions Hudson as the 
first discoverer. Describes "Manhattans or Great River." View of New 
Amsterdam, f. p. 116. 

H.— 1625— JUET 

The Third Voyage of Master Henrie Hudson towards Nova 
Zembla, . . . and along the coast (of America) ... to fortie- 
two degrees and a half and up the River (Hudson) neere to 
fortie three degrees. Written by Robert Juet of Limehouse. 
See Purchas (1625), vol. Ill, p. 381; the "Glasgow" reprint; 
Asher's Henry Hudson, etc. 
H.— 1700 (?)— KEULEN 

Pas-Kaart / vande Zee Kusten van / Niew Nederland / Anders 
Genaamt Niew York / Tusschen / Renselaars Hoek en de Staaten 
Hoek / Door Vooght Geometra / T ' Amsterdam By / Johannis 
Van Keulen / (1700?) 21 x 23 (original). 

This map has an inset on a larger scale from Sand Hoek to " Fort Orange, 
Albany." " De Noord Rivier anders R. Manhattans off Hudsons Rivier 
in t' Groodt. " 

H.— 1768— KNOX 

A New / Collection / of / Voyages / Discoveries and Travels, 

etc. / London / J. Knox / MDCCLXVIII. 

Vol. II. p. 108. et seq. — on New York. — says the Dutch paid "no re- 
gard to the claim of the English who had not only discovered but traded 
to it (Hudson region) before." 

H.— 1862. KOHL 

A Popular History / of the / Discovery of America / From Colum- 
bus to Franklin / By J. G. Kohl / Translated from the German / 
By Major R. R. Noel / In two volumes / Vol. II. / London / 
Chapman and Hall / 193 Piccadilly / 1862 8° — 8 x 5, pp. vi+ 284. 

P. 7. Spaniards called "New York and the Hudson River, 'the Har- 
bour of St. Antonio.'" 

P. 37. Hudson discovers the river — a wild mountain chasm filled 
■^ith water — regales inhabitants with "Dutch beer. " 



Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 21 

H.— 1885— KOHL 

History of Discovery and Exploration on the Coasts of the United 
States, / by J. G. Kohl, Ph. D./ Appendix No. 19. — Report of the 
Superintendent / of the / U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey / 
for 1884. Washington 1885. 

P. 510. Henry Hudson, 1609 — Resum^ of Hudson's voyage in its his- 
torical relationship to previous and following expeditions. 

P. 512. Table of maps of Atlantic Coast of North America, published 
between the years 1500 and 1770. 

H.— 1869— KOHL 

A History / of the / Discovery of the East Coast of North Amer- 
ica / Particularly the Coast of Maine : / From the / Northmen in 
990, / to the / Charter of Gilbert in 1578 / by J. G. Kohl / of 
Bremen, Germany / Illustrated by copies of the Earliest Maps 
and Charts. = In / Documentary History of the State of Maine / 
Edited by / William Willis. / Vol. I. Collections of the Maine 
Historical Society — Second Series. Portland / Bailey and Noyes/ 
1869. 

This volume traces the discovery step by step, presents reproductions 
of the maps of each period beginning with the Zeno map of 1400, and gives 
an able analysis. 

P. 257 and 258. Verrazano at New York Bay and the Hudson River 
1524. Analysis of the identification. 

P. 306. Rio de San Antonio — early name for Hudson River. 

310. Oviedo's description of the Rio de San Antonio an accurate one 
of Hudson River. Name probably derived from Gomez. 

See also Gomara, Historia de las Indias, fol. xx, Saragossa, 1553. 

P. 314. Rio de San Antonio name given by Gomez to the Hudson 
River (1525). 

See Stevenson for reprint of map with Rio de San Antonio. 

H.— 1816— LAHARPE 

Abrege / de / L'Histoire Generale des Voyages / par J. F. La- 
harpe. / Tome Quinzieme Paris, Ledoux & Teure — 181 6. (Also 
1780 Ed.) 

P. 383 refers to Hudson's voyages. 

Tome Seizieme refers to Hudson's voyages, p. 6-7. 

H. F.— (1877)— LAMB 

History / of the / City of New York / Its Origin, Rise, and Prog- 
ress / by / Mrs. Martha J. Lamb / Illustrated. / In two volumes/. 
New York and Chicago. A. S. Barnes & Company. 10^ x 7^. 

Hudson. Vol. I, Chapter H, p. 26. Sketch of Henry Hudson and his 
four voyages. 

Fulton. Vol. n, P. 424. First trial of John Fitch's steamboat with 
screw propeller on Collect Pond; picture opposite. Fulton in England. 
P. 426. First steam engine ever erected on continent of America, 1753. 



22 Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 

P. 427. Fulton aged 12 goes to home of William Henny who had failed 
in experiments on steam propulsion. Benj. West a friend of Henny. 
Fulton's experiments. P. 531. First steamboat on the Hudson and 
where built ; the start. P. 532. Fuel used. Picture of Clermont opposite. 
P. 533. Fulton in England and France. Trial on the Seine. Livingston a 
backer of Fulton. Description of Fulton. P. 534. Wood-cut of Benj. West. 
Portrait of Fulton. Marries Harriet Livingston. Stevens experiments. 
P. 536. The " Phcenix " excluded from waters of New York goes by sea to 
the Delaware in June, 1808. P. 538. Fulton's ferry-boats. Plans steam 
frigate. Death of Fulton. P. 580. Name added to Board of Canal Com- 
missioners, 181 1. P. 703. Toast to Fulton on completion of Erie Canal. 

H.— 1818— LAMBRECHTSEN. 

Korte Beschrijving / van de / Ontdekking / En der Verdere / 
/ Lotgevallen / van / Nieuw-Nederland, / / Weleer eene Volk- 
planting van het / Gemeenebest der Vereenigde / Nederlanden 
in America / door / Mr. N. C. Lambrechtsen / Van Ritthem, / 
Ridder der orde van den Nederlandschen Leeuw, President Van 
Het Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen./ Te Middle- 
burg, bij / S. Van Benthem / Drukker van het Zeeuwsch Genoot- 
schap / der Wetenschappen, MDCCCXVIII. 

P. 8 et seq. Hudson's 1609 voyage described. F. p. 32. Kaart van 
Nieuw-Nederland by J. P. Bourje, giving "Groote of Noord Rivier" 
to its source. 

This work is translated in the collections of the New York Historical 
Society, Second Series, Vol. I, p. 85. 

H.—1818— LAMBRECHTSEN 

(Trans.) A / Short Description / of the / Discovery / and / Sub- 
sequent History / of the / New Netherlands /A Colony in America 
/ (at an early period) of the Republic of the United Nether- 
lands, by N. C. Lambrechtsen / of Ritthem / Knight of the Eques- 
trian Order of the Netherland Lion, President of the Zealand 
Society of Sciences, Honorary Member of the New York Histori- 
cal Society &c. / Middelburg / S. van Benthem, Printer of the 
Zealand Society of Sciences / MDCCCXVHI / — Translated from 
the original Dutch by the late Francis Adrian Van der Kemp, 
Honorary Member of the N. Y. Historical Society. Collections 
of the New York Historical Society, Second Series, Vol. L — 1841 
—p. 75 et seq. 

P. 84-88. Hudson and his voyage of 1609. Calls land of Cape Cod 
New Holland. Van der Donck asserts the natives said that the Half- 
Moon was the first ship to arrive and that before this they knew nothing 
of any other people. 

P. 87. Hudson permitted to go to Holland, with the Half-Moon. 

See Asher, Henry Hudson, p. xxxvi. 



Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 23 

H.— 1833— LARDNER 

The / Cabinet Cyclopedia / Conducted by the / Rev. Dionysius 
Lardner / History/The History of Maritime and Inland Discovery 
/ London / Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. / 1833/ 

Vol. II, page 132. Hudson the first Englishman who made observa- 
tions on the dip or inclination of the magnetic needle (see Barrow, p. 179). 
P. 133. Observations with the dipping needle. 

F.— 1872— LAROUSSE 

Grand / Dictionnaire / Universel / du XIX^ Siecle / etc. par M. 

Pierre Larousse, / Tome Huitieme, / Paris, / 1872 — 4° — pp. 

1664 I2f X 9^. 

P. 873. Article on Fulton describing his torpedo, submarine boat, etc. 
Napoleon named a commission to investigate, composed of Volney, Lap- 
lace, and Monge. Larousse awards honor for first steamboat to a 
Frenchman, le Marquis de Jouffroy — 1783 — operated on the Sa6ne 

Tome 2 — (1867), p. 353 et seq. Article on "Bateau a Vapeur" gives 
history of steamboats, sketch of Fulton's experiments, description of 
his boat on the Seine, etc. 

H.— 1891— LEE 

Dictionary / of / National Biography / edited by / Sidney Lee / 

Vol. XXVIII / London / Smith Elder & Co. 1891. 

P, 147. Article on Henry Hudson. 
F.— 1834— LIEBER 

The Stranger in America, by Francis Lieber — London — Richard 
Bentley — 2 vols, in one — [1834]. 

P. 61. Estimate of Fulton. Suggests inscription for monument: 
"In honor of Robert Fulton of Pennsylvania. He subdued the rivers 
and the lakes and carried the plough to remote regions He united the 
extreme parts of his country, and thus made firmer the sacred covenant 
of our Union " 

P. 63. Note by the editor — "Let us never forget John Fitch when we 
speak of steamboats." 

F.— 1844— LIEBER (Editor) 

Encyclopedia Americana — 1844 — Sketch of Fulton's inventions 

and career. 

H.— 1609— MACHAM 

(Reprint) Nova Britannia / Offring Most / Excellent fruites by 

Planting in / Virginia /Exciting all such as be well affected / to 

further the same /London / Samuel Macham./ 1609 — Reprint or 

J. Sabin— 1867. 

Ninth page (pages not numbered) "Two goodly rivers are discovered 
winding farre into the mayne, the one in the north part of the land by our 
westeme Colony, ICnights and Gentlemen of Exeter, Plimmouth and 
others; the other in the South part thereof by our Colonie of London: etc." 

The first river mentioned is the Hudson. 



24 Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 

F.— 1889— MAGAZINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY 
September 1889. 

P. 201. Wood engraved portrait of Robert Fulton from the painting 
by Benjamin West. 

203. Falls in love with niece of Chancellor Livingston whom he 
later marries. Known at first as a miniature painter. Studied with 
Benjamin West who painted his portrait. Description of Fulton. His age 
42 when his Clermont succeeded. 

H.— 1760— MAP 

(Reprint) from "Soldier's Powder Horn" 1760 (?). In D. T. 
Valentine's Manual for i860; lithograph copy. This map gives 
North River and Heud's River. 
H.— 1616— MAP 

(Copy of) annexed to the memorial presented to the States Gen- 
eral of the United Provinces on the i8th of August 161 6 by Gerrit 
Jacobsz Witsen, cum sociis, Directors of New Netherland. Cop- 
ied in fac-simile (in colors) from the original in the National Ar- 
chives at The Hague, by permission of Dr. R. C. Bakhuizen van 
den Brink, Archivist of the Kingdom of the Netherlands — 
18 X 26. 

This map gives Hudson river as " Riviere vandan vorst Mauritius. " 
See also frontispiece, O'Callaghan, History of New Netherland, for an un- 
colored copy of this map, the original of which was found by J. R. Brod- 
head on the 26th of June, 1841, in the Royal Archives at The Hague. 

H.— 1625. MAP 

Purchas his Pilgrimes. Vol. III. 

Pp. 852-53. Map of "The North Part of America" showing "Hudsons 
R." 

H.— 1536— MAP 

Showing east coast of North America as far north as a sudden 
turn to the east where a large river is indicated, coming from due 
north, named " R. de S. Helene." From its position, course, and 
the topography at its mouth this would appear to be the same as 
Hudson River. See Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, 
Vol. II, p. 225. 

H.-1755-MAP 

A Map of British and French settlements in North America — 

1755 (?)• 

Gives Hudson River and part of Hudson's Bay. 

H.— 1623 (?)— MERIAN 

Map of America / noviter delineata — by M. Merian. 11x14 — 

(Original) . 

This map shows Hudson's Bay not named, but has memorandum just 
below bay, "Hie hivernauit Husdon A° 1611." 



Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 25 

H.— 1614, 1763— METEREN 

Historic / van de / Oorlogen en Geschiedenissen / der Nederlan- 
deren, en derzelver Nabuuren: / Beginnende met den Jaare 13 15, 
en / eindigende met den Jaare 161 1: / Door / Emanuel van Met- 
eren, / van Antwerpen / Voorzien met Afbeeldingen der voortref 
/ lykste Perzonagien van dien tyd, / Verbeterde Druk / Tiende 
Deel / Te Gorinchem, / By de Wed: van Nicolaas Goetzee, / 
Stads-Drukkeres MDCCLXIIL— 8^ x 5I— 10 vols. 

P. 203 and 204. The voyage of "den Kloeken Engelschen Pieloot Henry 
Hutson, met eenen Vlieboot." 

P. 205. "Eene schoone Rivier ontdekt." 

P. 206. "Hutson werd niet toegelaten zyn schip t' huis te voeren en 
zyne Meesters verslag te doen." 

See also Asher's Henry Hudson (Hakluyt Society), pp. xxiv. and 147. 

H.— 1628— MICHAELIUS 
Reprint. See Versteeg. 
H.— 1878— MILLARD-MULLER 

The Arctic North East and West Passage. Detectio Freti 
HuDsoNi / OR / Hessel Gerritsz's collection of tracts/ 
By Himself, Massa, and De Quir / On the N. E. and W. Passage, 
Siberia and Australia. / Reproduced, with the Maps, in Photo- 
lithography/ in Dutch and Latin after the editions of 161 2 and 
16 13 / Augmented with a New English translation / by Fred. 
John Millard / English Translator at Amsterdam / And an Essay 
on the origin and design of this Collection / by S. Muller Fz./ 
Keeper of the Records at Utrecht. / Amsterdam / Frederick 
Muller & Co. / 1878. 4° — 8^ x 6* pp. xxvii (Introduction) 
+ 37 + 41 + 47 (the last only numbered) all but the introduction 
facsimile. Contains facsimile title pages of the first or 161 2 
edition and of the 1613 edition. Both are here reproduced. 

Hessel Gerritsz, the author of the original work reproduced in this, was a 
printer and cartographer of the time of Hudson and knew him and the 
famous map makers Blaeu and Hondius. His little book is composed of 
seven parts enumerated on p. xiv of the reprint. It was translated into 
Latin and other languages, and Purchas gave an English version in his 
work of 1613, reprinted 1614-1617 and 1626. (See Purchas, 1617, this 
catalogue.) The reprint contains a reproduction of the map (reproduced 
also in Asher's Henry Hudson) which was prepared from Hudson's own 
chart, if it is not, as some believe, the map Hudson drew with his own 
hand, which was brought back by the mutineers. On the back of this 
map (first published by itself) is a description of Hudson's fourth voyage — 
a portion is herewith given in facsimile (see frontispiece) . Muller says, p. 
viii., that Hudson boasted a good deal of all he knew about an open polar 
sea. See, for a full description of Gerritsz and his book, Asher's Henry Hud- 
son, the Navigator, pp. 267-269; Hakluyt Society, Christey's Voyages of 
Foxe and James, Vol. I, p. viii; — and Murphy's Henry Hudson in Holland. 



26 Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 

H.— 1809— MILLER 

A / Discourse / Designed to Commemorate the Discovery of / 
New York / by Henry Hudson / delivered / before the / New 
York Historical Society / September 4th 1809, / Being the Com- 
pletion of the Second Century / since that event / by Samuel 
Miller D. D./ P. 18 et seq. of Collections of the New York 
Historical Society for the year 1809— Volume I — New York, 
i8n. 

H. — 1 7 1 7 — MOLL et al 

Atlas Geographus / Or, a Compleat / System of Geography 
/ (Ancient and Modern) for / America / Containing / What is of 
most Use in Bleau, Varenius, Cellarius, Cluverius, Luyts, etc, etc, 
with the / Discoveries and Improvements of the best Spanish, 
Dutch, French, and English Authors, etc etc — The Maps done 
by Herman Moll, etc — . . . / In the Savoy / Printed by Eliz. 
Nutt, for John Nicholson, etc. MDCCXVII. 

Vol. V, p. 732. The Dutch "built New Amsterdam, in the Isle of 
Manhattan, at the mouth of Hudson's River, which they called The 
Great River and the Bay E. of it they called Nassau." 

H.— 1732— MONSON 

Sir William Monson's / Naval Tracts / In Six Books / Containing 
(here follows list of contents) / The Whole from the Original 
Manuscript. 

This work forms a portion of Volume III of Churchill's, " A Collection 
of Voyages, etc," pp. 139-500, and has not been otherwise published. 
Monson was born in 1569, became a British Vice-Admiral, and died in 
1643. His life covers the Hudson period completely, but as he wrote 
largely from memory after his retirement in 1635 his text is not as full nor 
as accurate as could be desired. On p. 387, he says: "And because I 
make this (Hudson's) voyage the foundation of all others that shall 
succeed, I will set down, as much as I can remember, what I received 
from the mouth of the master that came home from Hudson." The text 
is mainly a discussion of the possibility of a North-west Passage. 

H.— 1671— MONTANUS 

(Reprint) De Nieuwe en Onbekende Weerld of Beschryving van 
America en't Zuidland. door Arnold Montanus — Amsterdam 
167 1. Translated in the Documentary History of the State of 
New York / by E. B. O'Callaghan, M. D., Albany, 1851. Vol. IV. 
Description of New Netherland. 

P. 75. Discovered by Henry Hudson. Mention of the river "Manhat- 
tans" or "Great River" — the south entrance of it called Port May or 
Godyn's Bay. P. 80. Hudson relates that he entered the river "Mon- 
taines, " etc. 



Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 27 

H.— 1906— MORRIS 

Heroes of Discovery / In America / By / Charles Morris / Phil- 
adelphia / J. B. Lippincott Company — igo6. 

P. 190-195. Hudson and the discovery of the Hudson River. 

H.— 1878— MULLER 

Essay on the Origin and Design of the Hessel Gerritsz collection 
of tracts, in Detectio Freti Hudsoni — Amsterdam, Frederick 
Muller & Co. 1878. See Millard-Muller — reprint of Hessel 
Gerritsz's book. 

H.— 1850— MUNSELL 

The Annals of Albany / by / Joel Munsell / Albany / J. Munsell / 

1850. 

P. 9-14. On the third voyage of Hudson (after Juet) — from the N. Y. 
Hist. Soc. Trans., I, 138 et seq. 

F.— 1854— MUNSELL 

The / Annals of Albany /by J. Munsell / Vol. V. and VI — Albany, 

J. Munsell. 1854. 

Vol. VI, p. 2 et seq. Steam navigation on the Hudson. Origin and 
progress of steam as a motive power. 15. Fulton's experiment. 20. 
His description of first trip of the Clermont in a letter to Joel Barlow. 
23. Reminiscences of the first voyage by Judge Wilson. 26. Another 
reminiscence. Dimensions of the Clermont. 28. Maker of engine and 
builder of hull. 34. Picture of the Clermont. 40. List of Hudson River 
boats. 44. Vincent Nolte's account of first voyage of the Clermont. 
44. Name Clermont derived from Livingston's country seat. 

H.— 1849— MURPHY 

(Reprint) The / Representation of New Netherland / Concern- 
ing Its / Location, Productiveness and Poor Condition / Trans- 
lated from the Dutch for the New York Historical Society with / 
Explanatory Notes / by / Henry C. Murphy / Collections / of the 
/ New York / Historical Society / Second Series / Volume II. 
New York / William Van Norden / 1849 / 4° — 9^ x 6 pp. vi 

—493- 

Introduction, p. 259, footnote, translation from a chapter of Van der 
Donck's "Vertoogh, " on the first possessors of New Netherland, 1609. 
The Netherlanders explored "all along the coast and up the rivers, giving 
names to the different places, as far as the great North River, a great 
distance up which they sailed, and which some of the English will still 
call Hudson's River, but which was then named Mauritius River, after 
Prince Maurice, who at that time was Governor in Netherland." 

P. 268. Description of the natives. 

See Donck, and also O'Callaghan p. 271, Vol. I. Documents Relative 
to Colonial History of New York. 



28 Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 

H.— 1875— MURPHY 

The / Voyage of Verrazzano / A Chapter in the / Early History of 
Maritime Discovery / in / America / by Henry C. Murphy / New 
York, 1875. 

F. p. 129 is a facsimile of "Carta Universal," by Hizola Diego Ribero, 
ano de 1529, on which the mouth of the Hudson seems to be indicated. 

H.— 1859— MURPHY 

Henry Hudson / in / Holland / an inquiry into the origin and 
objects / of the voyage which led / to the / Discovery / of the / 
Hudson River / with / Bibliographical Notes / The Hague / 
The Brothers Giunta d' Albani 1859. 8° = 94x63 — pp. 72 — 
Privately printed. 

P. 34 et seq. A copy of the contract between Henry Hudson and the 
Dutch East India Company, dated 8th of January, 1609. His payment, 
800 guilders, included the support of his "wife and children," but in case 
he did not return within a year a further payment of 200 guilders was 
to be made to his wife. 

One of the signers of the contract "as interpreter and witness" was 
Jodocus Hondius, the now famous map-maker and father of Henry 
Hondius, equally distinguished in that line. Hudson's name in this docu- 
ment is written in the English way, "Henry" Hudson. 

P. 41. Hudson, before leaving Holland, contemplates exploring the 
coast of America in latitude forty and in Davis's Straits. 

P. 55. Appendix A. As to the name of Hudson's vessel and her 
character and rigging. 

P. 59. Appendix B. An account of Hudson's voyage by the Dutch 
historian, Emmanuel Van Meteren — the first account that appeared in 
print written within two years after the discovery of the river. (See also 
Meteren, this Catalogue.) 

P. 66. Appendix C. Discussion of the work of Hessel Gerritsz. 

F.— 1847— NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY 
Proceedings of the, for the year 1847. Press of the Historical 
Society. New York — 1847. 

P. 25. Robert Fulton, name given among deceased members. 

H.— 1841— NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY 
Collections of the / Second Series /. Vol. I. New York Printed 
for the Society — by H. Ludwig, 72 Vesey St. 1841 — 4° — pp. iv 
—486.-93x55. 

Contains: Verazzano's Voyage, 1524, Indian Tradition of the First 
Arrival of the Dutch on Manhattan Island, Lambrechtsen's History of New 
Netherland, Van der Donck's Description of New Netherlands, Juet's 
Journal of Hudson's 1609 Voyage, etc. A valuable volume. Edited by 
George Folsom. Has frontispiece map of New Amsterdam (with view 
of), 1656 — "Copied . . . from the Map of A. Van der Donck." 



Hudson-Fulton Bibliograpky. • 29 

H.— 18 1 1— NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY 

Collections of the, for the year 1809 — Volume I — New York, 
1811. 

P. 18 et seq. A Discourse to Commemorate the Discoverj'of New York, 
delivered by Samuel Miller, D. D. — Sept. 4, 1809. 

P. 27. Discovery of New York Bay and Hudson River; — p. 45, 
translation of Verrazzano's letter of July 8, 1524, to Francis I. 

P. 61. Transcription of the Hudson voyages from Purchas, Vol. 3. 

H.— 1851— O'CALLAGHAN (Editor). See Brodhead 

H.— 1850— O'CALLAGHAN 

The / Documentary History / of the / State of New York / 
arranged under the direction of the / Hon. Christopher Morgan / 
Secretary of State / By E. B. O'Callaghan, M. D. / Four Vol- 
umes / Albany / Weed, Parsons and Co. Public Printers / 1850- 
1851 — 116 X 92. 

Vol. I. Map of Nuova Belgia, 1658 (reprint) giving "R. Martins 6 
R. Hudson" M Lucini Fece. /"'Carta particolare della nuova Belgia / 
eparte della nuova Anglia / La longitudine Cominca da 1' Isola di Pico d' 
Asores./" 

Vol. III. Champlain's map (reprint) of New France, 1632. 

H.— 1855— O 'CALLAGHAN 

History of New Netherland / or / New York Under the Dutch / 

Second Edition / New York. / D. Appleton & Co. / MDCCCLV. 

Vol. I, p. 32 et seq. Describes Hudson's voyage. Ft. n. "The Halve 
Maen " sent toward the North in 1608 ; reference in papers of East India 
Co. 

Has map of New Netherland (copy), 161 6. See "Map, annexed" etc. — 
this catalogue. 

H.— 1890— OLDBOY. 

The Island of Manhattan — A Bit of Earth, by Felix Oldboy. 

New York. October 1890 (pamphlet). 

Pp. 8 and 9. A brief but picturesque sketch of Hudson's career. 

F.— OLD SOUTH LEAFLETS 

No. 108 — Vol. V — 8 X 52. P. 161. Chancellor Livingston on the 
invention of the steamboat. 

1. An historical account of the application of steam for tl^e propelling 
of boats: a letter from Chancellor Livingston to the editors of the 
"American Medical and Philosophical Register," published in that 
journal in January, 181 2 (Vol. II, p. 256). 

2. Robert Ftilton to Aaron Ogden (1814) on the invention of the 
steamboat. 

3. Fulton's letters on the first voyage of the Clermont. 

4. The first voyage of the Clermont. Reminiscences of H. Free- 
land, in a letter to J. F. Reigart, 1856. 



30 Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 

5. Quotation from R. H. Thurston as to Fulton being the first 
inventor of the steamboat. 

6. R^sum^. 

Vol. IV. No. 94. The discovery of the Hudson River. 

1. Robert Juet's narrative — (Hudson's third voyage) — reprint. 

2. Hudson's third voyage (1609), from Van Meteren's "Historic 
der Nederlanden, " Hague, 1614. (See also Meteren, this catalogue.) 

3. Extracts relating to Hudson's third voyage (1609) from John de 
Laet's, "Nieuwe Werelt, " Amsterdam, 1625, 1630. (See also De Laet, 
this catalogue.) 

4. Sketch of Hudson and excellent r^sumd of the literature and facts 
concerning him and his voyages. 

Vol. VI. No. 17. Verrazzano's voyage — 1524. Letter from Verraz- 
zano to the King of France. 

F._i 894— OSTRANDER 

A History/ of the / City of Brooklyn /and / King's County / by / 
Stephen M. Ostrander / Edited with introduction and notes by 
/ Alexander Black / In two volumes / Brooklyn / Published by 
Subscription — 1 894. 

Vol. II, p. 57. Mentions Fulton's steam ferry "the Clermont" being 
opened, 18 12, between New York and Paulus Hook, Jersey City, and that 
in that year Fulton and Livingston planned ferry from Fly Market Slip 
to Brooklyn. The ferry was finally established at Beekman Slip. — Fulton 
Street created and named. 

P. 58. Lease of ferry to R. Fulton and Wm. Cutting his brother-in-law; 
59. First steam ferry established. 60. Horse ferry boats described. 
61. Death of Fulton, 181 5. 62. Picture of ferry boat William Cutting. 

F.— 1805— PARKINSON 

A / Tour in America / in / 1798, 1799, and 1800 / Exhibiting / 
Sketches of Society and Manners / and / A Particular Account / 
of the / American System of Agriculture / with its Recent Im- 
provements / By Richard Parkinson / Late of Orange Hill, 
near Baltimore / (Author of the Experienced Farmer etc / — 
(In two volumes) London / Printed for J. Harding, St. James's 
Street; and J. Murray, Fleet-Street — 1805. 

This is the book which Fulton criticised adversely — see Cadwallader 
Colden's life of Fulton (181 7) p. 62-64. 

H.— 1625— PRICKET 

A larger Discourse on the same (the 4th Hudson) voyage, and the 
success thereof written by Abacuk Pricket. See Purchas, Vol. 
Ill, p. 597, or the Glasgow reprint, also Christey (Northwest Fox) 
p. 120, and Asher, Henry Hudson, p. 98. 

H.— 1625— PURCHAS 

Hakluytus / Posthumus / or / Purchas, His Pilgrimes / Con- 

tayning a History of the / World, in Sea Voyages & lande-/ 



Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 31 

Travells by Englishmen & / others / etc etc / In fower / 
Parts. Each containing five / Bookes / By Samuel Purchas B. D. 
I ... I Imprinted at London for Hen-/ ry Fetherston at ye 
signe of the rose in Pauls Churchyard. 1624 / 4° 13 x 8^ — ■ 
The above title is engraved in the centre of embellishments (see 
facsimile). A printed title follows bearing date of 1625 (see 
reduced copy). 

Vol. Ill, p. 464. In the year 1608 William, Hudson reaches 81 degrees 
and names Whale Bay, Hackluit Headland, and Hudsons Tutches. 

P. 518. "A Treatise of Iver Boty a Gronlander, translated out of the 
Norsh language into High Dutch in the yeere 1560. And after out of 
High Dutch into Low Dutch by William Barentson of Amsterdam, who 
was chiefe Pilot aforesaid. The same Copie in High Dutch, is in the hands 
of Jodocus Hondius, which I have seen. And this was translated out of 
Low Dutch by Master William Stere Marchant, in the yeere 1608, for the 
use of me, Henrie Hudson. William Barentson's Booke is in the hands of 
Master Peter Plantius, who lent the same unto me." 

See Purchas, Glasgow Reprint, Vol. XIII, p. 163. Rafn gives the 
name "Stere" as "Sybre." In the original the third letter is not plain. 
The document contains directions for navigating northern waters. 

P. 567. Chap. XIIII. "Divers Voyages and Northerne Discoveries of 
that worthy irrecoverable Discoverer, Master Henry Hudson. His 
Discoverie at the North Pole, set forth at the charge of Certaine Worship- 
full Merchants of London, in May 1607. Written partly by John Playse 
one of the Company and partly by H. Hudson." (See Henry Hudson, the 
Navigator, Hakluyt Soc, for reprints.) Here Henry Hudson first appears, 
April 19, 1607, at the church of Saint Ethelburge in Bishops Gate Street. 
The first of May following he sailed from Gravesend. 

P. 574 et seq. Chap. XV. "A Second Voyage or Employment of 
Master Henry Hudson, for finding a passage to the East Indies by the 
North-east; written by himself." Hudson sailed this time the 2 2d of 
April — Friday, — 1608, and went down to Blackewall. 

P. 579. Hudson mentions variation of the compass, speaking of Nova 
Zembla. "It is layd in plot by the Hollanders out of his true place too 
f arre North : to what end I know not, tmlesse to make it hold course with 
the compasse, not respecting the variation." (See Cooley, this catalogue. 
— Hudson first Englishman to make observations on dip or inclination 
of magnetic needle.) 

P. 581 et seq. Chap XVI. "The Third Voyage of Master Henrie Hud- 
son toward Nova Zembla and at his returne, his passing from Farre Is- 
lands, to New Found Land, and along to fortie foure degrees and ten min- 
utes, and thence to Cape Cod, and so to thirtie three degrees; and along 
the Coast to the Northward, to fortie two degrees and a half, and up 
the River neere to fortie three degrees. Written by Robert Juet of 
Lime-house." 

This Robert Juet was the original and chief mutineer on the 16 10 
voyage. 

Hudson sailed on this voyage March 25, 1609, from Amsterdam, 
in the employ of the Dutch East India Company. He tried to make a 
northern passage and, failing in that, sailed to and along the coast of 



32 Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 

America, arriving ofif New York Bay in September. He sailed up the Hud- 
son and finally left for England on Oct. 4th, arriving at Dartmouth Nov. 
7th. 

P. 596 et seq. Chap. XVII. "An abstract of thejournall of Master Henry 
Hudson for the discoverie of the Northwest Passage, begunne the seven- 
teenth of Aprill 1 610, ended with his end, being treacherously exposed by 
some of the Companie." Hudson sailed in the employ of an English Co. 
on this fourth known and last voyage April 17, 1610. 

P. 597. "A larger Discourse of the same Voyage and the success 
thereof, written by Abacuk Pricket." 

Pricket was a servant of Sir Dudley Digges, one of the financial backers 
of this expedition. He was spared by the mutineers with the idea of us- 
ing him to intercede for their pardon (p. 818, Vol. V). 

P. 609. "A letter of Samuel Macham, and a note found in the Deske 
of Thomas Wydowse, Student in the Mathematickes, hee being one of 
them who was put into the Shallop." — This note of Wydowse stamps 
Robert Juet as one of the chief mutineers. 

P. 730. Sir Thomas Smith, having read Hudson's own journal, tried 
to find the land Hudson called Hold-with-hope, but it did not exist so far 
as he could discover. 

Pp. 852-853. Map of North America giving "Hudsons R." 

P. 852. A Treatise of the North-west passage to the South Sea through 
the continent of Virginia and by Fretum Hudson. 

Mentions the sea where Hudson wintered as being called Fretum Hudson 
and stretching as far westward as the Cape of Florida and southward to 
49 degrees. 

See also p. ix. Vol. I. The Voyages of Captain Luke Foxe etc. by 
Miller Christey — Hakluyt Society — footnote on Purchas. 

The above work is in four volumes and with it generally goes a similarly 
printed and bound volume of the ''Pilgrimage," fourth edition, 1626, and 
styled Volume V, but it is a separate work. 

H.—1617— PURCHAS 

Purchas his Pilgrimage / or / Relations / Of the World / 
etc. . . . /The Third Edition— etc. . . . /By Samuel Purchas, 
Parson of St. Martins by / Ludgate London /. / London / 
Printed by William Stansby for Henry Fetherstone, and are 
to be sold at his shop in / Pauls Churchyard at the sign of the 
Rose / 1617 / iii X 7 — pp. 1102. 

P. 924-926. Of Hudson's discoveries and death. 

This account of Hudson is founded on the 161 2 edition of Hessel Ger- 
ritsz's work; see p. 139, Henry Hudson the Navigator by G. M. Asher; 
also p. ix, Christey, The Voyages of Captain Luke Foxe, etc. 

The above was the first work published by Purchas, ist ed. — 161 3; 
2d ed. — 1614; 3d ed. — 1617; and 4th ed. (forming Vol. V of the usual set 
of Purchas's works) — 1626. 

H.— 1626— PURCHAS. 

Purchas his Pilgrimage / or /Relations / of the World /etc. . . . 



PVRCHTsS^ 

H I S 

PILGRIMES 

/^Y Firs "BOOKIES. 

The firft, Contayning the Voyages and Peregrinations made 

ifjcncienc Kings, TatriarJ^s , Apoftles, Thilofophm, and 

others, to and thorowthe remoter parts of the knowne World: 

Enquiries alfo of Languages and Religions , efpeciaHj/ of the 

raoderne diucrfified Profcffionsof 



CHRISTIANITIE. 



The (econd , J T>e/cnptim of all the QrcHm-^auhatkns 
of the G L O B E. ^ "^ 

The third, Nauigations and Vovagcs oiEnolipj-men^ alongft the Coafts 
of Africa, to the Cape 0/ Good Hope, andjrom thence to the Red Sea 

tk AbaGGnc, x^raLut), Perfian, Indian, Shoares, * 

Continents, and Hands, 

The fourth, Englifh Voyages beyond the Sajl Indies, toth^I/andsofUpm, 

china, Caitchinchina, the Philippine with others , and the /«ii//4w Nauigations 

fiinhcr piolVcutcd : Their iuft Commerce, nobly vindicated againft JurhOy 

Treacherie ; viftoriouJly defended ng.unil Portn^«J/Hollili6e ■ 

glorioufly aiitanced ag.itnil Moou{[\ a>:d Etlini^e Tetfidie 5 

hopetuUyiecoucringfromDwft/'.Maligiiiric; iu% maintayncd 

The fifth , Nauigations, Voyages, Tuaffiques, Difcouenes, of the Enghp) Nation 

in the E.'JIerne parts of the World: continuing the Engl ifli- Indian occurrenti^ 

andcontayning the EngUp: Affaires with the Crtnt Sumorme , in the Perjian 

and /^.iturfCuIfcs, and mother pljccs of the Ci)ncmi.nt , and Ihnd^ of and 

beyond thcWw .' theP,j,v/;gj//(\ttempcS , andx>«(f/; Dififtcrs, 

diuen Se.i-pihti wth both ; a^idrnMiy other remar^ible 

KtLAriONJ. 



The Firft Part. 



VnufVeus, VnaMtas. 



LONDON 

Printed by Wiliitm Slanshj for Hmrie Fetherjlone, and arc to Be fold at his (hop in 

Pauls Church-yard at the figne of tht Rofc. 

___^ '625- j} 

Reduced by photography from the title-page of the 1625 edition. The dimen- 
sions of the original between outer lines are loji x 6^ inches. There are four 
volumes or " parts" to this work each consisting of five "bookes." Another vol- 
ume similarly printed, in 1626, and bound as Vol. V, is a separate work See 
Purchas, 161 7 edition. 



1 



Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 33 

The fourth Edition, much enlarged, and illustrated with Mappes, 
through the whole Worke — etc — London, etc — 1626. 

This title page worded much the same as that of the third edition dated 
161 7. Purchas died the year this was pubHshed. This work is usually 
classed as "Volume V" but it is separate in its character from the others, 
being a fourth edition of the work first published in 16 13. 

P. 817. Eighth Booke, Chap. Ill, part VI. 

Of Hudson's discoveries and death. This is a two-page r^sum^ of Hud- 
son's career. See Vol. Ill for the full accounts — the source of almost all 
that is known about Hudson. 

H.— 1625— PURCHAS 

Map, Vol. III. pp. 852-53 — Map of the North Part of America, 

gives "Hudson's R." 

H .—1 62 5-1 906— PURCHAS 

(" Glasgow" Reprint) Hakluytus Posthumus / or / Purchas His 

Pilgrimes / Contayning a History of the World / in Sea Voyages 

and Lande Travells / by / Englishmen and Others / by Samuel 

Purchas, B. D. / Glasgow / James MacLehose and Sons — MCMVI. 

8° — 9 X 5^ — 20 volumes. 

Vol. XIII p. 294 et seq. The voyages of Henry Hudson. 

H.— 1837— RAFN 

Antiquitates Americanas / sive / Scriptores Septentrionales / 
Rerum Ante-Columbianarum / in / America / etc. Hafnias — • 
1837 — (C. C. Rafn) Fol. 14 x 10^ — pp. 479. 

P. 300. "Descriptio Groenlandias auctore Ivare Bardi, filio." This 
document was translated into English for the use of Hudson in his northern 
voyages. See Purchas, Vol. Ill, p. 518. — Glasgow reprint, Vol. XIII, 
p. 294. Also Boty this catalogue. 

H.— 1866— READ 

A / Historical Inquiry / Concerning / Henry Hudson / his 
Friends, Relatives and Early Life / his / Connection with the 
Muscovy Company / and / Discovery of Delaware Bay / by / 
John Meredith Read Jr. / Albany./ Joel Munsell / MDCCCLXVI. 

Frontispiece, "Arms of Henry Hudson, Founder & 1st Assistant of the 
Muscovy Company. Obiit 1555." Nothing known of Hudson prior to 
April 19, 1607. Purchas, His Pilgrimes and Pilgrimage the fountain head 
of knowledge on Hudson. 

P. 18. Another Henry Hudson, 1555, — ancestor (?) of the discoverer. 

P. 19. Thomas Hudson — ancestor (?) 

P. 19. Christopher Hudson — ancestor (?). 

P. 69. Origin of name Hudson. 

P. 120. Henry Hudson trained in the Muscovy Company's employ. 

P. 126. Acquaintance with John Smith. 

P. 126. Van Meteren, knew Hudson well. 

P. 172, Appendix I. Henry Hudson's descendants. 



34 Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 

F.__i856— REIGART 

The Life / of / Robert Fulton / One of the most Distinguished in- 
ventors etc. etc., Accompanied with / Copies of Mr. Fulton's 
Original Drawings / and / Numerous Plates / Exhibiting the 
leading incidents etc., etc., / by / J. Franklin Reigart / . . • Phila- 
delphia / C. G. Henderson & Co. / Arch and Fifth Streets / 1856 
— 9* X 5^ — pp. xxvii+297. 

This volume is a wholesale plagiarism of the Life of Fulton by Golden. 
Page after page is reprinted without mention of Golden. In several in- 
stances, as, for example, on p. 199, a paragraph (from p. 255 — 181 7 ed.) 
is set in closer type with quotation marks with a reference to Golden's 
"address," as if all the remainder were original with Reigart. 

There is other material in the book — a picture of the Fulton Farm, the 
Fulton Homestead, several designs in color by Fulton illustrating Joel 
Barlow's Golumbiad, of which extracts are given. The colors are atro- 
cious and could hardly represent Fulton's skill in that direction. There 
are also illustrations of Fulton's inventions in various lines, including a 
poor picture of the Glermont. Letters from Fulton to Gov. Mifflin, 1796, 
to Albert Gallatin, 1807, and to others are given. 

H .— 1 86 1— RICH ARDSON 

The Polar Regions / by Sir John Richardson. LL. D. 
F. R. S. Lond. etc. Edinburgh / Adam and Charles Black / 
1861. — 8° — pp. ix + 400 — North and South Polar Charts, 9 x 5^. 
Pp. 95-102. R^sum^ of Hudson's voyages. 

H.— 1888— ROBERTS 

American Commonwealths. N3W York / The Planting and the 
Growth of / The Empire State / by / Ellis H. Roberts / In two 
volumes / Vol. I./ Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin & 
Co. 1888. 

P. 528. Experiments of John Stevens in steam navigation, 1791. 

P. 529. Origin and development of steam navigation on the Hudson. 

H.— 1755— ROGERS 

A Concise / Account / of / North America / containing a Descrip- 
tion of the several British Colonies on that Continent, including 
the Islands of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, etc / By Major 
Robert Rogers / London / J. Millan — 1755. 

P. 60. "The Dutch found their claim on a pretense of having purchased 
it of one Gaptain Hudson, who had formerly traded on these coasts, and 
gave name to the river called Hudson's River, etc." 

H. F.—1891— ROOSEVELT 

Historic Towns / New York / by / Theodore Roosevelt / — Lon- 
don. Longmans, Green & Co. — 1891. 

P. I. Hendrik Hudson and the Half Moon. 171-72. Robert Fulton 
begins era of steam navigation — his competitors — plan of a steam frigate. 



Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 35 

F.— 1788— RUMSEY 

(Reprint) A / Short / Treatise / on the Application of / Steam / 
whereby is clearly shewn /from / actual experiments / that / 
Steam / may be applied to propel / boats or vessels / of any 
burthen against rapid currents with great velocity / etc. etc./ 
by James Rumsey / of Berkeley County, Virginia / Phila- 
delphia / Printed by Joseph James, Chestnut Street. / 
MDCCLXXXVIII — In the Documentary History of New York, 
Vol.11, 1850. 

Contains a discussion of Fitch's claims as against his own as the inventor 
of steam propulsion for boats. Also in same volume, a certificate (1846) 
by Hutchins showing that Fitch tried his boat 6 years before Fulton, on 
the Collect Pond in New York. Map of Collect Pond. Shows that Fulton 
and Livingston saw this boat and had its operation explained to them and 
rode in it. Other authorities say Fulton was abroad at that time. 

H.— 1849— RUNDALL 

(Reprint) Narratives of Voyages / Towards / The North-west / 
In Search of / A Passage to Cathay and India / 1496 to 1631 — / 
with / Selections from the Early Records of the Honourable / The 
East India Company and from MSS. / In the British Museum / 
by / Thomas Rundall, Esq. / London / Printed for the Hakluyt 
Society / MDCCCXLIX. 8°— 9 x 5*— pp. xix+ 259. 

P . 7 6-8 1 . Voyage of Master Henry Hudson. A description of the 1 6 1 o 
voyage. 

H. 1747-1865— SABIN 

(Reprint) The / History / of the / First Discovery and 
Settlement / of / Virginia / by / William Stith, A.M. / New 
York / Reprinted for Joseph Sabin / 1865. 
No. 16 of 50 copies on large paper. See Stith. 

H.— 1759— SALMON 

The Universal Traveller / or a / Compleat description / of the 
several / Nations of the World / by Mr. Salmon / London 1759. — 
2 vols. — 15 X 9*. 

P. 721. Hudson's four voyages mentioned. 723. Hudson River. 

H.— 1862— SHEA 

(Reprint) Novum Belgium (1644) Description de Nieuw Neth- 

erland etc. par le R. P. Isaac Jogues — (q. v.) 

H.— 1900— SHONNARD AND SPOONER 

History of Westchester County, New York. From its Earliest 

Settlement to the Year 1900, by Frederic Shonnard and W. W. 

Spooner. The New York History Company — New York, 1900. 

P. 53-59. Refers to Hudson and his discoveries. Discusses points of 



36 Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 

anchorage, landing, etc. Fate of the Half Moon. Reason why Dutch 
East India Co. could not develop Hudson River region. 
P. 70. Why Hudson River was called North River. 

H.—1814— SMITH 

History / of / New York / From the first Discovery to the year 
MDCCXXXII To which is annexed a description of the 
country etc., ... By WiUiam Smith A. M. / With a Contin- 
uation / From the year 1732 to the Commencement of the year 
1814. / Albany / Printed by Ryer Schermerhorn / Sold by 
himself and G. Forbes, Albany; H. Stockwell, Troy; A. Seward, 
Utica, and Andrus & Starr, Hartford. / 1814 — 9 x 5^ pp. xv + 

P. 18. Mentions Hudson's discovery of the river as 1608 and in a note 
says Stith, Douglas, Oldmixon, and other English writers agree that Hud- 
son's "first voyage" was in 1608. 

H.— 1882— SMITH 

History of Duchess County, New York .... by James H. Smith, 
assisted by Hume H. Cale and William E. Roscoe. D. Mason & 
Co., Syracuse — 1882. 

P. 40. Account of Hudson and his voyages. 
H.— 1760— SOLDIER'S POWDER HORN 

Map from, reprinted in Valentine's Manual for i860 — gives "North 
River" and "Heud's River." 

H. F.— 1845— SPARKS 

Lives of Robert Fulton, Joseph Warren, Henry Hudson, and 
Father Marquette. New York. Harper & Brothers — 1845 
(Library of American Biography, conducted by Jared Sparks, 
Vol. X. ) 

Life of Fulton by James Renwick. 

Life of Hudson by Henry R. Cleveland. 

H.— 1676 (?)— SPEED 

The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine etc. ... by John 
Speed — London / Printed for Thomas Bassett and Richard Chis- 
well — 1676. (Containing) A Map of / New England / and / New 
York / etc.. Atlas, 17^ x 12. 

This map has "Hudsons R." on it. A copy of Visscher 

H. F.— 1848— STEINITZ 

The Ship / Its Origin and Progress /by Francis Steinitz. 11* 

X 85. 

P. 222. R^sumd of Hudson's voyages. " Whatever transfer was made 
by Hudson of these lands, it was not a valid one, as it was conveying 
away a part of the king's dominions to a foreign nation, without the 
participation of the crown and kingdom." 



Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 37 

The appendix contains a dictionary of vessels. Flibot — a small Dutch 
vessel which carries about 100 tons and has a main and fore but no top- 
mast. 

Flyboat, or Flight, a large flat-bottomed Dutch vessel, generally of 
400 tons. It is distinguished by a very broad buttock below, and a 
remarkably high stern, somewhat resembling a Gothic turret. 

P. 406. Fulton's steamboat, etc. 

H.— 1525— STEVENSON 

Maps (reprint) Illustrating Early Discovery and Exploration / in 
/ America / 1 502-1 530 / Reproduced by photography from the 
Original Manuscripts / Issued under the Direction of / Edward 
Luther Stevenson, Ph. D. / Professor of History in Rutgers 
College / New Brunswick, N. J. / 1903. 

Sheet No. 8. Wolfenbuttel — Spanish, 1525-30, gives, "R. de s:. 
antonio," which was the Spanish name for Hudson River. See Kohl. 

See Hondius, for early mention of Hudson on a map. 

P.— 1870— STILES 

A / History / of the / City of Brooklyn / including / the Old 
Town and Village of Brooklyn / etc. etc., / by / Henry R. Stiles./ 
Brooklyn N. Y. / Published by Subscription / 1870 / 3 vols. 

P. 505. Brooklyn ferries, 1 642-1 869; note with 27 references to ferry 
literature. 535. Success of the Clermont. 536. Fulton's ferries. 539. 
Fulton and Cutting form stock company; first steam ferry; etc., etc. 

H.— 1747— STITH 

(Reprint) / The / History / of the / First Discovery and Settle- 
ment / of / Virginia Being / An Essay Towards a General 
History of this Colony / By William Stith, A. M. / Rector of Hen- 
rico Parish and one of the Governors of William and Mary Col- 
lege I. ... I Williamsburg / Printed by William Parks. 
MDCCXLVII / Reprint by Joseph Sabin, New York— 1865, 
with new title page similar to the above which follows it. Pp. 
viii + 331 — 10^ X 7. 

F.— 1868— STONE 

History / of / New York City / from the / Discovery to the 
Present Day / by / Wm, L. Stone / E. Cleave, New York, 
MDCCCLXVIII. 

P. 189. Reference to Fulton's successful starting of his first steamboat. 

F.—1819— THOMAS 

The Analectic Magazine. Vol. V. Philadelphia, Moses Thomas 

— 1819. 

P. 394. On the controversy on Fulton's claim to the invention of the 
steamboat. 



38 Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 

F.—1891.— THURSTON 

Robert Fulton / His Life and its Results / by / Robert H. Thurs- 
ton / New York / Dodd, Mead and Company / 1891 — 7^ x 4* — pp. 
194. 

Frontispiece — portrait of Fulton (after West). 

P. I. As to the inventors of steam-engines and steamboats. 2. 
What Fulton did. 28. Early experiments in steam-navigation. 34. 
First steamboat in U. S. built by William Henry. Rumsey's exper- 
iments. 39. Picture of Fitch's steamboat of 1788. 42. Steamboat 
of Miller, Taylor, and Symmington. 43. Steamboat of the Mar- 
quis of Jouflfroy. 48. Fulton's early life. 60. As an engineer. 64. To 
carry boats overland. 71. Invention of the torpedo. 79. Experiments 
with torpedo. 89. Specification. 105. On steam propulsion. 107. Plan 
of first steamboat. 116. Engine, boiler, and screw-propeller used by 
Stevens, 1804. 117. Stevens screw steamer, cut of . 120. Stevens twin- 
screw steamer. 124. Fulton secures monopoly of waters of New York. 
126. Fulton's first boat in America — the Clermont. 127. Fulton letter 
describing the first trip. 128. Extract from letter to Barlow. 130. Cut 
of the Clermont. 131. Drawing of the engine of the Clermont. 133. 
Fares and time to river points from New York. 135. Table of steam- 
boats built in New York under Fulton's direction or according to his 
plans. 146. British steamboats. 147. First boat down the Mississippi. 
167. First transatlantic voyage — with description of the Savannah. 

F.— 1890— TODD 

The Story of the City of New York / by / Charles Burr Todd. 

New York and London. G. P. Putnam's Sons — 1890. 

P. 402. Portrait (poor) of Fulton and sketch of first steamboat on the 
Hudson. Sketch of Fulton. Picture of the Clermont. 404. Earliest 
boat propelled by steam, 1543. 404-05. Description of Clermont and the 
first trip. 

F.— 1834— TUDOR 

Narrative of a Tour in North America, etc. Henry Tudor. — 2 

vols. London 1834. 

P. 35. "I saw here (the Navy Yard, N. Y.) the shattered hulk of the 
steam frigate Fulton, the only man-of-war to which steam was ever 
applied." 

H.— 1901— ULMANN 

A Landmark History / of New York / Also the origin of street 
names / and a bibliography / by / Albert Ulmann / New York / 
D. Appleton & Co. 1901. 

P. 3. Reference to Henry Hudson. P 21. Reference to Henry 
Hudson. 

F.— 1853— VALENTINE 

History / of / the City / of / New York / G. P. Putnam & Co. / 
10 Park Place / 1853. 

P. II. Kalch-hook (or Shell Point) so called from the quantity of 



Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 39 

decomposed shells found there. Name afterwards applied to the fresh 
water pond itself, abbreviated to "Kalch" then "Collect." P. 283. 
Spoken of as "Kalck-hock" and "CoUck." P. 304. Map showing pond 

in 1755- 

This pond is of interest because it was there that Fitch tried some of his 
experiments in steam propulsion. 

P. 18. First discovery of New York Bay, etc., ascribed to Hudson. 
Sketch of Hudson's entrance to Hudson River. 

F.— 1859— VALENTINE 

Manual of the Corporation of the City of New York, for 1859 by 

D. T. Valentine. 

P. 603. Development of the steam ferry boats. 604. Stevens wins over 
Fulton in competition for first steam ferry — Oct. nth 181 1. 604. 
Letter from Prof. Renwick according priority of operation of steam- 
boat to Stevens. Stevens boat a small affair but successful. 605-609. 
Account of the Powles Hook Steam Ferry. Letter from Fulton to Dr. 
Hosack describing the boat with plans. 610. List of ferry boats. 

H.— 1656— VAN DER DONCK 

(Reprint) See Donck. 

F.— 1898— VAN PELT 

Leslie's History / of the /Greater New York / by / Daniel Van 

Pelt / (Three Volumes) lo^ x 7. 

Vol. I, p. 259. Portrait of Fulton. Fitch's experiment on Collect 
Pond (see Valentine, 1853, p. 11, for original name of this pond). 
Chancellor Livingston and John Stevens present. Fulton's place in 
steam navigation. Description of the first Fulton boat. Picture of 
the Clermont and its machinery, f. p. 260. The first trip, 262. Name of 
' ' Clermont ' ' changed to ' ' North River ' ' ; steam ferry-boats, 2 63 . 

Vol. in. Biography of Fulton, 554. 

H .—1 663— VAUGH AN 

Sheet map of North and South America, " Americasnovo descriptio 

Impensis, Arias Seile 1663." 

Robert Vaughan, engraver (original). This map has "Hudsons bay" 
placed against the mouth of Hudson River. (See also Heylyn.) 

H.— 1904— VERSTEEG 

Manhattan / in 1628 / as described in the recently discovered/ 
Autograph Letter of Jonas Michaelius, / written from the settle- 
ment on the 8th of August of that year and / now first published / 
With a Review of the letter and an / Historical Sketch of / New 
Netherland to 1628 / by Dingman Versteeg / New York / 
Dodd, Mead & Co. / 1904 / 

P. 102. Hudson signs contract Jan. 6. 1609. 103. Facsimile of page 
of Juet's journal, from Purchas. 102 to 125. A good resume of the Hud- 
son 1609 voyage. 



40 Hudson-Fulton Bibliography. 

H.— 1650-56— VISSCHER 

Map. Novi Belgii / Novaeque Angliae nee non / Partis / Vir- 
ginise Tabula / multis in locis emendata a / Nicolao Joannis Viss- 
chero. (Original) 18 x 22. 

Asher says he knew of but one copy of this map. 

/ Manhattans R. 

T • . ^ T-.- • I Noort Rivier, 

It gives ' Groote Rivier at -j Montaigne Ri. 

\ Maurits Rivier." 
Has a view of Nieuw Amsterdam, lower right hand corner. 
A second original print colored by hand also in A. G. S. map room. 

F.— 1895— WALKER 

The Making of a Nation — 1783-1817 by / Francis A. Walker 

Ph. D., LL. D. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons — 1895. 

P. 206. Fulton solves the problem — monopoly granted — declared 1824 
by the Supreme Court to be in collision with acts of Congress and there- 
fore void. 

H.— 1846— WATSON 

Annals and Occurrences / of / New York City and State / In the 
Olden Time / By John F. Watson / Philadelphia / Henry F. 
Anners. 1846. 

P. 9 et seq. Landing place of Hudson discussed — story of the Indians 
from Heckewelder. 

F._i89o— WHITTEMORE 

Advance Sheets / of / Origin and Progress / of / Steam Naviga- 
tion / In America / Containing an Historical Sketch of the Ship 
Building operations / of Isaac and / William H. Webb / during 
a period of over half a Century / together with a description of / 
Webb's Academy and Home for Shipbuilders / Compiled by 
Henry Whittemore. The Original and Progressive Publishing 
Co., 1890. Pp. xvi+i8 — 11^x9^. 

Proves John Fitch the inventor of steamboats. Description of Fitch's 
boat. 

James Rumsey's experiments in steam navigation, 1 784-1 787 — Resolu- 
tion passed by House of Representatives, Feb. 9, 1839, awarding gold 
medal to Rumsey's son in recognition of his father's services — Inventions 
and improvements in steam navigation of John Stevens, and Robert L. 
Stevens — Experiment of Oliver Evans — of Nicholas Roosevelt — of Robert 
Fulton. First Mississippi steamboat — First ocean steamer. 

H. F.— 1902— WILSON 

New York, Old and New / Its Story, Streets and Landmarks / by 

Rufus Rockwell Wilson. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Co. 

1902. 

Vol. I, p. 16. Brief mention of Hudson's 1609 voyage. 
P. 292. Sketch of Fulton and his first steamboat. 



d 



H iidson-Fulton Bibliography. 41 

H.— 1902— WILSON 

Historic Long Island / by / Rufus Rockwell Wilson , / New York 

The Berkeley Press, / 1902. 

P. 13. States that the first Americans to greet Hudson were the 
Canarsies. 

F.— 1893— WILSON 

The / Memorial History of the / City of New York / From its 
first settlement to the year 1892. Edited by James Grant Wilson 
/ New York History Co. 1893. 

This work is filled with information about Fulton. 

Vol. Ill, p. 96. Fulton's residence No. 3 Broadway. 

P. 184. Papin's advocacy of steam power for boats in 1690. Papin's 
boat tried in 1707. Other attempts. Fulton's history. 

P. 186. Read's, Ormsbee's, and Morey's steamboats. Morey's claim. 
Stevens's boat. P. 189. Livingston's attempt. P. igi. Trial of the 
Clermont. P. 197. Map of New York showing Collect Pond. P. 280. 
Fulton's steam war vessel — etc., etc. 

Vol. IV. also contains information on Fulton. 

H.— 1884— WINSOR 

Narrative and Critical / History of America / edited / by Justin 
Winsor / (8 vols.) Boston. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 4°— 
10^ X 7. 

Vol. Ill, p. 178. Henry Hudson visits coast of Maine, etc. Brief men- 
tion. 

Vol. IV, p. 397. Brief discussion of Hudson's voyages — Captain Smith 
suggested to Hudson the search for a northwest passage at about the 40th 
degree. Champlain on lake to the north at same time Hudson was navi- 
gating the river. 

H.— 1525— WOLFENBUTTEL— SPANISH 

Map (Reprint) — see Stevenson. 

H .— 1 5 9 7— W YTFLIET 

Descriptionis / Ptolemaicse / Augrumentum / sine / Occidentis 
Notitia / Breui commentario / Illustrata / Studio et opera / 
Comely Wytfliet / Louaniensis / Lovanii / Typis Johannis Bo- 
gardi / Anno Domini MDXCVII / 
Map f. p. 182 shows "R. de gamas" (afterwards Hudson River). 




Robert Fulton 

From the Original Painting by Thomas Sully 



OFFICIAL 

ROBERT FULTON EXHIBITION 

OF THE 

HUDSON-FULTON COMMISSION 



THE 
^EW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY 



IN COOPERATION WITH 



THE COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA 



27 SEPTEMBER — 30 OCTOBER 
1909 



170 CENTRAL PARK WEST 

BETWEEN 76TH AND 77TH STREETS 

NEW YORK 



COMMITTEES 



THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY 

SAMUEL V. HOFFMAN, Chairman 
GEORGE F. KUNZ ARCHER M. HUNTINGTON 

JOHN W. GARY EDWARD H. HALL 



COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA 

HUDSON-FULTON COMMITTEE 

MRS. HENRY LOOMIS, Chairman 
MRS. IRA DAVENPORT MRS. ARTHUR T. SUTCLIFFE 

ROBERT FULTON RELICS 

MRS. ARTHUR T. SUTCLIFFE, Chairman 
MRS. HERMANN H. CAMMANN MISS ROSINA OTIS 
MISS CORNELIA FULTON CRARY MRS. J. DUNCAN EMMET 
MISS MARY TRUMBALL MORSE MRS. HENRY LOOMIS 
MISS ANNE HARRISON BYRD MISS ELIZABETH L. GEBHARD 



BRONZE BUST OF ROBERT FULTON 

FROM THE PLASTER CAST BY 

JEAN ANTOINE HOUDON 

OWNED BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF DESIGN 

PRESENTED TO 

THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY 

BY 

THE COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA 



n 



CATALOGUE 



1 Black and White Medallion Portrait of Robert Fulton, by John 
^''"'^'^'•'y"- (Size 6/. X 8/. inches.) 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow, New York City. 

I A Photogravure reproduction (by Annan and Wood) of the medal- 
lion portrait of Fulton by Sharpless, showing the inventor with 
powdered hair and furred top-coat. Signed Artist's Proof. 
Loaned by Henry C. Swords. 

2 Autograph letter of Dec. 9, 1813, from Robert Fulton to his 
Excellency, William Hawkins, expressing hope for a repeal of 
the law in favor of Mr. Stevens of Hoboken, and promising to 
place in the Governor's hands a speedy report on the condition of 
the inland waters of the State. 

Loaned by Walter Scott. 

3 Portrait of Fulton, painted by Jarvis, for Mr. John Wilkes, and 

presented to Rev. Francis Vinton, of Trinity Church, New York, 

by Mr. Wilkes' daughter, Mrs. David Colden. The inventor is 

seated at a balcony overlooking the sea. Dark crimson drapery 

marks the background. Face and figure are turned to the left; 

the hands are clasped in front. .c- ,/ /- • 1 v 

' (Size 2yy4. X 36 mches.) 

John Wesley Jarvis, the artist, was a nephew of John Wesley 
the Methodist divine, and was brought by his father to this coun- 
try, at five years of age. Through the earnestness of his own 

3 



studies he became one of the leading American portrait painters 
of his time. 

Loaned by the Misses Vinton of Pom fret, Conn. 

4 Benjamin West's Portrait of Robert Fuhon. 

Fuhon sits in characteristic attitude on his balcony overlooking 
the sea where one of his submarine inventions for naval warfare 
is on test. The rich background throws the head and features 
into strong relief. Force of genius and firmness of character 
individualize this work by the great American painter. 

(Size 28 X 2)6 inches.) 

Loaned by Robert Fulton Cutting. 

5 Portrait of Robert Fulton — painted while he was in Holland. 

Loaned by Mrs. Hermann H. Cammann. 

6 Portrait of Robert Fulton. Painted in 1826 by Robert Le Fevre. 

This eminent French artist met Fulton during his residence in 
Paris, and was so impressed with his personality and genius, that 
he easily reproduced the marked lineaments from former sketches. 

(Oval— 7>4 xS^^ inches.) 

Loaned by J. Wyman Drummond. 

7 Portrait of Robert Fulton by Thomas Sully. 

The natural animation of Fulton's countenance is mellowed by 
time ; the clustering hair is thinned ; the figure turns to the left 
and the face looks straight to the front. 

Like West, Sully came from across the seas. He was born in 
Lincolnshire, England. His parents brought him to South Caro- 
lina when he was nine years of age. Love of Art mastered him 
while watching the w^ork of his brother Lawrence and studying 
the delicate creations of Angelica Kaufman. 

( Size 20 X 24 inches. ) 

Loaned by The Fulton Club. 

8 Portrait-sketch of Robert Fulton, painted by himself. 

Loaned by Mrs. Robert Fulton Blight. 

4 



9 Portrait of Robert Fulton. Artist unknown. 

This is a younger Fulton than the Fulton of West and Jarvis. 
The background is softly neutral. The figure turns to the left. 
The severe black costume is relieved by high white collar and 
stock with folds and ruffles. 

(Size 24 X 29 inches.) 
Loaned by W. Bayard Cutting. 

10 Fulton and Napoleon in a chamber of the Tuileries (1804). The 
Inventor is detailing his Steamboat plan to the Emperor, who lis- 
tens with interest. Lithographed by P. S. Duval, Philadelphia. 

Loaned by Mrs. Hermarm H. Cammann. 

11 Portrait of Joseph Bringhurst (age 19). 

Painted by Robert Fulton in 1786. The Portrait shows young 
Bringhurst with dark, earnest eyes and flowing brown locks, 
plainly dressed in Quaker drab, sketching at the river side. 

Loaned by E. Bringhurst, Jr.. Wilmington, Del. 

12 Portrait of the Earl of Stanhope. Painted by Robert Fulton. 
The Statesman sits at a crimson-draped open window overlooking 
the entrance to the English Channel. In his hand he holds a plan 
which deeply engrosses him. The view-point selected is singu- 
larly suggestive. 

(Size 26 X 36 inches.) 
Loaned by Mr. and Mrs. Herman Livingston. 

13 Portrait of a Gentleman. Attributed to Robert Fulton. 

(Size 10^ X 12^ inches.) 
Loaned by E. Bringhurst, Jr., Wilmington, Del. 

14 Reproduction of Robert Fulton's Painting "The Last Interview 
of Louis XVI — King of France — and Family" — engraved by 
Sherwin in 1793, and published by "R. Wilkinson No. 58 Corn- 
hill" in the same year. This print is exceedingly rare; of it, in 
the 1834 issue of his "History of the x\rts of Design" William 
Dunlap, Vice-President of the National Academy of Design, 

5 



wrote : "the only copy I have seen is possessed by my friend, Dr. 
Francis; it is now a curiosity." Under the title of the engraving 
Fulton dedicated the Plate, as follows : ''To the Right Hon^'^ 
Lady Elizabeth Palk this plate is inscribed by her Ladyship's most 
obedient and humble servant." 

Loaned by Mrs. Horace F. Brown, Claverack, N. Y. 

15 Group of Illustrations from Joel Barlow's epic Poem *'The Co- 
lumbiad," ordered by Robert Fulton, from originals by Robert 
Smirke, R. A. 

Loaned by Mrs. Horace F. Brown. 

16 Relievo Medallion of Robert Fulton. 

Modelled for Machinery Hall, Pan-American Exposition, Buf- 
falo. 

Loaned by The Merrick Library through its President, E. C. 
Cammann. 

17 Portrait (on wood) of Robert Fulton, 2nd, father of the In- 
ventor. Painted by Benjamin West in 1753, when the artist was 
a mere boy. (Signature and date in lower left hand corner.) 

(Size 14 X 16^ inches.) 
Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutcliffe. 

18 Portrait of Robert Fulton's mother, Mary Smith Fulton, by 
Benjamin West in 1753. 

(Size 14 X 163^ inches.) 
Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutcliffe. 

19 Crayon Portrait of an old mill— drawn by Julia Fulton (after- 
wards Mrs. Charles Blight) Robert Fulton's daughter. 

(Size 13 X 103^ inches.) 
Loaned by Rev. Dr. Robert Fulton Crary, Matteawan, New 
York. 

6 



I 



20 Colored Lithograph : "A View of the Birth Place of Robert 
Fulton." Drawn by J. H. Sherwin. Colored by J. N. Rosenthal. 
Published in Philadelphia by J. Franklin Reigart and Company, 
1852. 

( Size 21 X 14 inches.) 
Loaned bv Mrs. Robert Fulton Blidit. 



21 Photograph of Paul Sabbaton, the machinist and engineer whose 
services were devoted to Robert Fulton in his later work. 

Loaned by Mrs. Robert Fulton Blight. 

22 "Birth Place of Robert Fulton" in Little Britain, Lancaster Co., 
Pennsylvania, as it appeared in 1765, the year of the inventor's 
birth. Painted by Robert Fulton Ludlow in 1889. Exhibited at 
the International Maritime Exposition in Bordeaux, France, 
1907. 

A modest one and a half story white stucco building with 
wooden lean-to and picket fence. Its main approach is a well- 
worn path to a porch fronting the broad upland meadow acres of 
the farm. 

(Size 30 X 45 inches.) 

Loaned by Robert Fulton Ludlow. 

23 Portrait by Cheney painted in Canton, China, of Charles Blight, 
who married Robert Fulton's eldest daughter, Julia. 

(Size 7 X 8^ inches.) 
Loaned by Mrs. Robert Fulton Blight. 

24 "Lease of Ferry privileges from Beekman Slip in New York to 
the Old Ferry of Brooklyn on the Island of Nassau." The orig- 
inal document accorded "to William Cutting and Robert Fulton 
by the Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonality of the City of New 
York," January 24, 1814. 

(Size 25^ x33% inches.) 
Loaned by Robert Fulton Cutting. 

7 



25 Watercolor Sketch of J. Franklin Reigart (Philadelphia) one o£ 
Fulton's ablest biographers, engaged in his study of the inventor's 

"^^- (Oval 5>^ X 7>4 inches.) 

Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutcliffe. 

26 Original Watercolor drawing of the North River or Clermont. 
By Richard Varick De Witt in 1855. The correctness of this 
drawing is certified to by Riley Bartholomew "for some time an 
officer" on the Clermont. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

26a Model of Clermont, said to be made from wood of same. 
Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

27 Fulton's first Steamboat, The Clermont, on her way up the 
Hudson. Painted by Robert Fulton Ludlow, grandson of Robert 
Fulton. Exhibited at the International Maritime Exposition in 
^ovde^UK. (Size 24x34 inches.) 

Loaned by Robert Fulton Ludlow. 

28 View of the Palisades. New Jersey. Showing early Steamboat 
Navigation on the Hudson. By William G. Wall. The artist was 
a favorite early exhibitor in the National Academy of Design, and 
delighted in Hudson River scenery. He was born in Dublin, Ire- 
land, in 1792, and came to New York in 18 18. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

29 Old Colored Wood Engraving, caricaturing Fulton's Torpedo, in 
guise of the magnetic fish of that name, accompanied with printed 
fictitious letter dated New Orleans, June 22, 181 1, and addressed 
by "Elias R. Coffin to Wm. W^oodnell." 

Loaned by Mrs. Robert Fulton Blight. 

30 Model of City of Newburgh Medal, Hudson-Fulton Celebration 
1 609-1 909 (reverse side) with profiles of Hudson and Fulton. 

Loaned by the Sculptor, H. K. Bush-Brown. 

8 



Model of City of Newburgh Medal (obverse) for the Hudson- 
Fulton Celebration, 1 609-1 909. A draped female figure, "New- 
burgh, enthroned among the Mountains of the Hudson," wel- 
comes the naval and ceremonial fleets as they pass up the river in 
review, — the Half Moon and Clermont, leading. 
Loaned by the Sculptor, H. K. Bush-Brown. 

Portrait of George Washington, painted by Charles Wilson Peale 
in 1780. Washington surveys the battle-field of Princeton, the 
horse from which he has dismounted, close behind. In the right 
perspective, are the college buildings; in the left, soldiers with 
fixed bayonets march past under the flag. This portrait was 
painted for Washington's personal friend. Judge Elisha Boudinot 
of the Supreme Court of New Jersey, Commissary of Prisoners 
in the Revolutionary War. and Chairman of the Committee of 
Safety of New Jersey. 

Three-quarter length figure. 

(Size 41 X 28 inches.) 

Loaned by Miss J. J. Boudinot. 

Portrait of De Witt Clinton by Charles C. Ingham. 

A warm, neutral background gives the figure, clad in plain 
black relieved with white stock and ruffle at the throat, the fine 
relievo effect which was one of Ingham's characteristics. The 
Governor is seated at a desk upon which rests a closed account 
book. The earnest face turns almost full-front. The head rests 
upon the right hand ; the left drops carelessly to the curved arm 
of the great red leather chair in which Mr. Clinton sits. 

(Size 40 X 49^ inches.) 

Loaned by The Ehrich Galleries. New York City. 

Charles (Cromwell) Ingham was born in Dublin in 1796 and 
arrived in the City of New York in 1816. The commanding 
qualities of his work, especially portraiture, were instantly and 
cordially recognized by the leading people of his time. "Ingham's 
Painting has a beauty and transparency of coloring marked by 
strong lights and deep tones, and an exquisiteness of finish that 
render it emphatically original as regards this country," wrote 

9 



a contemporary critic. It was Clinton (it will be remembered) 
who assembled in special session the distinguished Societies to 
which Robert Fulton belonged on learning of the inventor's death. 

34 Portrait of Washington by Rembrandt Peale. 

A characteristic medallion portrait of Washington, as Com- 
mander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, with background of 
strong sunlight. 

( Size 33 X 40 inches. ) 

Loaned by The Ehrich Galleries, New York City. 

Rembrandt Peale was born on the twenty-second of February, 
1778, in a rural district of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. His 
father was Charles Wilson Peale. 

35 Portrait of Cadwallader D. Colden by John Wesley Jarvis. 

Mr. Colden, Mayor of New York City in 1818; Representative 
to Congress in 1822; State Senator in 1825, was Robert Fulton's 
warm friend and chief biographer. The portrait shows him 
seated in a large red chair, glancing up from his desk as if ar- 
rested in his writing by some sudden thought. 

(Size 283^ X 35 inches.) 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

36 Vanderlyn's Portrait of Joel Barlow. 

Painted in 181 3. (Formerly owned by Mrs. Thomas Barlow.) 
A beautifully-toned, expressive medallion portrait of the distin- 
guished philanthropist, scholar and man of letters, who was one 
of Robert Fulton's most devoted and loyal friends. 

(Size 18 X 12^ inches.) 

Loaned by Mrs. Anica Chambers, Washington, Pa. 

37 Portrait of Napoleon L 

Painted by Andrea Appiani (Milan, 1797), and brought to 
America by Joseph Bonaparte. Napoleon was so impressed with 
the grace, harmony and interpretative genius of this countryman 
of his, that he appointed him to his special service. Appiani's 
talent won the decorations of the Legion of Honor and of the 

10 



Iron Crown of Monza, and added some of its most beautiful 
mural paintings to the Royal Palace at Milan. This remarkable 
portrait shows Napoleon dressefl in rich military costume stand- 
ing in thoughtful attitude. Three-quarter length. 

(Size 31J/2 X 33)4 inches.) 
Loaned by J. Coleman Drayton, New York City. 



8 Portrait of Robert R. Livingston by Gilbert Stuart. 

Painted about 1796, a year or so after Stuart's head of Washing- 
ton appeared. This portrait also bears witness to Stuart's "love 
of painting heads rather than bodies and inanimate details." In 
the simple costume of an American gentleman of the period, the 
Chancellor sits in a large velvet chair before a rose-draped writ- 
ing table in his study. In one hand is a letter sheet inscribed : 
"Council of Revision" (of the Constitution of the United States) ; 
another letter sheet close by is marked "Constitution of the State 
of New York." 

rSize 28 X 36^ inches.) 

Loaned by John Henry Livingston, of Clermont. 



19 Vanderlyn's Portrait of Robert R. Livingston. 

Mr. Livingston, who was Minister Plenipotentiary of the 
United States to the Court of the first Napoleon, is seen in a room 
of his Parisian residence. A warm background is afforded his 
commanding face and figure by the golden brown hangings of the 
room. In court attire, he sits in a large crimson cushioned chair 
before a green draped table, engrossed in thought of a newly- 
arrived "Plan for the establishing of an Academy of Fine Arts in 
New York." This portrait was painted at the reque.st of Napo- 
leon in 1802-03, after the purchase of Louisiana. 

John Vanderlyn, the artist (1776-1856) was born in King- 
ston, New York, and was contemporaneously the protege of Gil- 
bert Stuart and Aaron Burr. His art won the distinguished 
consideration of Napoleon I and of the American Presidents of 
his time. The above portrait is classed among the most impor- 

II 



tant of his works in Paris, during the Napoleonic era. Vander- 
lyn's canvases may be studied in the Capitol at Washington and 
in the Louvre in Paris. 

(Size 34 X 45 inches.) 
Owned by The New York Historical Society. 



'^QA Portrait in black and white of Joel Barlow, by John Vanderlyn 
in 1798. 

(Size 8x6 inches.) 
Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow, New York City. 

40 Medallion Portrait of Mrs. Walter Livingston, Mrs. Robert Ful- 
ton's mother, painted by Robert Fulton. On the reverse, Fulton 
sketched a study of his little son, Robert Barlow (usually referred 
to as "Barlow") Fulton. 

Loaned by Fulton's granddaughter, Mrs. Hermann H. Cam- 
mann, of New York City. 

Note : Walter Livingston, father of Mrs. Robert Fulton and 
cousin of Chancellor Livingston, was First Custodian of the 
United States Treasury. His wife was Cornelia (doubly a 
Schuyler) for her father belonged to the Peter Schuyler (of 
Albany) family and her mother was Gertrude, sister of General 
Philip Schuyler, whose presentation of a group of North Amer- 
ican Indians at the English Court is the subject of one of the 
historic floats of the present Commemorative Celebration. 



41 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to his Mother, dated Paris, 
July 2, 1799; — speaking of the moment as being a propitious one 
for the consideration of a treaty between France and America, 
and assuring his mother that he is saving his heart for "some 
amiable American," — malgre the charming attentions showered 
upon him abroad. With this letter he also affectionately sends 
his Mother a remittance of 18 double French guineas (about 36 
English guineas). 

Loaned by Louis S. Clarke, Haverford, Pa. 

12 



42 Photograph of Building in which Robert Fulton attended School 
in Lancaster, Pa. The building is at the corner of Penn Square 
and East King Street. The school occupied the second story. 

Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutcliffe. 

43 Color Print of the Fulton Farm. 

"A View of the Birth Place of Robert Fulton, Lancaster 

County, State of Pennsylvania," with vignette of Fulton, and 

biographic text. Drawn by John H. Sherw' in ; Color work on 

stone, L. N. Rosenthal. Published by Reigart and Bellinger, 

Philadelphia, 18^2. ,c- r 1 t/ t/-i \ 

^ ^ (Size of card, 223^ x 173/2 inches.) 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

44 Japanese vellum print, showing the Lancaster of 1800, and loca- 
ting "Store house, Barracks, Gaol, Dutch Presb'y Church, Court 
House, St. James Church, English Presbyterian Church, Lutheran 
Church, Roman Cath. Church and Friends Meeting." 

Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutcliffe. 

45 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to his brother-in-law, Da- 
vid Morris. With solicitous inquiries about his beloved mother 
and other members of the family, and giving Fulton's views on 
the Excise Law. etc. Dated London, September 12, 1796. 

Loaned by Mrs. Frank Semple, Sewickley, Pa. 

46 Autograph Letter from Robert Fulton to his mother. Dated 
Devonshire, Jany 20, 1792. Relating business transactions with 
Lord Courtney, Fulton's tour in France and his art progress 
there, and his going back to London. 

Loaned by ]\Irs. Frank Semple, Sewickley, Pa. 

47 "La Blanchiseuse." 

India ink sketch by Robert Fulton. The date, March 15, 1783, 
shows this to have been among Fulton's earliest efforts and there- 
fore is of particular interest. .-^. , , ... 
^ (Size of card 11 x 13 inches.) 

Loaned by E. Bringhurst, Jr., Wilmington, Del. 

13 



48, 50 Photographs of humorous pen and ink sketches made by Rob- 
ert Fulton in 1812-1813. One of these tells the story of his amus- 
ing "perpetual motion fraud expose." There are ten drawings in 
two frames. (Exhibited at the International Maritime Exposi- 
tion in Bordeaux. ) 

Loaned by Robert Fulton Ludlow. 

49 Pastel Portrait of Margaret Ross. By Robert Fulton in 1787. 
This charming example of Fulton's early art, shows Miss Ross as 
she was entering the social coterie of her native Philadelphia. 
She wears on her head a high-piled turban of lace, flowers and 
pearls; she is dressed in a simple low-cut white bodice and full, 
flowered skirt ; in one hand she holds an opening rose. 

Of this portrait, Fulton's great-granddaughter, Alice Crary 
Sutcliffe, says in her article on "The Early Life of Robert Ful- 
ton" (Century Magazine, September, 1908) : "The only known 
pastel portrait made by Robert Fulton is that of Margaret Ross 
at sixteen, ... at present owned by Mrs. C. S. Bradford of Phil- 
adelphia. . . . Margaret and Clementina Ross were daughters of 
John Ross, a successful merchant of Philadelphia, to whom Ful- 
ton was introduced by a letter from Dr. Franklin." 

(Oval, size gY^ x 6^ inches.) 
Loaned by Mrs. Charles Sydney Bradford, Philadelphia, 

51 Sketch in Lidia Ink. Signed by Robert Fulton. Rustic scene 
with river and ruins. ^ Sj^e 1 1 >4 x 8 ^^ inches. ) 

Loaned by E. Bringhurst, Jr., Wilmington, Del. 

52 Photograph of marble bust of Robert Fulton, executed by Bre- 
mond from the Houdon original (modelled from life), and pre- 
sented to the City Council of Charleston, South Carolina, by 
J. H. Mey, Esq. of that City. 

The pedestal is inscribed : "Robert Fulton, the Father of Steam 
Navigation ; by his genius and labor with the generous assistance 
of Robert R. Livingston, American Minister to France, he con- 
tributed largely to the Progress of Commerce throughout the 
World." 

14 



''The City of Charleston re-erects here this Memorial Bust to 
keep his Beneficent Achievements in Constant Remembrance, 
1883." 

Loaned by Mrs. xA.rthur T. Sutcliffe. 

53 Photograph of marble bust of Joel Barlow, by Jean Antoine 
Houdon. Among Houdon's chief European marbles are the 
statue of Voltaire in the peristyle of the Theatre Frangais and 
the statue of Diana ordered by Catherine II of Russia. Two of 
Houdon's works for public buildings in America are his statue of 
Washington for the Capitol in Richmond, Va., and his bust of the 
Marquis de LaFayette, for the same place. 
Original owned by Mrs. Thomas Barlow. 

1 Photograph loaned by Mrs. Anica Chambers, Washington, Pa. 

:54 Photograph of the marble statue of Robert Fulton in the Capitol 

' at Washington. The statue, which is of heroic size, shows the 

inventor seated, studying a Steamboat model, with MSS. plans 

and documents at his feet. It was executed by Howard Roberts 

in 1881. 

Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutcliffe. 

55 Colored Lithograph by H. Hay ward ( for Valentine's Manual 
1864) of Fulton Ferry. "Built of Iron 1863." 

Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutcliffe. 

56 Print reproduction of a Portrait of Fulton's friend and adviser, 
Thomas Addis Emmet, painted by Elizabeth Emimet with the as- 
sistance of Robert Fulton. The original portrait is owned by Dr. 
Thomas Addis Emmet. 

Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutclift'e. 

57 Print reproducing a Portrait of Mrs. Jane Patten Emmet, wife 
of Thomas Addis Emmet, by Elizabeth Emmet, under the direc- 
tion of Robert Fulton. 

Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutcliffe. 

15 



58 Photograph of West's Portrait of Fulton. Exhibited at the In- 
ternational Maritime Exposition of 1907, in Bordeaux. 

Loaned by Robert Fulton Ludlow, of Claverack, N. Y. 

59 Fulton's Original Bill of Disbursements from June 25, 1808, to 
April 24, 1809, for expenses incurred in altering the Clermont, 
thereafter termed the North River; also of expenditures "For the 
New Boat" (probably the Car of Neptune, or the Raritan), 
from June 9 to June 28 of the same year. An interesting item 
in this bill is : "To Mr. Roosevelt, on Mississippi expedition, 
$600." This refers to Mr. Nicholas Roosevelt's surveying tour 1 
of the Mississippi River when the establishment of Fulton's and ■ 
Livingston's Steamboat Line on Western Waters was under 
consideration. 

Loaned by Joseph B. Learmont, Montreal, Can. 

60 Original letter (date of Oct. 9, 1807) from Robert Fulton to 
Capt. Andrew Brink, commander of the Clermont. This letter, 
instructing the Captain not only how to command but how to 
obtain obedience to his commands, is an interesting key to the 
inventor's own character. 

Loaned by Mr. Benjamin Myer Brink. 

61 Four steel engravings of Fulton (framed) ; the first is by the 
United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing; the second by 
Leney for the Analetica (Magazine) ; the third is unsigned, and 
the fourth is by Murilton. 

Loaned by Mrs. Hermann H. Cammann. 

62 White-metal Medal (in silver frame) with relievo portrait of 
Robert Fulton, and the inscription : "Fulton Institute, Lancaster, 
Pa. Founded 1858." 

Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutcliffe. 

63 Steel Engraving of Robert Fulton ; by Cramp, Paternoster Row, 
London. 

Loaned by Mrs. Hermann H. Cammann, New York City. 

16 



64 Old wood engraving of Robert Fulton, "Presented to Dr. Craiy 
by the daughter of the Stewardess of The Clermont." 

Loaned by Rev. Dr. Robert Fulton Crary, Matteawan, New 
York. 

65 Five (framed) Portrait Engravings of Fulton; consecutively by 
Jackman for D. Appleton; by Leney (from West's Portrait); 
unnamed ; by Parker, and from the original painting by Chappel. 

Loaned by Mrs. Hermann H. Cammann. 

66 Original promissory note for $8,000 (payable by Robert Fulton 
to Robert R. Livingston), dated Jan. 8, 1812. 

Loaned by Robert Fulton Ludlow. 

167 Miniature by James Freeman, Paris, of Julia Fulton Blight, 
dressed in costume of 1830; with landscape background. 
Loaned by Mrs. Robert Fulton Blight. 

,68 Miniature by Robert Fulton, of Major Michael McCurdy. 

j Loaned by Mrs. George McHenry through Miss Mary S. Buck- 

1 ley of Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. 

• 69 Miniature of Robert Fulton. Painted during Fulton's residence 
I abroad. Artist unnamed. 

This Miniature was purchased about 1867, by Mr. C. Colles 
^ of Copenhagen (an uncle of the present owner) from an Art 
dealer in London, who informed Mr. Colles that it had formerly 
belonged to Fulton's friend, the Earl of Stanhope. 
Loaned by Mrs. E. Brewster, Newark, N. J. 

1 70 Miniature reproduction of West's Portrait of Robert Fulton. By 

j Robert Fulton. 

: Loaned by Mrs. Robert Fulton Blight. 

71 Ivory miniature of Robert Fulton painted by himself while in 
Paris. 

Loaned by Mrs. Joseph W. Drexel, through Mrs. John Duncan 
Emmet. 

17 



^2 Miniature (artist unknown) of Mrs. Robert (Harriet Living- 
ston) Fulton in Empire costume. 

Loaned by Mrs. Robert Fulton Blight. 

73 Miniature of Samuel Beach, painted by Robert Fulton in 1785. 

Loaned by H. A. Boardman, St. Paul, Minnesota. 

74 Watercolor head of Rev. Dr. Crary when a child. Painted by 
his Aunt, Julia Fulton. 

(Size 2x3^ inches.) 
Loaned by Rev. Dr. Robert Fulton Crary. 

75 Miniature by Mrs. Robert Fulton in 181 5, of Eugene Sue's 
"Wandering Jew." 

(Size 2% X 3%6 inches.) 
Loaned by Mrs. William Barclay Parsons, Sr., New York City. 

76 Small Clasped leather Account Book— used by Mrs. Robert Ful- 
ton, as a Memorandum of her daily expenses, and a partial family 
record ; it also contains several portraits, landscape sketches, and 
drawings. 

Loaned from the estate of Fulton's daughter, Cornelia Living- 
ston Crary. 

'jy Pencil sketch of Cornelia Livingston Fulton, by her mother, 
Mrs. Robert Fulton. 

Loaned from the estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

78 Miniature of Fulton's eldest children— Robert Barlow and Julia 
— painted from life in Paris. 

Loaned by C. F. Crary, Merrick, L. L 

79 Miniature of Robert Fulton— painted from life in Paris. 

Loaned by C. F. Crary, Merrick, L. L 

80 Miniature of Mrs. Robert Fulton— painted from life in Paris. 

Loaned by C. F. Crary, Merrick, L. L 

18 



8i Daguerreotype reproduction of black and white portrait of Ful- 
ton, by John Vanderlyn. 

Loaned by Mrs. Frank Semple, Sewickley, Pa. 

82 Photograph of carved tortoise shell back comb worn by Cornelia 
Livingston Fulton. (The original is owned by Mrs. E. C. Cam- 
mann.) 

Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutcliffe. 

83 The Compass by which Pilot Acker directed the course of Ful- 
ton's first steamboat, The Clermont. 

This compass came into the possession of Christian Cooper 
through Mr. Acker. It was presented to Robert Fulton Ludlow 
by Mrs. Cooper, April 22, 1891. 

Loaned by Robert Fulton Ludlow. 

84 Extra Illustrated Edition de luxe of "The Columbiad" by Joel 
Barlow, published in 1807 by Fry and Kammerer of Philadelphia 
and dedicated to Robert Fulton, to whom w^as due "the elegant 
selection" of the copious, rare and beautiful steel and wood en- 
gravings and color prints of classic and historic scenes and 
personages that adorn this W' ork. 3 volumes ; quarto. Book plate 
of former owner, the late Samuel Latham Mitchell Barlow. 

Frontispiece, a steel engraving of Fulton's Portrait of Mr. 
Barlow, under which is inscribed ( from the 8th book of the poem) 

. . . "The Warrior's name 
Tho' pealed and chimed in all the tongues of fame 
Sounds less harmonious to the grateful mind 
Than his who fashions and improves mankind." 

Following the frontispiece are steel engravings of the portraits 
of Fulton painted by Benjamin West and Miss Emmet. 
In his preface to the work, Mr. Barlow addresses Fulton: 
"My dear friend : This poem is your property. . . . Take it 
then to yourself and let it live a monument to our friendship . . . 
your inventive discoveries in the useful Arts, the precision and 
extension of your views in the ph3^sical sciences and in their appli- 

19 



cation to the advancement of society and morals, will render it 
proper that the lines you have selected and written under my 
portrait, should be transferred to yours. Posterity will vindicate 
the right and fix them in their place." 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow, New York City. 

85 Silver Watch of peculiar design, presented to Robert Fulton by 
the City of Plombiers. France, in 1802. near which place Fulton 
was then experimenting with the first principles of steam naviga- 
tion. 

This watch was inherited by the present loaner, Mrs. Cornelius 
H. Howard of Dorchester, Mass., from her father, Michael 
Butler. 

Loaned by Mrs. Cornelius H. Howard, Dorchester, Mass. 

86 Miniature of Walter Livingston. On the reverse of the miniature 
is inscribed : "The likeness of my beloved Father, Walter Living- 
ston. Harriet Livingston, Tiviot Dale. Livingston Manor." In 
richly wrought silver frame. 

Loaned by Mrs. William Barclay Parsons, Sr., New York City. 

87 Small Silver Snuff Box presented by Robert Fulton to his friend 
Isaac C. Cooke. 

Loaned by Mrs. William Crocheron. 

88 White Metal Memorial Medallion, with relievo of The Clermont 
on obverse ; reverse inscribed : "Sacred to the Memory of Robert 
Fulton, one of the most illustrious Benefactors of Mankind." 

Loaned by Mrs. Hermann H. Cammann, New York City. 

89 Mrs. Robert Fulton's card case of carved ivory. 

Loaned by IMrs. Hermann H. Cammann. New York City. 

90 High back comb of amber shell worn by Julia Fulton Blight. 

Loaned by Mrs. Robert Fulton Blight. 

20 



3 



91 Pair of dainty satin slippers, worn by Julia Fulton Blight. 

Loaned by Mrs. Robert Fulton Blight. 

92 Pair of slippers, in fine morocco and blue satin with silver em- 
broidery — worn by Julia Fulton Blight. 

Loaned by Mrs. Robert Fulton Blight. 

93 Old Burslem semi-China plate (E. Wood & Sons) showing a 
Union Line Steamboat on its way up the Hudson. Sea-shell 
border. 

Loaned by Samuel V. Hoffman. 

94 Jug-shaped Pitcher of rare old cream Liverpool ware (with gold 
bands) commemorating the death of Washington and the genius 
of Fulton, and bearing the arms of the United States. 

Loaned by Samuel V. Hoffman. 

95 Highly glazed white pate tendre fruit dish in gold basket-work 
on pedestal with rose du Bari bands, belonging to a service 

j used by Robert Fulton. 

! Loaned by Mrs. Robert Fulton Blight. 

I 96 Old Liverpool ware sugar bowl with lustre bands and picture of 
I Fulton's Steamboat Clermont. 

Loaned by Mrs. Hermann H. Cammann. New York City. 
\ 

f 97 Bronze Inkwell used by Robert Fulton; nautical emblems and 
I devices. 
I Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutcliffe. 

I 98 Urn-shaped V'ase from a set of highly-glazed pate tendre pre- 
I sented to Robert Fulton by Thomas Jefferson. Decorated with 

{ the Arms of the LTnited States. 

Loaned by Robert Livingston Jenkins. Lebanon, Pennsyl- 
vania, through Miss Julia A. Jenkins. 

99 Large white and blue Delft Platter with oval marine view of 
the ship Neptune passing the blockade established in Amer- 

21 



ican ports during the Louisiana territory difficulties of 1814. Con- 
cave octagon border with seaweed device. Title, and signature 
"I. and G. A." on reverse, under glaze. 

Loaned by James F. Edge, llackensack, N. J, 

100 Silver plated copper Candlestick used by Mary Fulton Morris — 
a sister of Robert Fulton. 

Loaned by John C. Alrich, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

lOi Large Colonial Silver Ladle — formerly belonging to Mary Ful- 
ton Morris, sister of Robert Fulton. Engraved with initial "M." 
Loaned by John C. Alrich, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

102 Silver plated copper Candlestick with extension-top owned by 
Mary Fulton Morris. 

Loaned by John C. Alrich, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

103 Old Burslem semi-China Plate (E. Wood & Sons) with early 
view of Albany. 

Loaned by Samuel V. Hoffman. 

104 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston (Louis- 
ville, Ky.) : Concerning the building of Fulton's boats. Dated 
New York, Aug. i, 18 14. 

Loaned from the Estate of Fulton's daughter, Cornelia Liv- 
ingston Crary. 

105 Original (Mss.) Ratification of Articles of Agreement "entered 
into and executed by you and the Hon^'^ Robert R. Livingston, 
dec^, dated Paris 'Oct. 10, 1802,' addressed to Robert Fulton, 
and signed Robert L. Livingston, Edw*^ P. Livingston." Cler- 
mont, June 21, 1 8 14. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

106 Autograph Mss. "Experiments on the model of a boat to be 
moved by a steam engine" with original drawings, dated Paris 
the 19 Nevose An 11 (January the 19th, 1803), presented to 

22 



Robert Fulton Crary — (eldest grandson of Robert Fulton and 
son of Cornelia Livingston Crary) — by his friend Philip Hamil- 
ton, son of Alexander Hamilton. Eight of these experiments 
are minutely described. 

Loaned by Rev. Dr. Robert Fulton Crary, Matteawan, N. Y. 

07 Analytical observations, calculations and experiments on and 
with "Moving Boats by Machinery" (original mss.) by Robert 
Fulton, illustrated with many mechanical drawings. 

Dated Plombieres, the 5th of June, 1802. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

08 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston; con- 
cerning contract for steamboat repairs, etc. Dated February 5th, 

' 1814. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

09 Original (signed) Mss. "Extract from the Deposition of Nich- 
olas J. Roosevelt, given and sworn to on the 28th of August, 
181 1." In this deposition, Mr. Roosevelt says: "This deponent 
believes the Steamboat as established and organized by Robert 
Fulton to be a new science, not practised nor written in any book 
which has come to the knowledge of this deponent before the 
construction of the first Steamboat on the North River by Mr. 
Fulton in 1806." 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

;io First volume of Robert Fulton's Mss. Note book on Torpedoes 
(illustrated with sketches by himself). In the opening paper, 
dated March 26, 181 3, Fulton gives full instructions for prepara- 
tory examination of and actual practise with Torpedoes. The 
second paper is a letter to Mr. Swartwout (commanding one of 
Fulton's Boats) concerning the manning of the Torpedo boat and 
the distribution of Government premiums received by such boats 
for prizes. 

The third paper contains a suggestion to attach Torpedoes to 
spars, placing these deep in the water under a line of Battleships. 

23 



Among other papers are instructions to Capt. Welden, and 
communications to Hon. William Jones, Secretary of the Navy, 
and to Commodore Decatur. The last paper is signed by Robert 
Fulton and James McGowan and is dated New York, Apr. 23. 
1814. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

111 Scientific Description of Plates Illustrating Robert Fulton's Notes 
on the Submarine Vessel, dated London, June 12th to the 20th, 
1804. These plates Mr. Fulton characterized as "the last and 
most perfect of my drawings on this subject." 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crar3^ 

112 Original Mss. by Robert Fulton "On Submarine Navigation and 
Attack." Its detailed caption is : "Reason why I directed my at- 
tention to such Inventions" — "Negociations with the British Gov- 
ernment on the Subject" — "Descriptions of the Engines and 
Several Modes of using them" — "Reasonings on the Conse- 
quences of such Inventions." . . . 

"These Papers I read to Sir Charles Blagden, Capt. Hamilton, 
the Rev. Dr. Cartwright. and Alexander Davison. Esq"", on the 
18th of August 1806," writes Fulton in the preface. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

113 Mss. letter dated Paris. 22nd Fructidore. An 9. from Robert Ful- 
ton to Citizens Monge, La Place and Volney— Members of the 
National Institut. Commissioners appointed by the First Consul 
to promote the invention of Submarine Navigation: "Giving the 
results of my experiments during the Summer, also the mode 
which I conceive the most eftectual for using the invention against 
the enemy." 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

1 14 Volume II of Robert Fulton's Note Book. From May 21st, 1804, 
to January 31st, 181 1 : containing extracts from pamphlets sent 
to Paris by Fulton to Messieurs Volney. LaPlace, Proney 
and Gueyton de Morreau of the Institut, and to Generals Rapp 

24 



and Resicourt; Messrs. Armstrong, Parker, Narderi, Short, Liv- 
insworth, Sargent, the Abbey Gregoire, and Briguet; together 
with these extracts are reports of various important Committees 
convened at that epoch, and autograph communications with and 
to the Hon. Wm. Pitt (to whom Fulton was known by his nom- 
de-plume "Robert Francis"), Lord Melville, Lord Popham, Lord 
Castlereagh, Lord Grenville, the Hon. Chas. Gray and other 
leading home and foreign state dignitaries and diplomatists. 
Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

[15 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to Mr. Prentice— dated 
New York, April 13, 1812: On the Steamboat navigation of the 
Delaware by Mr. Stevens, and the claims made by that gentleman 
and others in the matter of Steamboat invention. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

[16 Original letter of Robert Fulton— to Hon. Wm. Jones — Secre- 
tary of the Navy — illustrated with mechanical drawings. Dated 
I Apr. 19, 1813: concerning the comfort and satisfaction to be 
! experienced by properly protecting the waters of the country. 

' Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

I 

i 

117 Original Contract between Robert Fulton and Nicholas Roosevelt 
(dated i6th September, 18 13), concerning mutual interests in 
the Indian Territory. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

118 Mss. letter to Robert Fulton dated : 

"Paris, 7th Germinal, the 9th 
year of the One and Indivisable 

1st. Division Republic." 

Bureau des 

Ports. 

Referring to the writer's letter (date of the 8th Ventos) an- 
nouncing the First Consul's acceptance of Fulton's proposition 

25 



concerning the Nautilus, and detailing the arrangements made 
for her purchase and safe conveyance into the port of Brest. 

Signed: "Forfait." 
Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

119 Translation of 118. 

120 Autograph letter to Robert Fulton from Chevalier Ch. Paul 
Svenine, dated 19th May, 1813 — concerning the introduction of 
Fulton's Steamboat into Russia, — towards which attainment the 
Chevalier had been influential. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

121 Original letter from Boulton, Watt & Co. to Robert Fulton, 
dated Soho, 26th Ocf 181 1 — advising the inventor that they 
await his instructions as to the delivery of a Cylinder, a brass Air 
pump, etc., for shipment to America. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

122 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston, dated 
New York, Jany. 26, 1814 — with statement of the expenses of 
the Mississippi boats and the Capital subscribed for the same. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

123 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston, dated 
New York, Feb. 8, 18 14: counselling the constant and sys- 
tematic practise of economy, "in this new and expensive under- 
taking," and expressing surprise at extra cost of building the 
boats therein mentioned. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

124 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston, dated 
New York, Feb. 14, 1814: concerning Edward Livingston's pur- 
chase of interests in the Mississippi boat. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

26 



ffir 



25 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston, dated 
New York, Feb. 15, 181 4: concerning expenses for putting the 
Vesuvius in order. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary, 

26 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston— dated 
New York, March 5th, 1814: on the passage of the Vesuvius 
under command of Capt. Ogden, and on Mr. Gale's appointment 
as Supercargo. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

27 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston — dated 
New York, March 9, 1814: concerning the departure of Capt. 

! Pales, Livingston's sale of patentee's rights, etc. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

[28 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston — dated 
Albany April 9, 1814: concerning transactions with Capt. Ogden, 
etc. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

|[29 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston— dated 
New York, April 19, 1814: relative to the sailing of the Vesu- 
vius, etc. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

[30 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston — con- 
cerning prompt returns of Steamboat earnings. 
Dated New York, April 21, 1814. 
Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

[31 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston — dated 
New York, April 30th, 1814: concerning Capt. Ogden's obliga- 
tion for the safe delivery of the Vesuvius at New Orleans. 
Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

^7 



132 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston : con- 
cerning the happy prospect for New Orleans Steamboat traffic, 
etc. 

Dated New York, June 28, 1814. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

133 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston: rela- 
tive to the success of the Vesuvius, etc. 

Dated New York, May 9, 18 14. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

134 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston. Dated 
Nov. 18, 1814: regarding purchase of Mississippi shares. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

135 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston dated 
New York, Sept. 22, 1814: announcing the appointment of Capt. 
Clement as commander of the Vesuvius — vice Capt. Ogden. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

136 Probate Mss. Copy of the Will of Robert Fulton, certified by Sil- 
vanus Miller (Surrogate) at the City of New York the 27th day 
of February, 181 5. as "a true copy." The ORIGINAL WILL is 
in the possession of the Estate of Fulton's daughter, Cornelia 
Livingston Crary. 

Loaned by the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

137 Original issue of a New York newspaper — "The Columbian" — 
dated Feb. 25, 181 5— with Notice of the death of Fulton and Res- 
olutions on this event, framed by the distinguished Societies of 
which he was a member. 

Loaned by the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

138 Autograph Mss. of Fulton's Essay: ''To the Friends of Mankind 
on the Advantages of Free Trade," commencing : "If we are ani- 
mated by a virtuous desire to aid the cause of humanity and hope 
to see mankind arrive at a state of tranquillity, justice and friend- 

28 



ship of which their nature is capable, it is necessary we should 
understand the true and simple interests of society or— with the 
best wishes for the public welfare — we should be liable to follow 
established errors." 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

139 Original Mss. Essay by Robert Fulton, 'Thoughts on Free 
Trade" — commencing: "It is almost needless to remark that if 
Nations Industriously improved their local Advantages and ex- 
changed their produce with their neighbors without duty or in- 
terruption, the cause of jealousies and wars would, in a great 
measure, be removed, and Peace — producing Abundance and 
happiness — would be more within the reach of Mankind." 

Dated Oct. 9, 1797. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

140 Autograph letters written in Paris, 1798, by Robert Fulton to the 
Earl of Stanhope. 

Explaining Fulton's projects for the Construction of Canals. 
Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

141 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston, dated 
New York, July 28, 1813— presenting Mr. Hurley, for whom 
"every information and facility in collecting timber for a Steam- 
boat," etc., is requested. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

142 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston, dated 
New York, September 7th, 181 3, with inquiries as to the build, 
capacity and services of the Comet and instructions regarding 
vouchers for expenditures for the New Orleans boats, etc. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

143 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston, dated 
New York, October 22nd, 1813, specifying disbursements from 
enclosed draft. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

29 



144 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston, dated 
New York, October 28th, 1813: enclosing funds and orders for 
the finishing and manning of the Mississippi boats, etc. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

145 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston, dated 
New York, Nov, 4, 181 3: concerning moneys expended for 
Mississippi Line, etc. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

146 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston, dated 
Philadelphia, Nov. nth, 1813; with enclosure for Edward Liv- 
ingston. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

147 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Livingston, dated 
New York, November 26, 181 3 : Describing the start of the Ful- 
ton : "the handsomest thing in the world," and her trial race to 
Newburgh against the Paragon. 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

148 Mss. of Address delivered by Philip Hone (Mayor of New York 
City) July 4, 1826— in celebrating the opening of the Erie Canal. 

His Honor then presented a gold medal to the children of 
Robert Fulton (through Fulton's illustrious friend, Mr. Colden) 
with these words : "For the benefits resulting from this mo- 
mentous discovery" (the power of Steam against wind and tide) 
"the United States are indebted to the Talents and Perseverance 
of Robert Fulton and for this his Country delights to honor his 
memory. . . . Few individuals in our country have possessed 
stronger claims upon its Gratitude than your lamented Father." 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

149 Colored Lithograph "Launch of the Steam Frigate, Fulton the 
First at New York 29*^ Oct. 1814"— (from the original sketch 
by Morgan). Published in Valentine's Manual, 1852. 

Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutcliffe. 

30 



150 Colored Map "of that part of the Town of Jersey commonly 
called Powles Hook" — drawn by Stephen Denfer in Newark, 
March 16, 1813 — from "A True Copy." 

Loaned from the Estate of Cornelia Livingston Crary. 

151 Portfolio of 12 detailed Watercolor drawings (by Robert Fulton) 
of Steamships and Steamship Mechanism, — with accompanying 
text and explanatory "Definitions, Tables and Calculations in the 
words of the said Robert Fulton himself, of his Discoveries, In- 
ventions and Improvements on Steamboats," with the seal of 
the United States and the signature of James Monroe. 

Dated : "City of Washington, the 24th day of January, A. D. 
1816." 
Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

152 Portfolio of Original Washdrawing plans and details, presented 
to M. Augustin de Betancourt, Paris, by Robert Fulton. 

"For the Construction of Canals on cheap principles." Vende- 
maire the i8th. An 7. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

153 "Sur les Moyens proposes pour la destruction des Vaisseaux de 
Guerre, la defense des Ports et des Rades." By Robert Fulton. 
(Bulletin de la Societe d'Encouragement, No. LXXIII.) En- 
graved plate, folded. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

T54 (New York) American Citizen, Monday, August 17, 1807. 

With notice, (page 2, column 3), of the sailing of Mr. Fulton's 
Steamboat — from the North River near the State Prison, — to 
Albany. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

155 New York Evening Post, Saturday, August 22, 1807: Contain- 
ing (page 3, column 2), a Letter of Robert Fulton dated New 

31 



York, August 20 — describing his trip on the Clermont from New- 
York to Albany and return. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

156 Group of Four Lithographs from Valentine's Manual for 1859: 

The Fulton Ferry Boat Wm. Cutting, 1827. 

The Fulton Ferry Boat Olive Branch, 1836. 

The Fulton Ferry Boat Union, 1836. 

The Fulton Ferry Boat Over, 1840. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

With these — is an engraving (by America's first wood engraver 
— Alexander Anderson) — of Fulton's Steamboat Paragon- 
built in 181 1. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

i56APrint of the Troy Steamboats Erie and Champlain (built in 
1832) passing "Saint Anthony's Nose" on the North River. 
Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

157 Photograph of Letter (original in British Museum) from Robert 
Fulton to Citoyen Directeur Baras) dated 6 Brounaire, An 7, call- 
ing attention to the great protection to Maritime commerce 
afforded by the adoption of Fulton's Torpedo System. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

158 Ledger 1812 to 1833 inclusive of disbursements from the Liv- 
ingston and other Estates to various parties and individuals. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

159 Printed Appeal for "contributions towards discharging to Ful- 
ton's heirs the heavy debt due to that illustrious benefactor of 
mankind, and to them." 

Signed by Matthew, Carey and twelve others. 

Dated: Philadelphia, Sept. 3, 1830. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

160 Robert Fulton's Family Tree. 

Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutcliffe. 

32 



i6i Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to J. Pintard, Esq., dated 
New York, Oct. 17, 18 14, transmitting General Gate's papers to 
The New York Historical Society, 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

162 Robert Fulton. Torpedo War and Submarine Explosions, with 
5 plates and one original pen drawing. Dedicated to President 
Madison and the Members of both Houses of Congress. New 
York, 18 10. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

163 Original letter from Robert Fulton to Robert R. Livingston of 
Clermont, New York, dated Washington, November the 20th, 
1807, outlining plans and cost of new boats demanded by greatly 
increased Hudson River passenger and boat traffic; with partial 
outline of proposed hull. 

Loaned by Samuel V. Hoffman. 

164 Robert R. Livingston's Account Book. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

165 Photograph of original illustrated letter written by Robert Fulton 
(dated New York, Nov. 26, 1814) concerning the weight the ice 
of Lake Ontario would sustain ; a plan to surprise the enemy at 
Kingston, and promising utility presented by the invention of the 
new steam frigate. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

t66 Plans of the Hudson River Steamboat Chancellor Livingston 
built from Fulton's last plans ; this steamboat was next in tonnage 
to Fulton the First. Engraved in 1820 by Akrell. 
Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

167 Four photographs giving three different views of a clockwork, 
flintlock Submarine Torpedo invented by Robert Fulton in 181 2, 
and showing the inscription on the Torpedo as seen at the War 
Department Exhibit at the Jamestown, Va., Celebration. 

33 



The original Torpedo is owned by Col. Cornelius Cadle of 
Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

i68 Wood engraving published by B. Tanner (Philadelphia, March 27, 
1 81 5) and drawn by J. Barralet from a sketch made by M. Mor- 
gan on the spot and at the moment of the "Launch of the Steam 
Frigate Fulton the First, New York, 29th Oct. 1814." (Illus- 
trative of Fulton's work on "Steam Navigation for Floating Bat- 
teries," written in the spring of 1814. ) The Fulton the First 
(Tonnage 2475) was the first Steam Vessel of War in the World. 
Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

169 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to Mamy West, dated 
Dover (Eng.) October i6th, 1805, graphically detailing Fulton's 
successful Torpedo attack on a Danish brig in Walmer Roads ; 
this experiment was made to show that the failure at Bologne 
was entirely due to faulty arrangements. 

Loaned by Samuel V. Hoffman. 

170 Group of 14 documents of great importance in the history of the 
invention of the Steamboat. To quote from one of them : "They 
were all once in the possession of John D. DeLacey, who was 
the business agent of Chancellor Livingston and Robert Fulton 
in their Steamboat enterprises." 

Original memorandum of an agreement on the use of their 
patent rights in the construction of Steamboats, by Robert Fulton 
and Robert R. Livingston on the one part and John Stevens on 
the other part ; all in the handwriting of Robert Fulton. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

171 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to Senator Stephen Rowe 
Bradley, dated New York, March 5, 1810, expressing Fulton's 
gratitude for the passage of the vote for "a sum sufficient to 
prove principles which I hope even those who were opposed will 
hereafter be convinced are of infinite importance to our country." 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

34 



1/2 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to Paul Hamilton, Secre- 
tary of the Navy, dated New York, May 9th, 1810, explaining 
the use of moneys voted by Congress for Torpedo experiments, 
stating his expenses in attaining the result, and establishing a 
caveat against party pretensions. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

173 Original Mss. Contract between Livingston, Fulton and DeLacey 
(dated Oct. 27, 1812) — for the construction and service of a 
Steamboat line to navigate the James River and adjacent waters ; 
with Affidavit of Peter Lohra, Notary Public, Philadelphia. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

174 Original Mss. Articles of Agreement entered into between Robert 
R. Livingston and Robert Fulton, January 26, 1813. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

175 Autograph letter from D. Mackenzie, President of the Appo- 
mattox Steamboat Company, to Robert Fulton, dated Petersburg, 
April 13, 1813; on the subject of the proposed Steamboat line. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

176 Original draft (in DeLacey's handwriting) of Fulton's letter to 
John Stanley, Esq., dated New York, Dec, 1813, concerning the 
application of John Stevens for exclusive privilege to run Steam- 
boats on the waters of North Carolina. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

177 Exception to Award in Canal Case. Robert Fulton, John L. Sulli- 
van, 18 1 3. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

178 Autograph Memorandum by Mr. Fulton on "Steam Floating 
Batteries," dated Spring, 18 14, and prepared for newspaper pub- 
lication in Washington. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

35 



179 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John D. DeLacey, dated 
Albany, March 20th, 1814, referring to the construction of Ful- 
ton's boats. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

180 Original letter from Robert Fulton to Mr. Monroe, dated Rosses 
Tavern, Dec. 2.y, 1814; concerning Dr. Thornton at the patent 
office in Washington and his statements as to Dalton's inventions. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

181 Original Mss. "Summary of the contents of the several papers of 
vouchers connected with my contracts with Livingston and Ful- 
ton" — in autograph of DeLacey — by whom the document was 
drawn up. Dated: Philadelphia, Jan. 7, 1828. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

182 Estates of Robert R. Livingston and Robert Fulton (deceased) 
in account with John D. DeLacey, January, 1828. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

183 In equity — John D. DeLacey vs. Representatives of Robert R. 
Livingston and Robert Fulton, February 3, 1828. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

184 The case of James Jackson, ex dem, Martha Bradstreet vs. John 
Kirtland, in the United States District Court, for the Northern 
District of the State of New York. 

Dated, January 7, 1829. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

185 List of Witnesses to Contract of Appomattox Steamboat Com- 
pany. 

Petersberg, Va., 1828. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

186 Opinion of John D. DeLacey, on international law. Dated New 
York, 1828. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

36 



1 87 Original Mss. Notes by Robert Fulton defining- the meaning and 
purpose of "Equity," "Virtue" and— conjointly — of "laws con- 
trolling patents." The concluding words of this manuscript show 
it to have been part of an appeal to the Bench : "It is to defeat this 
ungenerous, this unjust attack on my rights and the arts of our 
country, that your honor is to decide in equity." 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

1 88 Original Contract with Specifications between Robert Fulton 
and James Bennett, dated New York, May 12, 1809, for the 
construction of the Boiler of Fulton's Steamboat the "Car of 
Neptune." 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

189 Original letter to Frederick DePeyster, Esq. (Second-Vice-Presi- 
dent of The New York Historical Society), from Richard Varick 
DeWitt, who prepared the Watercolor picture of the North River 
or Clermont, and the vignette of the Clermont, for presentation 
to The New York Historical Society. Dated Albany, October 
28, 1858. This letter authenticates and explains Mr. DeWitt's 
ability to make the drawing. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

190 Drawing by Richard Varick DeWitt of Robert Fulton's Fulton 
the First, with deck and working plans vignetted in margin. 

"At the commencement of the year 18 14 Mr. Fulton submitted 
to the coast and harbour defense committee, the model and plans 
for this vessel of war. Without delay a memorial was addressed 
by this Committee to Congress praying that measures be adopted 
for executing Mr. Fulton's plan." The frigate was launched 
October 29, 18 14 — with music and gaiety in the presence of great 
crowds. But Fulton's soul may be said to have gone out in this 
supreme achievement. He died in Februar}^, 181 5; it was on the 
4th of the following July that his steam frigate made her first 
passage to the ocean and back. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

37 



191 Photograph of letter from Robert Fulton to Benjamin West, 
dated New York, May 9, 1810. 

In this letter Fulton states to his friend that all doubts are re- 
moved as to the power of his invention. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

192 Photograph of Fulton's letter to Mamy West, dated Dover, Oct. 
16, 1805 (with a graphic relation of his successful torpedo ex- 
periments in Walmer Roads). 

Loaned by Samuel V. Hoffman. 

193 Statement by DeLacey (Broadside) concerning his exploration 
of Southern waters. Dated July, 181 3. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

194 Three engravings (2 by Leney) from West's Portraits of Ful- 
ton. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

195 Autograph letter— dated May 11, 1803 (probably from Barlow 
to Fulton), concerning the writer's explanation to Lord Stanhope 
of Fulton's idea of applying steam to the movements of boats, 
etc. 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

196 Autograph letter from Thomas Jefferson to Joel Barlow. 

Dated: Washington, Jan. 19, 1804. Cordially endorsing 
Jefferson's Secretary— Mr. Harvie— and praying Mr. Barlow to 
return (from Paris) and write the history of federalism, "which 
is in its last agonies." ... "A more instructive lesson can never 
be offered to our country." 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

197 Copy of Robert Fulton's letter to Geo. W. Erving, Consul and 
Ag-ent for the United States in London dated Paris, March 4, 
1804: concerning the shipping to New York of a steam engine 
which the British Government had already permitted to go to 

38 



other countries; with postscript by Joel Barlow in guarantee of 
the necessary funds for the transaction. 
Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

198 Autograph letter to Fulton, dated Washington, March 30, 1806, 
on a suggested matrimonial alliance in England. Its eloquent, 
intimate wording points to Joel Barlow as the writer. 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

199 Autograph letter from Joel Barlow to Nathaniel Cutting (Charles- 
ton, S. C.) dated Philadelphia, Dec. 15, 1806. Concerning Mr. 
Barlow's anxiety about Fulton's journey in the then very in- 
clement weather. 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

200 Autograph letter from Joel Barlow to his wife concerning dif- 
ferent residences in Washington (President Washington's among 
them) under Mr. Barlow's consideration for their own estab- 
lishment in that city. 

Dated March 17, 1807. 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

201 Autograph letter from Thomas Jefferson to Joel Barlow. Dated : 
Washington, Dec. 25, 1808. Concerning the utility of full and 
regular reports on American manufactures, etc. 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

202 Autograph letter from James Madison to Joel Barlow, dated 
Williamsburg, Va., Oct. 6, 1809. 

Thanking Mr. Barlow for forwarding his reply to M. Gregoire 
and referring to Mr. Barlow's essay on the establishing of a 
National University. 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

203 Autograph letter from James Madison to Joel Barlow. Dated 
Williamsburg, Va., Oct. 21, 1809. Commending Mr. Barlow's 
efforts for National improvement. 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

39 



204 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to Joel Barlow, referring 
to English reviews of The Columbiad. Dated July i, 1810. 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

205 Autograph letter from Thomas Jefferson to Joel Barlow. Dated : 
Monticello, March 11, 181 1. Praying Mr. Barlow's care of an 
enclosed letter with remittance of £200 sterling to Gen. Kosciuzko 
— "about the amount" (the letter states) "that he annually re- 
ceives from this country." 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow, New York City. 

206 Autograph letter to Robert Fulton (unsigned, but obviously from 
Mr. Barlow) dated: Washington, July 17, 181 1 ; with farther in- 
structions concerning Conrad's account, and a mention of the 
Review of Robert Smith's Address of which it says : "It must not 
he knozvii zvho zvrote it. Mind that." 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

207 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to Joel Barlow — dated New 
York, June 28, 181 1: concerning a certified copy of Fulton's 
transfer of one-half his United States patents to Robert R. Liv- 
ingston, and Mr. Barlow's deposition in the Thornton case. 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

208 Autograph letter (probably from Joel Barlow) to Robert Fulton. 

Dated Washington, July 20, 181 1. Recommending the ability 
and earnestness of Latrobe. Also concerning account for Colum- 
biad plates. 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

209 Autograph letter from Joel Barlow to Robert Fulton, dated 
Washington, July, 28, 181 1: concerning Thornton's deposition, 
the early editions of The Columbiad, etc. 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

210 Original Mss. Order to C. A. Conrad & Co. (Philadelphia), to 
deliver to Robert Fulton or his order, all remaining copies of The 
Columbiad, all material for that work, etc. 

40 



Dated Washington, 30 July, 181 1 and signed by Joel Barlow. 
Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

:i Autograph letter from Mr. Barlow to Mr. Fulton, dated ''off the 
Capes of Virginia" — 5 Aug. 181 1. 
Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

212 Autograph letter from Joel Barlow to Robert Fulton, dated: 
"Frigate Constitution — 14 Aug. (1811)" — advising the Fultons 
of their health and safety. 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

213 Autograph letter from Joel Barlow to Robert Fulton. 
I Dated: Hampton Roads, Aug. 2, 181 1. 

Containing instructions as to final settlement with the printers 
of The Columbiad, and speaking of the cordial friendship for 
Fulton entertained by "Mr. and Mrs. Madison, Mr. Gallatin, Mr. 
Hamilton and Mr. Monroe." 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

214 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to the Messrs. Conrad— 
dated Sept. 16, 181 1. 

Concerning their account with Mr. Barlow and giving details 
of same. 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

215 Autograph letter from Mrs. Joel Barlow to Cadwallader D. Col- 
den, with sketch of Fulton's life for publication. 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

216 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to Joel Barlow— dated 
Apr. 19, 1812: 

Identifying missing letters, giving an account of Fulton's trans- 
actions with Conrad, and speaking of the intense interest attend- 
ing Mr. Barlow's newspaper communications from abroad. 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

41 



217 Humorous "Dialogue between wife and Toot" (Fulton) ad- 
dressed "A Madame Barlow, Rue de Vangirard No. 950, a Paris" 
with Calais Postmark and Memoranda. 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

218 Memoranda of "534 Copies" (probably of The Columbiad) 
found in the possession of Mr. Conrad. 

Dated: Philadelphia, Feb. 27, 1812. 
Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

219 Newspaper Clipping— Time Schedule— of New York Steamboats 
Rariton, Phoenix and North River, 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow, 

i 

220 Original (mss.) letter (unsigned) from Robert Fulton to Joel | 
Barlow, concerning depositions in the Thornton case to "come up | 
the 15th of July." 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T, Barlow. 



221 "Napoleon's passage at Warsaw"— a graphic description by 
Joel Barlow of Napoleon's flying trip incognito to meet the Duke 
at Wilma, of his arrival at Warsaw— and of his discourse there 
before the Council of State, Count Potowsky, and the French 
Ambassador. 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T. Barlow. 

222 Original Mss. Notes for Dr. Thornton's Deposition concerning 
Steamboats constructed by Robert Fulton, and the claims of Mr. 
Stevens. 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T, Barlow. 

223 Memoranda (original Mss.) by Samuel G. Olmstead— Dated 
New York, Sept. 21st, i860 — giving a list of original likenesses 
of Joel Barlow by distinguished painters and modellers. 

Loaned by Hon. Peter T, Barlow. 

42 



4 



224 Group of original Robert Fulton Manuscripts as follows : Essay 
!.° on Steamboats reviewing the injustice of others' claims to Ful- 
ton's inventions. 

Original Mss. Notes by Fulton — defining the irresponsibility 
of Messrs. Livingston and Fulton for defects in steamboats copied 
after theirs and built *'in contempt of the patent laws of the 
United States, . . . and of a law passed by this State granting 
to Livingston and Fulton certain privileges to enable them to , . . 
establish these useful boats on the Hudson River." Mss. let- 
ter (i) dated Aug. 19, 181 1— to Robert R. Livingston concern- 
ing the defense of their rights in the coming struggle at Albany 
and outlining the points to be adhered to in the defense; 
(2) March 31, 181 2, to Robert R. Livingston, Clermont, telling 
how absorbingly the inventor had been occupied with "the ar- 
rangements, combinations and construction of our boats from the 
experiment of 1802 to the (then) present day"; (3) July 7, 1812, 
to R. R. Livingston concerning certain proposals made and bills 
due. (4) July 13, 1812, concerning copies of Count Rumford's 
treatise on "Light" and relating a conversation with Aaron Burr; 
(5) July 15, 1812, to Aaron Burr concerning the attack on Ful- 
ton's right to the invention of the Steamboat; (6) July 23, 1812, 
narrating the first triumphant passage of Fulton's Steam ferry- 
boat against wind and tide; (7) Oct. 6, 181 2, to R. R. Livingston, 
referring to statement of private accounts, and to contract with 
Mr. Cutting. (8) Sept. 14, 1813, a carefully detailed defense of 
the Fulton patent; (9) Oct. 2, 1813, to the Messrs. Livingston 
concerning disbursements for the construction of Boats which 
were their joint private property. (10) Original drawing by 
Fulton of plan of Steamboat boiler; (11) Original drawing also 
by Fulton, of plan of Steamboat. 

Loaned by Allen C. Thomas, Haverford College, Haver- 
ford, Pa. 

238 Original Mss. Memorandum of Clermont Steamboat Partnership 
Agreement — between Robert R. Livingston and Robert Fulton. 
Dated Oct. 10, 1802. 

Loaned by John Henry Livingston, of Clermont. 

43 



239 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to Messrs. Edward P. and 
Robert L. Livingston announcing the retirement of the Fulton 
and the readiness of the Richmond for active service in her place. 

Dated June the 30th, 18 14. 

Loaned by John Henry Livingston, of Clermont. 

240 Petition (print of the time) issued by R. R. Livingston and 
Robert Fulton, June 18, 18 10, for protection of their Steamboat 
rights and privileges. 

An Act "For granting to Robert R. Livingston and Robert 
Fulton the sole right and advantage of making and employing 
for a limited time the Steamboat or Boats by them invented." 

Loaned by John Henry Livingston, of Clermont. 

241 Original letter from A. N. Hoffman of New York to Edward P. 
Livingston, Esq. of Clermont, announcing the death of Robert 
Fulton on the morning of Thursday, Feb. 23, 181 5. 

Loaned by John Henry Livingston, of Clermont. 

242 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to John Brekenbrough. 

Dated New York, Oct. 13th, 18 14. Concerning purchase of 
the Richmond, Steam Navigation on the James River, etc. 
Loaned by Mrs. Robert Fulton Blight. 



243 Autograph letter dated Albany, June 12, 1857, from Paul Sab- 
baton, Fulton's later period Engine builder and Engineer, to J 
Franklin Reigart. 

This letter is a tender tribute from one who intimately knew 
the inestimable services rendered by Fulton, and his character — 
that combined "all the traits of a man with the gentleness of a 
child." 

Loaned by Mrs. Robert Fulton Blight. 

244 Autograph letter dated New York, April 18, 18 14, from Robert 
Fulton to John R. Livingston. "No liberality is returned for lib- 
erality given," wrote Fulton. "Such close management demands a 

44 



1 



close and well-guarded bargain." The management of the Rari- 
ton's finances, is the subject under discussion. 
Loaned by Mrs. Hermann H. Cammann. 

245 Autograph letter dated New York, May 2, 1814, from Robert 
Fulton to R. Lewis (in reply to a communication from Col. 
Hazel wood Parish, Secretary of the Potomack Steamboat Com- 
pany) ; explaining to the subscribers the great increase of expenses 
in building the Steam Frigate — Fulton the First and assuring 
them of her satisfying soundness, and her promise of abundant 
returns. 

Loaned by Mrs. Hermann H. Cammann. 

246 Autograph letter from Robert Pulton to Edward P. Livingston, 
under date of New^ York, June 25, 1814; — this letter is a plea 
that each party to the Livingston-Pulton partnership recognize 
and pursue his own duties in and toward the business. "Again," 
(writes Fulton) "I invite you to give a plan of what part or por- 
tion of the business you will superintend and execute with that 
constancy and perseverance with which I attend to our concerns ; 
I do not ask you and Robert to do more than I do, but I have a 
right to ask you to do as much." 

Loaned by Mrs. Hermann H. Cammann. 

247 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to Joseph Bringhurst, Post- 
master at Wilmington, Del., on his (Fulton's) cession to Mr. 
Stevens of "the unrivalled run on the Delaware and Chesapeake 
waters." Dated Washington, Jan. 23, 181 1. 

Loaned by E. Bringhurst, Jr. 

248 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to Joseph Bringhurst, dated 
New York, Aug. 27, 1813 — concerning the cession to Mr. 
Stevens, — the verification of Fulton's predictions about Coxe, and 
the inventor's ambitious aim to perfect the plans then under 
process — which w^ould enable "America to say that she has the 
most perfect w-ater communication on this globe" ; also first men- 
tioning his serious condition of health as induced by constant, 

45 



m\ 



arduous application to his work; — here he says : "Hitherto I have 
not sought money for monies sake, but to enable me to be useful 
to my country and mankind." 
Loaned by E. Bringhurst, Jr. 

249 Original Mss. of Disbursements (autograph of Robert Fulton) 
for Steamboat expenses (building and incidentals) from June 25, 
1808 to June 28, 1809. 

Loaned by Joseph B. Learmont, Montreal. 

250 Copy of autograph letter from Robert Fulton to Thomas Jeffer- 
son — (date: New York, March 28''' 1810) — containing "sketch 
of a self-acting Behir Hydraulic" with explanation of same. In 
his "thoughts of the probable effects of this invention" — Fulton 
wrote : "Thus French Torpedo boats might destroy the English 
blockading fleet before Boulogne and take command of the 
British Channel. Should it be proved that Torpedo boats can at- 
tack ships of war with success It will be seen that a fleet going to 
sea being well provided with good row-boats and Torpedoes, 
could if it came into action with another fleet put out its tor- 
pedo boats harpoon and blow up the enemy even while engaged ; 
had the french been thus provided it is probable that Lord Nel- 
son's fleet would have been destroyed at Trafalgar." . . . The 
use of Torpedo Boats "on the narrow seas of Europe" . . . 
"must result in a war to the total extermination of trade or a 
convention for a perfect liberty of the seas." . . . "hence the suc- 
cess is of such immense importance to these states to civilization 
and to mankind that everything should be done to clearly demon- 
strate its powers." 

The original letter is owned by J. Pierpont Morgan, by whose 
courtesy this copy is shown. 

251 Autograph letter (dated New York, Feb. 22, 1814), from Robert 
Fulton to Isaac Cox Barnet, Esq. (Paris) regarding certain 
transactions in Illinois lands— between Mr. Seth Hunt and 
John Francis Meyneaud "now Baron Meyneaud de Pancement, 
—and his wife, who is heiress to Philipe Renaut, deceased"—, 

46 



and Mr. Fulton's offer (representing also others interested in 
the acquisition) through Mr. Barnet, and under certain condi- 
tions, to pay the sum of 80,000 francs for the lands in question. 
Loaned by Mrs. Elizabeth B. French. 

252 Copy of a letter dated Paris, Aug. 4, 18 14, addressed to Robert 
Fulton, by Isaac Cox Barnet (Paris) — concerning the latter's 
efforts for Major Hunt, Mr. Fulton and others interested, to 
bring about desired transactions in Illinois lands, between them- 
selves and Baron Meyneaud de Pancement. 

Loaned by Mrs. Elizabeth B. French. 

253 True Copy (verified by Fulton) of a letter addressed to Robert 
Fulton by John C. Barnet— and dated Paris, Sept. 10, 1814; en- 

I closing copies of two interesting communications concerning the 
transfer of Illinois lands pertaining to M. le Baron Meyneaud 
de Pancement and his wife, heiress to Philipe Renaut. The 
: first — from the Baron — (dated Gennerard, August 20, 1814) as- 
sures Mr. Barnet that both the Baron and his son-in-law Count 
j de Tournon — prefect of Rome, had strenuously occupied them- 
I selves preparing the desired information concerning the lands 
above mentioned; that various proposals for their sale had been 
\ made to the Baron, and 3^et that as "the times are now more favor- 
I able than ever to go to Louisiana, if these gentlemen will make a 
I fair offer, if it suits me, I will again treat with them," etc., etc. 

Mr. Barnet (in his reply) refutes the Baron's assertion as to 
i the favorableness of the times in Louisiana, referring to the 
blockade established by England in American ports as still un- 
broken and unlikely to be for some time, and to the friendship 
of France to Louisianians whose interests were so identified with 
the fortunes of Louis XVI. ; also begging the Baron's immediate 
attention to the matter — so as speedy an answer as the condition 
of the times would permit — might be conveyed to the waiting 
parties in America. 

Loaned by Mrs. Elizabeth B. French. 

554 Autograph letter (signed) from Robert Fulton to Joshua Gilpin, 
dated Paris, November the 20th, 1798. Concerning Canal Con- 

47 



struction and other of Fulton's matters in which the French Gov- 
ernment was interested. 

Loaned by Rev. Wm. Bernard Gilpin, Hoboken, N. J. 

255 Autograph letter (signed) from Robert Fulton to Joshua Gilpin 
dated Paris, September 17, 1798. Acknowledging receipt of Mr. 
Gilpin's letters of introduction to eminent persons in France, and 
speaking of the adoption of Fulton's plan for the Canal from 
Paris to Dieppe and Cambrai, this triumph being cause for the 
inventor's decision to continue in France until close of the follow- 
ing Spring. 

Loaned by Rev. Wm. Bernard Gilpin, Hoboken, N. J. 

256 Autograph letter written June 24, 1814 by Robert Fulton to 
Thomas Addis Emmet— concerning the extent of Chancellor Liv- 
ingston's claims on Fulton's inventions. 

Loaned by John D. Crimmins. 

257 Photograph of letter written by Robert Fulton to Citoyen Di- 
recteur Baras. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

258 Photographic reproduction of autograph letter from Robert Ful- 
ton to Ch. Paul Svenine, concerning the Russian Government's 
proposed establishment of a Steamboat to run from St. Peters- 
burgh to Cronstadt, — and duration of rights of same. 

Dated New York, July 26, 1812. 
Loaned by Samuel V. Hoffman. 

259 Autograph Letter from Robert Fulton to John Hoge, Dated Lon- 
don, Oct. 20, 1805. (Which date was just four days after Ful- 
ton's triumphant Torpedo test in Walmer Roads.) 

The gentleman herein addressed appears to be the "Mr. Hogg" 
to whom Fulton gave rights of Attorney in 1793, instructing him 
then (and in 1794) to divide his Pennsylvania properties among 
the members of his family in suchwise "as to best meet their 
individual merits and necessities." 

Loaned bv the Chicago Historical Society. 

48 



260 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to David Morris, dated 
London, May 21st, 1793. 

In Fulton's brightest and most intimate vein. He discusses 
family matters — instructs in the transference of his real estate 
properties; dwells upon his anxiety concerning the Indian perils, 
their home, and glows with triumph at the growing fame of his 
friend, Benjamin West. This letter was written during the 
"Birmingham Period" when Fulton was so happily devoted to 
Mechanical study in the "great workshop." 

Loaned by the Chicago Historical Society. 

261 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to his brother-in-law, David 
Morris, dated London, April i, 1794. Containing further instruc- 
tions in regard to the division of his property and graphically 
picturing the War spirit of the time in Europe. A paragraph 
relating to the independent position of America concludes with : 
"The Art of Peace should be the study of every young American." 

Loaned by The Chicago Historical Society. 

1262 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to his mother, date of Lon- 
don, Nov. 21, 1790. Amusedly contradicting absurd rumors in 
the American newspapers that he was receiving a large annuity 
for painting the Royal family. 

Loaned by Louis S. Clarke, Haverford, Pa. 

'263 Autograph Letter from Robert Fulton to his mother (dated 
Paris, July 2nd, 1799). 

Loaned by Louis S. Clarke. 

264 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to his mother— dated Lon- 
don, April 14, 1789— speaking enthusiastically of the admission 
of his pictures to the Royal Academy, making solicitous inquiries 
as to her comfort and happiness, etc. 

Loaned by Mrs. Frank Semple, Sewickley, Pa. 

265 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to his mother— dated Lon- 
don, July 31, 1789. Assuring her of his constant affection, and 

49 



the "hope that walks ever by my side" and giving her as an ad- 
dress w^hence his letters will be safely received, the following: 

"Mr. Robert Fulton, Painter, To the Care of Mr. Henry Ful- 
ton, No. 9 Watling Street, London." 

Loaned by Mrs. Frank Semple, Sewickley, Pa. 

266 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to his mother. 

Dated London, June 14, 1790. With charming tribute to his 
mother in her garden; (Mrs. Fulton was a great lover of flori- 
culture) grateful acceptance of her consent to his continued 
studies abroad; the marriage of "Polly," and the desired distribu- 
tion of his (Fulton's) lots for the family's benefit. 

Loaned by Mrs. Frank Semple, Sewickley, Pa. 

267 Original Mortgage — dated the 28th of November, 1766— on the 
Fulton Farm, Little Britain, Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania. 

Bearing the signatures of Fulton's parents — Robert and Mary 
Fulton. Dated the year following the inventor's birth. 

Loaned by Joseph Swift, Fulton House, Lancaster Co., Pa. 

268 Copy of Map of the Fulton Farm. Certified the 14th of Septem- 
ber, 1775. 

Loaned by Joseph Swift. 

269 Manuscript Map of the Fulton Farm surveyed (in parcels as indi- 
cated) in pursuance of Four Warrants— viz : the ist granted to 
William Fulton, dated July 21st, 1734— (re-surveyed to James 
Gillespie by warrant 12th Nov. 1742). The 2nd by Warrant dated 
March 19, 1743. The 3rd by Warrant dated July 20, 1748, and 
the 4th by Warrant dated 1749. The Farm contained in all 
some 5463/2 acres. Signed Geo. Churchman— in the Secretary's 
Ofiice, the 20th of May, 1774. Certified Oct. 14, 1774— by 
Robert Dill— for John Lukens, Esq. 

Loaned by Joseph Swift, 

270 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to David Morris— dated 
London, Sept. 12, 1796— with thoughtful messages for family 
and friends. 

50 



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3 



271 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to his mother— dated 
Devonshire, Jan. 20, 1792, — reviewing his tour in France. 

Loaned by Mrs. Frank Semple. 

271A Autograph letter— dated Paris, April ic^^^ 1800, from Robert 
Fulton to his mother — instructing her how to trace a gift of thirty- 
six guineas sent from Paris July 3'''^ 1799; Fulton here refers to 
"business which is very important to me" as still detaining him 
from home — and assures his mother affectionately of his "excel- 
lent health." 

Loaned by Mrs. George Montgomery, Frankford Arsenal, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

272 Mss. Indenture from John Hoge, Elizabeth Hoge and William 
Hoge to Robert Fulton — for property in Washington, Pa., dated 
September 18, 1786. 

Loaned by Mrs. Frank Semple, Sewickley, Pa. 

2^2, Autograph letter to Fulton's mother from George Sanderson — 
dated Baltimore, 25*'' July, 1788. The writer (who had just re- 
turned from London) warmly narrates Fulton's rapid progress 
"in the liberal Art of Painting," and refers to the many influential 
friends "his personal accomplishments and prudent behaviour" 
had already won him. 

Loaned by Mrs. George Montgomery, Frankford Arsenal, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

274 Autograph letter from Robert Fulton to his brother-in-law, David 
Morris, (Washington Town, Pa.) 

Dated London, October 25, 1805 : concerning various remit- 
tances, and praying that his younger relatives industriously im- 
prove all opportunities for education. 

Loaned by Mrs. Frank Semple, Sewickley, Pa. 

275 Souvenir Program (Sept. 1909). Commemoration of Nativity 
of Robert Fulton— at Fulton House— Fulton (in Fulton's time, 
Little Britain,) Pennsylvania. 

51 



With Sketch of Fulton entitled : "That Son of a Pennsylvania 
Farmer." 

Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutcliffe. 

276 Collection of Original Water Color Plans and Drawings of 
Mechanism in parts and in practice— by Robert Fulton. (4 port- 
folios. ) 

Belonging to the New Jersey Historical Society. 

277 Water Color Miniature of David Morris — Attributed to Robert 
Fulton. 

Loaned by Mrs. George Montgomery — Frankford Arsenal, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

278 Miniature Medallion of Alexander Blair— Attributed to Robert 
Fulton. 

Loaned by Mrs. Geo. Montgomery, Frankford Arsenal, Penn- 
sylvania. 

279 Engraving of Robert Fulton's Miniature Portrait of Miss Cle- 
mentina Ross — elder sister of Margaret Ross. 

Painted in Philadelphia, 1787. 

The original Miniature is now in the Philadelphia Academy of 
Fine Arts. 

Loaned by Alice Crary Sutcliffe. 

280 Engravings of Robert Fulton's Miniature Portraits of Mr. and 
Mrs. John W. Kittera — Originals owned by the Pennsylvania 
Historical Society. 

Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutcliffe. 

281 Copy of Robert Fulton's publication, "Torpedo War and Sub- 
marine Explosions." With Plates. This book contains Fulton's 
famous words : "The Liberty of the Seas will be the Happiness 
of the Earth." 

Printed by William Elliot, New York, 18 10. 

Loaned by Mrs. Hermann H. Cammann. New York City. 

52 



282 Concluding Address of Robert Fulton's Lectures on the Mechan- 
ism, Practice and Effects of Torpedoes. 

Delivered at Washington, February 17, 18 10. 
Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

2S>2, "Canaux" — by Robert Fulton. 

The original French publication (Paris, Dupain-Triel, Li- 
braire, Cloiture Notre Dame, N° i — An 7). This is one of the 
remarkable volumes that attracted the attention of the French 
Government — to "Robert Fulton, Ingenieur Americain." 
Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutcliffe. 

284 Quarto Volume in full crushed brown levant, beautifully tooled 
and inlaid; and with white moire doublure enriched with Coat 
of Arms. Illustrated with fine steel engravings, and with orig- 
inal drawings by Fulton. 

This remarkable little volume contains autograph manuscript 

Pby Robert Fulton of the history of Steamboat Invention, under 
the caption: "Notes on Steamboats — Where first successful — 
their extension from Quebeck to St. Mary's and from the Red 
River to Mexico — National importance — Stevens and Evanses 
pretentions and blunders." (dated) Feb'y. 1813. 

On page 6 Fulton wrote : "The first successful Steamboat 
which was ever put into actual and permanent operation and 
which removed from the public mind all doubt on the practic- 
ability of Steamboats was built and navigated on Hudson River 
in the State of New York in the autumn of 1807." 

Among the illustrations is a steel engraving of Chappel's Por- 
trait of Fulton; a humorous black and white sketch of himself, 
by Fulton; an engraving (by Hollyer) of the Clermont as she 
was when she first passed up the Hudson, and a pencil sketch by 
Fulton of a hackney coach in Holland with passenger and driver. 

Loaned by J. Pierpont Morgan. 

285 North River Steamboat Receipt Book from the dates May 12, 
1810 to Nov. 15, 1 81 2 (inclusive). The receipts are signed by 
Robert Fulton and Robert L. Livingston. 
Loaned by John Henry Livingston. 

53 



286 Captain Samuel Wiswall's Original receipt-book noting proceeds 
of Fulton's Steamboat Paragon from Sept. 1812 to Dec. 1814 
(inclusive). With Autograph Signatures of Robert Fulton, Ed- 
ward P. Livingston, Mary Livingston, Robert G. Livingston, 
Robert L. Livingston, Harriet (Livingston) Fulton, and A. N. 
Hoffman. 

Loaned by Mrs. E. Harrison Sanford, Rutland, Vermont. 

287 The original "North River Receipt Book" kept by the command- 
ing officer Capt. Samuel Wiswall and his assistant G. H. Paddock 
— from Sept. 20, 1809 to May 5, 18 10— inclusive; printed "Rules 
and Regulations for Passengers'' appear inside the cover. 

Loaned by John Henry Livingston of Clermont. 

288 Fulton Memorial Medal (silver) struck by the Fulton National 
Bank of Lancaster, Pa., in commemoration of the Fulton Centen- 
nial celebrated in that city, September, 1909. 

Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutcliffe. 

289 Robert Fulton's "Treatise on the Improvement of Canal Naviga- 
tion" etc., etc. — with valuable historic data on the same ; a Chapter 
(H.) on "the Importance of Canal Navigations" and Explana- 
tions of subjoined diagrams and Plates. 

Published by I. and J. Taylor at the Architectural Library. 
High Holborn, London — 1796. 

Loaned by Mrs. Hermann H. Cammann, New York City. 

290 Bronze token — commemorative of Hudson-Fulton Celebration. 

Loaned by Mr. Hoffman. 

291 First Proof (Obverse side) 

City of Newburgh Medal. Designed for the Hudson-Fulton 
Celebration of September and October 1909— by 
Henry K. Bush-Brown. 
Executed by Whitehead and Hoag. 
Newburgh — represented by a draped female figure enthroned 
among the Mountains, the keys of the city in one extended hand 

54 



— the broad river at her feet — gives royal welcome to the civic 
and ceremonial fleet passing her on its way up the Hudson — the 
Clermont and Half Moon in advance. The motif of the compo- 
sition is "Welcome to Newburgh." 

292 Original plaster casts of the Fulton Medal for the Hudson-Fulton 
Celebration of September and October, 1909. Inscribed "Robert 
Fulton 1 809-1909" around a relievo portrait of the inventor. 

Loaned by Thomas L. Elder, New York City. 

293 Silver Souvenir Medallion Badge — designed for the Hudson- 
Fulton Celebration. 

Loaned by S. V. Hoffman. 

294 Gold and Silver tokens from the Thomas Elder casts for the 
Hudson-Fulton Celebration of 1909. Designed by Frank C. Hig- 
gins; modelled by J. E. Roine — member French National Acad- 
emy of Fine Arts. 

Loaned by Samuel V. Hoffman. 

295 Reverse side (cast) of Fulton Medal showing "The Clermont" 
under full way up the Hudson ; engraved : "New York to Albany 
— The Clermont — One Trip." 

Loaned by Thomas L. Elder, New York City. 

296 First Proof (Reverse side)— City of Newburgh, Hudson-Fulton 
Celebration Medal. 

With Medallion Profiles of the Discoverer and the Inventor. 
H. K. Bush-Brown, Designer — Executed by Whitehead and 
Hoag. 

Loaned by the Designer. 

297 Official Silver Medal (Struck by the American Numismatic Soci- 
ety) for the Hudson-Fulton Celebration 1609- 1909. 

(From Designs by Emil Fuchs.) 
In his study of the costumes and "inboard" of the "Halve 
Maene" (the old Dutch words for Half Moon) shown on the 
Hudson side of the medal, Mr. Fuchs travelled to The Hague to 

55 



consult with (Retired) Vice-Admiral Yonhkeer Roell of the 
Royal Dutch Navy. At the moment pictured, all on board the 
vessel are absorbedly watching the sounding-lead. As a back- 
ground to the ship the majestic scenery of the Hudson is deli- 
cately suggested. The legends : "Discovery of the Hudson River 
by Henry Hudson, A. D. MDCIX"— "The American Numismatic 
Society" — and "The Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission" — 
which frames this side — are divided by Society and Commission 
Seals and drawings of nautical Instruments of the time. 

On the Fulton side of the Medal a classic group of three draped 
female figures is seated in a temple porch whose two outer col- 
umns divide the upper part of the medal. The central and com- 
manding figure "Steam Navigation" holds a model of Fulton's 
Clermont. At her right — "Commerce" — her hand upon an an- 
chor—regards her intently, while "History"— pen in hand and 
parchment waiting— turns toward her from the left. Below this 
group is inscribed : "First use of Steam Navigation on the Hud- 
son River — 1807." The upper part is framed with a laurel 
wreath opening between the columns to admit a medallion of the 
inventor, adapted from the Portrait by Benjamin West; beneath 
the medallion is engraved: "Robert Fulton 1765-1815." At the 
right and left appear respectively a view of New York from the 
Hudson River (from a rare sketch of 1806, owned by the Society 
of Iconophiles) and a view of the present New York water line. 
Emil Fuchs (London and New York), the painter-sculptor 
who designed this important example of Medallic Art, designed 
(by royal command) the "Queen Victoria," "Prince and Princess 
of Wales." "Princess Henry of Battenberg," "Ofificial Coronation," 
"Science, Art and Music" and "South African War" Medals: 
' also those of various notable foreign commissions, and several of 
the leading medals for the Hispanic and American Numismatic 
Society. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

298 Bronze tokens "in commemoration of the Hudson-Fulton Cele- 
bration" 1609-1909 and 1807-T909. 
Loaned by Mr. Samuel V. Hoffman. 

56 



299 "Fulton's Triumph." 

Water-color (29x37^ inches) — showing the departure of 
the Clermont on her initial trip up the Hudson to Albany, a 
strong north wind blowing smoke and sparks back among the 
watching men and women crowding the pier close by the old 
Prison, and gaily fluttering the Clermont's flag and pennant. "Ful- 
ton stands at the helm of the Clermont gratefully acknowledging 
the plaudits of the spectators— as the Steamboat moves proudly 
off"; row boats and water craft filled with eager friends and 
spectators crowd about the Clermont ; the white sails, and the bril- 
liant tones of flags and costumes (strictly of the time) add much 
to the scene. 

Painted by Henry A. Ogden. 

Loaned by the Artist. Illustrator of "Uniforms of the United 
States from 1774 to 1889." 

Authorized by the Secretary of War and prepared under the 
Supervision of the Quartermaster-General, by Lieut.-Col. M. I. 
Ludington. 

1300 Plate of the Launching of Robert Fulton's Fulton the First— 

i Oct. 29, 1 81 4. 

I Loaned by Henry C. Swords. 

i 

'301 Model of the latest Hudson River Day line Steamboat — Hendrick 

I Hudson. 

I Loaned by Hudson River Day Line. 

1 302 Statue of Robert Fulton — from the Brooklyn Terminus of the 

Fulton Ferry. 
I Loaned by the Fulton Ferry Company. 



303 Dinner Bell used on the Clermont. 

Loaned by Eben E. Olcott. 

304 Model of the reconstructed Clermont. 

By H. E. Boucher. 

Loaned by The Hudson River Day Line. 

57 



305 Plate by C. G. Creheii— from a Portrait of Robert Fulton by 
Benjamin West, — with view of the Clermont and facsimile of 
Fulton's Autograph. 

Printed by Nagel and Weingartner, New York, 1850. 
Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

306 Plans of the new Clermont. 

Loaned by Eben E. Olcott. 

307 "The answer of Mr. Sullivan to the Letter and Misstatements of 
the Hon. Cadwallader D. Colden, %s the advocate of the mo- 
nopoly of Steam and Fire in navigating the Rivers, Coasts and 
Lakes of New York." 

By John L. Sullivan. 

Second Edition. Troy, 1823. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

308 Explanation by John L. Sullivan of the nature of certain Grants 
to him for the use of Steamboats on Connecticut River, and the 
nature of his claims to admission into the State of New York, of 
his patented improvements in Steamboats. In a letter addressed 
to (Wm. Coleman) the Editor of the New York Evening Post. 

New York, 1818. 

Owned b}^ The New York Historical Society. 

309 "Ferry Leases now in force (Fulton Ferry, etc.)." 

Printed under the Direction of the Comptroller — as ordered 
by Resolution of The Board of Assistant Aldermen, October 
22, 1832. 

New York, 1832. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

3 TO "A Brief Exposition of the Views of John L. Sullivan, Esq., 
who holds in virtue of an Act of the Legislature of Massachusetts, 
an exclusive right to the use of steam tow boats, on part of the 
water of that State for forty-two years, viz: From 1814 to 

S8 



1856!!! in opposition to similar rights granted by the State of 
New York to Messrs. Livingston and Fulton." 

Cadwallader D. Colden. New York, 1822. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

311 A Reply to Cadwallader D. Colden's Vindication of the Steam- 
boat monopoly, with appendix containing copies of the most im- 
portant Documents referred to in the argument. 

By William A. Duer. Albany, 18 19. 
Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

312 "A History of the Steamboat Case" lately discussed by Connell 
before the Legislature of New Jersey. (Comprised in a Letter to 
a gentleman at Washington. ) 

Trenton, 181 5. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

313 The Right of a State to grant exclusive privileges in roads, 
bridges, canals, navigable waters, etc., vindicated; by a candid 
examination of the Grant from the State of New York to, and 
contract with Robert R. Livingston and Robert Fulton — for the 
exclusive navigation of vessels by steam or fire, for a limited time, 
on the waters of said State, and within the jurisdiction thereof 
(with supplemental Remarks). 

New York, 181 1. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

314 James Renwick's "Life of Robert Fulton" (Vol. X. of) "The 
Library of American Biography" conducted by Jared Sparks. 

Boston, 1838. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

315 The Law Papers and Documents relating to the management of 
the Old, or Fulton Ferry. 

Brooklyn, 1822. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

59 



3i6 Fulton Ferry. 

A Statement of Facts, with Remarks, etc. — in answer to a 
Pamphlet published at Brooklyn in relation to the Steamboat 
Ferry. 

Brooklyn, 1822. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

317 Report of the Practicability of navigating with Steamboats on the 
Southern Waters of the United Slates from the Chesapeake to the 
River St. Mary's, forming part of a line of Steamboat communi- 
cations, now establishing, from the northern extremity of Lake 
Champlain to East- Florida — a distance of 1500 miles. 

Robert Fulton. New York, Dec. 18 13. 
Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

318 Life of Robert Fulton issued by the Fulton Trust Company of 
New York. 

New York, 1906, 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

319 Report of the Committee of Claims to whom was referred the 
petition of the heirs of Robert Fulton. 28th Congress, ist Ses- 
sion, Rep. No. 127, Ho. of Rep. (To accompany bill H. R. 
No. 120.) 

Washington, 1844. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

320 "De la Machine In female Maritime, ou de la Tactique Offensive 
et Defensive de la Torpille. Traduit de I'Anglais, par M. E. 
Nunez de Taboada." 5 original plates. 

Robert Fulton. 

Paris, 18 1 2. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

321 The Life of Robert Fulton and a History of Steam Navigation — 
Illustrated. 

Thomas W. Knox. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

60 



322 "Report on the Practicability of Navigating with Steamboats," 
etc., by Robert Hubert. 

Same. Second Edition. 

Philadelphia, 1828. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

323 "Recherches sur les Moyens de Perfectionner les Canaiix de 
navigation, et sur les nombreux avantages de petits canaux." 

Robert Fulton. 

Engraved plates. Paris, 1799. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

324 The Life of Robert Fulton by J. Franklin Reigart. 

Philadelphia, 1856. 

Illustrated with copies of Original Drawings by Mr. Fulton, 
and numerous Plates. 

Owned by the New York Historical Society. 

325 Volume in of the National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished 
Americans. 

Conducted by James Herring and James B. Longacre, New York, 
1836: containing sketch of the life of Robert Fulton with en- 
graved portrait by G. Parker from painting by Benjamin West, 
and facsimile of Fulton's Autograph. The New York Histor- 
ical Society possesses the original steel plate of the foregoing 
portrait. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

326 The Life of Robert Fulton. 

By his friend, Cadwallader D. Golden. 

Read before the Literary and Philosophical Society of New 
York, New York, 181 7. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

^2'^ Historical Sketch of Fulton Ferry and its Associated Ferries. 
Printed for the private use of the Gompany. 
Photograph of the Robert Fulton Statue. 
Henry E. Pierrepont. 
(Illustrated) Brooklyn. 1879. 
Owned by the New York Historical vSociety. 

61 



328 "A Biographical History of Clermont or Livingston Manor." 

I (printed) volume by Thomas S. Clarkson. 

Clermont, N. Y., 1869. 

With photographs of Clermont— the residence of Chancellor 
Livingston; and portrait of the Chancellor; also contains chapters 
on Steam Navigation, and Sketch of Robert Fulton. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

329 Genealogy of the Fulton Family. Compiled and edited by Hugh 
R. Fulton. Lancaster, Pa., 1900. 

(Genealogical Chart of the family of Robert Fulton— between 
pages 196-197.) 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

330 "The Picture of New York or The Traveller's Guide through 
the Commercial Metropolis of the United States." By Samuel L. 
Mitchill. 

With Plan (engraved by Peter Maverick) of the City of New 
York (1807), showing the location of the old State Prison 
from which point the Clermont started on her first trip up the 
Hudson, New York, 1807. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

331 Longworth's American Almanac, New York Register, and City 
Directory. New York, 1809. 

First appearance of Robert Fulton's name in the City Direc- 
tory; residence given: 100 Reed (Reade) Street. 
Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

332 Longworth's City Directory. New York, 181 4. 

Last appearance of Fulton's name in the City Directory, as re- 
siding at Marketfield St., opposite the Battery. (Marketfield 
Street is the present Battei-y Place, between Broadway and West 
Street.) 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

62 






333 Longworth's City Directory. New York, 1815. 
This Directory gives the name of the widow of Robert Fulton 

as residing at 353 Broadway. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

334 Clipping from a Brooklyn newspaper (issue of 1875) : "Ninety- 
eight years" — "Death of the Oldest Citizen of Brooklyn— Peter 
Coffee, the Pilot of the First Steam Ferry-boat," etc. 

Loaned by Mrs. M. V. Coffee, Fulton Street, Brooklyn. 

335 Photograph of James Watt's Workshop in his residence. Heath- 
field Hall, Birmingham. 

Loaned by Samuel V. Hoffman. 

336 Photo-Postal of James Watt's House, Heathfield Hall, Birming- 
ham, Eng. 

Loaned by Samuel V. Hoffman. 

337 Quarto Volume issued by Taylor and Walton, "Publishers to 
University College," London, 1848; on "The Origin and Progress 
of Steam Navigation," compiled by Bennet Woodcroft, Professor 
of Machinery — University College : containing among its illus- 
trations, a "Perspective View of Machinery in Fulton's Cler- 
mont — 1807," together with a sketch of the Clermont under way, 
and considerable text concerning the same. Also a very useful 
"List of Patents and Documents — nearly all of which are on 
(and concern) Propelling Vessels," etc., etc., from 1618 to the 
year of publication. 

Loaned by W. P. Stephens, Bayonne, N. J. 

338 Photograph of Engine Mechanism devised by Robert Fulton; 
from the original drawings with the date of August the 6th, 1803. 

Loaned by Samuel V. Hoffman. 

339 Letters Patent granted by the United States of America to David 
Cooke— April 16, 18 19, — who "hath alleged that he has invented 
a new and useful improvement in the mode of propelling Boats 

63 



or Vessels by Valve paddles operated on by Steam or other 
power." 

Two pages (parchment) with Seal of the United States and 
autograph signatures of President James Monroe and John 
Quincy Adams— Secretary of State. 

Loaned by Mrs. Wm. Crocheron. 



340 Small Photographs of John Davis and Wife (from Remington 
— Broadway — about 1861). 

John Davis (who claimed descent from the Jefferson Davis 
stock) was one of the deck hands on the Clermont on her first 
trip to Albany and possessed a fund of interesting stories of his 
experiences on her. 

He was afterwards the Store keeper (and one of the earliest 
white settlers) of what is now Owasso, Michigan. His versa- 
tility is shown in the fact that he constructed entirely of wood 
several organs for now prosperous towns (then in their infancy) 
which have recently won unqualified appreciation from musical 
experts. 

Loaned by Henry Escher, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

341 Colored lithograph of Fulton Ferry (Valentine's Manual— 1864). 

Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutcliffe. 

342 Robert Fulton's Portrait by Benjamin West, as engraved by 
Parker. 

Loaned by Joseph B. Learmont, Montreal, Canada. 

343 "The Story of Robert Fulton"— by Pe\'ton F. Miller (Illus- 
trated). 

Published by the Knickerbocker Press, New York. 
Owned by The New York Historical Society. 

344 Copy of Mss. Disbursements by Robert Fulton. (See No. 249.) 

Loaned by Joseph B. Learniont, Montreal. Canada. 

64 



1 



345 Circular issued for the International Maritime Exposition held 
in the city of Bordeaux, France, from May to November, 1907, 
"In Commemoration of the Hundredth Anniversary of Robert 
Fulton's Successful Application of Steam to Navigation." "It 
must be remembered," says the circular, "that it was in France, 
on the river Loire, that Fulton, in 1803, made his initial essays." 

The exposition was organized by the French Maritime League, 
under the official patronage of the Government of France. 

Robert Fulton Ludlow— a grandson of the Inventor — was a 
member of the American Committee of Honor. 

Loaned by Mrs. Arthur T. Sutcliffe. 

346 "Fulton's Day of Triumph" — with amusing quotation from the 
New York American Citizen of August 17, 1807; a vivid rela- 
tion of the Clermont's start on her initial trip up the Hudson ; also 
of Fulton's first submarine boat experiments "during his resi- 
dence in Paris whither he had gone to study Art and remained 
to practise Applied Science." 

(Mounted) Page from The Scrap Book, issue of August, 1909. 
Loaned by Joseph B. Learmont, Montreal, Canada. 

347 "Robert Fulton and the Clermont." 

The authoritative story of Robert Fulton's early Experiments 
Persistent Efforts and Historic Achievements, etc., by Alice Crary 
Sutcliffe, Great-Grand-Daughter of the Inventor. The Century 
Company, New York, 1909. 



BUSTS 

348 John Jay by Giuseppe Ceracchi. 

349 George Clinton by Giuseppe Ceracchi. 

350 Benjamin Franklin by Jean Antoine Houdon. 

65 



351 Joel Barlow by Jean Antoine Houdon. 

352 George Washington by Jean Antoine Houdon. 

353 Thomas Jefferson by Jean Antoine Houdon. 

354 Benjamin West by Francis Chantrey. 

Owned by The New York Historical Society. 



66 



Catalogue 

l^an CortlantJt House J^useum 

for ti^e 

Hutison-Jfulton Celebration 




September 

1909 



The Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission 

Appointed by the Governor of the State of New York and the 
Mayor of the City of New York and chartered by Chap- 
ter 325, Laws of the State of New York, 1906 

LIST OF OFFICERS 
President 

Gen. Stewart L. Woodford 

Presiding Vice-President 

Mr. Herman Ridder 

Vice-Presidents 

Mr. Andrew Carnegie Mr. John E. Parsons 

Hon. Joseph H. Choate Gen. Horace Porter 

Maj.-Gen. F. D. Grant, U. S. A. Hon. Frederick W. Seward 

Hon. Seth Low Mr. Francis Lynde Stetson 

Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan Hon. Oscar S. Straus 

Hon. Levi P. Morton Mr. Wm. B. Van Rensselaer 

Hon. Alton B. Parker Gen. Jas. Grant Wilson 

Treasurer 

Mr. Isaac N. Seligman 

No. I William Street, New York 
Secretary Assistant-Secretary 

Mr. Henry W^. Sackett Mr. Edward Hagaman Hall 

Art and Historical Exhibits Committee 
Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, Ge7ieral Chairman 

S u b - C o m m i 1 1 e e in 
Charge of Scientific and Historical Exhibits 

Dr. George F. Kunz, Chairman 

401 Fifth Avenue, New York 
Mr. Samuel V. Hoffman Prof. Henry Fairfield Osborn 

Mr. Archer M. Huntington Mr. Philip T. Dodge 

Sub-Committee in 
Charge of Arts Exhibits 

Hon. Robt. W. de Forest, Chairman 

Metropolitan Museum of Art 
Sir Caspar Purdon Clarke Mr. George F. Hearn 

Dr. Edward Robinson Dr. George F. Kunz 



Headquarters: Tribune Building, New York 

Telephones: Beekman 3097 and 3098 
Western Union Cable Address: "Hudfulco" 



ERRATA 

Page II, article 34. Throughout this catalogue Hepple- 
white has been erroneously spelled Heppelwhite. 
Page II, article 40. For Maker read Marked. 
Page 13, paragraph 4. For Lad-ware read Sad-ware. 
Page 18, article 33. For tender read fender. 
Page 2S, article 39. Add the word design after Chinese. 
Page 47, article 27. Flower not flour. 
Page 49, paragraph 2. Separate not seperate. 
Page 52. article 15. Omit "used by General Washington." 



pnfact 

To all who feel a national and civic pride in the 
commemoration of events connected with the early 
traditions of America, this exhibition will be of peculiar 
interest. 

The house and its furnishings form a Colonial 
setting for the portraits and manuscripts of men, both 
English and American, whose lives and actions made 
our history. 

As Bacon says in The Proficience and Advance- 
ment of Learning: " Industrious persons, by an exact 
and scrupulous diligence and observation out of 
monuments, names, words, proverbs, traditions, private 
records and evidences, fragments of stories, passages 
of books that concern not story, and the like, do save 
and recover somewhat from the deluge of time." 



Collection of 0Vb Pit}}otintQ 

SOUTH-EAST ROOM 

Portraits of those who were prominent in political circles 

prior to the Revolution and closely associated 

with affairs in this country 

1. Colonel Isaac Barr6. By H. D. Hamilton. Engraved 
by R. Houston. R. Sayer, excudit. London: printed for Robt. 
Sayer, No. 33 Fleet Street. Published as the Act directs, 
2 July, 1771. 

Author of the name "Sons of Liberty." In American History 
a name applied to an organization extending throughout all the 
Colonies opposing first the Stamp Act and afterwards advocating 
separation from Great Britain. 

When the Stamp Act was proposed in 1764, secret organiza- 
tions, chiefly of workingmen, were formed in the various colonies 
to resist it. Colonel Barr^, in a speech in Parliament, February, 
1765, used the phrase "Sons of Liberty," which was at once 
adopted by these Societies. 

With the passage of the Stamp Act, they took the lead in 
opposition to its enforcement and prevented its execution by 
force. Owing to the activity of certain members in New York, 
the Sons of Liberty were perhaps more important in New York 
than in any other colony. 

In New York they controlled the Committee of Safety, and in 
1774 the calling of a Continental Congress was in part due to 
them. In Georgia they were called Liberty Boys, and finally 
drove the Royal Governor from the State. 

Colonel Barre expressed most decidedly his views in regard 
to the attitude of Great Britain to America. He said he 
execrated the penal measures of Parliament: "The Americans 
will not abandon their principles, if they submit, they will be 
slaves." Colonel Barr^ was the companion and friend of General 
Wolfe, sharer of all the dangers and glories of Louisberg and 
Quebec. 

2. Sir Peter W^arren. Painted by Thos. Hudson. 
Engraved by J. Faber. Printed for Robt. Sayer, opposite Fetter 
Lane, Fleet Street. (Chace Coat of Arms.) 

Vice-Admiral of the Red Squadron of His Majestie's Fleet and 
Knight of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath, 175 1. 

Commodore, afterwards Sir Peter, Warren should be remem- 
bered in New York City, as he was the only prominent New 
Yorker who contributed to Massachusetts' greatest Colonial 
achievement. As Commander of the blockading squadron, 
Commodore Warren captured the French relief ship Vigilant, in 
sight of Louisberg, which brought about its fall. For this he 
was knighted. It brought him into note in English maritime 
affairs and also into prominence in New York politics. He had 
the very greatest influence at home, as the English Government 
gave him almost the entire credit for the reduction of Louisberg. 

5 



3. The Right Honorable George Grenville. Painted by 
Wm. Hoare. Engraved by James Watson. Printed for John 
Bowles, at the Black Horse in Cornhill, London. 

First Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty and one of His 
Majesty's Most Honorable Privy Council. 

Premier of England 1763-1765. As Chancellor of the Eng- 
lish Exchequer, Grenville in 1765 proposed a bill for taxing the 
Colonies through a stamp duty. No serious opposition was 
expected, but the measure aroused great excitement in America 
as an attempt at taxation without representation. The Stamp 
Act Congress, which met in New York on October 7th, 1765, 
declared the Stamp Act to have a manifest tendency to subvert 
the rights and liberties of the Colonies. 

To Grenville must be ascribed the alienation of the affections 
of the American Colonies from the Mother Country. He never 
swerved from his determination to impose a tax through Parlia- 
ment and to enforce its collection by all the forces at the disposal 
of the Administration. 

4. The Right Honourable William Pitt, Esqr. Done 
from an original picture in the possession of Earl Temple, by 
Richd. Houston. London: Painted for Robert Sayer, Map and 
Printseller at the Golden Buck, near Sergeant's Inn, Fleet Street. 
Published according to Act of Parliament, 20 April, 1766. 

One of His Majesty's Most Honorable Privy Council. 

5. His Excellency Jonathan Belcher, Esqr. Painted by 
R. Phillips. Engraved by J. Faber, 1734. (Coat of Arms.) 
Motto: Loyal au mort. 

Captain General and Governor in Chief of His Majesty's 
Provinces of Massachusetts and New Hampshire in New England 
and Vice Admiral of the Same. 

It was his financial assistance which made possible the found- 
ing of Princeton College. 

6. Sir Charles Hardy. Painted by Thos, Hudson. 
Engraved by P. Dawe, London. Published as the Act directs, 
23rd of September, 1779, by Robt. Wilkinson, at No. 58 in 
Cornhill. 

Admiral of the White and Commander in Chief of His 
Majesty's Fleet in the Channel. Grandson of Sir Thomas Hardy, 
his father was also an Admiral. Born about 1713, in 1741 in 
command of the Red of 40 guns; 1755 knighted and appointed 
Governor of New York; rear Admiral of the White; acted under 
Boscawen at the Reduction of Louisberg in 1758; married to 
Miss Stanyan, 1759; commanded under Hawke in the battle of 
Belle Isle, 1764; M. P. for Rochester and for Plymouth, 1771; 
Admiral of the White in command of the grand fleet in 1779. 
Died at the Fountain Tavern in Portsmouth, 19th of May, 1780. 

7. The Right Honorable Frederick Lord North. Painted 
by N. Dance. Engraved by T. Burke. Published Sept. 20th, 
^7755 t>y Wm. Wynne Ryland, engraver to His Majesty, No. 159 
near Somerset House, Strand, London. 

6 



First Lord Commissioner of His Majesty's Treasury, Chan- 
cellor and Under Treasurer of the Exchequer, Chancellor of the 
University of Oxford. One of His Majesty's Most Honorable 
Privy Council, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, 
etc. 

8. John Wilkes, Esqr. Four times elected Member of 
Parliament fur the County of Middlesex. Alderman of the 
Ward of Farringdon Without. 

9. Augustus Keppel, Viscount. Painted by G. Romney. 
Engraved by W. Dickinson, London. Published March 30th, 
1779, by Dickinson & Watson, No. 158 New Bond Street. 

An English Admiral, second son of Wm, Anne Keppel, second 
Earl of Albemarle. 

Commanded the North American Squadron in 1755. Made a 
successful expedition to Cuba when Havana was captured in 1762. 

10. Etienne Francois Due de ChoiseuL Painted by 
L. M. Vanloo. Engraved by Robt. Lowery. Excudit by 
R. Sayer. Imp. : a Londres chez Robt. Sayer, Fleet Street No. 
53, Public selon I'Acte du Parlement le Mai, 1771. Stephen 
Francis, Due de Choiseul. Engraved by R. Laril after Vanloo. 

Exile le 24 D^cembre, 1770. 

La France le regarde ******* Solatia Lactus 
Exigua ingentis. 

Born 17 19; appointed Ambassador and leading Minister by 
Louis XV; concluded the treaty called Pacte de Famille, relat- 
ing to the various branches of the Bourbon House. On the 
death of Mme. Pompadour in 1764, his influence declined and he 
was exiled in 1770. He was recalled on the accession of Louis 
XVI, and died May, 1785. An intimate personal friend of 
Franklin and very active in behalf of America. 

11. Major General James Wolfe. From an Original 
Picture in the Possession of Her. Smith, Esqr. Engraved by 
Corbus. 

Commander in Chief of His Majesty's Forces on the Expedi- 
tion against Quebec. 

12. J. Fothergill, M.D. Painted by G. Stuart. Engraved 
by V. Green. Mezzotints Engraver to His Majesty and to the 
Elector Palatine. Published June i, 1781, by G. Stuart, V. Green, 
No. 29 Newman Street, Oxford Street. 

Quaker physician and friend of Franklin. Inscription at 
Carr End in Yorkshire: 17 1 2 of Quaker parents; came to London 
in 1736 and attained great eminence as a physician, acquiring a 
fortune which was computed at ^80,000. He died at his house 
in Harper Street, 26 Dec, 1786, and was interred at the 
Quaker's burying ground at Winchmore Hill. He had a great 
taste for Natural History, especially botany and shells and formed 
fine collections in these pursuits. He also purchased for 80 
guineas the English portraits collected by Mrs. John Nicholls of 
Ware, arranged in four folio and six quarto volumes, a catalogue 
of which was published by Ames in 1748; these were purchased 

7 



at Dr. FothergiU's death for 200 guineas by Thane the print- 
seller who broke up the volumes and disposed of the prints 
separately, realizing an exceedingly large profit on the trans- 
action. These prints are occasionally met with and may be 
recognized by having been cut to the plate mark and inlaid in 
an ugly colored border. 

13. B. Franklin, of Philadelphia, LL.D.,F.R.S. Painted 
by M. Chamberlin. Engraved by E. Fisher. Sold by M. Cham- 
berlin in Stewart Street Old Artillery Ground, Spittalfields. 

The greatest diplomatist of his century. In 1766 Franklin, 
referring to the taxation by Parliament, said: "I will freely 
spend nineteen shillings in the pound to defend my right of 
giving or refusing the other shilling." His efforts never ceased 
until peace and international good-will were established between 
England and America. 

14. Lord Loughborough. 

15. Earl Temple. Painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds. 
Engraved by W. Dickinson. London: Pub. May loth, 1778. 
(Coat of Arms.) Motto: Templa quam Delecta. 

16. Mr. Sergeant Glyn. Member of Parliament for the 
County of Middlesex. 

i6a. John Wilkes, Esqr. Elected Knight of the Shire for 
the County of Middlesex, 29th March, 1768. Alderman of the 
Ward of Farringdon Without. 

i6b. The Reverend Mr. John Home. Painted by Robt. 
Houston. Published as the Act directs, Feb. 6th, 1769, by 
Robt. Sayer at No. 53 in Fleet Street, & John Smith at 35 in 
Cheapside, London. 

Minister of New Brentford. 

17. The Right Honorable Charles Pratt. Painted by 
W. Hoare. Engraved by J. Spilsbury. Published according to 
Act of Parliament by J. Spilsbury, Engraver and Map and Print- 
seller in Russell Court, Covent Garden. July 20, 1766. 

Lord Camden, Baron Camden of Camden Place, in the 
County of Kent and Lord Chief Justice of His Majesty's Court 
of Common Pleas. 

18. The Honorable Robt. Monckton. Published accord- 
ing to Act of Parliament by Wm. Austin, Drawing Master at the 
Print Warehouse in Bond Street, London. 

Major-General of His Majesty's Forces, Colonel of the 17th 
Regt. of Foot and Governor of Berwick, to whom this Plate is 
dedicated with the greatest respect by his most obed't servant, 
Wm. Austin. 

Robert Monckton appointed Captain-General and Governor 
of New York by the King on March 20th, 1761. 

He was second in command to General Wolfe at Quebec. 

19. Lord George Germain. Painted by G. Romney. 
Engravedby John Jacobs. Excudit by John Boydell. Published 
November ist, 1780, by John Boydell, Engraver in Cheapside, 

8 



London. (Coat of Arms.) Motto: " Aut nunquam Tentes aut 
nunquam perficet." 

One of His Majesty's principal Secretaries of State, etc. 

ao. The Right Noble Charles Marquis of Rockingham. 

Painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds. Engraved by E. Fisher. Pub- 
lished as the Act directs Aug. 15th, 1774, by E. Fisher, South 
Side of Leicester Square, London. (Second state.) 

Earl of Malton, Viscount Higham of Higham Ferrers, Baron 
Rockingham of Rockingham, Baron of Malton & of Wath & 
Harowden, Lord Lieut. & Custs. Rotulorm. of the West Riding 
of the County of York, & Custs. Rotm. of the North Riding of 
the said County and Vice Adml. of the Maritie. Ports thereof, 
etc. 

Born 1730, succeeded his father as 2nd Marquess in 1750; 
first Lord of the Treasury, 1765-66; leader of the Opposition in 
the House of Lords during Lord North's administration; again 
Premier in 1782, but died suddenly on the ist of July in that 
year. 

21. Charles Townshend. 1725-1767. Painted by J. 
Reynolds. Engraved by J. Dixon. 

Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1766. Famed for incompar- 
able talents and extreme instability. Courted by all parties, but 
never possessing the confidence of any. On March ninth, 1763, 
Townshend introduced the first part of the scheme for taxing 
America by an Act of Parliament. He championed various 
measures of oppression against the American Colonies known as 
" The Acts of 1767." 

22. Sir Charles Hardy, Knt. Painted by G. Romney. 
Engraved by W. Dickinson. London: Published January 21st, 
1 781, by Dickinson & Watson, No 158 New Bond Street. 

Admiral of the White. Commander-in-Chief of His Majesty's 
ships in the Channel and Master of Greenwich Hospital. 

23. Charles, Duke of Richmond, &c. 1778. Painted by 
G. Romney. Engraved by J. Watson. Published according to 
Act of Parliament, December 21st, 1778. 

A minority leader of the House of Lords ; he steadily opposed 
the King's American policy. Frequently spoke of the Con- 
tinental Army as " Our Army." 

24. Jeffrey, First Lord Amherst. 1717-1797. Painted 
by J. Reynolds. Engraved by J. Watson, 1766. 

An English general of much celebrity, whose long service in 
America began in 1758, when he commanded the successful 
expeditions against Louisburg and Fort du Quesne. Brave and 
daring in mind he early conceived the idea, and determined that 
the whole of Canada should become a British province — in 
quick succession followed one successful campaign after another 
until the end was accomplished. He was appointed commander- 
in-chief of all the forces in America, and Governor-General of 
the British provinces in 1760. Many honors were conferred in 
recognition of his services, among which in 1776 he was created 
Baron Amherst of Homesdale in Kent. 



25. Catherine Macaulay, Aet 32. Painted by Kath. Read. 
Engraved by J. Spilsbury. Printed for Jno. Spilsbury, Engraver 
and Map and Printseller in Russell Court, Covent Garden, Sep- 
tember, 1764. 

Author of History of England, daughter of John Sawbridge, 
married ist in 1760 Dr. George Macaulay, married 2nd Mr. 
Graham. Came to America in 1785, where she was exceedingly 
popular. 

26. Edmund Burke, Esqr. Painted by Sr. Joshua Rey- 
nolds. Engraved by James VVatson. London: Printed for J. 
Watson in Queen Ann Street, near Titchfield Street, Oxford 
Road. Published as the Act directs, 20 June, 1770. 

Well known as an upholder of America. When the Repeal 
was moved and Cornwall stated the question to be simply 
"whether the whole of British authority over America should 
be taken away," Edmund Burke pronounced an oration such as 
had never been heard in the British Parliament. He first 
demonstrated that the repeal of the tax would be productive of 
unmixed good. He entreated Parliament to " reason not at all." 
Again and again he entreated. "Revert to your old principles," 
he urged. " Seek peace and ensue it." " Leave America, if she 
has taxable matter, to tax herself." But even after his splendid 
eloquence, no more members divided with him than forty-nine, 
while on the other side stood nearly four times as many. 

The legislature of New York unanimously elected Edmund 
Burke their agent in England, allowing for his services at the 
rate of five hundred pounds per annum. 

27. The Right Reverend Jonathan Shipley. Painted by 
Sir. Jos. Reynolds. Engraved by J. R. Smith. Published 5th 
February, 1777, by J. R. Smith, No. 10 Bateman's Buildings, 
John Square. 

Bishop of St. Asaph. An intimate friend of Benjamin Frank- 
lin. Active in support of America in the House of Lords. 

28. Thomas Pownall, Esqr. Painted by Coles. Engraved 
by Earlom. London: Printed for R. Sayer & J. Bennett, No. 
53 Fleet Street; as the Act directs, 5th June, 1777. 

Member of Parliament. Active in support of America in the 
House of Commons. Late Governor Captain General and Com- 
mander in Chief and Vice Admiral of His Majesty's Provinces 
Massachusetts Bay and South Carolina and Lieut. Governor of 
New Jersey. 

29. The Honorable Edward Vernon, Esqr. 1684-1757. 
To the Rt. Hon. the Lord Mayor, the Court of Aldermen 

and ye Common Council of ye City of London this Plate is 
humbly dedicated by their most obedient servt., John Faber. 
Sold by Faber at the Golden Head in Bloomsbury Square. 
T. Barthwell, pinxit; J. Faber, fecit, 1740. 
Vice Admiral of the Blue and Commander-in-Chief of all His 
Majesty's Ships in the West Indies. He entered Parliament in 
1722. Served in the War of the Spanish Succession 1701-13. 
Had charge of the Expedition against Cartagena. Three 

10 




'^,'//A//v// t '' • ./,,.■../>. i . /■ ' II /:s/'-/\////:s. 



NO. 29. THE HONORABLE EDWARD VERNON, ESQR., 1684-I757 



companies for it enrolled from Virginia — Record dated August 
sixth, 1740, in which Lawrence Washington served as Captain. 

Mount Vernon was named by Lawrence Washington after 
his old friend and companion in arms, Admiral Vernon. 

Struck from the list of Admirals in 1746 for publishing a 
couple of pamphlets against the admiralty. 

SOUTH-EAST ROOM 

30. Walnut round tilt-top table. Carved standard, with 
rat claw feet. About 1775. 

31. Octagonal table cabinet. 

32. Mahogany window seat. Sheraton style. Arms at 
either end carved in branches of leaves crossed; legs carved in 
acanthus leaf design, terminating in brass claw feet. 

33-38. Two carved mahogany chairs. Chippendale style ; 
ball and claw feet, seat slightly curved; no supports. Pure 
style, about 1760. 

34. "Pembroke Table." So named according to Shera- 
ton, from the name of the lady who first ordered one. Inlaid. 
Mahogany, one drawer. Heppelwhite style. 

35. High glass vase, with cover, cameo cutting, seven 
coats of arms on body. Height, 17 inches. 

36. Carved and gilded mirror, in original state. Plaster 
gilt in flower design, tassel at either end, in center large rosette 
surmounted with flowers. Sheraton design. 

37. Mahogany chair. Late Chippendale. Straight legs. 
About 1775 

39. Mahogany arm chair. Chippendale, showing Gothic 
influence, arms not original, double ogee curve, grooved legs, 
underbraced. 1770. 

40. Spinnet. Inlaid case, straight tapering legs. Maker, 
Baker Harris, London, fecit. 1771. 

41. Tall candle-stand, with two holders and snuffers. 
Steel and brass. Middle of i8th century. 

42. Round-a-bout chair. Chippendale style, front foot 
ball and claw. Splats handsomely carved, rope moulding about 
bottom of frame. 

43. Chair. Chippendale style, ball and claw feet, carved 
mahogany. About 1760. 

44. Round-a-bout chair. Extension top, crossed stretches, 
straight legs, four ball feet. Chippendale. 

45. Arm chair. French, painted, Louis XVI style, origin- 
ally at Mount Vernon. A gift to Van Cortlandt Museum from 
Mrs. John Crosby Brown. 

46. Mahogany tilt-top tripod table. Edges of top cut in 
double ogee curves; claw feet and carved knees. 



47' Dutch carved oak Bible-box. Scandinavian design in 
tlie style of the first lialf of the 17th century. 

48. Mahogany ladder-back chair. Chippendale design, 
straight legs. About 1770. 

49-50. Pair of tall glass candle-sticks, with glass shades, 
in original condition. 

51-52. Pair of vases. Cameo decoration. Front design, 
Figure of Fame pointing to monument on which is inscribed 
"Howe and Nelson"; on back, figure of Mercury. 

53. Covered Staffordshire blue and white vase. Wedg- 
wood figure design on top of cover. 

This is one of a garniture of five and is a fine and rare piece. 

54-55. Pair of miniature portraits. Paper, "Deborah 
Dennis, wife of Joseph Freeman, New London, Conn. ; Daniel 
Henry Freeman, their son, aged twenty-six years. 

Joseph Freeman was seventh in direct descent from Elder 
Brewster on the distaff side, and his ancestor was one of the 
seventy settlers of New London who received their grant from 
Queen Anne. 

These miniatures were made by a woman of New London, in 
1769, name unknown." 

56. Pierced brass fender. Brass steeple andirons and 
fire shovel. 

Over-mantle. In Georgian style, broken arch pediment, 
outer moulding carved in leaf design, inner moulding in egg and 
dart, center of broken arch, urn with flowers. Fire back. 
Adam and Eve with Phoenix arising from flame. 



Cfje ^etoterer's Craftt 

The use of pewter utensils for the household succeeded 
wood, but it went out slowly and gradually before the more 
general adoption of china and earthenware. 

The earliest pewter of best quality was made of tin with as 
much brass as the tin could take up. Another alloy less fine 
was tin and lead. The tankards and mugs used in public houses 
had such a great proportion of lead that they were sometimes 
known as "black metal," because they tarnished so easily. 

In the pewterer's trade, the various qualities of the metal are 
still known as plate, trifle and ley. Pewter is manufactured 
now, as it was more than five hundred years ago, by casting and 
hammering. The best material for moulds for casting pewter is 
gun-metal. 

"Lad-ware" men worked at heavy articles, such as plates, 
dishes, chargers and trenchers. 

"Hollow-ware" men worked at large pots, measures, tank- 
ards, flagons, pint pots, etc. 

Triflers worked in trifle metal on lighter wares, spoons, forks, 
buckles, buttons, toys, etc. Pewter toys date back to Roman 
times, and have been dug up at various places in England and 
on the Continent. The marking of pewter was first made com- 
pulsory by Act of Parliament in 1503. This Act also provided 
the makers of pewter wares should mark the same with several 
marks of their own, " to the intent that the makers shall avow 
the same wares by them to be wrought." The " Touch-mark" 
spoken of in connection with pewter, is the mark of the maker 
of each particular piece. It may be his name accompanied by 
some device like a rose, a figure, or an animal. 

The weight of the lids of tankards was generally carried on 
an upright pewter pillar, clamped on the upper side of the 
handle. In 1552, in London, " Every Satterdaye," the makers 
of the pewter lids were compelled to bring their whole weekly 
output to the Hall, that if they were judged sufficiently well 
wrought, the lids might be stamped outside with the mark of the 
Hall, as well as with the makers own personal mark. Metal 
confiscated on the ground of being bad in quality was generally 
stamped with a broad arrow. In 1697, none might strike the 
letter X except upon extraordinary ware, commonly called 
"hard metal ware." In England pewter was owned by rich 
prelates as early as 1427. For a long time the chief users of 
pewter were the ecclesiastics. In 1348 the London Ordinances 
mention " disshes, chargeours, pottes, cruettes, cistils, all of fine 
pewter, besides cullenders, kettles, tobacco-pots, egg-cups, 
cranes, fish-plates, hash dishes and fowl boilers." Early in the 
Sixteenth Century pewter held an honourable position in the 
furniture of a household, and was too valuable to be common. 
In the " trew inventory" of the house furnishings of an English 
Knight, in 1618, mention is made of pewter " boyle-meat dishes, 
or deep platters, large platters, pewter flaggon-potts, sallet 
dishes, nyne pewter candlesticks in the kytchin and the 

13 



kytchin entry." As the pewterers grew more expert, the 
designs improved. An old book tells us : " Pewterers who in 
time past imploied the use of pewter onlie upon pots, dishes and 
other trifles for use at home, are nowgrowne unto such exquisite 
cunning that they can in manner imitate by infusion anie fashion 
or forme of cup, dish, salt bowle or goblet made by the gold- 
smith's crafts, though they be never so curious, exquisite and 
artificially forged. Of porringers, pots and the like, I speake 
not, albeit that in the making of all these things, there is such 
exquisite diligence used, I meane for the mixture of the mettall 
and true making of this commoditie as the like is not to be 
found in any other trade." So much pewter ware was recast 
when damaged, instead of being repaired, that thus many old 
pieces disappeared. The charm of well-designed, well-wrought 
pewter lies in the form and color. A shelf of old pewter with 
its " moonlight sheen " bespeaks a dignity and reposefulness all 
its own. 



14 



Btntns 3^oom 



1. Round pewter platter. Gadrooned, moulded rim, pre- 
sumably Flemish. Hall mark illegible. Diameter, i^^ inches. 

2. Pewter gill measure. Hall marked on edge. Dixon 
and Son. In front "Imperial." A crown between the initials 
G R, with IV below. 

3. Round pewter platter. Gadrooned. In center, Agnes 
Dei on book with five seals. Inscription, Abter Bildhausen. 
1771, A N, Agn. Dei. 

Mark repeated three times of angel with scales in one hand, 

bell in other, in an oval surrounded by Georg — Kn L I 

Flemish? 

4. Dutch pewter coffee urn. Three ball feet with wooden 
supports, wooden finial on cover, two handles. Height, 18 
inches. 

5. Pewter tray. Engraved, irregular border; rose crowned. 
Angel blowing trumpet, Fleur-de-lis beneath. Probably French. 
Diameter, 11 inches. 

6. Oval two-handled pewter dish. Gadrooned edge. 
Hall marked in center, i — semi-griffen, 2 — three crowns, Hus — pitt 
above, 3 — crown above and S. W. fein, f^iJ^ia below. All 
three in cartouches. Diameter, ig}4 by 11^ inches. 

7. Pewter tankard with chain and handle. Two marks, 
one F, crown in circle — the other on outside lid, illegible. Body 
octagonal. 

8. Pewter punch bowl. Monteith. Two handles, X crown. 
Height, 8^ inches. 

The Monteith is a punch bowl which in silver came into 
fashion about 1697. It had a movable rim ornamented around 
the top with escallops or battlements to form indentations in 
which glasses were placed with the feet outwards. 

9. Pewter chocolate pot. Gadrooned, moulded spout, 
leather covered handle. 

10. Large pewter charger. Moulded five-sided border. 
Monogram, W. F. 

Originally belonged to Walter Franklin, of Franklin Square, 
New York, and was in house when occupied as first Presidential 
mansion, by General George Washington, April, 1789. 

Marked, " Made in London. John . Superfine hard 

metal." X crowned. Diameter, 17}^ inches. 

11. Oval pewter meat platter. Hall marked. His 
Majesty's patent. Royal coat-of-arms. Motto: Dieu at mon 
droit. 

15 



12-13. Pair round pewter platters. Crest on border. 
Maker, James Tisoe,* on back. 1764. Diameter, 18 inches. 

14. Pewter spoon rack. Heart-shaped, copper ring handle. 

Hall marked. German eagle. Pros. illegible. G. L. in 

shield. 

15. Pewter flagon. Mid band, S handle. Mark on bot- 
tom and inside the lid — Fein — standing figure of Justice bearing 
sword and scales in cartouche. Name illegible. On top of 
cover, C. F. 1792. Height, 12 inches. 

16. Pewter flagon. Very similar to No. 15. Three marks 
on back of handle. Large rose on bottom. On thumb piece, 
F. I. D. R. 

17. Engraved pewter pitcher. Double acorn thumb piece. 
Maker's mark. Rose crown. N. D. in crown, 

18. Pewter milk can. Made to be carried by straps. 
Marked on bottom. Crowned hand with J. P. S. surrounding, 
all within cross. Height, 18^ inches. 

19. Pewter tankard. Moulded base; thumb piece broken 
off; coat-of-arms. Engraved floral design. Marked 1788, I. D. S. 
Three Hall marks; date in one, 1708. 

20. Pewter urn. Adam design. Engraved drapery dec- 
oration; green ivory spigot, four ball feet. Marked I. V. 

21-22. Pair pewter candle-sticks. Inverted floral design. 
Height, 8 inches. 

23. Pewter teapot. Fluted sides. Cartouche on each. 
Initials E. H., engraved. Maker, I. Vickers, on bottom. 
Height, 6 inches. 

ON DINING TABLE 

24. Pewter hot water plate. Gadrooned edge, two drop 
handles. 

Three round pewter plates, with gadrooned edges. 
Coats-of-arms on border. Four marks. One, Burfordf 
and Green, J in a cartouche surrounding coat-of-arms on 
backs, and three imitation Hall marks — Lion, Britan- 
nica, Leopard's head — on edge. 

Pewter meat platter. Irregular moulded edge. 
Two coats-of-arms engraved on border. 

* James Tisoe. Livery 1746. Renter Warden 1764. 

Maker's mark. A portcullis; Christian name above and surname below, in 
curved scrolls. 

f Thomas Burford. Livery 1750. Upper Warden latter part of 1778. 

:): James Green. Livery 1750. Steward 1760. Upper Warden first part 
of 1778. 

Maker's marks. On a shield, a cross with two cross crosslets, fitche'e in 
chief, for Burford; impaling three stags tripping, for Green; names above and 
below, in curved scrolls. 

16 



Pair pewter salt cellars. Gadrooned. One with 
standing figure of Justice bearing sword and scales. 
Initials J. V. L., all in shield. 

Pair spoon holders. Height, 6 inches. 

Pair of pepper boxes. 

Mustard pot. 

Pair pewter candle-sticks. Marked — Fein — in 
three shields. Height, 7^ inches. 

Pair pewter candle-sticks. Gadrooned. No 
marks. 

Two-handled pewter porringer and cover, with 
stand. Three ball and claw feet on each. Standing 
figure of Justice bearing sword and scales. D. in 
circle beneath. Engraved I. W. 

Pewter snuffer tray, with four feet and handle. 
Length, 7 inches. 

Two pewter moulds. 

Small pewter teapot. Marked crown rose. A.V. S. 

At Pewterers' Hall, London, are the five touch plates remain- 
ing in the possession of the Master, Wardens, and Court of the 
Worshipful Company of Pewterers. These plates are of copper, 
and about eighteen inches in length by twelve in breadth, on 
which over 11,000 makers' marks have been struck, and must 
necessarily form the foundation of any work dealing with 
pewterers' marks. The company also possesses the list of the 
Livery compiled in 1740 from earlier records, and which has 
been continued and entered up from time to time until towards 
the end of the 19th century. This list shows the date on which 
each member joined the Livery — the years when he served the 
offices of Steward, Renter Warden, Upper Warden, and Master, 
or paid the fines for not serving such offices. 

25. Gate-legged table. 

Joined or wainscott tables represent the oldest style of table 
found in this country. They were superseded by the "large," 
"round," or "oval" tables, with leaves at ends and sides, sup- 
ported by one or more legs, which swung out from the main 
frame, familiar designation for which is "thousand-legged 
table." Nearly all these tables had a drawer on side runners. 

The dining table used by the Van Cortlandt family at the 
Manor House, Croton-on-Hudson, New York, since early in the 
17th century is of this style. 

26. Blue and white Delft-bowl. Early i8th century. 
Potteries were established at Delft, Holland, at a very early 

date; fine ware, it is said, was produced in 1480, but nothing 
certain is known before 1614, when a patent was granted to 
Claes Janssen Wytman for making porcelain. 

27. Lowestoft bowl, with armorial decoration. 

17 



28. Norwegian wooden drinking mug. Lion thumb 
piece. Height, g]4. inches. 

This mug is said to have belonged to Sir Henry Morgan, the 
great buccaneer, who was born in Wales, 1637, died in Jamaica, 
1690. At one time he commanded a fleet of thirty-seven sail, 
the largest that any buccaneer had ever commanded in these 
waters. 

29. V^edding chest. E. E. in middle panel, drawer be- 
neath with original wrought iron handles; top not original, as 
these chests usually have quarter round moulding cut from edge 
of top. Known to collectors as the Hadley chest, many having 
been found in the neighborhood of Hadley, Mass. They date 
probably from 1690-1720, and are characterized by pine tops, 
the back and bottom of the chests, as well as the drawer frames 
also, of pine, with ends panelled — not carved. The centre panel 
almost invariably has initials. One, two and three drawers are 
found in Hadley chests. Height, 38 inches; width, 42 inches. 

30. Dutch oak cabinet. Closed shelf beneath. Top 
moulding cut in a characteristic Dutch design. About 1700. 

Contents of much interest, owing to their antiquity. 

FIRST SHELF 

Two Delft plates. Blue and white. Brass snuffers 
in standard on three feet. Height 7^^ inches to top of 
ornamental cock. 

SECOND SHELF 

T\vo Chinese and one Delft saucer. Three brass 
braziers, wooden handles; two with reticulated edges, 
one pierced. 

THIRD SHELF 

Two Chinese blue and w^hite tea caddies. 
Four Dutch Delft polychrome fruit. 
Two Delft plates. Oriental design. 
Two Dutch Biblical tiles. 

Delft flower pot. Decoration, "Long Eliza." Tall, 
graceful forms of women, named by the Dutch, "Lange 
Lijsen." 

Two Dutch polychrome horses. 

31. Linen folder. Probably Scandinavian. Elaborately 
carved. Geometrical design. 

32. Fire stand, shovel and tongs of steel, with brass tops. 

33. W^ire and brass tender. Brass steeple andirons, rights 
and lefts. Originally belonged to the Chester homestead. 

34. Pair of wooden bellows. 

35. Norwegian hand-mangles are long, flat boards, often 
very elaborately carved and painted, with a raised handle at one 
end for the right hand — the handles usually take the form of a 

18 




DUTCH OAK CABINET AND " HADLEY " CHEST 



horse, lion, or scroll; in Norway the horse style of handle pre- 
dominates — the carving is generally of a geometrical scroll or 
floral design. In some cases there is a second handle or knob 
for the use of the left hand ; if this is not present, there is gen- 
erally a plain panel for the fingers of the left hand to press on, in 
order to give weight to the mangle when passing over the roller, 
and on this cartouche the date and initials are painted. 

The oldest specimens found in museums in England, Sweden 
Norway and Denmark dates 1630. 

The Dutch hand-mangles are flat without a projecting handle 
— the rollers about 18 inches long, by 2 inches in diameter. 

Richard Quick tells us in the Antiquary that " mangles were 
formerly considered one of the essential domestic objects for all 
young housewives, and one was often given the bride by the 
bridegroom, who either carved her name or initial on it, or had 
it so done before presenting it." These mangles are nearly all 
made of ordinary Scotch fir. 

36-37. Pair of blue and white Delft plates. Oriental de- 
sign. Diameter, 14 inches. 

38. Delft garniture of five pieces. Blue and white. 

The Wu She or Chinese set of five vases differs in form and 
arrangement from the mantel set largely imported by the Dutch 
East India merchants in the 17th and i8th centuries; the latter 
included three covered jars, with two beakers between, usually 
in blue and white, or with enamelled panels on a lustrous brown 
tzu-chin ground, a style of decoration known in Europe as 
"Batavian." 

The Dutch settlement in Java was founded in 1602. 

The Wu Kung, or five sacrificial vessels, sometimes found 
on the domestic altar in Chinese houses, consists of an incense 
urn, two pricket candle-sticks and two side vases, the last chang- 
ing with the seasons. 

39. Pair of old Sheffield candle-sticks. Two coats-of- 
arms on each. Glass shades. 

40. Hall clock. Marked Walter Archer, 1619. Case is 
made of pine, or some other soft wood; band of carving at top 
is early in design. Single arch moulding about doors, spandrels 
of third order cupids holding a crown, which came into fashion 
about 1700. The maker's name, Walter Archer, appears between 
the numerals VII and V, which shows it to date probably 
before 1715. 

Though dated 1619, the engraving is of a different depth 
from the rest of the face, and was without doubt added at a 
recent date. 

Description and illustration in L. V. Lockwood's "Colonial 
Furniture in America." 

41. Carved oak napkin press. 

42. Mahogany wine chest. Made to hold twelve bottles. 
Inlaid, ball feet and original brass handles. 

43. Corner cupboard. Early 18th century. 

19 



First Shelf 

One sextagonal and one octagonal case bottles. 

Cut design. Owned by David Prevost, mayor of New 
York 1699. 

Cut glass wine decanter, with original mushroom 
stopper. 

Soup tureen, gravy boat and tray of Stafforshire 
printed ware. 

Pink lustre plate. 

Dutch polychrome platter. Printed plate, marked 
J. Furnewald & Co. 

T^vo \Vorcester plates. Oriental Lowestoft 
platter, blue and gold design, basket of flowers in center. 
Cup and saucer, European porcelain, marked R. B. 
Pottox. 

Lustre pitcher. Raised hunting decoration. 

Second Shelf 

Brass teapot, with wooden finial, on pierced stand 
of four feet and two handles. Height, ioJ4 inches. 

Crooked neck gin bottle and cut glass wine 
glasses. 

Oriental Lowestoft pierced fruit dish. 

Third Shelf 

Stoneware pitcher and mug. Silver rim, five 
marks I. J. S. 2, woman's head. 3, woman with distaff. 
4, coat-of-arms. 5, E; all in cartouche marked Sexton. 

Small plate. Early Staffordshire, raised and col- 
ored decorations, figures in center, raised flower border. 

^A^orcester shallo^v dish. Printed, blue and white, 
landscape design. 

Copper teapot. Reticulated gallery edge brass 
finial, pierced brass stand with three wooden feet. Old 
and rare. 

Copper lustre pitcher. Cameo decoration, pink 
lustre rim and handle. 

Fourth Shelf 

Large pitcher. Staffordshire. Center decoration. 
Head of Washington surrounded by fifteen stars with 
names of fifteen States. Opposite "The Aurora" of 
Philadelphia. 

In colonial days the sea captains ordered these large 
pitchers for their own table use directly from the pot- 
ters. Height, 12 inches. 



Fifth Shelf 
Large brown stoneware pitcher. 

Large Staffordshire pitcher. Dark blue border, 
orange skin surface. Acanthus leaf handle. Height, 
12 inches. 

44. Heppelwhite inlaid side board. Original brass shell 
handles, four drawers above, three cupboards, middle one 
double. Heppelwhite side boards will always be known by the 
convexity of their front toward the sides. 

Inlaid Heppelwhite knife-box. Complete Silver 
escutcheon, shield shape. 

Mahogany double tea-box. Inlaid silver handle, 
ivory escutcheon. Complete. 

Satinwood double tea-box. Inlaid silver handle. 

Chippendale mahogany knife-box. Silver mounts. 
Hall marked. Maker, J. W. 

Pair of single tea-boxes. Walnut shell design on 
green inlay. On cover, flower design. 

45. Walnut chair. Dating about 1770. 

46. Chair. Late Chippendale design. 

47. Chippendale chair. Grooved legs in front, under- 
braced. Design of back very popular throughout i8th century. 

48. Mezzotint portrait on glass. The Right Honble. 
William Pitt, Esqr., one of His Majesty's principal Secretary's of 
State, and one of His Majesty's Most Honble. Privy Council. 

Painted by Wm. Hoare. Engraved by E. Fisher. Sold by 
J. Boydell, engraver in Cheapside, 1760. 

49. Mezzotint portrait on Glass. General Robert Monck- 
ton, 1726-1782. Governor of New York, 1761. 

50. A view of Fort George, with the city of New York 
from the S. W. 

Printed for Carrington Bowles. Map and Printseller at No. 
69 in St. Paul's church yard, London. Sculp. I. Carwithan. 

51. Colored print of fruit. November, 1732. From the 
collection of Robt. Furber Gardiner, Kensington, 1732. 

Designed by Peter Casteels. Engraved by Samuel Smith. 

52. A south-east view of the city of New York in North 
America. 

Drawn on the spot by Thomas Howdell, of the royal artillery. 
Engraved by P. Canot, London. Printed by John Bowles, at 
No. 19 in Cornhill; Robert Sayer at No. 53 in Fleet Street; 
Thos. Jeffreys, the corner of St. Martin's Lane in the Strand; 
Carrington Bowles at No. 69 in St, Paul's church yard, and 
Henry Parker at No. 82 in Cornhill. 

21 



I. 


New College. 


2. 


Old English Church. 


3- 


City Hall. 


4. 


French Church. 


5. 


North River. 


6. 


Staten Island. 


7. 


The Prison. 


53. A south-west View of the City of New York in 


North America. 


Drawn on 


the spot by Captain Thomas Howdell, of the Royal 


Artillery. E 


igraved by P. Canot. 


I. 


The Harbour. 


2. 


Nutting Island. 


3- 


Staten Island. 


4. 


Long Island. 


5- 


Rutgers House. 


6. 


South River. 


7. 


Brew House. 



Mantel. Late Sheraton style, similar to those found in 
New Jersey and New York. Carved rosettes in center, and over 
columns. 



Colonial iHaps 

SOUTH-WEST ROOM 

With marine science so undeveloped on account of the 
crude instruments used in navigation and the 
difficulty of precise surveys and observations 
of latitude and longitude, accurate map- 
making ^vas well-nigh impossible. 

1. Map of Nieuw Amsterdam, otherwise named Nieuw 
Jorck. By Reinier and Joshua Ottens. "This Ottens map was 
probably published about the middle of the eighteenth century." 

2. A Plan of the City of New York and its environs to 
Greenwich on the North or Hudson's River and to Crown Point 
on the East or Sound River, showing the several Streets, Publick 
Buildings, Docks, Fort and Battery with the true Form and 
Course of the Commanding Grounds with and without the town, 
Surveyed in the winter of 1775. 

To the Hon. Thos. Gage, Esqr., Major General and 
Commander in Chief of His Majesty's Forces in North America 
and Colonel of the 22nd Regiment of Foot. This plan is Most 
humbly Inscribed by his obedient servant, John Montresor, 
Engineer. 

3. Map of Nicolas Joannis Visscher, entitled " Novi 
Belgii novaeque Angliae nee nou Partis Virginiae Tabula multis 
in locis emendata a Nicolas Joannis Visscher." The picture 
contained in this map is believed by some, though not estab- 
lished with certainty, to be taken from a sketch or drawing made 
by Augustine Hermans in the year 1656. An account of Her- 
mans is given in Joseph Dancker's and Peter Sluyter's Journal 
of a Voyage to New York and a Tour in several of the American 
Colonies in 1679-80. 

4. Map. Danckers. 1680. Entitled " Novi Belgii, 
Novaeque Angliae nee nou Pennsylvaniae at Partis Virginiae 
tabula, multis in locis emendate." 

Inset — View of Nieuw Amsterdam. 

5. A Topographical Map of the North Part of New 
York Island, exhibiting the Plan of Fort Washington, now Fort 
Knyphausen, with the Rebels lines to the southward, which were 
forced by the Troops under the Command of the Rt. Honble. 
Earl Percy on the i6th Nov., 1776, and surveyed immediately 
after by order of his lordship. By Claude Joseph Sauthier. 
To which is added the Attack made to the North by the 
Hessians. Surveyed by the order of Lieut. Genl. Knyphausen. 

Published by permission of the Rt. Honble. Commissioners 
of Trade and Plantations, by Wm. Faden, 1777. 

6. Map of a part of America. Published towards the 
end of the seventeenth century. 1673. Hugo AUard, excut. 

Hugo Allard was a Dutch portrait engraver, his principal 
portrait being that of Adrian Pau. There is a landscape by him 

23 



dated 1696. It is the opinion of Asher that the original engrav- 
ing for the view on Hugo Allard's map was made by the 
celebrated artist, Romeyn de Hooge, who was born at the 
Hague in 1646. 

7. Map of the Original Grants of village lots from the 
Dutch West India Company to the inhabitants of New Amster- 
dam (now New York) lying below the present line of Wall Street. 
Grants commencing A.D. 1642. 

8. Origin of Steam Navigation. "Honor to Whom 
Honor is Due." A View of Collect Pond and its vicinity in the 
City of New York, 1793. 

9. Map. Danckers. Entitled " Novi Belgii, Novaeque 
Angliae nee nou Pennsylvaniae et Partis Virginiae tabula." 

10. L'Amerique Septentrionale et Meridionale divis^e 
en ses principales parties, ou sont distingues les vus des autres 
les Estats suivant qu 'ils appartiennent presentement aux Francois, 
Castillans, Portugais, Anglois, Suedois, Danois, Hollandois, etc. 

Dresse sur les Memoires les plus Nouveaux par G. Valck. 
Gerard Valck, a celebrated portrait painter, 1626-1720. 
Father-in-law and business partner of Peter Schenck. 

n. Map and a Southwest View of the City of 
NcTV York. Taken from the Governour's Island at* 

Plan of the City of New York in North America Surveyed in 
the Years 1766 and 1767, by B. Ratzer^ Lieut, in His Majestie's 
Sixtieth or Royal American Regiment. It is dedicated to His 
Excellency Sir Henry Moore, Bart., Capt. Genl. and Govr. in 
Chief in and over His Majestie's Provinces in New York. 

London: Published according to Act of Parliament, January 
12, 1776, by Jefferys & Faden, corner of St. Martin's Lane, 
Charing Cross. 

The star refers to one upon the plan to which the view is 
appended which marks the exact spot from which the picture 
was taken. 

12. Gun which belonged to Lewis Morris, father of Lewis 
Morris the Signer. 

13. Cane which belonged to Lewis Morris, father of Lewis 
Morris the Signer. 

14-15. Portrait of Governor Clinton, in chalk by St. 
Memin. Portrait of Mrs. Clinton, wife of Gov. Clinton, in 
chalk by St. Memin. 



24 



a Series of Jleto lorfe "gTietos 

Showing the Development of the City in Colonial Times. 

i6. Novum Amsterodamum. 1671. From " Beschryving 
van America," by Arnolclus Montanus. 

It is curious to note the fact that the wind-mill, flag-staff, 
church, gallows-tree and swinging gibbet are prominent features 
of the landscape. The Church of St. Nicholas, with its long, 
sloping roof of slate, can be distinctly seen above the walls of 
the Fort. This Fort was staked out about 1625 by Master 
Kryn Frederycke, an engineer. It was called Fort Amscel or 
Amsterdam until 1664, afterwards Fort James and finally Fort 
George. It was "capable to lodge three hundred souldiers and 
officers." The first fort was probably stockadoes, with block 
houses, but it was a good stone fort when taken by the English 
in 1664. It was the principal landmark of our city for one 
hundred and fifty years. A tablet at No. 4 Bowling Green 
marks its site. 

17. Nieu Amsterdam at New York, 1680? By Carolus 
AUard. 

A large two-masted, square-rigged vessel occupies the right 
hand foreground. A smaller vessel is anchored nearer shore. 

Carolus AUard was a copper-plate engraver at Amsterdam, 
also a printseller and publisher. He flourished toward the close 
of the seventeenth and in the beginning of the eighteenth 
century. 

18. Nieu Amsterdam at New Yorck, 1690? A view of 
the city and in the foreground two figures, male and female, 
which occupy about one-half the picture. 

Carolus AUard, exc, cum Privil. ord. HoU, et. 

19. Nieu Amsterdam, after Peter Schenck. "New Amster- 
dam, a small city on Manhattan Island, New Holland, North 
America, now called New York and is a part of the English colo- 
nies about 1667." 

Two high-pooped, long-beaked Dutch Trading vessels in the 
Harbour well to the foreground. The Church of St. Nicholas 
and numerous wooden houses in plain view, with the inevitable 
windmill off to the left. 

Peter Schenck was a German engraver, publisher and art 
collector — died 17 15. 

20. Southwest vievi^ of Fort George w^ith the City of 
NeTV York. One of the most picturesque views of the city 
which exhibits the Fort. 

Published in William Russell's History of the War in America, 
1788. 

25 



PICTURES AND BROADSIDE OF THE FOUR 
INDIAN KINGS 

21. Keyser Vande Ses Natien, by Pet. Schenck. One 
of the four Indian Kings who on ye 2 May, 17 10, were admitted 
by her Majesty ye Queen of Great Britany, frayming assistance 
against ye French in America between New England and 
Canada, etc. 

2ia. Coning Vande Maquas, alias Coning Brant, by 
Pet. Schenck. 

2ib. Coning Vande Rivier Volkeren, by Pet. Schenck. 

21C. On Nee Yeath Foss no Riow, King of Granajah 
Hore, vulgr. King John. 

Sold by J. Faber. London: Engraved and ex., 1720. 

22-23. Two W^ooden Vultures, taken from a Spanish 
privateer in the Revolutionary war. 

jFtrst Cupboarli 

Lowestoft 

This ware was made in China. It is a hard vitreous porce- 
lain of a blue white color. The shapes are taken from English 
earthen ware sent to China to be copied. The raw material, 
kaolin and petunse, is found in large quantities in China. There 
is none in England. 

Lowestoft is a seaport town on the eastern coast of England. 
Here, in the eighteenth century, ships from the Orient brought 
their cargoes of Chinese wares, thence they were distributed all 
over England and America, so people called their dinner services 
and tea-sets "Lowestoft," not knowing or caring where they 
were made. At Lowestoft, during this period, there was a 
pottery at which was made a small quantity of "soft paste" 
wares, similar to others of English manufacture. In 1902, 
however, a discovery of pottery moulds and a large quantity of 
bits of porcelain was made on the site of the original pottery and 
from these moulds and fragments, the real character of the 
Lowestoft paste, decorations and shapes became known. 

No Oriental bits or shapes were found. 

FIRST AND THIRD SHELVES 

Oriental "Ware called " Lowestoft " 

SECOND SHELF 

This Tea Set of Lowestoft China was given as a wedding gift 
to General and Mrs. Hezekiah Barnes in 1780. He was General 
in the Colonial Army, twenty-one years old at the time and she 
was sixteen. FOURTH SHELF 

Chinese Porcelain. Part of a dinner set marked with 
monogram, belonging to Governor De Witt Clinton; presented to 
him while mayor, by the citizens of New York. 

26 



^econti Cuptioarti 

FIRST SHELF 

1. Tea pot, English copper lustre decorated. 

2. Tea pot, printed design. Staffordshire. 

3. Tea pot, sprig pattern. Staffordshire. 

4. Gravy boat, printed Washington's head, semi-porcelain, 
made at Creil in Oine, France. Established by English potters 
in 1775. 

5. Tea pot, English silver lustre. 

SECOND SHELF 

6. Plate, Leeds reticulated border. 

7. Plate, Wedgwood medallion transfer. 

8. Plate, Leeds reticulated border. 

9. Coffee pot, Staffordshire sprig pattern. 

10. Tea pot, Whieldon. 

11. Cup, Whieldon. 

12. Tea pot, Whieldon. Cauliflower pattern. 

13. Coffee pot, Bottcher, German potter 1706-10. 
Lacquered and gilt. 

14. Tea pot, Whieldon reticulated border. 

15. Tea caddy, Whieldon tortoise shell. 

16. Tea pot, Whieldon. 

THIRD SHELF 

17. Plate, Spode. 

18. Plate, decorated Leeds. 
ig. Blue plate, Davenport. 

20. Medallion. Early Whieldon. Adam design. 

21. Plate, raised decorated Leeds. 

22. Plate, Spode. 

23. Pitcher, Leeds. 

24. Gravy boat, Leeds. 

25. Mug, decorated Staffordshire. 

26. Tea pot, Staffordshire. 

27. Tea caddy, Whieldon. Marked on the bottom "Eliza- 
beth Perssons," 1772. 

28. Two figures, Staffordshire. 

29. Gravy boat, salt glaze. 

27 



30 
31 
32 

33 
35 



Mug (enameled), salt glaze. 



Mug, Whieldon. 
Mug, white, Leeds. 



FOURTH SHELF 

32. Tea cup, English soft paste, Lowestoft. 

33. Pitcher, English soft paste, Lowestoft. 

34. Mustard pot, Wedgwood. 

35. Egg cup, Wedgwood. 

36. Dish and Salad set, Leeds. 

37. Blue Cup and Saucer. Late Spode. 

38. Pink and Gold Cup and Saucer. Late Spode. 

39. Mug, Chinese. 

40. Shell, Leeds. 

41. Plate, Leeds reticulated. 

42. Platter, Leeds. 

43. Whieldon, by Voyez Modler. 
44. 

45. W^hieldon. 

46. Whieldon. Tortoise shell. 

(In Case III) 
Medallion Portraits of Illustrious Personages 

Josiah Wedgwood was born in Staffordshire, England, in 
1730; died 1795. 

His father, a potter, died in 1739, and Josiah in his ninth 
year had to leave school and go to work in the pottery. 

Wedgwood always paid great attention to improving the 
clays and finally invented his celebrated Jasperware. This ware 
is of an extremely delicate texture, its ingredients; sulphate of 
baryta, carbonate of baryta, clay and flint. 

Possessed of a profound understanding of character, a 
remarkable faculty for criticism of his models and untiring in 
securing perfection of detail, Wedgwood's faithful likenesses are 
endowed with a subtle and inimitable charm. 

Notwithstanding his intense sympathy with America during 
the struggle for constitutional liberty, Wedgwood was high in 
favor with King George and had the appointment of "Potter to 

28 



the Queen," It is of interest that he at one time endeavored to 
import clay from South Carolina for use in his pottery. Wedg- 
wood early recognized that the preliminary skirmishes of the 
battle in defence of the British Constitution were taking place in 
America, as the following letter, written to Bentley in 1767, 
goes to prove: 

"Mr. Grenville and his party seem determin'd to Conquer 
England in America I believe. If the Americans do not comply 
with their demands respecting the quartering of soldiers, the 
Alternative, I am told, is to be The Suspension of the Legislative 
power in America. I tell them the Americans will then make 
Laws for themselves & if we continue our Policy — for us too in 
a very short time. But I have very little time at present to 
bestow upon Politicks; if we must all be driven to America, you 
and I shall do very well amongst the Cherokees." 

Much of his success was due to the active assistance and 
strong sympathy with his ideals displayed by his wife. He 
wrote of her: " Sally is my chief helpmate in this as well as other 
things." She kept his secret formulas, and often mixed the 
clays for the Jasperware and doled them out to the proper 
workmen. His great love for classic history and desire to 
imitate the cameos of Greece and Rome resulted in their spend- 
ing long evenings studying and reading the classics aloud. 
After making use of the potter's clay to perpetuate the portraits 
of hundreds of personages, many of them men active in public 
life at the time of the American Revolution, and having amassed 
a considerable fortune, Wedgwood retired from business at the 
age of sixty-two, three years before his death. 



1. Prince Adolphus Frederick. Duke of Cambridge. 
Seventh son of George III. 1774-1850. 

He was very popular; noted for his earnestness, sincerity 
and peace-loving qualities. An indefatigable supporter of 
public charities, he was recognized as the link between the throne 
and the people. 

2. Prince Edward Augustus. Duke of Kent and Strath- 
ern. Fourth son of George III. 1767-1820. 

He married in 1818 Victoria Mary Louisa, widow of the 
Prince of Leiningen. They had one daughter, afterwards 
Queen Victoria. Though rather unpopular in the army, he was 
the first to abandon flogging and establish a regimental school. 

3. Prince Ernest Augustus. Duke of Cumberland. Fifth 
son of George III. Afterwards King of Hanover. 1771-1851. 

Had a high military reputation, being conspicuous for 
personal bravery in the field. Of all the sons of George III, he 
was the one who had the strongest will, the best intellect and 
greatest courage. Died at his palace of Herrenhausen, aged 
eighty, amidst the universal grief of his people. 

4. Prince 'William Henry. Duke of Clarence. Third 
son of George III. Afterwards William IV. 1765-1837. 

29 



Destined from childhood to serve in the navy, when he was 
but fourteen George III wrote of him: "He neither wants 
resolution nor cheerfulness, which seem necessary ingredients 
for those who enter into that noble profession." When he was 
sixteen years of age and serving as midshipman in the British 
Navy, he was for some time on the coast of the North American 
Colonies and he passed the winter of 1781 and 1782 in the City 
of New York. He took part in the relief of Gibraltar in 1780 
under Sir Charles Hardy. He became Lord High Admiral in 
1827 and King of England in 1830. 

5. Prince Frederick. Duke of York. Second son of 
George HI. 1763-1827. 

He was the favorite son of his father. He made an unhappy 
marriage with a Prussian princess in 1791, from whom he soon 
separated. He founded the Duke of York's School for the sons 
of Soldiers, Chelsea, London. 

6. Prince of V/ales. Afterwards George IV. 1 762-1830. 
It is said his word was worthless, his courage doubtful. 

Though clever and versatile, his character was such that not 
even his own partisans could respect or defend it. 

7. Charlotte Augusta Matilda. Princess Royal of Eng- 
land. Daughter of George III. 1766-1828. 

Princess Royal of Great Britain and Ireland, she became by 
marriage Queen of Wiirtemburg. Left a widow in 1816, she 
suffered from a serious malady for years until her death in 1828 
at Ludwigsburg. 

8. Queen Charlotte. Consort of George III. 1 744-1818. 
After a formal betrothal, she landed in England in 1761, and 

saw her future husband for the first time at St. James. She had 
no interest in nor influence over English politics; but during 
this long reign court life was perfectly decorous. 

9. George III. 1738-1820. 

George William Frederick succeded to the Throne of Eng- 
land in 1760. Although in 1783 he had virtually refused to re- 
ceive a Minister from the United States, he consented to receive 
John Adams in 1785. He behaved with dignity during the 
interview, though he showed that he was affected by it and 
assured the Minister that as he had been the last to consent to 
the separation, so he would be the first to meet the friendship 
of the United States as an independent power. 

ID. George III of England. 1 738-1820. 

II. George II. 1683-1760. 

George Augustus, King of Great Britain and Ireland, only 
son of George I and Sophia Dorothea. His favorite study was 
German genealogy. He was completely swayed by his wife in 
affairs of state. One of the notorious pasquinades of the day 
said: "We know 'tis Queen Caroline, not you that reigns." 

30 



12. George I. 1660-1727. 

George Lewis, King of Great Britain and Ireland and Elector 
of Hanover. 

Unlovable in himself and in his chosen surroundings, he is 
said, in some degree, to have justified the boast that it was "the 
maxim of his family to reward their friends, do justice to frheir 
enemies and fear none but God." 

13. Sarah W^edgwood. Wife of Josiah Wedgwood. 1734- 
1815. 

Daughter of Richard Wedgwood of Cheshire. Mrs. Wedg- 
wood and her husband were cousins in the third degree. They 
were married in 1764 and had seven children. 

14. Josiah Wedgwood. 1730-1795. 

15. Josiah Wedgwood. 1730-1795. 

16. Josiah ^A(^edgwood. 1730-1795. 

17. Josiah Wedgwood, 1730-1795. 

18. Thomas Bentley. 1 730-1 780. 

Of Trinity College, Cambridge. Friend and partner of 
Josiah Wedgwood (in white and in basalt). 

19. Reverend William Willet. 1699-1778. 

A Unitarian clergyman who married Wedgwood's favorite 
sister. Wedgwood said of this portrait, "A stronger likeness 
can scarcely be conceived. You may keep it as the Shadow of 
a good Man who is marching with hasty strides towards the 
Land of Forgetfulness." 

20. David Garrick. 1716-1779. 

A famous English actor. First appearance in Drury Lane in 
1742. Possessed in a preeminent degree the art of imitating the 
physiognomy of others and the expression of various emotions. 
Among his intimate friends were Lord Chatham, Lord Lyttleton 
and Dr. Johnson. Buried beside Shakespeare in Westminster 
Abbey. 

21. Charles Cornwallis. Earl and Marquis. Commonly 
known as Lord Cornwallis. 1738-1805. 

Joined the English army in 1776 as Major-General, and took 
part in the battles of Brandywine and Germantown. He finally 
surrendered with about eight thousand men to WashingLon at 
Yorktown in 1781. Generally admitted to have been by far the 
ablest British General who took part in the war of the American 
Revolution. He was successively Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 
and Governor-General of India, where he died at Ghazapore in 
1805. 

22. Sir Joshua Reynolds. 1723-1792. 

The most celebrated portrait painter England has produced. 
He was the son of a clergyman, the Rev. Samuel Reynolds. 
He was never married. Made President of the Royal Academy 
in 1768 and knighted on that occasion. In 1760 his price was 
one hundred guineas for a whole-length portrait. 

With Dr. Johnson he founded The Literary Club, composed 
of twelve members, among whom were Burke and Goldsmith. 

31 



23. Sir "William Herschel. 1738-1822. 

One of the greatest astronomers that any age or nation ever 
produced. 

24. Sir Geoffrey Amherst. 17 17-1797. 

An English General usually called Lord Amherst. He took 
part in the capture of Ticonderoga from the French in 1759, 
also in the conquest of Canada in 1760. In 1763 he was appointed 
Governor of Virginia. (By James Tassie.) 

25. Edmund Burke. 1730-1797. 

Orator, statesman and philanthropist. Born in Dublin. 
Married in 1757 Mary Jane Nugent, daughter of a physician 
of Bath. He was accustomed to say that "every care vanished 
the moment he entered under his own roof." Impeached Warren 
Hastings in Parliament, 1788. 

His style, embodying rare majesty of thought and expression, 
is said to be more grandly beautiful than that attained by any other 
Englishman with tongue or pen. Grief occasioned by the death 
of his only son, Richard, materially shortened his life. He died 
at the age of sixty-seven. (By James Tassie.) 

26. Benjamin Franklin. 1 706-1 790. 

Eminent American philosopher and statesman. Born in Bos- 
ton, Mass. As a philosopher he was remarkable for simplicity 
of character and practical common sense. He deemed nothing- 
unworthy of attention which concerned the interest or happiness 
of mankind. His great merit in action consisted in the clearness 
with which he saw his object and his bold and steady pursuit of 
it by the surest and shortest road. In 1730 he married Deborah 
Read, of Philadelphia. In introducing a motion for daily prayers 
at the Convention of 1787, he said: "The longer I live the 
more convincing proofs I see that God governs the affairs of 
men." He died in Philadelphia at the age of eighty-four. (By 
James Tassie.) 

27. Lord Mansfield. Born at Perth, Scotland, 1704; died 

1793- . 

William Murray, Earl of Mansfield. Lord Chief Justice, cele- 
brated lawyer and orator. He presided with honor over the 
Court of King's Bench for more than thirty years. He possessed 
all the essential qualities that go to form a great judge. 

(This is not by Wedgwood, but by James Tassie, and made 
of a glass composition.) 

28. Earl of Chatham. 1708-1778. (In Battersea enamel.) 
William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. English statesman and orator. 

His play of countenance was wonderful, said to be able to dis- 
concert a hostile orator by a single glance of indignation or 
scorn. In 1775 he made a brilliant speech on the American War. 
Alluding to the Boston Port Bill, he said: "You must repeal these 
acts and you will repeal them. I pledge myself for it that you 
will repeal them. I stake my reputation on it. I will consent 
to be taken for an idiot if they are not finally repealed." By 
many considered the most successful orator and brilliant states- 

32 



man England ever produced. He married Hester, daughter of 
George Grenville, in 1754. 

(This is also not by Wedgwood.) 

29. Reverend John \A(^esley. 1703-1791. 

Celebrated religious reformer. Founder of the Society of 
Methodists. Distinguished at Oxford for his skill in logic. His 
mother, who was versed in Greek and Latin, influenced him in 
choosing religion as a career. At twenty-three he commenced 
recording his actions, thoughts and experiences in a diary, which 
he continued to the end of his life. In 1750 he made an unhappy 
marriage with a widow of independent fortune from whom he was 
finally separated in 1771. He possessed a marvelous influence 
for good. No hardships or dangers were too great for him to un- 
dertake in the cause of Christianity. He labored for the lowest 
classes of humanity and sought to abolish African slavery. He 
had a rare activity of spirit which was unimpaired by old age. 
(By Turner.) 

30. Marquis de Lafayette. 1 757-1834. 

Marie Jean Paul de Lafayette. French statesman and 
patriot, and friend of Washington. The Congress of the United 
States voted $200,000 in recompense for his services in the war 
of independence. He said to Louis Philippe: "You know that I 
am a Republican and that I regard the Constitution of the 
United States as the most perfect that ever existed." He lived 
through various vicissitudes of fortune with a character free 
from reproach. 

31. Lord Eden. 1744-1814. 

William Eden, Earl of Auckland. One of the three commis- 
sioners sent to America in 1778 to negotiate peace. 

32. Lord Nelson. 1758-1805. 

Horatio Nelson, Viscount and Vice-Admiral in the British 
Navy. Mortally wounded in the battle of Trafalgar, 1805, after 
hoisting the celebrated signal, "England expects that every 
man will do his duty." 

33. Lord Howe. 1726-1799. 

Richard, Earl and Admiral of the English Fleet. Brother of 
General Howe, with whom he was jointly commissioned to treat 
with the revolted Americans and to take measures for the resto- 
ration of peace with the Colonies. Proverbial for his courage 
and his taciturnity. Described by Walpole as "undaunted as a 
rock and as silent." 

34. Joseph II. 1741-1790. 

King of the Romans, Emperor of Germany. Brother of Marie 
Antoinette; Civil and Ecclesiastical Reformer. 

35. Anne. 1665-1714. 

Queen of Great Britain and Ireland. 

In 1710 gave an audience at Court to five sachems from the 
Iroquois, who presented her with belts of wampum. They were 
escorted to England by Colonel Schuyler. 

33 



CASE IV 

36. Dr. Joseph Priestley. 1733-1804. 

Joseph Priestley, LL. D. Theologian and man of science. 
Discoverer of oxygen. Made many discoveries in electricity. An 
earnest upholder of America, whither he came in 1794. Intimate 
with Darwin, Franklin and Wedgwood. Fearless, devout and 
frank. Toplady said of him: "A man whom I can hold up as a 
piece of crystal and look through him." 

37. Benjamin Franklin. 1706-1790. 

After a portrait by Cafifieri. 

38. Benjamin Franklin. 1 706-1790. 
After a portrait by Nini. 

39. Benjamin Franklin. 1706-1790. 
After a portrait by Flaxman. 

40. George W^ashington. 1 732-1799. 

After an etching by Joseph Wright, son of Mrs. Patience 
Wright. 

"Washington, the brave, the wise, the good. * * * jj^ 
disaster calm, in success moderate, in all himself. * * * Father 
of Nations, Friend of Mankind, who when he had won all, 
renounced all and sought in the bosom of his family and of 
nature retirement, and in the hope of religion — Immortality." 
— Tribute to the memory of George Washington written at his 
grave, Mt. Vernon, 1883, by Dr. Andrew Reed, an English 
philanthropist. 

41. Benjamin Franklin. 1 706-1 790. 

After a model in wax by Patience Wright, the American 
sculptress, the first American woman noted in art. 

42. George ^Vashington. 1732-1799. (Basalt.) 

43. Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire. 1694-1778. 
French critic and author. Said to have exercised a greater 

influence on the mind of Europe than any other man of his age. 
Said of himself: "One who does not carry a great name, but 
can do credit to the one he has." 

44. Jean Jacques Rousseau. 1712-1778. 
Swiss philosopher and writer. 

45. Captain Cook. 1728-1779. 

James Cook, circumnavigator. VVith two ships, the Resolution 
and the Adventure, he crossed the Antartic Circle for the first 
time in 1773. 

46. Captain Cook. 1728-1779. 

47. Jacob Cats. 1577-1660. 

Popular Dutch poet, also lawyer and statesman. Called by 
the people "Father Cats." Ambassador to England in 1627; 
Grand Pensionary of Holland in 1636. 

48. Egbert Cortenaar. Obit. 1665. 

Famous Dutch admiral, killed near Lestoff in 1665. 

34 




NO. 54. PIETER HEYN (OR HEIN ), I570-1629. BRAVE DUTCH ADMIRAL 



49^ John De ^Vitt. 1625-1672. 

Eminent Dutch statesman ; Grand Pensionary of Holland. 
At one time tutor to the Prince of Orange. Foully murdered by 
an infuriated mob in 1672. 

50. Cornelius De Witt. 1623-1672. 

Dutch naval officer and statesman. Falsely accused, he fell 
victim to the rage of the mob, and with his brother was mur- 
dered in the prison. 

51. John Van Olden Barneveldt. 1549-1619. 

Liberal Dutch statesman and Grand Pensionary of Holland. 
Favoring universal toleration, after the convocation of the Dort 
Synod, 1618, which condemned the Arminians, Barneveldt was 
arrested and beheaded. 

52. Martin H. Van Tromp. 1597-1653. 

Admiral of Holland. One of the ablest seamen of his time; 
said to have been victor in more than thirty battles. 

53. Sir Cornells Van Tromp. 1629-1691. 
Lieutenant - Admiral - General of the United Provinces. 

Knighted by the King of Denmark as a reward for services ren- 
dered him in his war with Sweden. 

54. Pieter Heyn (or Hein). 1570-1629. 

Brave Dutch admiral, son of a sailor. Killed in a battle in 
which he had defeated the enemy. 

55. William Penn. 1644-1718. 

Quaker and founder of Pennsylvania. A stout champion of 
the right of independent thought and speech in an age of general 
intolerance. 

56. Sir Isaac Newton. 1642-1727. 

Natural philosopher, an estimate of whose genius is impos- 
sible. Pope composed the celebrated epitaph: 

" Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night: 
God said, ' Let Newton be ' — and all was light." 

57. Sir Isaac Newton. 1642-1727. 

58. John Locke. 1632-1704. 

Philosopher and student of medicine. Author of the Con- 
stitution of South Carolina. Called by John Fell "A Master of 
Taciturnity." The Latin epitaph over his tomb was written by 
himself. 

59. Queen Elizabeth. 1533-1603. 

Elizabeth, Queen of England and Ireland. "The Virgin 
Queen," who won a position in European politics which none 
could venture to disregard. 

60. William Anne Keppel. 1 702-1754, 

Second Earl of Albemarle. Lieutenant-General, Governor 
of Virginia in 1737. He squandered a large fortune and was 
called by VValpole "The Spendthrift Earl." 

35 



6i. John Stuart. 17 13-1792. 

Third Earl of Bute. Few Ministers have been more unpopular. 
He was intensely disliked by Americans. Was incessantly 
lampooned and caricatured. Passionately fond of botany, he 
formed a Botanic Garden at Luton Hoo, his estate in Bed- 
fordshire. 

62. Charles Lennox. 1 735-1806. 

Third Duke of Richmond and Lennox. Statesman. 

George III is reported to have said of him, there was no 
man in his dominions by whom he had been so much offended 
and no man to whom he was so much indebted. Remarkably 
handsome, when he married the beautiful daughter of the Earl 
of Elgin, they were called " the prettiest couple in England." 

63. General Robert Monckton. 1726-1782. 
Governor of New York 1761. 

64. Lord North. 1732-1792. 

Frederick North, second Earl of Guilford. English states- 
man. Chancellor of the Exchequer. 

An orator of unfailing tact and great powers of debate. It 
was on Lord North's motion in 1769 that the Cabinet decided, 
by a majority of one, to retain Charles Townshend's American 
Tea Duty. This decision rendered war inevitable. 

65. Lord Camden. 1714-1794. 

Charles Pratt. First Earl Camden. Statesman. Lord Chan- 
cellor. In his maiden speech in the House of Lords, he 
denounced the passing of the Stamp Act as a breach of the Con- 
stitution. 

66. George \Ai^ashington. 1732-1799. 

After a medal designed by Voltaire. 

67. W^illiam Temple Franklin. 

Son of the last Royal Governor of New Jersey and grandson 
of Benjamin Franklin. 

68. Louis XVI. 1 754-1793. 

King of France. Consort of Marie Antoinette. Submitted 
to his execution with tranquil fortitude. 'Twas said his virtues 
were better adapted to a private station than a throne. 

69. William Franklin. 1731-1813. 

Son of Benjamin Franklin. Appointed Governor of New 
Jersey 1762, of which he was the last "Royal Governor." Joined 
Sir William Johnson and several fur traders of Philadelphia in a 
plan for the colonization of the prairies of Illinois. 

70. Catherine II. 1729-1796. 

Empress of Russia. The history of princes affords few ex- 
amples of such talents and such force of character on a throne, 
perverted to the working of so much mischief. 

71. John Fothergill, M.D. 1712-1780. 

Franklin said of him: "I can hardly conceive that a better 
man ever existed." 

36 



72. Ferdinand I. 1751-1825. 

King of the two Sicilies. Younger son of Charles III of 
Spain. Was detested by his subjects. Married Maria Carolina 
of Austria, a princess of great ambition and cruelty. 

73. Marie Antoinette. 1755-1793- 

Queen of France. High spirited, of extraordinary personal 
charm; during terrible experiences she displayed firmness and 
dignity. Guillotined 1793. 

74. Lord Granville. 1721-1803. 

Granville Levison Gower, First Marquis of Stafford. Lord 
Privy Seal and a Governor of the Charter house. A man of 
much political influence and great wealth. 

75. Earl of Chatham, 1708-17 78. 

76. Earl of Hillsborough. 

Wills Hill. First Marquis of Downshire. Second Viscount 
Hillsborough. Determined in his opposition to any concessions 
to America. 

77. Charles James Fox. 1749-1806, 

He bore the reputation of an honest statesman and a real 
philanthropist. One of the most accomplished debaters England 
ever produced. 

78. Earl Percy. 1742-1817. 

Hugh Percy, Duke of Northumberland. Entered the army 
and served at Bunker Hill 1775, gaining the rank of General. 

79. Henry Dundas. 1740-1811. 

Lord Melville. Scottish lawyer and statesman, 

80. Charles Jenkinson. 1727-1808. 

First Earl of Liverpool. Statesman. Secretary of War under 
Lord North. 

81. Adam Smith. 1723-1790. 

Celebrated Scottish philosopher and political economist. An 
advocate of free trade. Maintained that labor rather than 
money is the true source of national wealth. 

82. Sir Christopher W^ren. 1632-1723. 

Generally regarded as the greatest of English architects. 
His masterpiece is St. Paul's Cathedral. 

83. Sir ^A^illiam Chambers. 17 26-1 796. 

Architect. Native of Stockholm. Settled in England at an 
early age. Employed by George HI to lay out the Royal Gar- 
dens at Kew. 

84. Oliver Cromwell. 1599-1658. 

"The Protector." Though constantly attacked, the char- 
acter of Cromwell is popular with the great body of his country- 
men. He notified the Colonial Governors in New England that 
he would send a fleet to America and he called upon them to give 
their utmost assistance for gaining the Manhattan and other 
places under the power of the Dutch. In 1654 peace was signed 
by Cromwell and a defensive league made between the two 
Republics. 

37 



Colonial #o\3ernors> ;^apors> ^luto- 
grapljs anti ILetters 

CASE I 

1. Treaty between Governor Minuit and the Aborigines 

for the sale of Manhattan Island. 1626. 

To the first of the four Dutch Governors, Peter Minuit, who 
arrived in 1626, we owe the purchase of Manhattan Island, 
bought for the sum of twenty-four dollars paid for in cheap 
trinkets, implements of husbandry and weapons. 

2. The Judgment of Wouter Van Twiller. Governor of 

New York 1633-1638. 

Wouter Van Twiller, dull, wavering and ease-loving, lost the 
respect of all citizens and was recalled to Holland. He bought 
Nutten Island in the harbor for his prospective residence, which 
has been known ever since as "Governor's Island." 

3. Peter Stuyvesant. Governor of New York 1647-1664. 
Peter Stuyvesant, who followed William Kieft, third Governor, 

was wise and honest, though despotic. The convention of nine- 
teen delegates, ten Dutch and nine English, who met in New 
Amsterdam in 1653 to remonstrate against his tyrannous rule, 
was the first representative government in the State of New 
York. 

4. Sir Edmond Andres. Governor of New York 1674- 
1677; 1678-1681; 1688. 

Colonial Governor of Virginia in 1692. One of the Founders 
of William and Mary College, which, next to Harvard, is the 
oldest seat of learning in the United States. 

5. Thomas Dongan. Governor of New York 1683-1688. 
An Irish Roman Catholic. One of the most popular of the 

Royal Governors owing to his judicious policy and regard for the 
rights of the people. Obtained a charter from the King in 1686 
confirming to the City of New York all prior grants, liberties and 
franchises; also a charter for Albany, which was thereupon 
incorporated as a city. His residence was on Broadway, between 
Ann Street and Maiden Lane, City of New York. 

6. Richard Coote, Earl of Bellomont. Governor of 
New York 1698-1699; 1700-1701. 

By his action the pirate, William Kidd, was seized, convicted 
and executed. He sympathized strongly with the cause of the 
French Huguenots in this country, advising the legislature to 
make provision for their clergymen. 

7. Abraham De Peyster. Governor of New York 1701. 
Abraham De Peyster served as Mayor of New York for four 

years, 1691-1695. Was also Treasurer of the Provinces of New 
York and New Jersey and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 
The house he built in 1700 in Pearl Street, opposite Cedar 

38 



Street, City of New York, was afterwards the headquarters of 
Washington. 

8. 'Williain Smith. Chief Justice of New York 1701. 
Acting Governor for a short time. 

g. Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury. Afterwards 3d Earl 
of Clarendon. Governor of New York 1702-1708. 

Nephew by marriage of James II. 

Dishonest and rapacious. Was removed owing to protests of 
the colonists. 

One of his imbecile freaks was to attire himself like a woman, 
and thus disguised to patrol the fort in which he lived. 

10. John Lord Lovelace. Governor of New York 
1708-1709. 

When he sailed for his post was accompanied by fifty-two 
families, "poor Palatines," said to have been the first German 
emigrants to America. 

11. William Burnett. Governor of New York 1720-1728. 
In 1727 he built a fort at Oswego, New York, at his own 

expense, planting the English flag for the first time on the 
Lakes. 

12. Rip Van Dam. Governor of New York 1731-1732. 

Petitioned the King for a repeal of the restrictions on com- 
merce. A member of the Provincial Council for nearly thirty 
years. Had a violent controversy regarding his claim to office 
and the salary thereto pertaining. Was preparing to support 
his claim with arms, when England ended the matter by appoint- 
ing another Lieutenant-Governor. 

13. George Clinton. Governor of New York 1 743-1 753; 

1777-1795- 

His discretion in civil affairs and his military services were 
of great value to the State. He was Vice-President of the 
United States from 1805 until his death. 

14. Sir Charles Hardy. Governor of New York 1755- 

1757- 

Aided Admiral Boscawen in the siege and reduction of Louis- 
burg in 1758, 

15. Cad-wallader Colden. Lieutenant-Governor of New 
York 1760-1761; 1761-1762; 1763-1765; 1769-1770; 1774-1775. 

A Scotch physician who emigrated to America. He was the 
first Surveyor-General of the Colony of New York and a member 
of the Provincial Council. Spent much time in the study of the 
sciences, especially botany, and published a valuable History of 
the Five Indian Nations of Canada. 

16. The Honorable Robert Monckton. Major-General. 
Governor of New York 1761; 1762-1763. 

In 1755 drove the French Army out of Nova Scotia. 
Wounded in Wolfe's expedition against Quebec, in which he was 
second in command. In 1761 was made Commander-in-Chief 
of the Province as well as Governor of New York. 

39 



17. The Earl of Dunmore. Governor of New York 
1770-1771. 

A needy Scottish Peer of the House of Murray. Passionate, 
narrow and unscrupulous in his rapacity. 

18. The Right Honorable John Campwell. Earl of Lou- 
doun. 

Commanded the British Forces in America, 1756. 

19. Officers of High Rank in the English Army. 

CASE II 

John Cruger. Portrait and autograph. Mayor of New York 
1757-1766. 

A Stamp. Stamp Act. 1765, 

The Stamp Duty imposed varied from two pence to six pounds. 

"It met with fierce opposition everywhere. The stamp 
agents were generally compelled by the ' Sons of Liberty ' to 
resign or destroy their stamps. Many pamphlets were written 
to oppose the Act, and a dignified Declaration of Rights and 
Grievances was issued, a formal Address to the King and Peti- 
tions to each House of Parliament. 

On November first, when it was to go into effect, bells were 
tolled, flags were placed at half-mast, and newspapers were put 
in mourning. 

On March eighteenth, 1766, after a long and bitter Debate, 
Parliament repealed the objectionable measure, having previously, 
however, passed a Declaratory Act asserting the right to bind 
the Colonies and people of America in all cases whatsoever. By 
the first of November, the date on which the Stamp Act was to 
go into effect, the violence of the Sons of Liberty had made the 
execution of the Act impossible even if stamps could have been 
had." 

Placards were posted on the doors of every public office and 
at the corners of streets, all of the same tenor: "Pro Patria. 
The first man that either distributes or makes use of Stampt 
Paper, let him take Care of his House, Person and Effects. 
Vox Populi. We dare." 

The Stamps reached New York later than the other Colonies. 
They arrived in the ship "Edward," on Tuesday, October 
twenty-third. There were ten packages. They had been stored 
in different parts of the ship, it was said, without the 
knowledge of the captain. It was advised to hire a sloop to 
unload the vessel until the packages containing the stamps 
were reached, but no sloop could be hired at any price, their 
masters declining the service. So the captains of the King's 
ships were then requested to remove the cargo. 

On the arrival of the "Edward" all the vessels in the 
Harbour of New York had lowered their colors to signify 
mourning, lamentation and woe. On October thirty-first the 
New York Gazette was printed with black head and foot lines, 
and contained a funeral lamentation on the Death of Liberty. 

40 



Annapolis Convention. September nth, 1786. Continued 

in session three days. 

Egbert Benson, autograph. 

James Duane, autograph. 

Leonard Gansevoort, autograph. 

Alexander Hamilton, portrait and autograph, 

Robert Livingston, portrait and autograph. 

Members of Albany Convention, 1754. 

John Chambers, Chief Justice, autograph. 

Joseph Murray, autograph. 

William Smith, portrait and autograph. 

Justice of the Supreme Court, Province of New York. 

MSS. Colonial Governors of New York. 

William Burnett, 1720-1778; portrait and autograph. 

George Clinton, 1743-1753; portrait and autograph. 

James De Lancey, 1757-1760; autograph. 

Son of a French Huguenot. Chief Justice of the Supreme 
Court, later Lieutenant-Governor of the Colony. One of the 
founders of King's College, now Columbia University. 

Cadwallader Colden, 1760-1761-1763, 1769, 1774; autograph. 

Lord Dunmore, 1770-1771; autograph. 

William Tryon, 1771-1774; autograph. 

Lieutenant-Governor of North Carolina in 1764. Transferred 
to New York in 1771. Was living in Government House at 
Fort George, near New York City, when it was burned in 1773. 
The Governor and his wife barely escaped with their lives. He 
made a large Grant of Land to King's College, now Columbia 
University. Gave up a civil for a military life in 1778, and was 
made Major-General in America. 

Document. James II, King of England. Portrait and 
autograph. 1685. 

Letter concerning return of stamps, dated 1766, signed 
John Brettells to John Hughes, Esq. 

Bill of Shipment. Dated August loth, 1765. Signed 
Richard Buddor. 

An Astronomical Diary or Almanack. With Mrs. Mac- 
auley's Portrait. 

Letter to George Johnstone, Esq. Captain-General and 
Commander-in-Chief in and over his Majesty's Province of 
West Florida, Chancellor and Vice-Admiral of the same. Dated 
1766. 

Letter dated Sept. 13th. 1765-66. Signed John Brettells. 
Autograph letter of John Johnson. Mayor, 17 14. 
Printed Indenture. Signed by 

James Hounam Philip Livingston 

Henry Dufouer Isaac Roosevelt 

Thomas Marston Richard Sharpe 

Levinus Clarkson Theophylact Bache 

Dated July 20th, 1772. 

41 



Page from New York Almanac, 1773. (Pictorial.) 
Showing view of New York City. 

Memorandum. Signed Robert Lurting, 

Mayor of New York, 1726-1735. 

He began in an humble way with sloops and voyages on the 
Hudson and adjacent inland waters. He finally became a Colonel 
in the Militia. 

Whitehead Hicks. Portrait and autograph. 
Mayor of New York, 1766-1776. 

Memorandum. Autograph document, signed J. Van 
Cortlandt. 

Mayor of New York, 1710-1711, 



Cartoons 



Caricatures of Political Events Pertaining to America 

CASE I 

Plate I. The Bostonians Paying the Excise Man : or, 
Tarring and Feathering. 

London: Printed for Rob't Sayer and J. Bennett, Map and 
Printsellers, No. 53 Fleet Street, as the Act directs, 31 October, 
1774- 

Plate II. The Bostonians in Distress. 

London: Printed for R. Sayer and J. Bennett, Map and 
Printsellers, No. 53 Fleet Street, as the Act directs, 19 Novem- 
ber, 1774. 

Plate III. The Patriotic Barber of New York. 

London: Printed for R, Sayer and J. Bennett, Map and 
Printsellers, No. 53 Fleet Street, as the Act directs, 12 Feb- 
ruary, 1775. 

Plate IV. The Alternative of Williams-Burg. 
London: Printed for R. Sayer and J. Bennett, No. 53 Fleet 
Street, as the Act directs, 16 February, 1775. 

Plate V. A Society of Patriotic Ladies. 

Edenton in at North Carolina. 

Plate VI. A New Method of Macarony Making as 
Practised at Boston. 

For the Custom House officers landing the Tea, 
They Tarred him, and Feathered him, just as you see. 
And they drenched him so well, both behind and before, 
That he begged, for God's sake, they would drench him no 
more. 

42 



CASE II 

Goody Bull or the Second Part of the Repeal — 

The world turned upside down, — or 
The old woman taught wisdom. 

Wonderful Magazine. Portrait of M. Wright of New 
York, The Remarkable Modeller in Wax. 
Published by C. Johnson. 

CASE III 

The Wheel of Fortune or England in Tears. 

An attempt to land a bishop in America 1768. 

Britons Glory or Admiral Triumphant. 

The Loaded Boot or Scotch Preferment in Motion or 
Monsieu will you vive. 

The Caledonian March and Embarkation. 

The Tomb Stone. 

Here lieth the body of William, Duke of Cumberland, 

lamented by his country which he twice saved. 
American stamps, extension of excise, etc., etc., etc. 
Printed for Mr. Smith, and sold at the Woolpack in Long 
Acre, near Drury Lane, London, 1755. 

Liberty Triumphant or the Downfall of Oppression. ' 

The State of the Nation. An. Dom. 1765. 

The Deplorable State of America or Sc h Govern- 
ment. 

British Resentment or the French fairly coopt at Louisberg. 

L. Bontard mot et Delin. Published according to Act of 
Parliament, 25 September, 1755. J. June, Sculp. 

CASE IV 

The Grand Monarque in a Fright, or the British Lion 
rous'd from his Lethargy. 

France trembles at the British Lion's Roar 
And Lewis' treach'rous wiles deceive no more: 
Th' amusing Treaty he revives in vain. 
Whilst rising Forts extend th' insidious Chain. 

Perfidious Prince, thy Fraudful double Face 
In distant climes shall publish thy Disgrace, 
From where the Orient spreads the purple Dawn 
To where the curtains of the west are drawn. 

In truth the Indians thy Defeat shall sound, 
And British Valour with Success be crown'd: 
In either Hemisphere these Notes shall ring. 
So fares the proud, the Treaty-breaking King. 

Published April fourth, 1755, according to Act of Parliament, 
and sold by the Printsellers of London and Westminster. 
Price, 6d. 

43 



The Europeon State Jockies. 

Running a Heat for the Ballance of Power, with various 
designs adapted for the year 1740. Invented by the President of 
the Political Society and inscribed to the members thereof. 
Published according to Act of Parliament, 25 March, 1740. 

I. The European Race. 

Heat ist, Anno Dom. MDCCXXXVH. 

Humbly inscribed to ye Politicians of Great Britain, France, 
Spain, Russia, Turkey, Germany, Italy, Holland and Corsica by 
their most obedient servant, an Englishman. 

I returned and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the 
swift, nor the Battle to the strong, neither yet Bread to the wise, 
nor yet Riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men 
of skill, but time and chance appeneth to them all. 

Ecclesiastes, the 9th verse, the nth c. 

Published according to act of Parliament, Oct. 10, 1737. 

II. The European Race. 

Published according to act of Parliament, Sept. 4, 1738. 

III. The European Race. 

Heat 3rd, Anno Dom. MDCCXXXIX. 

Inscribed to the Greatest Politician in Europe. By his most 
obedient and humble servant, an Englishman. 

Behold the former things are come to pass and new things do 
I declare before they spring forth I tell you of them. 

Isaiah the 42, verse the 9. 



Halls anil Stairs 



1. Old Dutch clock. From Breck in Waterland. Holland. 

2. Photograph of Saint Ethelburga the Virgin, within 
Bishopgate, London. 

"The existence of the Church of Saint Ethelburga, dedicated 
to the daughters of King Ethelbert, King of Kent (A. D. 552- 
616), XIV century. 

It was noted for its short services for city men, before pro- 
ceeding on their voyages and upon their return therefrom. 

To this quaint old-time place of worship Hudson and his 
crew, we are told, repaired to partake of the Sacrament before 
sailing under the direction of the "Muscovy" or Russian Com- 
pany (the first joint stock company, says John Fiske, formed by 
the English for the prosecution of maritime trade and coloniza- 
tion, incorporated February, 1533), to attempt a northwest 
passage to Asia. 

Hudson made two fruitless voyages in the years 1607 and 
1608, in prosecution of this quest ; but in making them he 
approached nearer to the Pole than any man before him and 
established his name and fame as a successful navigator and 
courageous explorer. 

44 



In 1609 he entered the service of the Dutch East India Com- 
pany, and on the fourth of April of that year set sail in the 
" Half Moon," on the Zuyder Zee. On the 3rd of September 
he dropped anchor somewhere, Fiske says, in his "Dutch and 
Quaker Colonies in America," between Sandy Hook and Staten 
Island. Mr. Fiske concludes his chapter on Henry Hudson, by 
according him the credit of starting two immense industries, the 
Spitzbergen whale fisheries and the Hudson Bay fur trade, as 
well as that of bringing the Dutch to Manhattan. W. L. A." 

3. Portrait of Robert Livingston. First Lord of the 
Manor, 1654-1723. Copy. 

4. An old oil painting, representing Peter Stuyvesant and 
his army. 

CASE I 

Collection of small articles of dress and ornament 
worn in the 17th and i8th centuries. 

CASE II 

Contains wearing apparel of the i8th century. A 
coat and waistcoat worn by Henry Cruger, M. P., while 
advocating the freedom of the Colonies in the Parliament 
of George III. 

Court dress of Henry Cruger, M. P., brought 
from Bristol, England, in the ship Harbinger, August 
31, 1786. 

Silk brocaded gown, worn by a colonial dame born 
in 1755- 

Part of a collection of colonial bandboxes. 

5 and 6. Two photographs of the Rhinelander sugar 
house, built in 1761. 

7. Dutch Kas, or painted cupboard, with quaint designs 
in fruit and flowers in shades of gray. A long drawer on side- 
runners and behind the doors are wide shelves. These Kasses 
are made to separate in three parts, the heavy cornice lifts off, 
and the frame and drawer are separate from the cupboard 
proper. 1656. 

Though the New York inventory records speak of "plain 
cupboards," "great cupboards," "Holland cupboards," "wal- 
nut, cedar and painted cupboards," search has not revealed a 
single oak piece or cupboard in any way resembling the Court 
and Livery cupboards of New England; the front feet only are 
ball shape, the rear ones straight and slender. Description and 
illustration in L. V. Lockwood's "Colonial Furniture in 
America." 

FIRE BUCKETS 

Two fire buckets. Marked, O. Wolcott, 2 and 3. 
Fire buckets were in general use at the opening of the 
XVIIIth century. They were passed in a line from hand to hand, 

45 



and when not thus in service were kept hanging in a place con- 
venient for the moment of need. 

Societies were formed for mutual assistance, each member 
usually possessing two buckets, marked with his name and that 
of his society, and agreeing to repair with them to all fires. 
Large bags, similarly marked, were often added for preservation 
of menaced articles of value. 



SOUTH-EAST BEDROOM 

1. Ornamental gilt and carved wood mirror. Adam. 
About 1780. 

2. " Pembroke Table." Two drawers, curved stretches, 
with square center, two drop leaves. 

3. Hand warmer. Glazed pottery. Book design. 

4. Mahogany tilt - top, tripod stand. About 1790. 
Sheraton design. 

5. Turned chair — leather back and seat. Rare design. 
1700 — after cane period. 

6. Six-legged High-boy. Upper and lower parts of differ- 
ent periods. Upper section belongs to the early form of bandy- 
legged high-boys; the development of high-boys characteristic 
of America — though the term " high-boys " was never used in 
the records. " Chest of drawers and table." And in the New 
York inventories after the chest of drawers mention is made of a 
table of the same wood. " Chest of drawers on a frame " first 
met with in New York records in 1689. 

The introduction of these chests of drawers on high legs or 
frames marks the discontinuance of the use of oak, and the 
massive style seen in the chests, and early chests of drawers, was 
no longer followed. 

England abandoned the high form for a low form known as 
the French commode. 

7. Queen Anne chair. Early form, rush seat. 1710-20. 

8. Heppelwhite — commode, or night table — inlaid, small 
brass drop handle to drawer, and large brass '' Prince of Wales " 
handle in lower part. 

9. Medicine chest. With nearly complete outfit of bottles, 
pair of scales, glass pestle and mortar and other items. i8th 
century. 

10. Long mahogany framed mirror. Queen Anne. Curv- 
ing of upper inside edge indicative of an early date. 

11-12. Two Davenport pottery bulb pots. 

13. Mahogany candle stand ? Square braces. 

14. Mahogany four-post bedstead. Empire style. 1800- 
1810, 

46 



15. Hogarth chair. Fiddle back; shell carving on the 
knees and in center of top rail, ball and claw feet. Made up of 
ogee curves. 

i6. Cradle. Mahogany, with top. Two styles of cradles 
have been found in this country dating before 1700 — one swing- 
ing between uprights which stood firm upon the floor, the other 
swinging on short rockers. 

17. Mahogany chair. Dutch style, ball and claw feet. 
1780. 

18. High chest. Two drawers — made of white wood with 
red stain, in original condition — brasses fastened to drawer by 
looped wire passed through and bent in middle. Double mould- 
ings. Date about 1700. 

19. Heppelwhite — corner Wash stand. One drawer, 
brass knobs. Toilet set — blue and white English pottery. Four 
pieces. 

20. Copper warming pan. 

21. Brass foot stove, with pierced work handle. 

22. Brass and iron Hodplate warmer. 

23. Brass hand stove. Open work. Two handles and 
four brass feet. 

24. Mirror. Mahogany, inlaid frame, carved gilt and wood 
bird ornament, swan neck cornice on top, with pheasant. 

Battersea mirror knobs. Rare design. 

25. Embroidered sampler. Date 1745. 

26. Decorated Staffordshire bulb pot. 

27. ^A(^hieldon flour pots with saucers. 

28. Lo^vestoft vase with cover. One of a five set of 
garniture. 

29. Lowestoft bottle. 

30-31-32. Whieldon pottery birds. 

33-34. Pair of silhouettes on wood. Mahogany frames. 
Very rare. 

SECOND STORY— SOUTH-EAST ROOM 

35. Curious quilt. Embroidered in crewels in the style 
of the Cheshire wall hangings. England. 

Supposed to be the work of a member of a Hugenot family 
of New York. Early XVIIIth century. 

36. Large bed spread. Said to have been originally owned 
by William Penn. 

47 



;:^trrors 



The date of a mirror is hard to determine. They cannot be 
identified by the style of a given period with the same accuracy 
as furniture. In England mirrors were first made at Lambeth 
in 1673. Venice had practically supplied the whole world for 
the previous century. Throughout the colonies the early records 
mention looking-glasses of such low value that probably hand 
glasses were meant, after 1680 their value greatly increased. 
Between 1720 and 1740 the frames became similar to the pub- 
lished designs by English architects for mantel-pieces. The 
broken arch cornice was extensively used on mirrors of the 
Queen Anne period. The urn greatly assists in placing the date 
not only of any piece of furniture in which it was used, but in 
determining the date of mirrors. Chippendale's urn was egg- 
shaped, with heavier drapery than the one of Queen Anne's day. 
Those popular in the time of Heppelwhite are without drapery 
and either laterally or longitudinally elongated. Lockwood 
sums it up as follows: "The chief characteristics to be noted 
in mirrors dating between 1700 and 1750 are the mirror in two 
sections joined by simply lapping the glass, the waiving outline 
of the mirror in the upper section, the ornaments of wood instead 
of plaster and wire, and the style of urn." 



Cljairs 



The 17th century furniture is still to be found in New 
England and New York, but has entirely disappeared from the 
South. 

In the latter part of the i6th century and early in the 17th 
was the rush-bottomed chair, nearly every part of which was of 
turned wood. This turned work lasted for nearly two centuries, 
to a greater or less degree, and is of much interest to Americans, 
as the first furniture that came to the Colonies was of this order. 
Lockwood gives us three styles to the period of 1620 and 1660. 
The turned chair with its spindles differing in design of beauty 
according to their elaboration. 

At the Connecticut Historical Society is a turned chair con- 
sidered to be one of the oldest in this country and assigned to 
the early i6th century. 

At Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth, are to be found Elder Brewster's 
and Governor Carver's chairs, which, according to tradition, were 
brought over in the Mayflower. The latter chair originally had 
a double row of spindles similar to the back about the legs 
between the braces. Both chairs originally with rush seats. 

Chairs with large turned posts, one leg in the back and two 
in front, having triangular seats, were also made, but not com- 
mon to this country. A well-known specimen of this kind is the 
"Harvard College Chair." 

The Wainscott Chair, made of oak, high back and arms, and 
heavy underbracing near the floor, was usually carved. Some- 
times it matched the wainscotting of the room, and showed the 

48 



same design as the chests and cupboards of the period. The 
chair-table, though perfectly plain, is another example of the 
period. Its arms and underbracing mark relationship to the 
Wainscott type. 

The leather modification of the Wainscott is of Italian design 
coming to England through Holland. They are mentioned at 
Plymouth as early as 1643. Square back, and seat covered with 
leather, often studded with brass nails, underbracing at first 
heavy and plain, later turned. The Spanish leather chairs are 
of a later date and totally different style. 

The carved frame chairs, with cane seats and backs, likewise 
came from Holland and were very plentiful in England at the 
end of the 17th century. They do not appear in the inventories 
of this country until that date, and were of two styles, Flemish 
and Spanish. In the former we have the scroll foot, which 
generally turns outward, the carved back suggesting the splat, 
as it is seperate from the upright posts. The wood of both the 
Flemish and Spanish chairs was either walnut, maple, beech, or 
occasionally oak. The Spanish style shows the solid back, with 
legs turned, and the foot not a scroll but of a distinct style 
known as the Spanish foot — broad, turning slightly outward and 
fluted. 

The Netherlands were more advanced in decorative arts than 
England, and with William and Mary came a Dutch development 
of Italian and later French influence. The cabriole leg began its 
reign with Dutch feet and later their modification, the ball and 
claw; the wide flat splat, broad seat, shell ornaments carved on 
knee and at the center of seat in front, and center of top of back, 
were sometimes called Queen Anne chairs. From 1700 to 1750 
we have the slat-back and bannister-back, used in cottages and 
survivors of the turned chair; substituting the slats for spindles 
and commonly known as "three-back," "four-back" and "five- 
back," the last is most often found in New England. The bannis- 
ter-back has also turned legs and uprights, and sometimes arms, 
occasionally with carving. In place of the horizontal slats there 
were spindles, usually four, rounded in front and flat in the back 
— these two types are generally painted black and have rush 
seats. The round-about or corner chair was so arranged that a 
leg came in the middle of the front and back. 

The universal Windsor chairs were made in this country as 
early as 1725, and as early as Queen Anne's time in England; 
they were the every-day chair of the period and still survive as 
piazza and kitchen chairs of to-day. The American Windsor 
differs from the English in that the latter usually has the solid or 
pierced splat in the center of the back with the spindles on either 
side — and the American in its various forms, has straight 
spindles across the back, sometimes with a comb-like extension 
on top for a head rest; the seats of solid wood, and the legs and 
underbraces turned. 

Windsor chairs were made with or without arms. Those with 
the end of the arms carved like a closed or open hand are much 
sought after. There were also those with the curve of the back 
bent into the arms, and the back supported by two spindle braces 

49 



fastened into an extension of the seat; and lastly the Windsor 
writing chair with its one -wide arm. 

Oak characterized the Jacobean period; walnut, Queen Anne; 
mahogany that of Chippendale, Heppelwhite and Sheraton. 

About 1740 cabinet makers began to publish books of design 
of such merit, that the style was no longer known by the name 
of the sovereign in whose reign it was introduced but after its 
originator or chief designer. 

William Jones published one of the first books on interiors 
and furniture in 1739. In 1745 Abraham Swan — as Helen Candee 
Wheeler has so happily expressed it — "interpreted in book form, 
the rococo grafted on the English square construction, illustrat- 
ing delightfully the change of a decorative thought as it passes 
through an alien intelligence." Chippendale's "Gentleman's and 
Cabinet Maker's Director" published in 1753, with its preface by 
Samuel Johnson, has no designs for chairs with ball or claw feet — 
the French foot is constantly repeated — tradition, however, 
ascribes many of the former make to him, and Lockwood offers 
the explanation that "he made what was desired, to order." 

As a rule the English Chippendale chairs are larger and 
heavier than the American and excel in design and workman- 
ship. His style depends for enrichment upon carving, never 
upon inlay nor painting. Though mahogany is so closely associ- 
ated with Chippendale, the Dutch used the wood in 1660, and in 
New York inventories it is mentioned in 1693, and in Phila- 
delphia, 1708. Chippendale's ideas were drawn from the 
French, by the style in vogue when Louis XV reigned; from the 
Dutch, as shown by his adaptation of the bandy leg, the splat, 
the broad seat, and shell ornamentation of Queen Anne's period, 
and from Gothic and Chinese styles. All these were blended, 
and produced a result that was distinctively English, and might 
truly be called original. 

Lockwood illustrates in his "Colonial Furniture" the backs 

of the different styles of chairs, that we may with a degree of 

accuracy place the date and cabinet-maker under which they fall. 

In a Dutch chair the top curves down to the upright pieces 

forming the back, so that they appear to be one piece. 

Chippendale. — The top rail is bow shape, and the ends of the 
top curve up instead of down, and the center is a rising curve. 

Heppelwhite. — The back is always either heart, shield or oval 
in shape. 

Sheraton. — Rectangular in shape, the upper edge often raised 
in the center, and sometimes curved instead of straight. The 
splat forming the back is never simple, neither does it join the 
seat, but is supported by a cross rail. 

Variations must be allowed in all these designs. 

SECOND STORY— NORTH-EAST ROOM 

1. Gate-legged table. 

2. Mirror. Cut work frame. About 1780. 

3. Sofa. Carved claw feet. Empire. Originally in Van 
Cortlandt House. 

50 



S K 



O 2 

a a 



X o 
U X 




z ^ 






4. Landscape embroidery on linen. i8th century. 

5. Spinning wheel. 

6. Small leather covered box studded with brass nails. 

7. Pair brass candlesticks. 

8. Mantel clock. Mahogany case, brass pierced side 
panels and top handle. From 1 790-1800. 

9. Thread winder. Mahogany. 

10. Two wool carders. From Jonas Piatt's house, 
King's Park, Long Island. 

11. Small spinning wheel. 

12. Yarn winder. 

13. Reel for winding wool or linen. 

14. Corner wash stand. Mahogany. Characteristic of 
Heppelwhite; legs curved outward. Bowl and pitcher. Stafford- 
shire printed ware. 

15. Three "Windsor chairs. Fan backs. 

16. Child's rocking chair. Used by four generations. 

17. Slat back, turned child's chair. 

i8-ig. Rush bottom chairs. New England type of rock- 
ing chair — period last quarter of 18th century. 

20. Wooden cradle. Covered with leather and studded 
with brass nails. Marked 1734. 

21. Two water color flower studies. Painted on white 
satin by Eliza Eliot. Late i8th century. 

22. Case containing samples and various articles of 
needle work. One piece of embroidery in colored wools on 
homespun linen, by Elisabeth Wyllys. 

Born 1708. Great granddaughter of Governor George 

Wyllys. 

23. Chair table. Arms and underbracing show it to be of 
the Wainscott type. The upturned top made it useful in keep- 
ing off draughts. 

24. Furniture of almost every variety was made in minia- 
ture, probably for children's toys. It was advertised for sale in 
New York between 1760-17 70, 

THE WASHINGTON ROOM 

So named by the Van Cortlandt family after a visit from 
General George Washington 

1. \A^riting chair. Windsor. An American development, 
having one wide arm. 

2. Chair in Dutch style. Bandy legs and underbraced. 
About 1780. 

51 



3- Foot rest. Mahogany. For gouty foot. 
4-5. Copper and brass Warming pans. 

6. Piece from dinner service, with the insignia of the 
Cincinnati. Used by General Washington. 

7. Sword, Damascene blade. Captured from a Hessian 
officer at the battle of Butts Hill, near Newport, R. I., August 
29, 1778, by Col. John Trumbull. . 

8. Pair of brass mounted pistols. 

9. Ebony mantel clock. Empire period. 

10. Girandole. 

11. Round-a-bout chair. 

12. Bed table. Tripod stand. 

13. Inlaid mahogany commode. About 1790. 

14. Cosey chair. Ball and claw feet, under brace. 1750. 

15. Four High post bedstead and dimity hangings. 

Used by General Washington. 

16. Plate chest. 

17. Corner wash-stand. Heppelwhite design. Bowl and 
pitcher. Staffordshire printed. 

18. Mirror. Like No. 2 in the northeast room. 

ig. Writing desk. Said to have been used by General 
Washington while visiting at Van Cortlandt. 

20. Silver mounted pistol. 

21. Piece of Martha Washington's wedding dress. 
Piece of the seal presented to General W^ashington by 

the ladies of Boston. 

Piece of General Washington's bed curtain. 

Pair of small glass toilet bottles used by General Wash- 
ington; also a jelly glass. 

22. Chair. Chippendale style, showing Chinese influence. 

23. Old mahogany blanket chest. 

24. Chair. Covered with horse hair. Used by Henry Clay 

in the Senate chamber. 

25. Invitation to Col. Lamb to dine with General 
W^ashington at West Point, 1780. 

52 



Cfje Mittfftn 



In Colonial days the homestead kitchen was the thrifty 
dame's domain. The wide fireplace, with the oven attached, 
occupied one whole side of the room, so large "we can brew 
and bake and boyl our Cyttle all at once in him." The hearth 
corners held trivets, peels and skillets; above the clavel piece 
were festoons of dried apples and peppers. Here the tireless 
housewife made preserves and conserves of quince, cherry and 
damson; marmalets, syrups, poppy-water, mint-water, cordials 
and cherry-water; egg cakes, makroons, apple slump, apple 
mose and apple crowdy. She must see to it also that in the 
darkened cellar beyond were stored betimes "great bins of 
apples, potatoes, parsnips and turnips, barrels of cider and vine- 
gar, hogsheads of corned beef, salt pork and hams, tonnekins of 
salted shad and mackerel, kilderkins of home-made lard, jars of 
pickles, kegs of souse, rolliches, head cheese, and sausages." 
Withal she must find time to weave and spin as well as bake and 
brew. 

Could the flax wheels speak, they would sing a tale of patient 
industry. Every farmer raised wool and flax, which the wives 
and daughters spun into thread and yarn. 

" Whilst the shuttle swiftly flies, 
With cheerful heart I work and sing, 
And envy none beneath the skies." 

1. Flax Wheel. 

Flax was generally pulled for spinning early in July, proving 
the old saying, "June brings the flax." The spinner sat at the 
small flax wheel, moistened her fingers, usually in a gourd of 
water tied to her distaff, placed her foot on the treadle and spun 
the fibre into a long, even thread. In 1640 the Court of Massa- 
chusetts passed two orders directing the growth of flax. In 
Connecticut every family was ordered to spin a certain number 
of pounds of flax a year or else pay a fine. Rustic lovers often 
carved legends or letterings on the rims of the spinning-wheels, 
shuttles and hand-reels. 

2. ^A^ool Wheel. 

Wool spinning required a most alert and flexible series of 
movements. The spinner, poised slightly forward, stepped 
swiftly back and forth, deftly winding her yarn on the spindle. 
A good day's work for an active spinner was six skeins of yarn. 
To accomplish this, it was estimated she would walk over twenty 
miles. 

3. Two Windsor Chairs. 

Windsor chairs were manufactured in Philadelphia about the 
middle of the eighteenth century. Much more comfortable than 
the bannister or slat-backed chairs then in common use. 

4. Dutch Milk Can. 

5. Churn. 

An upright churn. Comparatively few New England families 
owned churns in the seventeenth century, so that not many could 

53 



have made butter, but in the eighteenth century every good 
dame in the country made cream and butter and the duties of 
the dairy were unceasing. 

6. Child's rush-bottomed high chair. 

7. Old dresser. The property of Stephen Skinner, Colon- 
ial Treasurer of New Jersey. 

"On the dressers were placed in orderly rows the cheerful 
pewter and scant earthenware of the household." 

8. Mortar and pestle. 

Both grain and spices were pounded with a pestle in a mortar. 

9. Earthenware tankard. 

Earthenware appears in the list of sales at Fort Orange, 
proving its early use in the colonies. 

10. W^hite jelly mould. 

11. Pewter ladle. 

12. Two coffee canisters. 

13. Pewter tankard. 

From tankards they drank Beere, Wheay or Buttermilk and 
the mild fermented drinks made and drunk in large quantities in 
Colonial days. 

14. Pink Staffordshire platter. 

15. ^A^ooden mortar and pestle. Burgess House, Dux- 
bury. 1630. 

16. Photographic reproduction of old Recipe Book. 

Belonging to Mrs. Thomas Hillhouse (Anna Van Schaick Ten 
Broeck, 1787-1865). 

17. Four Staffordshire plates. 

18. Stoneware plate. 

ig. Purple printed-ware bowl. 

20. Staffordshire pepper pot. 

21. Brass hour glass. 

" So runs the round of life from hour to hour." 

22. Brown Staffordshire cup. 

23. ^Vooden mortar and pestle. 

24. Staffordshire gravy boat. 

25. Two pewter plates. 

26. Two hot-water plates. 

27. Seven pewter spoons. 

All colonists had spoons, as much of the food was in the 
form of soup and was called "spoon meat." 

28. Pewter mustard pot. 

29. Two large pewter plates. 

54 



30. Pewter candlestick. 

31. Pewter porringer. 

A porringer was a shallow, circular dish, with a flat, plain 
or pierced handle; small porringers were sometimes called 
*' posnets." 

32. Pe\vter coffee pot. 

33. Oval pewter platter. 

34. Pew^ter tea pot. 

In Revolutionary days, at the time of the Stamp Act, many 
home-grown substitutes for tea were used, such as rib-wort, 
"Liberty Tea" from the four-leafed loosestrife, and "Hyperion 
Tea " from raspberry, strawberry and currant leaves, sage and 
thoroughwort. 

This was pronounced by good patriots to be "very delicate 
and most excellent." 

35. Small pewter tea pot. 

36. Three round pewter platters or chargers. 

In Colonial times a full set of pewter platters, plates and 
dishes was called "A Garnish of Pewter." This was a favorite 
gift to a bride. 

A kind of horse-tail rush gathered in the marshes, called 
"scouring rush," was used to scour pewter. 

37. Pewter sugar bowl. 

38. Old Chinese ginger jar. 

39. Two candle moulds. 

Candles were made by being run in moulds usually of tin or 
pewter. There were large moulds that made two dozen and 
smaller ones that made six. Candles were also made by the 
tedious process of dipping. The fragrant bayberry furnished a 
pale green wax for fine candles, which was never greasy to the 
touch; " neither does the snuff of these ever offend the smell 
like that of a tallow candle." 

The thrifty housewife was known by her stock of symmetrical 
candles. 

40. Fourteen kitchen utensils. 

41. Settle from "back of the Catskills," hand-made 
by Jan Van Hoesen about 1710. 

42. Photograph of Southern Kitchen in " The Refuge," 

Camden County, Georgia. 

43. Old mirror. 

44. Eggnogg shaker. 

45. Five old bottles. 

In very early days glass bottles were of such rarity as to be 
bequeathed in wills with special mention. 

46. Madeira wine bottle marked F.V.C. 1765. 

These initials, enclosed in a heart raised on glass, are those 
of Frederic Van Cortlandt. 

55 



47- ^Vine bottle marked Sidney Breese, 1765. 

48. Hanging Clock. 

49. Warming pan. 

A pan with a perforated metal cover of copper or brass and a 
long wooden handle. These were filled with hot coals, thrust 
within the bed, and moved rapidly back and forth, so as to warm 
the sheets without scorching them and infuse some heat into the 
ice-cold beds of the winter bedrooms. 

50. Dutch Oven. Burgess House, Duxbury. 1630, 

The Dutch Oven, or Roasting Kitchen. Cylindrical in form, 
standing on four feet, for the roasting of meat and poultry 
before the open fire. The joint to be cooked was held in place 
by a long spit, which projected at each end, so the meat could 
be turned without opening the cylinder. There was a little door 
at the back for convenience in basting, 

51. Pone Oven. 

For baking any bread made of Indian corn or meal, com- 
monly called corn-pone. Much used in the southeastern United 
States by the negroes and poor whites, 

52. Glass lantern. 

Old time lantern, often of pierced metal, nearly always hung 
by the side of the fireplace near the warming pan, 

53. Iron lantern. 

54. Coffee roaster. 

55. Long-handled shovel. 

The long handle, to make endurable the blazing heat of the 
logs. 

56. Wafer-iron. 

It was quite customary for newly-married couples to have one 
of these wafer-irons made with the united initials and the date 
upon it, so that the impression of the letters and figures was 
made on the cakes when baked, 

57. Steel waffle-iron. Burgess House, Duxbury. 1630. 

58. Peel or Slice. Burgess House, Duxbury, 1630. 

For putting pies and loaves of bread in the deep oven. It 
hung by the oven side. The Bread-peel was a universal gift to 
a bride, as significant of domestic utility and good luck. 

59. Two spiders for trying lard. 

60. Two Chimney Cranes. 

Cranes which held a motley collection of pot-hooks, pot- 
hangers, pot-clips, pot-crooks, pot-claws and trammels. 

61. Three iron pots, two skillets and kettle. Burgess 
House. Duxbury. 1630. 

62. Four brass candlesticks. 

63. ChaRng-dish. 

56 



64. Footstove. 

"The footstove, fireside neighbor to the warming pan. 
A box of perforated metal in a wooden frame in which hot coals 
were placed to warm the feet of the good wife during a winter's 
drive or in the bleak, unheated meeting houses." 

65. Dutch baking-dish, Pennsylvania. 

66. Pie plate, Pennsylvania. 

67. Earthenware cream jar. 

68. W^afer-iron and waffle-iron. 

69. Toaster. Burgess House, Duxbury. 1630. 

Toast rack on its spindling legs, of somewhat later date than 
the frying pans, trivets, spits and cauldrons. 

70. ^A(^hale-oil lamp. 

In the oil made from whales, the colonists found a cheap 
supply for their metal and glass lamps. 

71. Fire pot-hooks. 

On the pot-hooks or trammels pots and kettles could be hung 
at varying heights over the fire. 

" On went the boilers, till the hake 
Had much ado to bear 'em." 

72. W^rought-iron tongs. Burgess House, Duxbury. 1630. 

73. Coal screen-shovel. Burgess House, Duxbury. 1630. 

74. Coal carrier. 

75. Toaster. 

76. Revolving gridiron. 

So the meat could be turned and broiled evenly before the 
open fire. 

77. Bull's-eye lamp used in the illumination at Quebec 
in honor of George the Fourth. 

78. Brass cake turner. 

79. Brass skimmer. 

80. Pot-hooks and extension crane. Burgess House, 
Duxbury. 1630. 

81. Two brass kettles. 

82. Dutch oven. 

83. Flintlock gun. 

The favorite resting place for a fowling-piece was on hooks 
over the kitchen fire — for nearly every man possessed a gun, 
a powder horn and a bullet pouch. 

84. Powder horn. 

These were frequently carved, attesting to months of patient 
work. Maps, plans, legends, family history, dates of births, 
marriages and deaths, and lists of battles were recorded on 
them, making them valuable as historical records. 

57 



85. Old corner cupboard. 

86. Blue Canton China and blue English ware (in cup- 
board). 

87. Three blue ginger jars from China. 

88. Hog's collar. 

89. Wooden scales and weights. Burgess House, Dux- 
bury. 1630. 

90. Churn, wooden paddles and rolling-pin. Burgess 
House, Duxbury. 1630. 

91. Candle mould. 

92. Chopping bo>vl. 

93. Covered kneading trough. 

Wooden bread trough used in every home. 

94. Tallow dips and wicks. 

The wicks were made of loosely-spun hemp, tow or cotton. 
Each wick was attached to a wire or nail placed across the open 
top of the cylinder and hung down in the centre of each 
individual mould. The melted tallow was poured in carefully 
around the wicks. 

95. Iron candlestick. 

96. Two brass smoothing-irons. 

97. Mould for bonny-clabber. 

Tin mould with a perforated pattern on a small sheet of tin 
inside to impress the design on the bonny-clabber as it stiffened. 
Bonny-clabber was a kind of "curds and whey." 

98. Queen-Bee trap. 

99. Butter Print. 

100. Large pewter spoon, 

loi. Two tailors' geese. 

102. Brass smoothing iron. 

103. Copper coffee pot. 

104. Wooden fork, Virginia. 

105. Chopping bowl. 

106. Fluting iron. 

107. Tin whale-oil lamp. 

108. Spice grinder. 

109. Knife box. 

110. Horn-handled knife and fork. 

111. Iron mortar and pestle. Burgess House, Duxbury. 
1630. 

112. Old kitchen table. 

58 



113. Old rush-bottomed armchair. 

114. Fiddle-back rush-bottomed chair. 

115. Brass kettle, iron pot, iron tea kettle and trivet, 

from old kitchen of "The Refuge," Camden County, Georgia. 

The largest iron pot used to boil the grease and lye together 
at the annual spring making of soft soap, one of the most trying 
of all the household industries. The day, chosen after consulta- 
tion with the family counselor, the almanac, that the moon be in 
the right quarter and the tide at flood. 

Trivet. A movable frame to hold pots in the place of legs. 
They were of varying heights, so that the body of the utensil 
could be raised above the ashes and coals of the open fireplace 
to exactly the desired proximity. 

116. Spider. 

A flat iron pot or bake-pan. 

117. Three-legged iron pot. 
118 Gravy boat. 



In the preparation of this catalogue the works of the follow- 
ing authors have been consulted and drawn from: Bancroft, 
Wilson, Lamb, Lossing, Ruttenberg, Murat Halstead, R. T. 
Haines Halsey, John H. Buck, William Loring Andrews, Helen 
Churchill Candee, William Gordon Verplanck, Luke Vincent 
Lockwood, Moore, Wood, Markham, Bell, Mrs. Alice Morse 
Earl, Mrs. Gertrude Vanderbilt and others, besides the various 
encyclopaedias. 



59 



In the Hudson-Fulton Exhibit at the Metropolitan 
Museum of Art in Central Park, will be found two 
interesting collections made by the Colonial Dames of 
the State of New York. A collection of Portraits, 
by distinguished Painters, illustrating the Colonial 
Period and of great historical value ; also a collection 
of Colonial Silver fully representing the work of the 
English and American Colonial Silversmiths of the 
17th and 1 8th centuries. 



60 



List of Institutions holding Free Exhibitions under the auspices 

of or in cooperation with the Scientific, Historical and 

Art Committees of the Hudson-Fulton 

Celebration Commission 

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Seventy- 
seventh Street, from Columbus Avenue to Central Park West. Open daily, except 
Sundays, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Sundays from i to 5 p.m. Always free. Special 
Exhibition during the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, from Septem- 
ber ist to December ist. Original objects showing the life and 
habits of the Indians of Manhattan Island and the Hudson River 
Valley. (Special illustrated guide for sale; price, 10 cents.) 

Take Sixth or Ninth Avenue Elevated Railway to Eighty-first Street, or Subway 
to Seventy-ninth Street; also reached by all surface cars running through Columbus 
Avenue or Central Park West. 

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, 
Engineering Building, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street. Robert Fulton Exhibition 
consists of paintings, drawings, books, decorations and furniture, 
and working models of John Fitch's steamboat, the first boat 
operated and propelled by steam, Robert Fulton's "Clermont," 
the first successful application of steam to navigation, and John 
Stevens's " Phoenix," the first steamboat to sail on the ocean. 

The exhibition will be shown in the Council Room of the Society, on the 
eleventh floor, and will be open from 9.00 a.m. until 5.30 p.m. during the entire 
period of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, and from 9.00 a.m. until 5.00 p.m. 
daily until December 6th. 

BROOKLYN INSTITUTE, Eastern Parkway. Open daily, except 
Sundays, from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.; Sundays from 2 to 6 p.m.; Thursday evenings 
from 7.30 to 9.30 p.m. Free except on Mondays and Tuesdays, when admission fee 
is charged of 25 cents for adults and 10 cents for children under six years of age. 
Collections illustrating various departments of Archasology, Mineralogy and 
Ethnography. Special Exhibition relating to past and present life of 
Indians on Long Island. Portrait of Robert Fulton painted by 
himself, the property of Col. Henry T. Chapman and loaned by 
him to the Museum. Open September ist to December 31st. 
(Illustrated catalogue for sale.) 

Take Subway Express to Atlantic Avenue, or Flatbush Avenue Trolley from 
Brooklyn Bridge. St. John's Place surface car from Atlantic Avenue or Borough Hall. 

CHILDREN'S MUSEUM (Brooklyn Institute), Bedford Parki 
Brooklyn Avenue. Collection illustrative of the fauna of Long Island. 
Open free to the public from Monday to Saturday (inclusive) from 9 a.m. to 5.30 
p.m., and on Sunday from 2 until 5.30 p.m. 

CITY HISTORY CLUB OF NE^V YORK, 21 West Forty-fourth 
Street. Special Exhibition of Illustrations, Photographs, Maps and 
Plans relating to the history of the City of New York, and all of 
the originals used in the City History Club Historical Guide Book 
of the City of New York. 

COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NKV/ YORK, St. Nicholas 
Avenue and 139th Street. Hudson-Fulton Exhibit. During the Hudson- 
Fulton Celebration and for some weeks thereafter, the College of 
the City of New York will have on exhibition in its historical 
museum a collection of charts, views, manuscripts and relics 

61 



representing old New York. Among the charts will be original prints of 
New Netherlands and New Amsterdam by Nicholas J. Vischer, about 1650 ; 
N. Visscher, 1690; Lotter's " New Jorck," 1720; contemporary plans and views 
of the Revolutionary period showing the movements of Washington and Howe in 
this vicinity during the Campaign of 1776; Revolutionary battle relics; portraits, 
residences and letters of old New Yorkers ; bronze busts of Washington, Lincoln 
and Fulton by Houdon and Volk ; and other material suggested by the celebration. 

Take Sixth Avenue Elevated Railway to 1 40th Street, or 3roadway Subway to 
One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Street. 

DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, BOROUGHS OF BROOK- 
LYN AND QUEENS. Through the courtesy of Commissioner Michael J. 
Kennedy, the different species of trees have been labeled in Prospect Park, from the 
Plaza to the WilHnk Entrance ; in Bedford Park ; in Highland Park, and in Tompkins 
Park. An additional small enameled sign has been hung on those 
labeled trees that were indigenous to the Hudson River Valley 
in 1609. The special label reads : " This species is a native of the 
Hudson River Valley." 

FRAUNCES TAVERN, 54 Pearl Street, near Broad Street. Historic 
Revolutionary Building. Built in 1719. Scene of Washington's farewell to his 
officers on December 4, 1783. Restored December 4, 1907, by the New York 
Society of the Sons of the Revolution. Open daily, except Sundays, from 9 a.m. to 
6 p.m. Special Exhibition of Revolutionary Relics by the New^ 
York State Society of the Sons of the Revolution, who are the own- 
ers of the historic building, September 15th to November ist. 

Take Subway to Bowling Green Station, or Third Avenue Elevated Railway to 
Hanover Square Station, or Broadway surface cars. 

LONG ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, corner of Pierrepont 
and Clinton Streets, Brooklyn, between Brooklyn Bridge and Borough Hall. Open 
daily, except Sundays, from 8.30 a.m. to 6 p.m. Reference library of 70,000 vol- 
umes ; manuscripts, relics, etc. Autograph receipt of Robert Fulton and 
original manuscript volume of Danker's and Sluyter's "Journal 
of a Voyage to New York in 1679-80." 

Take Subway to Borough Hall, Brooklyn ; Third Avenue Elevated Railway or 
surface cars to Brooklyn Bridge, connecting with Bridge cars. 

METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, Central Park East. Main 
entrance on Fifth Avenue at Eighty-second Street. Open daily, except Sundays, 
from 10.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m.; until Dec. 31st, to 5.00 p.m.; Saturdays to 10.00 
p.m.; Sundays from i.oo to 6.00 p.m. On Mondays and Fridays an admission fee 
of 25 cents is charged, except to members and copyists. Collections illustrating all 
departments of Art and Archaeology. Special Exhibition of a magnificent 
Collection of over 130 of the works of 17th century Dutch Masters, 
constituting the finest Exhibition of this kind ever made. Products 
of Colonial Art: American Paintings, Furniture, Pewter and Silver 
of the 17th and l8th centuries, etc. (Two catalogues for sale, one of Dutch 
Exhibit and one of Colonial Arts; price, lo cents each. Also finely illustrated edition 
de luxe.) 

Take Fifth Avenue stages or Madison Avenue surface cars to Eighty-second 
Street, one block east of Museum; connection with Subway at Forty-second Street, 
and with Elevated Railway and West Side surface cars at Fifty-ninth Street. 

NATIONAL ARTS CLUB, Twentieth Street near Irving Place 
(Gramercy Park). This house was formerly the residence of Samuel J. Tilden, and 
is situated one block east of the birth-place of Ex-President Roosevelt. Open daily 
from September 20th to about October i8th, 1909, from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Special 

62 



Loan Exhibition by the National Arts Club, in cooperation with 
the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. 

Three centuries of New York City : Special Exhibition of 
Paintings, Photographs, Drawings and other interesting materials, 
illustrating the growth and progress of New York from the time of 
Henry Hudson to the present day. 

Take Fourth or Madison Avenue surface cars to corner of Fourth Avenue and 
Tw^entieth Street, one block west of Club-house. Subway Station at Eighteenth 
Street and Fourth Avenue, three blocks away. 

NEW YORK AQUARIUM, in Battery Park. Under the management 
of the New York Zoological Society. Open daily, including Sundays, from 9 a.m. 
to 5 p.m. until October i 5th. (October i6th to April 14th, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.) 
This building was erected in 1807 by the United States Government as a fort and after 
the War of 18 12 was called Castle Clinton; later, as Castle Garden, it was the scene 
of Jenny Lind's triumphs, and from 1855 to 1890 it was the portal of the New 
World for 7,690,606 immigrants. This is the largest aquarium in the world and 
contains a greater number of specimens and species than any other. All tanks con- 
taining fish indigenous to the Hudson River will be so marked. 

Take any Elevated Railway to Battery Place Station, or Subway to Bowling Green 
Station. Also reached by all surface cars which go to South Ferry. 

NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, Bronx Park. Museums 
open daily including Sundays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Conservatories from 10 a.m. 
to 4 p.m. Grounds always open. In the Grounds and Conservatories 
exhibits of Plants, Shrubs, Trees and Natural W^oodland; in the 
Museums, Plant Products utilized in the Arts, Sciences and 
Industries. All Trees growing on Manhattan Island and Hudson 
River Valley at the time of Hudson's arrival are marked with the 
letter "H." (Special illustrated catalogue for sale.) 

Take Third Avenue Elevated Railway to Bronx Park (Botanical Garden). Sub- 
way passengers change at Third Avenue and 149th Street. Also reached by Harlem 
Division of the New York Central Railroad from Grand Central Station, Fourth 
Avenue and Forty-second Street. 

NEW^ YORK GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL 
SOCIETY, 226 West Fifty-eighth Street, between Broadway and Seventh Avenue. 
Open daily, except Sundays, from 10.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m., until November 1st. 
Special Exhibition of old Deeds, Manuscripts, Books, Portraits, 
etc., relating to the history of the United States up to and includ- 
ing the War of 1812. (Catalogue for sale.) 

Take Broadway surface cars to corner of Fifty-eighth Street. Subway station at 
Columbus Circle (Fifty-ninth Street), two blocks distant. Sixth Avenue Elevated 
station at Ninth Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street, three blocks away. 

NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY, corner of Seventy-seventh 
Street and Central Park West. September 25th to October 30th, open daily from 
9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Robert Fulton Exhibition of the New York 
Historical Society, in cooperation w^ith the Colonial Dames of 
America. (Catalogue for sale.) 

Take Sixth Avenue Elevated Railway to Eighty-first Street and Columbus 
Avenue, or surface cars traversing Central Park West. Also reached by any Columbus 
Avenue surface car to Seventy-seventh Street. 

NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY, Lenox Branch, Fifth Avenue 
and Seventy-second Street. Open daily, except Sundays, from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. 
Special Exhibition of Prints, Books, Manuscripts, etc., relating to 

63 



Henry Hudson, the Hudson River, Robert Fulton and Steam 
Navigation. (Special illustrated catalogue for sale; price, lo cents.) 

Take Fifth Avenue Stages, or Madison Avenue surface cars to Seventy-second 
Street, one block east of Library; connection with Subway at Grand Central Station 
and with Elevated Railway and West Side surface cars at Fifty-ninth Street. 

NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK, under the management of the 
New York Zoological Society, in Bronx Park. Open daily, including Sundays, 
from 9 a.m. until an hour before sunset (November i to May i from lo a.m.). 
Free, except on Mondays and Thursdays, when an admission fee of 25 cents is 
charged. Exhibition of a splendid collection of Animals, Birds and Reptiles. The 
fauna of Henry Hudson's time on Manhattan Island and Hudson 
River Valley will be indicated by the flag of the Hudson-Fulton 
Celebration. (Special illustrated catalogue for sale.) 

Take Subway trains marked "Bronx Park Express" to terminus at 1 80th Street, 
or Third Avenue Elevated to Fordham Station. The entrances are reached by 
numerous surface cars. 

REFORMED DUTCH CHURCH. The Reformed Protestant 
Dutch Church of the City of New York will make an exhibit in 
the chapel of the Church of St. Nicholas, Fifth Avenue and 48th 
Street, during the week of the celebration, 9 to 5 daily. 

This church was organized A.D. 1628, and the exhibit will comprise articles 
connected with its long history. 

VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE MUSEUM, in Van Cortlandt Park. 
This fine colonial mansion, built in 1748, with furniture of the period, is one of the 
oldest houses within the area of Greater New York; it is in the custody of the Colonial 
Dames of the State of New York. Open daily, 9.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m. Special 
Exhibition of Mezzotint Portraits of men prominent in political 
life prior to the Revolution ; Wedgwood's Medallion Portraits of 
Illustrious Personages ; Cartoons and Caricatures of political 
events, etc. (Special illustrated catalogue on sale.) 

Take Harlem Railroad from Grand Central Station; Sixth Avenue Elevated 
Railway, connecting at i 5 Jth Street with the Putnam Division of the New York Central 
Railroad; or Subway trains marked " Van Cortlandt Park." 

WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS(The Jumel Mansion), 
Roger Morris Park, Edgecombe Road and One Hundred and Sixty-second Street. 
Built about 1760. Under the Department of Parks. Exhibition by the ladies of the 
Washington Headquarters Association, Daughters of the American Revolution. Open 
free daily, including Sundays, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Special features: Col- 
lection of Colonial furnishings, objects and pictures; also the 
Bolton Collection of War Relics of the Revolution. 

Take "Tenth Avenue, Broadway, and Amsterdam Avenue" surface cars of the 
Third Avenue system ; Sixth Avenue Elevated Railway to One Hundred and Fifty- 
fifth Street, or Broadway Subway to One Hundred and Fifty-seventh Street. 

BY SPECIAL CARD ONLY 

AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 15 West 81 st Street. 
Special Exhibition of Books and Maps relating to Henry Hudson 
and Robert Fulton. Admission can be obtained by card. Apply to the 
Librarian, 15 West 8ist Street. Open from September 25th to October 9th, from 
9 a.m. to 5 p.m. GEORGE F. KUNZ, 

Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission, 
Tribune Building, New York. 
64 



HUDSON-FULTON EXHIBITION 

MADE BY 

THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY 

(lenox library building) 

SEPTEMBER, 1909 



NEW YORK 

IQOQ 



BOARD OF TRUSTEES 

John W. Alexander. J. Pierpont Morgan. 

William W. Appleton. Morgan J. O'Brien. 

John Bigelow. Stephen H. Olin. 

John L. Cadwalader. Alexander E. Orr. 

Andrew Carnegie. George L. Rives. 

Cleveland H. Dodge. Charles Howland Russbll. 

John Murphy Farley. Edward W. Sheldon. 

Samuel Greenbaum. George W. Smith. 

John Henry Hammond. Frederick Sturges. 

H. Van Rensselaer Kennedy. Henry W. Taft. 

John S. Kennedy. Lewis Cass Ledyard. 

George Brinton McClellan, Mayor of the City of New York, ex officio. 

Herman A. Metz, Comptroller of the City of New York, ex officio. 

Patrick F. McGowan, President of the Board of Aldermen, ex officio. 



OFFICERS 



President, Hon. John Bigelow, LL.D. 
First Vice-President, John L. Cadwalader, LL.D. 
Second Vice-President, John S. Kennedy, Esq. 

Secretary, CHARLES HowLAND Russell, Esq., 425 Lafayette Street, 
Treasurer, Edward W. Sheldon, Esq., United States Trust Company, 45 Wall Street. 
Director, John S. Billings, D.C.L., LL.D., 425 Lafayette Street. 



BRANCHES— REFERENCE 

Lafayette Street, 425. (Astor.) Fifth Avenue, 8qo. (Lenox.) 

CIRCULATION 

MANHATTAN. 

East Broadway, 33. (Chatham Square.) 

East Broadway, 197. (Educational Alliance Building.) 

RiviNGTON Street, 61. 

Houston Street, 3S8 East. (Hamilton Fish Park.) 

Le Roy Street, 66. (Hudson Park.) 

Bond Street, 49. Near the Bowery. 

8th Street. 135 Second Avenue. (Ottendorfer.) 

loth Street, 331 East. (Tompkins Square.) 

13th Street, 251 West. Near 8th Avenue. (Jackson Square.) 

23d Street, 228 East. Between 2d and 3d Avenues. (Epiphany.) 

23d Street, 209 West. Near 7th Avenue. (Muhlenberg. Department Headquarters. ) 

36th Street, 303 East. East of 2d Avenue. (St. Gabriel's Park.) 

40th Street, 501 West. Between loth and nth Avenues. (St. Raphael's.) 

42d Street, 226 West. Near 7th Avenue. (George Bruce.) 

50th Street, 123 East. Near Lexington Avenue. (Cathedral.) 

51st Street, 463 West. Near loth Avenue. (Sacred Heart.) 

58th Street, 121 East. Near Lexington Avenue. 

67th Street, 328 East. Near ist Avenue. 

69th Street. 190 Amsterdam Avenue. (Riverside. Travelling Libraries.) 

78th Street. 1465 Avenue A. (Webster.) 

79th Street, 222 East. Near 3d Avenue. (Yorkville.) 

8ist Street. 444 Amsterdam Avenue. (St. Agnes. Blind Library.) 

96th Street, 112 East. Between Lexington and Park Avenues. 

looth Street, 206 West. Near Broadway. (Bloomingdale.) 

iioth Street, 174 East. Near 3d Avenue. (Aguilar.) 

115th Street, 201 West. Near 7th Avenue. 

124th Street, 9 West. (Harlem Library Branch.) 

125th Street, 224 East. Near 3d Avenue. 

135th Street, 103 West. Near Lenox Avenue. 

145th Street, 503 West. (Hamilton Grange.) 

156th Street. 922 St. Nicholas Avenue. (Washington Heights.) 

BRONX. 

140th Street, 321 East, cor. Alexander Avenue. (Mott Haven.) 
i68th Street, 78 West, cor. Woodycrest Avenue. (Highbridge.) 
169th Street, 610 East. McKinley Square. (Morrisania.) 
176th Street. 1866 Washington Avenue, (Tremont.) 
230th Street. 3041 Kingsbridge Avenue. (Kingsbridge.) 

RICHMOND. 

St. George. 5 Central Avenue. Tompkinsville P. O. 
Port Richmond. 75 Bennett Street. 
Stapleton. 132 Canal Street, cor. Brook Street. 
Tottenville. 7430 Amboy Road. Near Prospect Avenue. 



The Hudson- Fulton Celebration Commission 

Appointed by the Governor of the State of New York and the 

Mayor of the City of New York and chartered by Chapter 

325, Laws of the State of New York, 1906 

LIST OF OFFICERS 
President 

Gen. Stewart L. Woodford 

Presiding Vice-President 

Mr. Herman Ridder 

Vice-Presidents 

Mr. Andrew Carnegie Mr. John E. Parsons 

Hon. Joseph H. Choale Gen. Horace Porter 

Maj.-Gen. F. D. Grant, U.S.A. Hon. Frederick W. Seward 

Hon. Seth Low Mr. Francis Lynde Stetson 

Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan Hon. Oscar S. Straus 

Hon. Levi P. Morton Mr. Wm. B. Van Rensselaer 

Hon. Alton B. Parker Gen. Jas. Grant Wilson 

Treasurer 

Mr. Isaac N. Seligman 

No. I William Street, New York 
Secretary Assistant-Secretary 

Mr. Henry W. Sackett Mr. Edward Hagaman Hall 

Art and Historical Exhibits Committee 
Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, General Chairman 

Sub-Committee in 
Charge of Scientific and Historical Exhibits 

Dr. George F. Kunz, Chairman 

401 Fifth Avenue, New York 

Mr. Samuel V. Hoffman Prof. Henry Fairfield Osborn 

Mr. Archer M. Huntington Mr. Philip T. Dodge 

Sub-Committee in 
Charge of Arts Exhibits 

Hon. Robert W. de Forest, Chairman 

Metropolitan Museum of Art 

Sir Caspar Purdon Clarke Mr. George F. Hearn 

Dr. Edward Robinson Dr. George F. Kunz 

Headquarters : Tribune Buildixyg, New York 

Telephones : Beekman 3097 and 3098 

Western Union Cable Address : " Hudfulco " 



List of Institutions holding Exhibitions under the auspices of or 

in cooperation with Scientific, Historical and Art Committees 

of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission. 



AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Seventy-seventh 
Street, from Columbus Avenue to Central Park West. Open daily, except Sun- 
days, from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. Sundays from i to 5 p. m. Always free. Special 
Exhibition during the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, from September ist to 
December ist. Original objects showing the life and habits of the Indians 
of Manhattan Island and the Hudson River Valley. (Special illustrated cata- 
logue for sale, price 10 cents.) 

Take Sixth or Ninth Avenue Elevated Railway to Eighty-first Street, or 
Subway to Seventy-ninth Street ; also reached by all surface cars running through 
Columbus Avenue or Central Park West. 

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, Engineer- 
ing Building, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street. Robert Fulton Exhibition. Con- 
sists of paintings, drawings, books, decorations and furniture, and working 
models of John Fitch's steamboat, the first boat operated and propelled by 
steam; Robert Fulton's "Clermont," the first successful application of steam 
to navigation, and John Stevens' "Phoenix," the first steamboat to sail on the 
ocean. 

The exhibition will be shown in the Council Room of the Society, on the 
eleventh floor, and will be open from 9.00 a. m. until 5.30 p. m. during the entire 
period of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, and from 9.00 a. m. until 5.00 p. m. 
daily until December 6th. 

BROOKLYN INSTITUTE, Eastern Parkway. Open daily, except Sun- 
days, from 9 a. m. to 6 p. m. ; Sundays from 2 to 6 p. m. Thursday evenings 
from 7.30 to 9.30 p. m. Free except on Mondays and Tuesdays, when admission 
fee is charged of 25 cents for adults and 10 cents for children under six years of 
age. Collection illustrating various departments of Archseology, Mineralogy and 
Ethnography. Special Exhibition relating to past and present life of Indians 
on Long Island. Portrait of Robert Fulton painted by himself, the property 
of Col. Henry T. Chapman and loaned by him to the Museum. Open Sep- 
tember ist to December 31st. (Illustrated catalogue for sale.) 

Take Subway Express to Atlantic Avenue, or Flatbush Avenue Trolley from 
Brooklyn Bridge. St. John's Place surface car from Atlantic Avenue or Borough 
Hall. 



HUDSON-FULTON EXHIBITIONS 5 

CHILDREN'S MUSEUM (Brooklyn Institute), Bedford Park, Brooklyn 
Avenue. Collection illustrative of the fauna of Long Island. Open free to 
the public from Monday to Saturday (inclusive) from 9 a. m. to 5.30 p. m., and 
on Sunday from 2 until 5.30 p. m. 

CITY HISTORY CLUB OF NEW YORK, 21 West Forty-fourth Street. 
Special Exhibition of Illustrations, Photographs, Maps and Plans, relating to 
the history of the City of Nev^ York, and all of the originals used in the City 
History Club Historical Guide Book of the City of New York. 

COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, St. Nicholas Avenue and 
139th Street. Hudson-Fulton Exhibit. During the Hudson-Fulton Celebra- 
tion and for some weeks thereafter, the College of the City of New York will 
have on exhibition in its historical museum a collection of charts, views, manu- 
scripts and relics representing old New York. Among the charts will be origi- 
nal prints of New Netherlands and New Amsterdam by Nicholas J. Visscher, 
about 1650; N. Visscher, 1690; Letter's "New Jorck," 1720; contemporary plans 
and views of the Revolutionary period showing the movements of Washington 
and Howe in this vicinity during the Campaign of 1776; Revolutionary battle 
relics ; portraits, residences and letters of old New Yorkers ; bronze busts of 
Washington, Lincoln and Fulton by Houdon and Volk; and other material sug- 
gested by the celebration. 

Take Sixth Avenue Elevated Railway to 140th Street, or Broadway Subway 
to One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Street. 

DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN. Through 
the courtesy of Commissioner Michael J. Kennedy and his assistant arboriculturist, 
J. J. Levison, the different species of trees have been labeled in Prospect Park, 
from the Plaza to the Willink Entrance; in Bedford Park; in Highland Park, 
and in Tompkins Park. An additional small enameled sign has been hung on 
those labeled trees that were indigenous to the Hudson River Valley in i6og. 
The special label reads : "This species is a native of the Hudson River Valley." 

FRAUNCES TAVERN, 54 Pearl Street, near Broad Street. Historic 
Revolutionary Building. Built in 1719. Scene of Washington's farewell to his 
officers on December 4, 1783. Restored December 4, 1907, by the New York 
Society of the Sons of the Revolution. Open daily, except Sundays, from 9 a. m. 
to 6 p. m. Special Exhibition of Revolutionary Relics by the New York 
State Society of the Sons of the Revolution, who are the owners of that his- 
torical building, September 15th to November ist. 

Take Subway to Bowling Green Station, or Third Avenue Elevated Railway 
to Hanover Square Station, or Broadway surface cars. 

LONG ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, corner of Pierrepont and 
Clinton Streets, Brooklyn, between Brooklyn Bridge and Borough Hall. Open 
daily, except Sundays, from 8.30 a. m. to 6 p. m. Reference library of 70,000 



6 HUDSON-FULTON EXHIBITIONS 

volumes; manuscripts, relics, etc. Autograph receipt of Robert Fulton and 
original manuscript volume of Banker's and Sluyter's "Journal of a Voyage 
to New York in 1679-80." 

Take Subway to Borough Hall, Brooklyn; Third Avenue Elevated Railway 
to Brooklyn Bridge, connecting with Bridge cars; or surface cars to Bridge. 

METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, Central Park East. Main 
entrance on Fifth Avenue at Eighty-second Street. Open daily, except Sundays, 
from 10.00 a. m. to 6.00 p. m. ; in winter to 5.00 p. m. ; Saturdays to 10.00 p. m. ; 
Sundays from i.oo to 6.00 p. m. On Mondays and Fridays an admission fee of 25 
cents is charged, except to members and copyists. Collections illustrating all 
departments of Art and Archaeology. Special Exhibition of a magnificent Col- 
lection of over 130 of the works of Old Dutch Masters, constituting the finest 
Exhibition of this kind ever made. Products of Colonial Art : Industrial Art, 
Furniture, Pewter of the 17th and i8th centuries, etc. (Two illustrated cata- 
logues for sale, one of Dutch Exhibit and one of Colonial Arts; price 10 cents 
each. Also finely illustrated edition de luxe.) 

Take Fifth Avenue stages or Madison Avenue surface cars to Eighty-second 
Street, one block east of Museum; connection with Subway at Forty-second 
Street, and with Elevated Railway and West Side surface cars at Fifty-ninth 
Street. 

NATIONAL ARTS CLUB, Twentieth Street near Irving Place (Gram- 
ercy Park). This house was formerly the residence of Samuel J. Tilden, and is 
situated one block east of the birth-place of Ex-President Roosevelt. Open daily 
from September 20th to about October i8th, 1909, from 9 a. m. to 10 p. m. 
Special Loan Exhibition by the National Arts Club, in co-operation with the 
American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, under the management 
of the New York Zoological Society. 

Three centuries of New York City: Special Exhibition of Paintings, 
Photographs, Drawings and other interesting materials, illustrating the 
growth and progress of New York from the time of Henry Hudson to the 
present day. (Catalogue for sale.) 

Take Fourth or Madison Avenue surface cars to corner of Fourth Avenue 
and Twentieth Street, one block west of Club-house. Subway Station at Eigh- 
teenth Street and Fourth Avenue, three blocks away. 

NEW YORK AQUARIUM, in Battery Park. Open daily, including Sun- 
days, from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. until October 15th. (October i6th to April 14th, 
from 10 a. m. to 4 p. m.) This building was erected in 1807 by the United States 
Government as a fort and after the War of 1812 was called Castle Clinton ; later, 
as Castle Garden, it was the scene of Jenny Lind's triumphs, and from 1855 to 
1890 it was the portal of the New World for 7,690,606 immigrants. This is the 
largest aquarium in the world and contains a greater number of specimens and 



HUDSON-FULTON EXHIBITIONS 7 

species than any other. All tanks containing fish indigenous to the Hudson 
River will be so marked. 

Take Elevated Railway to Battery Place Station, or Subway to Bowling 
Green Station ; also reached by all surface cars which go to South Ferry. 

NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, Bronx Park. Museums open 
daily, including Sundays from 10 a. m. to 5 p. m. ; Conservatories from 10 a. m. 
to 4 p. m. Grounds always open. In the Grounds and Conservatories exhibits 
of Plants, Shrubs, Trees, and Natural Woodland; in the Museums, Plant 
Products utilized in the Arts, Sciences and Industries. All plants growing 
on Manhattan Island and Hudson River Valley at the time of Hudson's 
arrival are marked with the letter "H." (Special illustrated catalogue for sale.) 

Take Third Avenue Elevated Railway to Bronx Park (Botanical Garden). 
Subway passengers change at 149th Street; also reached by Harlem Division of 
the New York Central Railroad from Grand Central Station, Fourth Avenue and 
Forty-second Street. 

NEW YORK GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 

226 West Fifty-eighth Street, between Broadway and Seventh Avenue. Open 
daily, except Sundays, from 10.00 a. m. to 5.00 p. m., until November ist. Special 
Exhibition of old Deeds, Manuscripts, Books, Portraits, etc., relating to the 
history of the United States up to and including the War of 181 2. (Catalogue 
for sale.) 

Take Broadway surface cars to corner of Fifty-eighth Street. Subway sta- 
tion at Columbus Circle (Fifty-ninth Street), two blocks distant; Sixth Avenue 
Elevated station at Ninth Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street, three blocks away. 

NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY, corner of Seventy-seventh 
Street and Central Park West. September 25th to October 30th, open daily 
from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. Robert Fulton Exhibition, of the New York Historical 
Society, in co-operation with the Colonial Dames of America. (Catalogue 
for sale.) 

Take Sixth Avenue Elevated Railway to Eighty-first Street and Columbus 
Avenue, or surface cars traversing Central Park West; also reached by any 
Columbus Avenue surface car to Seventy-seventh Street. 

NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY, Lenox Branch, Fifth Avenue and 
Seventy-second Street. Open daily, except Sundays, from 9 a. m. to 6 p. m. 
Special Exhibition of Prints, Books, Manuscripts, etc., relating to Henry 
Hudson, the Hudson River, Robert Fulton, and Steam Navigation. (Special 
illustrated catalogue for sale; price 10 cents.) 

Take Fifth Avenue Stages, or Madison Avenue surface cars to Seventy- 
second Street, one block east of Library; connection with Subway at Grand 
Central Station and with Elevated Railway and West Side surface cars at Fifty- 
ninth Street. 



8 ' HUDSON-FULTON EXHIBITIONS 

NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK, under the management of the New 
York Zoological Society, in Bronx Park. Open daily, including Sundays, from 

9 a. m. until an hour before sunset (November i to May i from lo a. m.). Free, 
except on Mondays and Thursdays, when an admission fee of 25 cents is charged. 
Exhibition of a splendid collection of Animals, Birds and Reptiles, The fauna 
of Henry Hudson's time on Manhattan Island and Hudson River Valley will 
be indicated by the flag of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration. (Special illus- 
trated catalogue describing same for sale.) 

Take Subway trains marked "Bronx Park Express" to terminus at i8oth 
Street, or Third Avenue Elevated to Fordham Station. The entrances are 
reached by numerous surface cars. 

REFORMED DUTCH CHURCH. The Reformed Protestant Dutch 
Church of the City of New York will make an exhibit in the chapel of the 
Church of St. Nicholas, Fifth Avenue and 48th Street, during the week of 
the celebration, 9 to 5 daily. 

This church was organized A. D. 1628, and the exhibit will comprise articles 
connected with its long history. 

VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE MUSEUM, in Van Cortlandt Park. This 
fine colonial mansion, built in 1748, with furniture of period, is one of the oldest 
houses within the area of Greater New York ; it is in the custody of the Colonial 
Dames of the State of New York. Open daily, 9.00 a. m. to' 5.00 p. m. Special 
Exhibition of Mezzotint Portraits of men prominent in political life prior to 
the Revolution; Wedgwood's Medallion Portraits of Illustrious Personages; 
Cartoons and Caricatures of political events, etc. (Special illustrated cata- 
logue on sale.) 

Take New York Central Railroad from Grand Central Station; Sixth Ave- 
nue Elevated Railway, connecting at 155th Street with the Putnam Division of 
the New York Central Railroad; or Subway trains marked Van Cortlandt Park: 

WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS (The Jumel Mansion), Roger 
Morris Park, Edgecombe Avenue and One Hundred and Sixty-second Street. 
Built about 1760. Under the Department of Parks. Exhibition by the ladies of 
the Washington Headquarters Association, Daughters of the American Revo- 
lution, Open free daily, including Sundays, from 9 a. m. to. 5 p. m. Special 
features: Collection of Colonial furnishings, objects and pictures; also the 
Bolton Collection of War Relics of the Revolution. 

Take Amsterdam Avenue surface cars; Sixth Avenue Elevated Railway tQ 
One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Street, or Broadway Subway to One Hundred and 
Fifty-seventh Street. 






LIST OF WORKS IN THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY RELATING 

TO HENRY HUDSON, THE HUDSON RIVER, ROBERT 

FULTON, EARLY STEAM NAVIGATION, ETC. 



A selection from the material here noted was exhibited at the Lenox branch in connection with the 
Hudson-Fulton celebration, September, 1909. 

The order of arrangement is (i) Books, (2) Prints, (3) Maps. The arrangement of the individual 
groups is set forth in detail at the beginning of each. 



BOOKS. 

Order of Arrangement: 



Henry Hudson. 

The Hudson River. 

History of Hudson River counties in New York 

AND New J ERSEY. 

History of Hudson River cities and towns in New 
York and New Jersey. 



Robert Fulton. 

Robert R. Livingston. 

John Fitch. 

James Rumsey. 

History of Steam Boats and Steam Navigation. 



Henry Hudson. 

Asher (George Michael). Henry Hudson the 
navigator; the original documents in which his 
career is recorded, collected, translated and anno- 
tated with an introduction. (Hakluyt Soc. Pub., 
V. 27. London, iS.SQ. 8°.) 

Henry Hudson, the navigator... 4, (6) 

ccxviii, (2) 292 p., 2 maps. London: Hakluyt So- 
ciety, i860. 8°. 

Sketch of Henry Hudson, the navigator. 

Brooklyjt, 1867. 23 p. 8°. 

Bacon (Edgar Mayhew). Henry Hudson: his 
times and his voyages. New York: G. P. Put- 
nam's Softs, 1907. xii, I 1., 277 p., 2 maps. 13 pi., 
7 ports. 12°. (American Men of Energy.) 
Bardsen (Ivar). See De Costa (B. F.) 
Brooklyn Public Library. List of Books and 
Magazine Articles on Henry Hudson and the Hud- 
son River, Robert Fulton and Early Steam Navi- 
gation in the Brooklyn Public Library. Brooklyn, 
1909. 12 p. 12°. 

Cleveland (Henry R.) Life of Henry Hud- 
son. (In: The Library of American Biography, 
conducted by Jared Sparks. Vol. 10, pp. 185-261. 
Boston, 1838. 12°.) 

Conway {Sir W. M.) Hudson's voyage to 
Spitsbergen in 1607. \^London: IV. Clowes 6^ 
Sons, 1900?] ip.l. , 10 p. 8°. 

Repr.: " The Geographical Journal," Feb. igoo. 

De Costa {Rev. Benjamin Franklin). Sailing 
directions of Henry Hudson, prepared for his use 
in 1608, from the old Danish of Ivar Bardsen. 
With an introduction and notes: also a dissertation 
on the discovery of the Hudson River. Albany: 
J. Munsell, 1869. vi, i 1., 9-102 p, 8°. 



Dinse (Paul). Die Anfange der Nordpolar- 
forschung und die Eismeerfahrten Henry Hudsons. 
Berlin: E. S. Mittler, i()0?). 28 p. 8°. (Meeres- 
Kunde. Jahrg. 2, Heft. 2.) 

Hall (Edward Hagaman). Hudson and Ful- 
ton. A brief history of Henry Hudson and Rob- 
ert Fulton with suggestions designed to aid the 
holding of general commemorative exercises and 
children's festivals during the Hudson-Fulton cele- 
bration in 1909. Ne7u York: LIudson- Fulton cele- 
bration commission [1909]. 8°. 

Bibliography. 

Hawks (F. L.) The adventures of Henry 
Hudson. By the author of " Uncle Philip's con- 
versations;" [i. e., F. L. Hawks]. NewYork: D. 
Appleton ^ Co., 1852. 161 p. 16°. 

Horner (Harlan Hoyt). Hudson-Fulton cele- 
bration, September 25 to October 9, 1909. Albany: 
N. Y. State Education Department, 1909. 64 p., 
I map. illus. 8°. 

Bibliography. 

Hudson (Henry). Descriptio ac delineatio 
Geographica Detectionis Freti, sive, Transitvs ad 
Occasum, supra terras Americanas. . . Recens in- 
vestigati ab M. Henrico Hudsono Anglo. Item, 
Narratio... Avstrialias Incognitas... recens de- 
tecto, Per. . . F. . . de Quir. Vna cum descriptione 
TerrK Samoiedarvm & Tingoesiorvm. . . [tr. fr. I. 
Massaby R. Vitellius] [Edited by Hessel Ger- 
ritszoon.] Atnsterodami: Hesselij Gerardi, i6i2. 
23 1., 3 maps. 4°. 

Descriptio ac delineatio Geographica De- 
tectionis Freti, sive, Transitus ad Occasum, supra 
terras Americanas... Recens investigati ab M. 
Henrico Hudsono Anglo. Item, Narratio. . .Avs- 
trialias incognitse . . . Per... P... F... de Quir. 
Vna cum descriptione Terras Samoiedarvm & 



lO 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Henry Hudson, cont'd. 

Tingoesiorvm. . .[by I. Massa, tr. by R. Vitellius.] 
[Ed. by Hessel Gerritsz.] Amsterodami: H. Ge- 
rardi, i6t2. 3 L, 3 maps, 21 1. 4°. 

Descriptio ac delineatio Geographica de- 

tectionis freti, Sive, Transitus ad Occasum supra 
terras Americanas. . . Recens investigati ab M. 
Henrico Hudsono Anglo. Item, Exegesis Regi 
Hispani?e facta, super . . . Australis Incognita. 
Cum descriptione Terfarum Samoiedarum & Tin- 
goesiorum.. [Ed. by H. Gerritszoon.] Amstero- 
dami: Hesselij Gerardi, 1613. 25 1., 4 maps, i pi. 

4°. 

Descriptio ac delineatio Geographica de- 

tectionis freti, Sive, Transitus ad Occasum supra 
terras Americanas... Recens investigati ab M. 
Henrico Hudsono Anglo. Item, Exegesis Regi 
Hispaniae facta. Super . . . Australis Incognita. 
Cum descriptione Terrarum Samoiedarum & Tin- 
goesiorum. . . [Ed. by H. Gerritszoon.] Amstero- 
dami: Hesselij Gerardi, 1613. 25 1., 5 maps, i pi. 

4°- 

Arctic (The) north-east and west passage. 

Detectio Freti Hudsoni or Hessel Gerritsz's collec- 
tion of tracts by himself, Massa and De Quir on 
the N. E. and W. Passage, Siberia and Australia. 
Reproduced, with the maps, in Photolithography 
in Dutch and Latin after the editions of 1612 and 
1613. Augmented with a new English translation 
by Fred. John Millard. . .and an essay on the 
origin. . .of this collection by S. Muller. . . Amster- 
dam: F. Muller d^ Co., 1878. 2 p.l., xxvii p. 
A-E4, A-C2 in 4 s. , 47p. , 3 maps. 4°. 

Diuers voyages and Notherne Discoueries 

of that worthy irrecouerable Discouerer Master 
Henry Hudson. . . [1607-1610, voyages towards the 
North Pole, to Nova Zembla, Hudson River, and 
for the discovery of the North West Passage] ended 
with his end, being treacherously exposed by some 
of the Companie. Reprint from Purchas his Pil- 
grimes, Lond. Fol. 1625, pp. 567-610. (In: N. Y. 
Hist. Soc. , Collections, i. series, vol. i, 181 1, pp. 
61-188.) 

The third voyage of Master Henrie Hud- 
son toward Noua Zembla, and at his returne, his 
passing from Farre Islands, to New-found Land, 
and along to fortie foure degrees and ten minutes, 
and thence to Cape Cod, and so to thirtie three de- 
grees; and along the Coast to the Northward, to 
fortie two degrees and an halfe, and up the Riuer 
neere to fortie three degrees. Written by Robert 
Ivet of Lince-house. (In: Purchas his Pilgrimes. 
London, 1625. Part 3, Lib. 3, ch. 16. pp. 581- 

595. f°.) 

Hudson sailed from Amsterdam 25 March 1609 (O. S.) 
and made the English coast on his return 7 November 1609 
(N. S.) 

Extract from the journal of the voyage of 

the Half Moon, Henry Hudson, master, from the 
Netherlands to the coast of North-America, in the 
year 1609. By Robert Juet, mate. (In: New- 
York Historical Society, Collections, 2 series, 
vol. I, 1841, pp. 317-332.) 

The discovery of the Hudson River, from 

" The third voyage of Master Henry Hudson, to- 
ward Nova Zembla. . ." 20 p. (Old South leaf- 
lets [general ser.] no. 94. Boston, 1898.) 

The discovery of the Hudson River by 

Master Henry Hudson in 1609 and his death in 



161 1. The second voyage of the Half Moon. The 
search for the north-west passage. New York, 
1907. 12 1. 8°. 

Repr.: V. -i,, bk. 3, of Purchas' Pilgrimes. For a dinner of 
the Half Mobn Dining Club at the Univ. Club, N. Y. City, 7 
Feb. 1907. 

Voyage in 1609. Extract from " Verhael 

van de eerste Schip-vaert der HoUandsche ende 
Zeensche Schepen door't Way-Gat by Noorden, 
Noorwegen, Moscovien, ende Tartarien om, na de 
Coninckrycken Cathay ende China: &c. &c. : 't 
Amsterdam, voor Joost Hartgers, &c. 1648, in 4°." 
Transmitted to the N. Y. Historical Society, by 
Dr. M. F. A. Campbell... Translated by J. 
Romeyn Brodhead. (In: New- York Historical 
Society, Collections, 2. series. Vol. 2, p. 367-370. 
New York, 1849. 8°.) 

Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission. 

Minutes. [Nos.] 28-29, 449. '477. 687, 721, 743, 
769. (Apr. 22, May 6-27), Sept. 18, 23, Oct. 14- 
28, Dec. 23, 1908; Jan. 7, Jan. 27, Feb. 3, 1909. 
New York, 1908-1909. 8°. 

Janvier (Thomas A.) Henry Hudson: a brief 
statement of his aims and his achievements. To^ 
which is added a newly discovered partial record, 
now first published, of the trial of the mutineers by 
whom he and others were abandoned to their death. 
New York: Harper and Bros., 1909. xiii, i 1., 
147 (i) p., 4 facsim., 6 pi. 12°. 

Johnson (George). The Great Seamen of the 
North. Henry Hudson. (In: The Canadian 
Magazine, Vol. 18, 1902, pages 514-22. Toronto, 
1902.) 

Juet (Robert). Journal. See above Hudson 
(Henry). 

Leupe (Pieter-Arend). Henry Hudson in Hol- 
land. 1608-1609. [Review in Dutch of work with 
this title by H. C. Murphy, n. t.-p. [6" Graven- 
hage, 1859.] 3 p. 4°. 

Miller (Samuel). A discourse, designed to 
commemorate the discovery of New- York by Henry 
Hudson; delivered before the New-York Historical 
Society, Sept. 4, 1809; being the completion of 
the second century since that event. (In: New- 
York Historical Society Collections, i. series, vol. 
I, pp. 17-45. A^^w York, 181 1.) 

DIorris (Gouverneur). An inaugural discourse 
delivered before the New- York Historical Society 
4th September, 1816; the 206th anniversary of the 
discovery of New- York by Hudson. Neto York: 
T. &• IV. Mercein, 1816. 24 p. 8°. 

Murphy (H. C.) Henry Hudson in Holland, 
an inquiry into the origin and objects of the voy- 
age which led to the discovery of the Hudson 
river. With biographical notes. 72 p., i port. 
The Hague; Brothers Giunta d'Albani, 1859. 8°. 

[Repr. with notes and tr. by Wouter 

Nihofl.] The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1909. 8°. 

New York (State). Governor. Message to 
the Legislature concerning celebration of the 300th 
anniversary of the discovery of Hudson River by 
Hendrick Hudson in 1609 and of the centennial 
anniversary of the first use of steam in the naviga- 
tion of the Hudson River by Robert Fulton in 
1807. Albany, Feb. 19, 1906. Albany, 1906. 2 f. 
f°. 

Typewritten copy. 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



I I 



Henry Hudson, confd. 

Read (John Meredith), jr. A historical in- 
quiry concerning Henry Hudson, his friends, rela- 
tives and early life. . .connection with the Mus- 
covy Company and discovery of Delaware Bay. 
vi, I 1., 5-209 p., I pi. Albany: J. Mu7tsell, 1866. 

4°- 

Delivered before the Hist. Soc. of Delaware, on its first 
anniversary. 

Willis (Nathaniel Parker). Romance of travel, 
comprising tales of five lands, by the author of, 
Pencilings by the way [i. e. Nathaniel Parker 
Willis]. New York: S. Cohiian. 1840. 9-300 p. 
12°. 

Contains: Oonder-Hoofden: A tale of the voyage of Hen- 
drick Hudson. 

Wilson (James Grant). Henry Hudson's voy- 
age and its results in trade and colonization. (In: 
Memorial History of the City of New York... 
Edited by J. G. Wilson. Vol. i. iVezo York, 
1892. pp. 108-151. 4°.) 

The discovery of the Hudson River. (Amer. 

Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, nth 
Annual report, p. 143-171. igo6.) 

The Hudson River. 

For material on discovery of the Hudson River, see the 
group above relating to Henry Hudson. 

Abert (John James). Report in favor of the 
improvement of the navigation of the Hudson 
River. Albany, 1846. 8°. 

Bacon (Edgar Mayhew). The Hudson River 
from ocean to source: historical, legendary, pic- 
turesque. With 100 illustrations, and with sec- 
tional map of the Hudson River. New York: 
G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1902. xii, i 1., 590 p., 

1 pi. 4°. (American Waterways.) 
Benignus (W. H. H.) Klange vom Hudson. 

[yVcw York: '' N. Y. dx' Albany Hudson Riv. Day 
Line," cop. 1900.] 2 p.l.. 7-92 p., i 1. 12°. 
Verses. 

Bruce (Wallace). The Hudson. Illustrated 
by A. Fredericks, with photo-engravings. New 
York: Bryattt Literary [/nion, cop. 1894. 4 p.l., 
11-311 p., 3 1., 7 maps. 12°. 

The Hudson River and routes from New 

York to the White and Green Mountains, Montreal, 
Lake George, Saratoga, Newport and Niagara Falls. 
By Thursty McQuill [pseud, of W. Bruce]. New 

York, 1872. 78, 62 p. i6°. 

The Hudson river by daylight. New York 

to Albany, Saratoga Springs, Lake George, Lake 
Champlain, Plattsburg, the Adirondacks, Montreal, 
the Thousand Islands, Niagara Falls, Watkins' 
Glen, Richfield Springs, Cooperstown, Sharon, 
Howe's Cave, the Green Mountains, Manchester, 
Middletown and Lebanon Springs. . . 169 p., i map, 
ill. New York: G. Watson, cop. 1S73. 16°. 

New York: Amer. News Co., 1875. 

2 p.l., 7-172 p., I map. 16°. 

Colles (C.) A survey of the roads of the 
United States of America. [New-York'\ 1789. 
86 [i. e.] pi. sm. 4°. 

Plates 34-39 are lacking. Two pi. are numbered 45, and 
two 46. On the inside of the cover is pasted a copy of Colles' 
prospectus and advertisement of the work. 



Cooper (Susan Fenimore). The Hudson river 
and its early names. [Signed Susan Fenimore 
Cooper. NewYork?: A. S. Barnes Ss' Co,,\%'iiO'i\ 
401-4 8 p., I map. 8°. 

Extr.: Magazine of American history, vol. iv, June, 1880. 
no. 6. 

Drake (Joseph Rodman). The culprit fay, and 
other poems. NewYork: G. Dearborn, xZ^b. 1 p.l, 
92 p., I port. 8°. 

Elting (Irving). Dutch village communities on 
the Hudson River. Baltimore: J. Hopkins Press, 
1886. 68 p. 8°. (Johns Hopkins University Studies, 
4. Series, no. i.) 

Hall (Edward Hagaman). The Palisades of 
the Hudson river. The Story of their Origin, 
Attempted Destruction, and Rescue. (American 
scenic and historic preservation society, nth an- 
nual report, pp. 191-212. Albany, 1906. 8°.) 

Hine (Charles G.) Hine's annual, 1906. The 
west bank of the Hudson River, Albany to Tappan. 
Notes on its history and legends, its ghost stories 
and romances. Gathered by a wayfaring man who 
may now and then have erred therein. \_New York: 
the Author, cop. 1907.] 2 p.l., iii, 174 p. 8°.) 

No. 48 of 52 copies privately printed. 

The New York and Albany post road. 

From Kings Bridge to " The Ferry at Crawlier, 
over against Albany," being an account of a jaunt 
on foot made at sundry convenient times between 
May and November, nineteen hundred and five. 
NewYork: the Author, 1905. 2 p.l., vi, 109 p. 
illus. 12°. 

Hudson (The) Highlands. New York: H. 
Cranstoti, 1S83. i p.l., 32 p., I pi. 8°. 

Hudson (The) illustrated with pen and pencil; 
comprising sketches, local and legendary, of its 
several places of interest together with the route to 
Niagara Falls; forming a companion for the 
pleasure tourist. NewYork: J. W. Strong, 1852. 
32 p. 4°. 

Same. 1855. 

Hudson River (A) bridge for New York City. 
[By W. P. Rodgers. n.t.-p. 1886?] p.m. nar. 

Hudson (The) river, by pen and pencil. New 
York: D. Appleton and Co. [1875] ii, 52, xiv p. 

4°- 

Hudson River Day Line. The most charmmg 

inland water trip on the American continent. \_New 

York: Press of R.L.Stillson Co., cop. 1903.] 40 p., 

2 I. illus. ob. 8°. 

The evolution of a hundred years. S^New 

York: the R. L. Stillson Co., cop. 1907.] 42 p., 
2 1., I pi. illus. ob. 8°. 

Summer excursion routes, and Catskill 

mountain resorts, 1907. With supplementary lists 
of the resorts on the lines of the Poughkeepsie & 
Eastern Railway. \_NewYork,\(iO-l.'\ 194 p- nar. 
12°. 

An historical souvenir, presented by the 

Hudson River Day Line, New York, on Robert 
Fulton day, August 17th, 1907, to commemorate 
the centennial of Fulton's "Clermont," the first 
successful steamboat in the world, which started 
up the Hudson at i p. m., August 17th, 1807, 
n. t.-p. {NewYork, 1907?] il (i)p., i pL, illus. 
4°. 



12 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Hudson River, cont'd. 

Hudson (The) River guide; containing a de- 
scription of all the landings and principal places on 
the Hudson River, as far as navigable; stage, 
canal, and railroad routes, i 1., pp. 227-240, map. 
n. p. [18 — ] 32°. 

n. t.-p. n. p. [188-] 28 p. 16°. 

Hudson River Railroad Co. Hudson River 

and the H. R. R.R. with a complete map and wood 
cut views of the principal objects of interest upon 
the line. NewYork: Wm. C. Locke fr" Co., 1851. 
50 p., I map. 8°. 

Summer routes to Lake Champlain and the 

Adirondacks. Plattsburgh: J.W. Tuttle \iZb-'i\. 
36 p., I map. 16°. 

Hudson River railway route. New York, 
Albany, Troy, Saratoga. NewYork: Taintor Bros., 
n. d. v. p. 16°. (Taintor's route and city guides, 
no. 4.) 

New York to Albany, Saratoga Springs, 

Lake George, Lake Champlain, Adirondack Moun- 
tains, and Montreal, with descriptive sketches of. . . 
objects of interest along the route. New York: 

Taintor Bros. [1869] v. p., i map. 16°. (Taintor's 
route and city guides.) 

Hunt (Freeman). Letters about the Hudson 
River, and its vicinity; written in 1835 and 1836; 
by A citizen of New York [pseud, of Freeman 
Hunt]. NewYork: F.Hunt Ss' Co., 1836. 209 p. 
16°. 

[Same.] 3rd ed., with additions and en- 
gravings. New York, \'i>'i-i. 252 p., 3 maps. 16°. 

IngersoU (Ernest). Rand, McNally & Co's 
illustrated guide to the Hudson River and Catskill 
Mountains. Chicago: Rand, McNally &= Co.. 1898. 
245 p., 6 maps, 19 pi. 6. ed. 16°. 

Chicago: Rand, McNally &f Co., 1901. 

I 1., 5-246 (3) p., 7 maps, 17 pi. 12°. 

Chicago: Rand, McNally &= Co., 1903. 

245 p., 6 maps, 21 pi. II. ed. 12°. 

[Irving (Washington).] A book of the Hud- 
son. Collected from the. . .works of Diedrich 
Knickerbocker. Ed. by Geoffrey Crayon. New 
York: G. P. Putnam, 1849. i p.l., viii, 9-283 p., 
3 pl. 16°. 

NewYork: G. P. Putnam, 1849. viii, 

11-215 p. 16°. 

The Kaaterskill region. Rip Van Winkle 

and Sleepy Hollow, n. p.: Kaaterskill Pub. Co., 
1887. 20, 16 p., I pl. ob. 16°. 

Rip Van Winkle; a posthumous writing of 

Diedrich Knickerbocker. Illustrated. . .by F. Dar- 
ley. London: J. Cundall, 1850. 31 p., b pl. 8°. 

Loose leaves. 

James (Henry). New York and the Hudson: 
a spring impression. (North Amer. Rev. v. 181, 
pp. 801-833. New York, 1905.) 

(Fortnightly Rev. v. 84 (n. s. v. 78), 

pp. 976-1004. Lotidon, 1905.) 

Johnson (Clifton). The picturesque Hudson. 
New York: Macmillan Co., 1909. 6 p.l., 227 p, 
pl. 12°. (Picturesque river series.) 

Kemp (J. F.) Buried channels beneath the 
Hudson and its tributaries. (Amer. Jour. Sci. 
New Haven, 1908. 8°. ser. 4, v. 26 (v. 176), pp. 
301-323.) 



New 
v-vii, 



Knapp (S. L.) The picturesque beauties of 
the Hudson River and its vicinity, illustrated in a 
series of views from original drawings, taken ex- 
pressly for this work and engraved on steel by dis- 
tinguished artists, with historical and descriptive 
illustrations by K. 2 pts. 28 p., 7 pi. New 
York: J. Disttirnell, 1835. sq. f°. 

No more published. 

Legends and poetry of the Hudson. 
York: P. S. Wynkoop &- Son, 1868. i 1. 
9-87, v p. 16°. 

Link (William F. ) The Hudson by daylight. 
Map showing the prominent residences, historic 
landmarks. ..&c., with descriptive pages... New 
York: IV. F. Link, cop. 1878. 16 1., i map. 16°. 

New York: Bryant Liter aty Union 

[187-]. 16 p., I map. 24°. 

New York: IV. P. Link [1880]. 

16 1., I map, 9 ft. X 5^ inches. 24°. 

Lossing (Benson James). The Hudson, from 
the wilderness to the sea. Illustrated. . .from 
drawings by the author. New York: Virtue &" 
Yorsion [cop. 1866]. vii (i), 464 p., i pl., ill. 8°. 

New York: Virtue dr" Yorsion 

[1866]. vii, 464 p. [extra ill., 80 pl. inserted.] 
8°. 

Lyman (Seymour). Santa-Claus' summer 
holiday. [Illustrated by J. H. Boston.] New 
York: Lyman &• Curtiss, cop. 1882. 6 p., 5 pl. 
sq. 4. 

McQuill (Thursty). See Bruce (Wallace). 

Means (Edgar A.) A list of the birds of 
Hudson Highlands. Salem, 1878-81. 113 p. 8°. 

Milbert (Jacques Gerard). Itineraire pitto- 
resque du fleuve Hudson et des parties laterales 
de I'Amerique du nord. . . Paris: H. Gaugain 
6^ OV., 182S-29. 2 V. & atlas. V. 

Miller (James). Miller's new guide to the 
Hudson River. Illustrated by Thomas Addison 
Richards. New York: J. Miller, 1866. 131 p., 
21 pl. 24°. 

New York: J. Miller, 1882. 131 p., 

18 pl. 16°. 

Miller (Samuel). A discourse designed to com- 
memorate the discovery of New- York by Henry 
Hudson; delivered before the New-York Historical 
Society, September 4, 1809. NewYork: I. Riley, 
1810. 28 p. 8°. 

Munsell (Joel). The Hudson river overslagh, 
and Coeyman's bouwery. 8 p., ill. n. p. [1875] 
8°. 

Reprinted from Albany Evening Times. 1875. 

Munsell's guide to the Hudson river by 

railroad and steamboat . . . from Staten Island to 
Troy. . . Albany: Munsell dr" Roxaland, i?>sg. 58 p., 
8 maps, I tab. 24°. 

New York as it is, in 1835; containing. . .de- 
scription of the city and environs. . .and other. . . 
information. . . Also, the Hudson river guide. . . 
Third year of publication. Ne^o York: J. Disttir- 
nell, 1835. 240 p., 2 maps, I pl. 24°. 

New York central & Hudson river railroad. 
The Hudson river map via the New York central 
and Hudson river R. R. What the traveler wishes 
to see and know . . . New York: Bryant literary 
tin. [18 — ?] 8 1., I map. sq. 24°. 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



13 



Hudson River, cont'd. 

New York News Letter. The Hudson River: 
Part one. — The Palisades. November-December, 

1900. [yV>7i/ York] igoo. 31 (i) p. 8°. 

The Hudson River: Part Two. — The 

Highlands. January-February, 1901. \^NewYork] 

1901. 32 p. 8°. 

New York State Library. Van Rensselaer 
Bowier manuscripts. Being letters of Kiliaen Van 
Rensselaer, 1630-1643, and other documents relat- 
ing to the colony of Rensselaerswyck. Translated 
and edited by A. J. F. van Laer, archivist. With 
an introductory essay by Nicolaas de Roever, 
late archivist of the city of Amsterdam, translated 
by Mrs. Alan H. Strong. Albany: University of 
the State of New York, igo8. 909 p., i map. 8°. 
(New York State. — Education Dept.) 

Phelps (Humphrey). The traveller's steam- 
boat and railroad guide to the Hudson River de- 
scribing the cities, towns, and places of interest 
along the route, with maps and engravings. [By 
Humphrey Phelps.] New York: G. Watson [cop. 
1857-] 50 p., I map. 8°. 

Steamboat and railroad guide to the Hud- 
son River... New York, I'ibb. il. map. 8°. 

Rafter (George W.) The economics of the 
Hudson River: lecture before the engineering 
classes of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, at 
Troy, Feb. 24, 1897. \^Troy? 1897?] 20 p. 8°. 

Title from cover. Repr.: The Polytechnic, Apr. 24, 1897 

Upper Hudson storage surveys. Report. . . 

Albany: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co., 1896. 
I p.L, 89-195 p., 4 charts, 5 maps, 7 tab. 8°. (N. 
Y. S. Engineer & Surveyor.) 

Same, 2nd rept. 1897. 

Extr.: N. Y. S. E. &. S., annual report. 1895-96. 

Redfield (William Charles). Some account of 
two visits to the mountains in Essex county, 
N. Y. ..1836-7; with a sketch of the northern 
sources of the Hudson. 23 p., ill. n. p. ; n. d. 8°. 

Reprinted from American Journal of Science and Arts. 
No. 2. Vol. xxxiii. 

River Hudson together with descriptions and 
illustrations of the City of New York, Catskill 
Mountains, Lake George, Lake Champlain, Sara- 
toga. New York: Alex. Harthill ^ Co. [n. d.] 
63p.,il. 8°. 

Ruttenber (Edward Manning). Obstructions 
to the navigation of Hudson's river; embracing 
the minutes of the secret committee appointed by 
the Provincial convention of N. Y., July 16, 1776, 
and other original documents. . . Albany, N. Y.: 
J. Munsell. i860, i p.l, v, i 1., 210 p., map. 
sq. 8°. (Munsell's Hist. ser. , no. 5.) 

Another copy — large paper. 

■ History of the Indian tribes of Hudson's 

river; their origin, manners and customs, tribal. . . 
organizations. . .etc., etc. v, 6-415 p.. 5 port. 
Albany, N. Y.: J. Munsell, 1872. 8°. 

V, 6-415 p. Albany, N. Y.: J. Munsell, 

1872. 8°. 

Footprints of the red men. Indian geo- 
graphical names in the valley of Hudson's River. 
The valley of the Mohawk, and on the Delaware: 



their location and the probable meaning of some of 
them. Albany: N. Y. State Hist. Ass'n., 1906. 
241 p., I 1., 2 charts, 3 maps, 11 pi. 8°. 

Schoolcraft (Henry Rowe). Report of the 
aboriginal names and geographical terminology of 
the State of New York. Part I. — Valley of the 
Hudson. Made to the New York Historical So- 
ciety — by the committee. . .and read at the... 
meeting. . .Feb., 1844. Ne^v York: the Society, 
1845. 43 p. 8°. 

Also in N. Y. Hist. Soc, Proceedings 

1844, pp. 77-115- 

Shelton (F. W.) Up the river. Ne7v York: 
C. Scribner, 1853. i p.l., x.xii, 335 p. 12°. 

Sketches of the North River. Netv York: 
W. H. Colyer, 1838. iigp., i map. 16°. 

Skinner (C. M.) Myths and legends of our 
own land. Philadelphia, 1896. 8°. 

"The Hudson and its hills," v. i, pp. 17-106; " The Isle 
of Manhattoes and nearby," v. i, pp. 107-181. 

Slingsby. Incidents on the Hudson. (New 
Monthly Maga. and Lit. Jour. London, 1834. 
8°. V. 41 (1834, pt. 2), pp. 465-470.) 

Smith (Richard). A tour of four great rivers, 
the Hudson, Mohawk, Susquehanna and Delaware 
in 1769. Being the journal of Richard Smith of 
Burlington, New Jersey. Edited, with a short 
History of the pioneer settlements, by Francis W. 
Halsey. New York: Charles Scribner' s Sons, 1906. 
Ixxiii, 102 p., 3 maps, 13 pi., 3 port. 4°. 

Sons of the American Revolution. Empire 
State Society. Souvenir of the historical pilgrim- 
age from New York City to Washington's head- 
quarters at Newburgh and to West Point. . .June 
15,1896. \_NewYork: The Republic Press, xi^^b.] 
24 p. 8°. 

Spencer (J. W.) The submarine great caiion 
of the Hudson River. (Geog. Jour. v. 25, pp, 

180-igo. Lo7idon, 1905.) 

Van Loan (Benjamin). Narrative giving a 
new historic fact never before published. Pietre 
Van Loan, immigrant of 1581, hunted and fished 
on the upper waters of the Hudson River eleven 
years before its discovery by Hendrick Hudson. 
A posthumous article, written by Benjamin Van 
Loan, foot-notes from researches, by his cousin, 
Walton Van Loan. \^New York: Dudley Press, 
1908.] 4 1. 8°. 

Van Vorst (Marie). The Hudson river. (Har- 
per's Magazine, March, 1905, pp. 543-555. New 
York, 1905. 8°.) 

Verplanck (William E.), and M. W. CoL- 
LYER. The sloops of the Hudson. An historical 
sketch of the packet and market sloops of the last 
century, with a record of their names; together 
with personal reminiscences of certain of the nota- 
ble North River sailing masters. New York: G. 
P. Putnam's Sons, 190S. xii, i 1., 171 p., 8 p.l., 
6 port. 12°. 

Wade (W.) Panorama of the Hudson river 
from New York to Albany. New York: J. Dis- 
turnell, 1847. 38 p., i folded map. 16°. 

Wilson (H.) Wilson's illustrated guide to the 
Hudson River. 8. ed. New York: H. Wilson, 
1850. 3-61 p., 27 p., I map. 24°, 



H 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



History of Hudson River Counties. 

The arrangement is geographical, from South to 
North. 

Hudson County, N. J. 

Historical Society of Hudson County [New 
Jersey]. Papers read before the. . .Society. . . 
[no. i]-4. Jersey City, N. J., iqoZ-oq. 4 pms. 8°. 

No. I. Brett (Cornelius). The Dutch settlements in Hudson 
County. [1908.] 

No. 2. Van Winkle (Daniel). The Dutch under English 
rule. [1908.] 

No. 3. MacLean (Alexander). The underground railroad 
in Hudson County. [1908.] 

No. 4. Van Winkle (Daniel). Hudson county during the 
Revolution. [1909.] 

Hudson Co. (N. J.) Health Board. Annual 
statement, 1877-79, 1881-82, 1884-87, 1889-1891. 
n.t.-p. 8°. 

Sanitary code. . .adopted May 30, 1874. 

Hoboken. 1874. 36 p. 32°. 

A revision of the sanitary code of the 

board of health and vital statistics. . .approved 
June 6,i88S. Jersey City,iSS?>. 70 p., (i) 13 P- 8°- 

Monthly statement of vital statistics, 

1S88-1904. n. t.-p. 8°. 

Imperfect file. 

Park CoDwiission. Annual report, i (1903/8). 

Y Jersey City] 1908. 8°. 

Financial report, 1903/8. [Jersey 

City] 1908. 8°. 

Reports of the commissioners and engi- 
neer on the proposed county avenues in Hudson 
Co... maps and proposed act. Jersey City, 1869. 
48 p., I map. 8°. 

Report of receipts and disbursements. 

1849/50, 1869/70, 1872/3, 1875/6-1876/7, 1880/1, 
1882/3, 1907/8. Jersey City, 1850-igog. 8°. 

Superintendent of Schools. Directory of 

public schools for Hudson County, 1878. Jersey 
City, 1878. 8°. 

Shaw (William H.) History of Essex and 
Hudson counties, New Jersey. Compiled by W. H. 
Shaw. Illustrated. Philadelphia: Everts h' Peck , 
1884. 2 v., maps, pi., portr. 4°. 

Winfield (C. H.) History of the land titles 
in Hudson county, N. J., 1609-1871... 2 v. xi, 
443 Pm 3 maps; i fac-sim., 4 maps. New York: 
Wynkoop ^ Hallenbeck, printers, 1B72. 4°. 

History of the county of Hudson, New 

Jersey, from its earliest settlement to the present 
time, vii (i), 568 p., 8 pi., 4 port. ill. New York: 
Kennard b' Hay, printers, 1874. 8°. 

Bergen County, N. J. 

Bergen County (N. J.) Annual report on the 
finances, 1881/2. Hackensack, 1882. 8°. 

Bergen County Historical Society. Papers 
and proceedings, no. i. (1902-1905.) [Hacken- 
sack. N.J.] 1905. 8°. 

Clayton (W. Woodford). History of Bergen 
and Passaic Counties, New Jersey, with biographi- 
cal sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent 
men. Compiled under the supervision of W. W. 
Clayton, assisted by W. Nelson. Illustrated. 
Philadelphia: Everts b' Peck, 1882. I-IO, 13- 
577 p., 3 maps, 20 pi., 142 port. 4°. 



Harvey (C. B. ) Genealogical history of Hud- 
son and Bergen counties. New Jersey. Edited by. 
C. B. Harvey. Nezv York: N. J. Geneal. Pub. 
Co., 1900. 2 p.l., 617 p., 5 1., I map, 6 port. 4°. 

Linn (William Alexander). Baron Steuben's 
estate at New Bridge, Bergen County, N. J. With 
some account of his European experience, and his 
services to the American Army. Read before the 
Bergen County Historical Society. February 22, 
1904. [Hackensack?] Hackensack Republican 
Print, 1904. 8 p. 8°. 

Van Valen (J. M.) History of Bergen county, 
New Jersey. New York: New Jersey Pub. &' 
Eftgr. Co., 1900. 691 p., 4 pi., 45 ports. 4°. 

Van Winkle (Daniel). Old Bergen; history 
and reminiscences. . . Jersey City: J. IV. Harrison 
[cop. 1902J. ix, 2 1., 319 p. 8°. 

Westchester County, N. Y. 

Biographical history of Westchester county, 
New York Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Com- 
pany, 1899. 2 v. 4°. 

Bolton (Robert), jr. A history of the county 
of Westchester, from its first settlement to the 
present time. . . New York: A. S. Gould, printer, 
1848. 2 V. xxxii, 559 p., 12 charts, i map, 2 pi., 

1 port. ; I 1., 582 p., 9 charts, 2 pi. 8°. 

The history of the several towns, manors, 

and patents of the county of Westchester, from its 
first settlement to the present time. Edited by 
C. W. Bolton. Nezo York: C. F. Roper, i88i. 

2 vol. pi., tables, maps, ill. 8°. 

Dawson (Henry Barton). Rambles in West- 
chester county. New York. A fragment. Yonkers, 
N. Y., 1866. I p.l., 43 p. 4°. (In: The Gazette 
series. .. Yonkers, 1866. v. 4.) 

Westchestercounty, New York, during the 

American Revolution. Morrisania, New York 
city, 1886. vi (2), 2S1 p., I port., 2 maps. 4°. 

De Lancey (Edward Floyd). Origin and his- 
tory of manors in the province of New York and in 
the county of Westchester. New York, i836. 

3 1., 31-160 f., 4 maps, I port. 4°. 
Hamilton (J. C. L.) Poverty and patriotism 

of the neutral grounds. A paper read before the 
Westchester County Historical Society, upon the 
one hundred and twenty-third anniversary of the 
battle of White Plains, by J. C. L. Hamilton, 
October the twenty-eighth, eighteen hundred and 
ninety-nine. Elms ford, N. Y., 1900. 39 p., i pL, 
I port. 4^. 

Hoyt (William H.) and Co. To capitalists, in- 
vestors, manufacturers, and all persons desiring 
homes in the country and suburbs of New York. 
A brief historical and topographical description of 
that portion of Westchester and Putnam counties 
immediately contiguous to the N. Y. City & North- 
ern Railroad. New York: W. H. Hoyt S^ Co. 
[cop. 1882.] I p.l., 1-38, 43-44 p., I 1. 12°, 

Little visits to historical points in Westchester 
County [N. Y. Monthly.] v. i, nos. 1-6. (Jan.- 
June, 1902) Mamaroneck, N. Y., 1902. 12°. 

No more published. 

Pelletreau (William Smith). Early wills of 
Westchester County, New York . . . 1664 to 1 784 . . . 
also the genealogy of " The Havilands " of West- 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



15 



Westchester County, cont'd. 

Chester County and descendants of Hon. James 
Graham (WatkinsonandAckerley families). . . Neiv 

York: F. P. Harper, 1898. xii, 488 p., i port, 
sq. 8°. 

Scharf (John Thomas). History of West- 
chester county, New York, including Morrisania, 
Kings Bridge, and West Farms, which have been 
annexed to New York city. Philadelphia: L. E. 
Preston 6^ Co., 1886. 2 v. pi., port., maps., ill. 

4°- 

Sherman (Arthur Outram). Westchester county 
and the town of Rye. An address. ..delivered be- 
fore the Woman's Club of Port Chester, N. Y., 
February 8, igog. \^Rye, New York: the West- 
chester Press, 1909.] 32 p. 8°. 

Shonnard (F.), and W. W. Spooner. His- 
tory of Westchester County, New York; from its 
earliest settlement to the year 1900. New York: 
The New York History Co., 1900. vi, 638 p., 
I fac-sim., i map, 2 pi., 5 port. 4°. 

Spooner (W. W.) See Shonnard (F.), and 
W. W. Spooner. 

Waldron (VV. W.) Huguenots of Westches- 
ter and Parish of Fordham; [with] introduction 
by. .. Stephen H. Tyng, Jr. Neiv York: W. H. 
Kelley b' Brother, 1864. 126 p. ill. 12°. 

Westchester County. Proceedings of the 
board of Supervisors, 1871, 1873, 1877-1882, 
1894. New York, [1872-]! 895. 8°. 

Westchester County Historical Society. Con- 
stitution and by-laws. \_White Plaitis, i88i?] I 1., 
8 p. 8°. 

Rockland County, N. Y. 

Cole (D.) History of Rockland County, New 
York, with biographical sketches of its prominent 
men. i 1., ii, 3-344, 75 p., map, pi., port. Nezu 
York: J. B. Beers ^ Co., 1884. f°. 

Green (F. B.) The history of Rockland 
county. Neiu York: A. S. Barnes 6^ Co., 1886. 
vi, 444 p., I map. 4°. 

Rockland county [N. Y.] distance table. [By 
R. F. O'Connor.] n. t.-p. [A^ew York, 1854.] 
20 p. 8°. 

Annual report of the board of supervisors, 

1877-1882. v.p., 1878-1883. 8°. 

[ Putnam County, N. Y. 

Blake (W. J.) The history of Putnam county, 
N. Y. ; with an enumeration of its towns, villages, 
rivers, creeks, lakes, ponds, mountains, hills and 
geological features; local traditions; and short bio- 
graphical sketches of early settlers, etc. New 
York: Baker dr' Scribner, 1849. iv, 13-368 p. 
12°. 

Hoyt (Wm. H.) &> Co. To capitalists, invest- 
ors, manufacturers, and all persons desiring homes 
in the country and suburbs of New York. A brief 
. . .description. . .of Westchester and Putnam coun- 
ties. . . Neiv York: Jones Print. Co. [1882] i p.l., 
44 p., I map. 12°. 

Pelletreau (William Smith). History of 
Putnam county, New York, with biographical 
sketches of its prominent men. Philadelphia: 
W. W. Preston &= Co., 1886. (2) x, 771 p., 21 pi., 
88 port., 5 maps. ill. 4°. 



Putnam County. Proceedings of the board of 

supervisors, 1877-1880, 18S2. Peekskill, 1878- 
1883. 8°. 

Orange County, N. Y. 

Census of the counties of Orange, Dutchess & 
Albany. 1702, 17 14, 1720. {^Albany, 1849.] pp. 
365-373. 8°. 

From: O'Callaghan's Doc. Hist, of N. Y. S. Vol. i. 

Clark (L. H.) See Ruttenber (E. M.), and 
others. 

Eager (S. W.) An outline history of Orange 
county, with ... its towns, villages . . . hills and other 
known localities, and their etymologies. . .with 
local traditions and short biographical sketches. . . 
Newburgh : S. T. Callahan, 1846-7. 3 p.l., 
5-652 p., 2 1. 8°. 

Orange county. Proceedings of the board of 
supervisors, 1861-1872, 1877-1881, 1886, 1893. 
v.p., i86i[-i893.] 8°. 

Portrait and biographical record of Orange 
county. New York... New York: Chapman Pub. 
Co., 1895. 9-1548 p., I port. sq. 4°. 

Ruttenber (E. M.) History of the county of 
Orange: with a history of the town and city of 
Newburgh.. . 424 p., i 1., 3 maps, 14 pi., 3 port. 
Newburgh, N. Y., E. M. Ruttenber ^ Son, print- 
ers, 1S75. 8°. 

Ruttenber (E. M.), a^id others. History of 
Orange county. New York, with. . .biographical 
sketches. . . xii, 9-820 p., 2 maps, 4 pi., 203 port. 
Philadelphia: Everts Ss' Peck, 1881. 4°, 

Dutchess County, N. Y. 

Ackert (Alfred T.) Dutchess County in colo- 
nial days. \^New York?, 1898?] (8) p. 8°. 

Read before " The Dutchess Co. See. in the City of N. Y.," 
Feb. 28, 1898. 

Dutchess County. Paper... read before 

the Dutchess County Society. .. Feb. 24, 1899. 
\_Tarrytown: Tarrytown Press • Record Print, 
1899.] 30 p. 8°. 

Bailey (H. D. B.) Local tales and historical 
sketches. 431 p., i port., ill. Fishkill Landing: 
J. W. Spaight, 1874. 8°. 

Bayley (Guy Carleton). An historical address 
delivered before the Dutchess County Medical So- 
ciety at its centennial meeting, at Vassar Institute, 
January loth, 1906. With a record of the medical 
profession of Dutchess County from 1740 to 1906. 
PoHghkeepsie, N. Y. ^Enterprise Print\, 1906. 
81 (5) p. 8°. 

Census of the counties of Orange, Dutchess & 

Albany. 1702, 1714, 1720. \Albany, 1849.] pp. 

365-373- 8°. 
From: O'Callaghan's Doc. Hist, of N. Y. S. Vol. I. 

Commemorative biographical record of 
Dutchess County, New York, containing. ..sketches 
of prominent and representative citizens, and of 
many of the early settled families. Illustrated. 
Chicago: J. H. Beers (St' Co., 1897. 2 p.l., 950 p., 
14 pi., 176 port. 4°. 

Dutchess County. Book of the supervisors of 
Dutchess County, N. Y., A. D. 1 718-1722. Pough- 
keepsie, N. Y.: Vassar Bros' . Inst. [1908] 4 p.l., 
(I) 6-72 p., I 1. 4°. 

Proceedings of the board of supervisors, 

1875,1877-1882. Poughkeepsie\\Z-ib-'\xZ'i)-i. 8°. 



r6 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Dutchess County, cont'd. 

Dutchess County Society in the City of New 
York. An historical sketch. The charter. The 
by-laws and list of officers and members af the So- 
ciety. \_N'ew York: L. F. Eggers, 1904.] 48 p., 
I 1. 12°. 

Huntting (Isaac). History of Little Nine 
Partners of North East Precinct and Pine Plains, 
New York. Dutchess county. Anienia, N. Y.: C. 
Walsh dr" Co., printers, 1897. 3 p.l., 3-411 p. 4°. 

Papers relating to Ulster and Dutchess coun- 
ties. [New York? I'i — ?] i p.l., 961-996 p. 8°. 

Smith (James H.) History of Duchess county, 
New York, with illustrations and biographical 
sketches of some of its prominent men and pio- 
neers. Assisted by Hume H. Cale and William 
E. Roscoe. Syracuse, N. Y.: D. Mason b' Co., 
1882. 562, XXX p., 68 pi., 22 ports. 4°. 

Smith (P. H.) General history of Duchess 
County, from 1609 to 1876, inclusive. Pawling, 
N. Y.: the author, 1877. 507 p., 4 pi., i map. 
ill. 8°- 

Ulster County, N. Y. 

Clearwater (Alphonso Trumpbour). The 
history of Ulster County, New York. Edited by 
A. T Clearwater. Kingston, N. Y.: W. J. Van 
Deuser, 1907. i p.l., (i) 6-712 p., I 1., xii p., 
13 pi., 8 port. S°. 

Commemorative biographical record of Ul- 
ster county, New York. . .containing biographical 
sketches of prominent and representative citizens, 
and of many of the early settled families. Illus- 
trated. Chicago: J. H. Beers <St» Co., 1896. 2 p.l., 
1330 p. ports. 4°. 

Olde Ulster. An historical and genealogical 
magazine, Vol. 1-5. Edited by Benjamin Myer 
Brink. Kingston, N. Y.: the editor, i905-'o9. 
8°. 

Sylvester (N. B.) History of Ulster county. 
New York, with. . .biographical sketches. . . i p.l., 
5-311, 339 p., I map, 17 pL, 102 port. Phila- 
delphia: Everts Ss' Peck, 1880. 4°. 

Ulster County. Proceedings at the annual 
session of the board of supervisors, 1877, 1879- 
1S82, 1899, 1907-1908. Kingston [i878-]i9o8. 
8°. 

Ulster County, N. Y. Probate records in 

the office of the surrogate, and in the county clerk's 
office at Kingston, N. Y. . . . By Gustave Anjou. 
With introduction by Judge A. T. Clearwater. 
Nezt) York: G. Anjou, 1906. 2 v. pi., facs. 4°. 
(American Record Series A. v. i, 2.) 

Title-page of v. 2 reads . . . Probate records in the office of 
the surrogate at Kingston, N. Y., in the surrogate's office, 
New York, and in the hbrary of Long Island Historical 
Society . . . 

V. I. Exhaustive indexes of persons and localities, facsimiles 
of wills, etc. 

V. 2. Exhaustive indexes of persons and localities, of signa- 
tures, etc. 

Columbia County, N. Y. 

Columbia County. Proceedings of the board 
of supervisors, 1877-1880, 1882, 18S9. Hudson, 
Chathatn [iS78-]i889. 8°. 

Columbia county at the end of the century, a 
historical record... Published. .. under the aus- 
pices of the Hudson Gazette. Hudson, N. Y.: 
Record Pr. ^ Pub. Co., 1900. 2 v. 4°. 



[Ellis (F.)] History of Columbia County, New 
York, with. . .biographical sketches of some of its 
prominent men and pioneers. 447 p., 46 pi., 31 
port., I map. Philadelphia: Everts S^ Ensign, 
1878. sq. 4°. 

Raymond (W.) Biographical sketches of the 
distinguished men of Columbia County, including 
an account of the most important offices they have 
filled, in the State and general governments, and in 
the army and navy. Albany: Weed, Parsons 6^ 
Co., 1851. I p.l. vi, 119 p., I port. 8°. 

Greene Co., N. Y. 

De Lisser (R. L.) Picturesque Catskills, 
Greene county. . . Northampto7i, Mass.: Pic- 
turesque pub. CO. [cop., 1S94.] 160 p. f°. 

Greene County. Proceedings of the board of 
supervisors, 1 877-1 882, 1903. v. p. [i877-]i904. 
8°. 

History of Greene county. New York, with 
biographical sketches of its prominent men. 462 p., 
pi., port., map. New York: J. B. Beers &" Co., 
1884. f°. 

Albany County, N. Y. 

Albany County. Journal of the board of su- 
pervisors. 1877-1881, 1884, 1898. Albany, 1877- 
1898. 8°. 

Census of the counties of Orange, Dutchess & 
Albany. 1702, 1714, 1720. \Albany, 1849.] pp. 
365-373- 8°. 
From: O'Callaghan's Doc. Hist, of N. Y. S., Vol. i. 

Democratic-Republican General Commit- 
tee, Albany, N. Y. Address of the. ..committee. 
lAlba7iy,N. F., 1874.] 8 p. 8°. 
Reprinted from " The Evening Times," of Aug. 20, 1874. 

Ferno'w (Berthold). Calendar of wills on file 
and recorded in the offices of the clerk of the 
Court of Appeals, of the county clerk at Albany, 
and of the Secretary of State. 1626-1836. Com- 
piled. . .under the auspices of the Colonial Dames 
of the State of New York. New York: The So- 
ciety of Colonial Datnes, 1896. i 1., xv, 657 p. 4°. 

Howell (G. R.), and others. Bi-centennial his- 
tory of Albany. History of the county of Albany, 
N. Y., from 1609 to 1886. With. . .biographies. .. 
[By] Howell [and] Tenney, assisted by local 
writers. 2 11., xxx, 997 p., port. New York: W. 
W. Munsell 6- Co., 1886. f°. 

Parker (A. J.) Landmarks of Albany county, 
New York. Syracuse, N. Y., 1897. vi, 557, 
418 p., loi port. 4°. 

Statistical (A) report of the county of Albany, 
for the year 1820. Written by a friend of agricul- 
ture, at the request of a patriotic member of the 
society. Albany: Packard Qf Van Benthuysen, 
1823. 30 p. 8°. 

Tenney (J.) i'lf^' Howell (G. K.), and others. 

Rensselaer County, N, Y. 

Anderson (G. B.) Landmarks of Rensselaer 
county. New York. Syracuse, N. Y.: D. Mason 
&= Co., 1897. xi, 735, 460 p., 154 port. 4°. 

Gazetteer and business directory of Rens- 
selaer County, N. Y. for i870-'7i. Syracuse, 
1870. 8°. 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



17 



Rensselaer County, cont'd. 

New York State Library, Van Rensselaer 
Bowier manuscripts. Being the letters of Kiliaen 
Van Rensselaer, 1630-1643, and other documents 
relating to the colony of Rensselaerswyck. Trans- 
lated and edited by A. J. F. van Laer, archivist. 
With an introductory essay by Nicolaas de Roever, 
late archivist of the city of Amsterdam, translated 
by Mrs. Alan H. Strong. Albany: University of 
the State of Nezv York, igoS. 909 p., i map. 
8°. (New York State. -Education Dept.) 

Pepper (C), jr. Manor of Rensselaerwyck. 
Albany: Albany and Rensselaer Anti-rent associa- 
tions, 1846. 34 p. 8°. 

Repr. : Albany Freeholder. 

Rensselaer County. Proceedings of the 
board of supervisors, 1877-1882. Troy [1877-j 
1883. 8°. 

Sylvester (N. B.) History of Rensselaer co.. 
New York, with. . .biographical sketches of its 
prominent men and pioneers. Philadelphia: Everts 
&> Peck, 1880. 564 p., 40 pi., loi port., 3 maps, 

ill. i\ 

Weise (Arthur James). History of the seven- 
teen towns of Rensselaer county from the coloni- 
zation of the Manor of Rensselaerwyck to the 
present time. Troy, N. V. : J. M. Francis dr" 
Tucker, 1880. 158 p. 8°. 

Saratoga County, N. Y. 

Anderson (G. B.) Our county and its people; 
a descriptive and biographical record of Saratoga 
County, New York... [Edited by G. B. Ander- 
son.] 71. p.: Boston History Co., 1899. xi, 548, 
203 p., 61 ports. 4°. 

L'Amoreaux (J. S.) See Scott (George G.), 
and]. S. L'Amoreaux. 

Saratoga County. Proceedings of the board 
of supervisors, 1877-1881, 1900-1901. v. p. 
1877-1901. 8°. 

Scott (George G.), and J. S. L'Amoreaux. 
Saratoga county: an historical address by Geo. G. 
Scott, and a centennial address by J. S. L'Amo- 
reau.x. Delivered at Ballston Spa. N. Y., July 4, 
1876. Ballston Spa, N. Y.: Water bury 6^ In- 
man, 1876. 47 p. 8°. 

Sylvester (N. B.) 1609. History of Sara- 
toga county. New York. With. . .biographical 
sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers. 
514 p., 63 pi., 41 port., 5 maps, ill. Philadelphia: 
Everts &^ Ensign, 1878. f°. 

B Washington County, N. Y. 

J _ Corey (A.) Gazetteer of the county of Wash- 
ington, N. Y., comprising a correct statistical and 
miscellaneous history of the county and several 
towns. . . Schuylerville, N. Y.: 1849 & 50. 2 p.l., 
264 p., 17 maps. 8°. 

Fitch (A.) Survey of Washington county, New 
York. [Taken under the direction of the New 
York State Agricultural society.] pp. 875-975, 
I map. S^Albany, 1849.] 8°. (N. Y. -Legislature. 
Assem. no. 200.) 

Gresham (The) Publishing Company. His- 
tory and biography of Washington County and the 
town of Queensbury, New York, with historical 



notes on the various towns... Richmond, Ind.: 
Gresham Publishing Co., 1894. xii. 436 p., illus. 
sq. 4°. 

[Johnson (Crisfield).] 1737. History of Wash- 
ington CO., New York, with illustrations and bio- 
graphical sketches of some of its prominent men 
and pioneers, [by Crisfield Johnson]. Philadel- 
phia: Everts dr' Ensign, 1S78. 504 p., 131 pi., 
6 ports., I map. 4°. 

Stone (William L.) Washington county, New 
York. Its history to the close of the nineteenth 
century. . . Associate editor Hon. A. Dallas Wait 
... \_NewYork:'\ The New York Hist. Co., 1901. 
xiii, 570, 318 p., I pi., 34 ports. 8°. 

Washington county. Proceedings of the 
board of supervisors, 1877-1882, 1884-1889, 1891- 
1905. Granville, Salem, [1878-] 1906. 8°. 

Essex County, N. Y. 

Essex County. Journal of proceedings of the 
board of supervisors, 1877-1882, 1889-1905. v. p., 
1877-1905. 8°. 

Redfield (W. C.) Some account of two visits 
to the mountains in Essex county. New York, in 
the years 1836 and 1S37; with a sketch of the 
northern sources of the Hudson. [New Haven ? : 
B. L. Hamlen?, 1838 ?] 23 p. 8°. 

Extract from the American Journal of Science and Arts, 
No. 2. Vol. xxxiii. January, 1838. 

Smith (H. P.) History of Essex county. 
[N. Y.] XV, (i) 17-754 P-. 2 pi., 31 port., I map. 
Syracuse, N. Y.: D. Mason 6^ Cf., 1885. 4°. 

Watson (W. C.) The military and civil history 
of the county of Essex, New York; and a general 
survey of its physical geography, its mines and 
minerals, and industrial pursuits, embracing an ac- 
count of the northern wilderness; and also the 
military annals of the fortresses of Crown Point 
and Ticonderoga. vii (i) 504 p. , i pi., 3 port., i 
map. Albany, N. Y: J. Munsell, 1869. 8°. 

Part I. Military and political history. 

Part II. Physical geography. 

Part III. Natural history. 

Part IV. Industrial progress and resources. 



History of Hudson River Cities and 
Towns. 

The arrangement is geographical, from South to 

North. 

Jersey City. 

Durant (C. F.) C. F. Durant's objections to 
the commissioners' report and proceedings in the 
opening of Montgomery street, numbers from i- 
162 consecutively, and both inclusive, together 
with appendix A. . . New York: Barnes dr' Martin 
[1863?]. 108, 13 p. 8°. 

Eaton (H. P.) Jersey City and its historic 
sites, [[ersey City:\ PFoman's Club liSgg]. 144 p., 
26 pi. 12°. 

Farrier (G. H.) Memorial of the centennial 
celebration of the battle of Paulus Hook, Aug. 19, 
1879; with a history of the early settlement and 
present condition of Jersey City, N. J. Jersey 
City: M. Mullone, 1879. i p.l., 182 p., 22pl. , 4 
port. 8°. 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Jersey City, cont'd. 

Jersey City (N. J.) Annual message and ac- 
companying reports of city officers, 1841, 1856, 
1858-1861, 1863, 1865, 1867-1869, 1872-1874. Jer- 
sey City, 1841-1875. 8°. 

Charier. Charter of and acts relating to 

Jersey City, and the ordinances thereof; together 
with some statistical information, &c. Jersey City, 
1S44. (2) 6-92, 80 p. 8°. 

Charters of and acts relating to Jersey 

City. Jersey City, 1853. 155 p. 8°. 

The charter of Jersey City, . . . passed 

March 18, 1851, and amended. .. March 26, 1852, 
and acts amendatory of and supplementary thereto, 
to 1861 inclusive. Jersey City, 1861. 75 p. 8°. 

■ Charter of, and acts relating to or 

affecting Jersey City. Jersey City, 1863. 589 p. 
8°. 

Same. Jersey City, 1868. 777 p. 8°. 

Charter of the consolidated city of 

Jersey City. Jersey City, 1870. 92 p. 8°. 

Charter of Jersey City, and supple- 
ment. Printed by order of the Board of Public 
Works. Jersey City, 1871. 94 p. 8°. 

Charter of Jersey City, and supple- 
ments. \^Jersey City], 1873. (2), 6-I17 p. 8°. 

New charter of 1889, accepted by 

Jersey City, April 9, 1889. Jersey City [1889]. 
20 p. 8°. 

Comptroller's Office. Annual report, 1883- 

1888, 1890-1905. Jersey City [1883-1905]. 8°. 

Education, Board of . Annual report, (2) 

(1868/9), 7 (1874/5), 9-14 (1875/6-1880/1), 16-28 
(1882/3-1894/5), 30-31 (1896/7-1897/8). Jersey 
City, i869-[i898]. 8°. 

Fire Department. Annual report, 2-5 (1872- 

1875), 7 (1877), 10 (1880), 12 (1882), 25-28 (1894- 
1898). Jersey City, 1873-1899. 8°. 

None printed since 1898. 

Mayor. Annual message, 1852, 1854-1855 

(Manners), 1869 (O'Neill), 1875 (Traphagen), 1883 
(Taussig), 1884-18S5 (Collins). Jersey City, 1852- 
1885. 8°. 

Ordinances. Ordinances. Jersey City, 1844. 

80 p. 8°. 

Ordinances. . .1S71. New York, 1874. 

115 p. 8°. 

Revised ordinances of Jersey City. . . 

as amended up to July i, 1899. Compiled by H. C. 
Griffiths. Jersey City, 1899. xvi, 381 p. 8°. 

Police Com7nission. Annual reports, 1874, 

1882, 1887, 1896/7-1897/8. Jersey City [1875- 
1898]. 8°. 

None printed since 1898. 

Public Works, Board of. Annual report 

of the chief engineer, 1 871-1886. Jersey City, 
1872-18S7. 8°. 

Formerly Board of Water Commissioners. Succeeded by 
Board of Street and Water Commissioners. 

Street and Water Com??iissioners, Board of. 

Annual report, [6-] 18 (i 894/5-1907/8). \_Jersey 
City, 1 895-1 908.] 8°. 

Succeeds Board of Public Works. 



Water Commissioners, Board of. Annual 

report, 1-23 (1852-1870). Jersey City, [1852-] 

1870. 8°. 

Semiannual, 1852-1861. Succeeded by Board of Public 
Works. 

Jersey City, Hudson county, N. J. The rail- 
road centre of the east. New York: J. A. Sackett, 
prtr., 1875. 8 p., I map. 8°. 

McLean (A.) History of Jersey City, N. J. 
A record of its early settlement and corporate 
progress. . . Jersey City, N. J. : Press of the Jersey 
City Printing Co., 1895. 462 (2) p., 58 plates, 
3 port. f°. 

Ne'w Jersey. — Judiciary Committee. Report 
on the subject of ceding lands of the state to Jersey 
City. Trenton: Sherman &" Harron, prtrs., 1846. 
5 p. 8°. 

Hoboken, N. J. 

Hoboken (N. J.) Annual reports and financial 
statements, 1890/1, 1895/6. Hoboken, 1891-1896. 
8°. 

Charter. Charter of the City of Hoboken 

. . .passed March 28, 1855, with the several supple- 
ments. . . Compiled by J. C. Besson. Hoboken, 

1871. 192 p. 8°. 

Fire Department. Annual report of the 

chief engineer, 12-17 (1900/1-1905/6). Hoboken, 
1901-1906. 8°. 

New Jersey. An act to incorporate the Ho- 
boken Land and Improvement Co. Supplements 
and other acts. Hoboken, N. J. : Hudson County 
Democrat Print, 1859. 47 P- 8°. 

Patton(A. S.) Hoboken; or. Our city, viewed 
with referenee to some of its religious aspects and 
wants. New York: E. F. Pruden, 1855. 22 p. 
nar. 12°. 

The Palisades. 

Hall (Edward Hagaman). The Palisades of the 
Hudson River. The story of their origin, attempted 
destruction, and rescue. (Amer. Scenic and His- 
toric Preservation Society, nth Annual report, 
pp. 143-171- 1906.) 

(Magazine of History with Notes and 

Queries, Vol. 3, pp. 219-233. 1906.) 

[Hudson River Realty Co.] Palisade. A 
story of one thousand acres of beautifully wooded 
land transformed into a model suburb. {^New York, 
igo6?] 42 p., I map, illus. 8°. 

Northern Railroad of New Jersey. Summer 
in the Palisades. . . New York: Lange, Little (Sr" Co., 
1875. 49 P- 16°. 

Palisades Park Company. Map of Palisades 
Park and Palisades Heights. New York, 1900. 
fold. 16°. 

Way (A) to save the Palisades, n. i.-p. \_New 
F(7r/l'? I S97?] 2 1. 8°. 

Repr.: The Century, June, 1897. 

Fort Washington, 
Sawyer (Azariah H.) The battle of Fort 
Washington. An address... at the dedication of 
the Fort Washington Memorial, New York City, 
November 16, 1901. (In: American Scenic and 
Historic Preservation Society, Seventh Annual Re- 
port, 1902. pp. 91-102. Albany, 1902. 8°. 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



19 



Fort Washington, cont'd. 

Sons of the American Revolution. — Empire 
State Society. Fort Washington Nov. 16, 1776. 
A Memorial. . .to the Honorable Mayor and Mu- 
nicipal Assembly of the City of New York, praying 
for the erection of a suitable monument to mark 
the site of Fort Washington. [iVt'w York], 1898. 
28 p. 8°. 

This memorial marks the site of Fort Wash- 
ington, constructed by the Continental troops. . . 
1776, taken by the British. . .1776, repossessed by 
the Americans, 1783. Erected through the gener- 
osity of J. G. Bennett by the Empire State Society 
of the Sons of the American Revolution. Nov. 16, 
1901... \^N^ew York: Lotus Press, iqoi.] 9 p. 8°. 

Fort Washington. An account of the 

identification of the site. . .the erection and dedi- 
cation of a monument. . .Nov. 16, I90i...with a 
history of the defence and reduction of Mount 
Washington by R. P. Bolton. New York: the So- 
ciety, 1902. 123 p. 4 maps, 3 pi. 4°. 

Fort Lee. 

Allbee (Burton H.) The memory of Fort Lee. 
(Magazine of History with Notes and Queries, 1907 , 
vol. 6, pp. 175-181. New York, 1907. 8°.) 

Englewood. 

Englewood Cliffs on the Palisades. [New 
York, 1875.] 2 maps [containing description of 
the property of Lewis VV. Leeds]. 18^ x 11 in. 
folded in nar. 8°. 

Vanderbeck (John B.) New Jersey Supreme 
Court, Bergen county circuit. December term, 
1876. Before Hon. Jonathan Dixon, Justice. 
John B. Vanderbeck vs. The inhabitants of the 
township of Englewood, in the county of Bergen. 
Assumpsit. State of the case, [and ruling of the 
■court], n.p., [1876]. 6 p. 4°. 

New Jersey Supreme Court. John B. Van- 
derbeck vs. The inhabitants of the township of 
Englewood, in the county of Bergen. Assumpsit. 
On rule to show cause. [By George R. Dutton, 
Plaintiff's attorney.] «./.,[iS77]. 4 p. 4°. 

Yonkers. 

Allison (C. E.) The history of Yonkers from 
the earliest times to the present ... its aborigines . . . 
its discovery, and early settlement by the Dutch 
and other Europeans; a record of events within 
its borders... New York: W. B. Ketcham [cop. 
1896]. 4 11., 454 p., I port. ill. f°. 

Atkins (T. Astley). The manor of Philips- 
, burgh. A paper read before the New York His- 
torical Society, June 5th, 1894. Yonkers, N. Y.: 
The Yonkers Hist, and Lib. Assoc., 1894. 23 p. 8°. 

Balch (S. W. ) Map of central portion of the 
town of Yonkers, showing all buildings. . .as they 
stood in. . .1847. .. [and] the streets... in 1892. 
[With an explanation by David Cole. [ Yonkers], 
1892. 

From the Yonkers Daily Herald, Jan. 2, 1892. 

Bi-centennial celebration, [1682-1882] of 
the settlement of Yonkers, and of the erection of 
the Philipse manor house. . .on. . .Oct. 18, 1882. 
Yonkers: J. W. Oliver, print. \i^Z2\ 2 1. f°. 



H. (W. W.) Some account of the celebration of 
the fourth of July, 1857, by the citizens of Yonkers 
and Glenwood... [Preface signed W. W. H.] 
New York, 1857. 41 p. 8°. 

Loan exhibition of the bi-centennial cele- 
bration of the Manor Hall, Yonkers, N. Y., Octo- 
ber 18-2S, 1882. {Yonkers: John W. Oliver, i'S,'i2.'\ 
32 p., I p.l. 8°. 

Hall (Edward Hagaman). Philipse Manor 
Hall, Yonkers, N. Y. The site, the building and 
its occupants. (In: American Scenic and Historic 
Preservation Society, Thirteenth Annual Report, 
1908. pp. 161-247. Albany, 1908. 8.) 

[Hope (J. B.)] Chronicles of Yonkers. [By J. 
B. Hope.] Yonkers, N. Y.: printed for the benefit 
of the Sanitary Commission, 1864. 22 p., I 1. 8". 

Philipse Manor on-the-Hudson: its natural 
beauties and historical surroundings. A country 
community upon modern plans. {Irvington-on-the- 
Hudson: The Cosmopolitan Mag. Press, 1903.] 
16 1. ob. 16°. 

Yonkers, N. Y. — History and Historical 
Relics Committee. [Prospectus. Yonkers, N. Y., 
the Committee, 1882.] 2 1. 4". 

Dobbs Ferry. 

Tarrytown Press-Record. [Special historical 
number.] v. 8, no. 18 & Extra (June 15, 13, 
1894.] Tarrytown, N. Y., 1894. 4 1. f°. 

Irvington. 

Carpenter (Ward),««^ Son. Report of Messrs. 
Ward Carpenter & Son on Sunnyside brook and 
Sheldon brook, in the villages of Irvington and 
Tarrytown. Also, letters and other documents 
connected with the sanitary condition of Irvington 
. . . Neza York: J. W. Pratt, 1878. 76 p. 8. 

Tarrytown. 

Bacon (Edgar Mayhew). Chronicles of Tarry- 
town and Sleepy Hollow. New York: G. P. Put- 
nam's Sons, 1S97. x, I 1., 163 p., I map, 18 pi. 
16°. 

Brief (A) history of Tarrytown, from 1680 to . . . 
1S80... Tarrytown: G. L. Wiley, 1880. 24 p., 
I map. 8°. 

Carpenter (Ward), and Son. Report of 
Messrs. Ward Carpenter & Son on Sunnyside 
brook and Sheldon brook, in the villages of Irving- 
ton and Tarrytown. Also, letters and other docu- 
ments connected with the sanitary condition of 
Irvington... New York: J. W. Pratt, 1878. 
76 p. 8°. 

Coutant (Richard B.) The action at Tarry- 
town July 15, 17S1. Read before the Tarrytown 
Historical Society, July 15, . 1890. Tarrytown, 
N. Y.: The Society, 1891. 11 p., I facsim., 
I map. 8°. 

Guilbert (E.) A reminiscence of Sleepy Hol- 
low. \_New York ? i?>l-] 8 p. 8°. 

Repr.: Harper's new monthly magazine. 

Hoyt (Wm. H.), &^ Co. Description and map 
of Castle Ridge, Tarrytown, Westchester county. 
New- York. [New York: P. F. McBreen, 18—?] 
8 p. 8°. 



20 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Tarrytown, cont'd. 

Lyon (C. H.) Description of Irving Park, 
Tarrytown; the property of C. H. Lyon. New 
York: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck &' Thomas, 1859. 
16 p., I pi. 8°. 

Mabie (Hamilton Wright). Tarrytown-on- 
Hudson. Its historic associations and legendary 
lore. (In: Historic towns of the Middle States. 
Edited by Lyman P. Powell. Neiv York, 1899. 
pp. 137-167. 8°.) 

Itliller (Harry Edward). In the Sleepy Hollow 
Country. [Fragment from New England Magazine. 
Boston, Dec. 1900.] 449-469 p. illus. 8°. 

New York (city) — Board of Aldermen. Re- 
port of the Committee on Arts and Sciences, on the 
subject of reprinting the report of the Paulding 
Monument Committee, of December 4, 1826. (2) 
797-850 p. New York: McSpedon dr' Baker, 
printers, 1850. 8°. (Document no. 53.) 

Raymond (M. D.) Souvenir of the Revolu- 
tionary soldier's monument dedication at Tarry- 
town, N. Y. October 19, 1894. \New York: 
Monutnent Com?nittee^ 1894. 208 p., 2 1., 10 pi., 
8 port. 4°. 

Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, at Tarrytown, on the 
Hudson River. . . 3 1., 7-29 p., 3 pi. New York: 
C. S. WestcottSs' Co., 1866. 8°. 

Tarrytow^n. Water Commissioners. Annual 
report, 14-15 (1902/3-1903/4), 18 (1906/7). Tarry- 
town, 1903-1907. 8°. 

Tarrytown, on the Hudson. Sleepy Hollow, 
Washington Irving's Home, Old Dutch Church, 
Old Mill, etc... Photogravures. Tarrytown, 
N. Y.: P. A. Weber [cop. 1898]. i 1., 22 p. 
ob. 24°. 

Ossining, 

[History of Ossining.] (In: Little Visits to 
Historical Points in Westchester County. Vol. i, 
no. 5, pp. 122-149. 1902.) 

Croton. 

[History of Croton.] (In: Little Visits to His- 
torical Points in Westchester County. Vol. i, 
no. 5, pp. 122-149. 1902.) 

Stony Point, N. Y. 

Dawson (H. B.) The assault on Stony Point 
by General Anthony Wayne, July 16, 1779. Pre- 
pared for the New York Historical Society, and 
read at its. . .meeting, April i, 1862... Morris- 
ania, N. Y., 1S63. viii, 156 p., 37facsim., i map. 
4°. (Gleanings from the harvest-field of American 
history, Pt. 11.) 

Firman (Sidney G.) Historic Stony Point. 
One hundred twenty third anniversary of the cap- 
ture of the fort by Anthony Wayne, July sixteenth 
1 779-1902. Oneonta, N. Y.: Oneonta Herald, 
cop. 1902. 16 p. 16°. 

Hall (Edward Hagaman). Stony Point battle- 
field... New York: American Scenic and Historic 
Preservation Society, 1902. 40 p., i map, i port. 

12°. 

Johnston (H. P.) The storming of Stony 
Point on the Hudson, midnight, July 15, 1779. 
Its importance in the light of unpublished docu- 



ments. New York: J, T. White dr" Co., igoo. 
I p. 1., 231 p., I map, I plan, 5 pi., i port. 8°. 

With autograph letter of the author. 

Society for the Preservation of Scenic and His- 
toric Places and Objects. Stony Point battlefield. 
Report of the committee. . . With maps and illus- 
trations. \_New York, 1900. 4°.] 

Report. . .on the battlefield of Stony Point. 

(In: Society for the Preservation of Scenic and His- 
toric Places and Objects, Fifth annual Report, 1900. 
pp. 73-84. Albany, 1900. 8°.) 

Walcutt (William). My grandfather's recol- 
lection of the revolution. No. ii. Storming of 
Stony Point, n. p., n. d. 259-261 p. 4°. 

From the Republic. 

The Highlands. 

Bruce (W.) The Hudson Highlands. By the 
author of "The Hudson by daylight" \i. e., W. 
Bruce]. New York: G. Watson, cop. 1876. 13 1. 
16°. 

West Point. 

Abbott (W.) The crisis of the Revolution: 
being the story of Arnold and Andre... Issued 
under the auspices of the Empire State Soc, Sons 
of the American Revolution. New York: W. 
Abbott, 1899. 6 p.l., 119, (i) pp., 3 facs., 5 maps, 
45 pi., 21 port. sq. f°. 

Andr6 (J.), major. The trial of major John 
Andre, adjutant-general of the British army, 
September 29, 1780. With an appendix, contain- 
ing sundry interesting letters interchanged on the 
occasion. Palmer: Printed by E. Terry for capt, 
J. Warner, 1810, 8 p. 8°. ^ 

A fragment only. 

Andreana. Containing the trial, execution 
and various matter connected with the history of 
Major John Andre... A.D. 1780. Philadelphia: 
Horace W. Smith, 1865. 2 p.l., 67 p., 2 1., 14 pi., 

6 port. f°. 
Arnold (Benedict), major-general. The present 

state of the American Rebel Army, Navy, and 
Finances. Transmitted to the British Government, 
in October, 1780... Edited by P. L. Ford. 
Brooklyn: Historical Prtg. Club, 1891. 17 p. 
12°. (Winnowings in American history. Revolu- 
tionary narratives. No. 5.) 

Barb6-Marbois (Fran9ois), Marquis. Corn- 
plot d'Arnold et de Sir Henry Clinton contre les 
Etats-Unis d'Ameriqlie et contre le general Wash- 
ington. Septembre 1780. 2 p.l., xliv, 184 p., 
I map, 2 pi. Paris: P. Didot, l''aind,pri7it., 181 6. 
8°. 

2 p.l., xlvii, 163 p., I map, 2 port^ 

Paris: Delaunay, 1831. nar. 8°. 

Baxter (Sylvester). The new West Point. 
Ext. from the " Century Magazine," vol. 68, July, 
1904, pp. 333-349- 8°. 

Blackshaw (Randall). The new naval acad- 
emy. New York, 1905. pp. S78-891, illus. 8°. 
"Ext. from the Century Magazine, Oct. 1905." 

Boynton (E. C.) History of West Point and 
its military importance during the American Revo- 
lution and the origin and progress of the United 
States Military Academy, xviii (2)9-408 p., 3 pi., 

7 maps, ill. Nezu York: D. Van Nostrand, 1864. 
4°- 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



21 



IfVest Point, cont'd. 

Coxe (Macgrane). The Sterling furnace and 
he West Point chain. An historical address de- 
ivered at Sterling Lake, on. . .June 23, 1906, on 
;he occasion of the unveiling of a tablet at that 
jlace by the Daughters of the Revolution of the 
>tate of New York in commemoration of the fur- 
lace and of the making of the chain. New York: 
'yrivately printed, 1906. I p.l., 54 p., 3 fac, 
[ map. 4°. 

Dane (Henry C.) The West Point centennial. 
Historic oration, delivered at the decoration of the 
jraves of the immortal heroes who lie in the Na- 
:ional cemetery at that memorable post, on Deco- 
ration day, May 30, 1S7S. New York: G. W. 
Carleton S^ Co., \%-lZ. 31 p. S°. 

Larned (Charles W.) History of the Battle 
Monument at West Point together with a list of 
:he names of those inscribed. . .to which is added 

1 description of the quarrying, working transporta- 
:ion and erection of the shaft, by Edward F. 
Miner. West Point, N. Y. [ The Battle Monu- 
ment Assoc.'], 189S. 6 p.l., 237 (2) p. 8°. 

Park (R.) A sketch of the history and topo- 
graphy of West Point and the U. S. Military 
^.cademy. 140 p. Philadelphia: H. Perkins, 
[840. 16°. 

Roll of cadets admitted into the United States 
Military Academy from its establishment to the 
present time. Washington: Govt. Print. Office, 
[870. 57 p. 12°. 

Smith (Joshua Hett). Record of the trial of 
[oshua Hett Smith, Esq., for alleged complicity in 
the treason of Benedict Arnold. 1780. Edited by 
H. B. Dawson. Morrisania, N'. Y., 1866. 3 p.l, 
116 p. 8°. 

United States. The centennial of the United 
States Military Academy at West Point, New York. 
1802-1902. Washingtoti, 1904. 4°. (SS. Cong. 

2 sess. H. Doc. no. 789.) v. 1-2. 

West Point battle monument: history of the 
project to the dedication of the site, June 15th, 
1864. Oration of Maj.-Gen. McClellan. 35, (4) p. 
New York: Sheldon &• Co., 1S64. 12°. 

Cornwall. 

Beach (L.) Cornwall. Newburgh, N.Y.: E. 
M. Ruttenber cSr^ Son, 1873. 200 p. 8°, 

Wright (Addie A.) The standard guide of 
Cornwall. Compiled by A. A. Wright, n.t.-p. 
Ccrnwall-on-Htidson: T. Pendell [189-?]. 63 p. 
8\ 

Newburgh. 

Bayard (Thomas Francis). Remarks of Hon. 
T. F. Bayard of Delaware at Newburgh, New 
York, October 18, 1883, at the opening of the 
Centennial celebration of the disbanding of the 
revolutionary army. Washington: Government 
Printing Office, 1889. 14 p. 4°. 

Caldwell (Richard). A true history of the ac- 
quisition of Washington's headquarters at New- 
burgh, by the state of New York. Salisbury Mills, 
N. Y. 46 p. 8°. 

Decision (A) of Judge Tappen's which saved 
the city of Newburgh one million dollars, n. p. 
[1872]. broadside. f°. 



Historical Society of Newburgh Bay and the 
Highlands. Historical papers no. [i]-i3. New- 
burgh, N. Y., 1 884-1906. 8°. 

Hull (Rev. William). History of the Palatine 
Parish by Quassaick, in Orange County, N. Y. 
Gettysburg: J. E. Wihle, 1880. 19 p. 8°. 

Newburgh. Mayor's message and city clerk's 
annual report, 1892/3-1894/5, i 896/7-1906/7. 
Newburgh, 1893 [-1907]. 8°. 

Fire Department. Annual report, 1893, 

1895-I906/7. N^ewburgh, 1893-1907. 8°. 

Health Board. Annual report, 33-34 

(1899/00-1900/1). Newburgh [1901-] 1902. 8°. 

Water Commissioners. Annual report, 

(1868), 13-15 (1879-1881), 17-26(1883-1892), 28- 
43 (1894-1908.) Newburgh, 1868-1908. 8°. 

Nutt (John J.) Newburgh: her institutions, 
industries, and leading citizens. Historical, de- 
scriptive and biographical. Nezoburgh, N. Y.: 
Ritchie and Hull, 1891. 335 p., map. 4°. 

Ruttenber (E. M.) History of the town of 
Newburgh. vi (2) Q-322 (2) viii, xi (i) p. 2 pi. 
Nezvburgh, E. M. Ruttenber cSr" Co., printers, 1859. 

History of the county of Orange: with a 

history of the town and city of Newburgh . . . 424 p. , 
I 1., 3 maps, 14 pi., 3 port. Newburgh, N. Y.: 
E. M. Ruttenber &=■ Son, printers, 1875. 8°. 

City of Newburgh. A centennial historical 

sketch. I 1., 9-56 p., I pi. n.p. [1876] 8°. 

Catalogue of manuscripts and relics in 

Washington's Headquarters, Newburgh, N. Y. 
With historical sketch. Newbztrgh, N. Y.: E. M. 
Ruttenber, for the Trustees, 1S74. 74 p., i pi. 8°. 

Skeel (Adelaide). Newburgh the Palatine parish 
by Quassaick. (In: Historic towns of the Middle 
States. Edited by Lyman P. Powell. Netv York, 
1899. pp. 107-135- 8°.) 

Washington (George). General orders of 
Geo. Washington. . .issued at Newburgh on the 
Hudson, 1 782-1 783. Compiled. . .by E. C. Boyn- 
ton. 112 p. Neivburgh, N. Y.: E. M. Ruttenber 
&= Son, 1883. 12°. 

Marlborough. 

Cochrane (Charles H.) The history of the 
town of Marlborough, Ulster County, New York: 
from the first settlement in 1712, by Capt. Wm. 
Bond, to 1887. Poughkeepsie: IV. F. Boshart, 
18S7. 2 p.l., 1-126, 3 1., 127-202 p., I map, 8 pi. 
8°. 

Jagger {Rev. S. H.) A centennial discourse, 
delivered June 3d, 1864; and a quarter century dis- 
course delivered June 26th, 1867; in the Presby- 
terian church of Marlborough, New-York. Also, 
the anniversary exercises at the parsonage. New- 
burgh: Ruttenber dr' Co., 1867. 36 p. 8°. 

Woolsey (C. M.) History of the town of 
Marlborough, Ulster county, N. Y., from its earli- 
est discovery. Albany: J. B. Lyon Co., 1908. 
471 p., 6 facsim., 2 maps [one in pocket], i plan, 
17 pi., 3 port. 8°. 

Autograph letter of author inserted. 

Fishkill. 
Bailey (H. D. B.) Local tales and historical 
sketches. Fishkill Landing: J. W. Spaight, 1874. 
431 p., I port. iU. 8°. 



22 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Fishkill, cont'd. 

[Brinckerhoff (Thomas Van Wyck).] His- 
torical sketch and directory of the town of Fish- 
kill, with an appendix of much useful information, 
[by T. Van W. Brinckerhoff.] Fishkill Landing: 
Dean ^ Spaighi, 1866. [3]-io, [5o]-i52 (i) p. 
12°. 

Fishkill (The) centennial. June 2, 1883. 
Addresses by T. R. Westbrook, J. H. Cook, J. G. 
Graham. Fishkill Landing, N. Y.: J. W. 
Spaight, 1883. 36 p. 12°. 

Kip (F. M.) A discourse delivered on the 12th 
of September, 1866, at the. . .150th anniversary of 
the First Reformed Dutch Church, Fishkill, with 
an appendix. . . New York: Wynkoop &' Lfallen- 
beck, 1S66. 64 p., I pi., I port. 8°. 

Ladd (Horatio Oliver). Historical address of 
the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the 
founding of Trinity Church, Fishkill, New York, 
September 14, 1906. [Fishkill. N. Y., 1906?] 
10 I. 8°. 

Reformed Dutch Church (First). An account 
of the exercises in connection with the one hun- 
dred and seventy-fifth anniversary. Sept. i6th, 
1891, including the addresses delivered on that 
occasion... Fishkill, IV. Y.: Fishkill Weekly 
Times' Print, 1891. 47 p., 4 p.l., 8 port. 8°. 

Poughkeepsie. 

[Eastman (H. C.)] Suburban homes with city 
comforts and conveniences, on the Hudson, in the 
most delightful residence city of America. Pough- 
keepsie, N. Y., the city of schools and beautiful 
homes. Its attractions and advantages. The new 
residences of Eastman Terrace. . . [By H. G. 
Eastman.] Albany: Weed, Parsons S' Co., 1872. 
28 p., 1 1., maps. 4°. 

Piatt (Edmund). The Eagle's history of 
Poughkeepsie from the earliest settlements 1683 to 
1905. Poughkeepsie [JV. Y.]: Piatt &• Piatt, 1905, 
328 p. illus. f°. 

Poughkeepsie. Annual reports of the sev- 
eral departments of the city government, 1875, 
187S. Poughkeepsie, 1876-1879. 8°. 

Chamberlain. Annual report exhibiting 

the expenditures of the city government, 24(1877). 
Poughkeepsie, 1878. 8°. 

Charter. Charter and ordinances of City 

of Poughkeepsie. With opinions by city attorneys. 
1901. Poughkeepsie, n. d. i p.l., 232, 37 p. 8°. 

The charter of the City of Pough- 
keepsie, N. Y., being the act of incorporation 
passed March 28, 1854, as amended, and the re- 
vised ordinances of the Common Council. Pough- 
keepsie, 1881. 229 p. 8°. 

The charter of the City of Pough- 
keepsie, including the amendatory acts of May i, 
1869, and April 27, 1870. Together with the act 
for the better support of the poor. . .and an act to 
provide for a supplyof water, .also the ordinances, 
passed by the Common Council. ..to July i, 1871. 
Poughkeepsie, 1871. 201 p. 8°. 

Education, Board of. Annual report, 1888, 

1890, 1897, 1 899-1903, Poughkeepsie, 1889 
[-1904]. 8°. 



Course of study for the public schools 

of the City of Poughkeepsie, 1904. [Poughkeepsie, 
1904.] 531 p. 8°. 

[List of commissioners with school 

organization. March 7, 1894.] [Poughkeepsie, 
1894.] 2 leaves, nar. 4°. 

Schedule of officers, teachers, and 

employees. September, 1904. [Poughkeepsie, 
1904.] 4 leaves, obi. 16°. 

Mayor. Annual message. 1905 (Hine). 

Poughkeepsie, 1905. 22 p. 8°. 

Ordinaftces. An act to provide for a sup- 
ply of water in the City of Poughkeepsie. n. p., 
i86g. 12 p. 8°. 

For collection of ordinances see above under Charter. 

Public Works, Board of. Annual report, 

3-10(1898-1905), 11(1905/6), 13 (1907/8), Pough- 
keepsie [1899-1908]. 8°. 

3-10 for the year ending Dec. 31; thereafter for year ending 
Nov. 30. 12 (1906/7), was not issued. 

Water Commissioners. Annual report. 

4-5 (1872-1873), S-27 (1876-1896). Poughkeepsie, 
1873-1896. 8°. 

Discontinued. Superseded by Board of Public Works. 

Water Supply Committee. Statement and 

report on supply of City of Poughkeepsie with 
water. Poughkeepsie, 1855. 29 p. 8°. 

Poughkeepsie (The) Eagle. The City of 
Poughkeepsie historical and descriptive, with illus- 
trated sketches of its institutions. . .industries. . . 
trade and leading citizens ; the Poughkeepsie bridge 
. . .how built. . .souvenir ed. Poughkeepsie: Piatt 
&■ Piatt, Oct., iSSg. 44 p. f°. 

Note: Issued on the opening of the through line from New 
Eng. to the coal fields and the West via this Bridge. 

Esopus. 
List of Dutch Settlers in Esopus. 
In: The Holland Society Year Book, 1S97, P- i'?. 

Kingston. 

Brink (Benjamin Myer). The founding of 
Kingston. (Olde Ulster, 1907, v. 3, pp. 353-361. 
Kingston, N. Y., 1907. 8°.) 

The celebration in Kingston. (Olde Ulster, 

1908. vol. 4, pp. 240-248. Kingston, JV. y., 1908, 
8°.) 

Hendricks (Howard). The City of Kingston, 
birthplace of New York State... [Kingston}: 
Board of Trade, [cop. 1902]. 70 p., i 1. 8°. 

Fully illustrated. 

Kingston. Charter. Charter of the City of 
Kingston, passed March 29, 1872. Kingston, 
1872. 68 p. 8°. 

Lounsbery (William). Historical address del 
livered at the city of Kingston, at the centennia- 
anniversary of American independence, July 4, 
1876... Kingston, N. Y.: W. H. ^ J. C. Ro- 
meyn, 1876. 31 p. 8°. 

Old (The) Senate House of Kingston, N. Y. 
[Views. Kingston, 1904J. 4 pi. ob. 48°. 

Pratt (George W.) An account of the British 
expedition above the Highlands of the Hudson 
River, and of the events connected with the burn- 
ing of Kingston in 1777. [Kingston, N. Y., i860.] 
107-176 p., I 1. 8°. 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Kingston, cont'd. 

Schoonmaker (M.) The history of Kingston, 
New York. From its early settlement to the year 
1820. ix, (3) 558 p., I pi., ill. New York: Btirr 
Printing House, i388. 4°. 

Views of Kingston [N. Y.] {Portland, Me.: 
L. H. iVelson Co., 1904.] 16 1. ob. 8°. 

Westbrook (F. E.) The two hundredth an- 
niversary of the erection of the building occupied 
as the Senate House of the state of New York in 
1777, the year of the adoption of the first state con- 
'stitution, at Esopns (now city of Kingston), to- 
gether with sketches of old prominent citizens of 
Kingston, etc., etc. 48 p. Kingston, N. Y.: 
Journal &^ Freeman Branch Office Print, 1883. 
8°. 

Rhinebeck. 

Hammick (J. T.) Rhinebeck the beautiful. 
Revised and enlarged. Rhinebeck, N. Y.: Rhine- 
beck Gazette Job Prtg. off., 1897. 31 p., i port. 
16°. 

Morse (Howard H.) Historic old Rhinebeck. 
Echoes of two centuries. A Hudson river and post 
road colonial town. When; where; by whom set- 
tled and named. . .who's who and was... An au- 
thentic summary of collated facts. . .of value to 
those interested in this " old home town." Rhine- 
beck, N. Y.: the author, 1908. 4 p.l., 448 p., 
I map, 14 pi., 4 port. 12°. 

Saugerties. 
Brink (Benjamin Myer). The early history of 
Saugerties. 1660-1825... Kingston, N. Y.: 
R. W. Anderson b' Son, 1902. viii, i L.S^S P-. 
14 pi., 2 port. 12°. 

Catskill. 

Brown (Clark). A topographical description of 
Catskill in the state of New York, 1803. (Mass. 
hist. soc. Collections, v. 9, pp. 111-120. Boston, 
1804.) 

Catskill Mountain House [Catskill, N. Y.]. 
Eighty-third season, 1905. {Catskill, N. Y.: Re- 
corder Print, 1905.] 12 1. 32°. 

Pinckney (James D.) Reminiscences of Cats- 
kill. Local sketches. . .together with interesting 
articles by Thurlow Weed, Edwin Croswell, S. 
Sherwood Day and Joseph Hallock, Esqrs. Cats- 
kill: J. B. Ball, 1868. 79 p. 8°. 

Hudson. 

Hogeboom (John T.) Oration at the centen- 
nial celebration, at Hudson, N. Y., on the fourth 
day of July, 1876. Hudson: Bryan 6^ Goeltz, 
1876. 2 p.l., 32 p. 8". 

Hudson. Charter. City charter and ordi- 
nances. Hudson [1905.] 144 p. 8°. 

Civil Service Commission. Rules for the 

classified service of Hudson. Hudson, I'&qq. 28 p.. 

2 leaves. 8°. 

Same, 1905. Hudson [1905]. 34 p., 

3 leaves. 8°. 

Common Council. Officers of the city and 

rules and orders of the Council. 1900. {Hudson, 
1900.] II p. 24°. 

Same, 1903. n. p., n. d. 6 leaves. 24'. 



Same, 1904. «./., n. d. 6 leaves. 24°. 
Same, 1905. Hiidson, n. d. 6 leaves. 24°. 
Same, 1906. n.p., n. d. 6 leaves. 24°. 
Proceedings, i 895-1899, 1901-1905. 



Annual report, 1892/3. 

Annual report for the 
Hud- 



Hudson, i896[-i9o6.] 8° 

Education Board. 

Hudson, 1893. 8°, 

Fire Department. 

fiscal year ended Dec. 31, 1899, 1903-1904. 
son, 1 900-1905. S''. 

Health Board. Rules and regulations . . 

together with the code of sanitary ordinances. 
Hudson, 1896. 32 p. 24°. 

Public Works Commission. Annual re- 
port for the year ended Dec. 31, 1899, 1901. 
Hudson [1900-1902J. 8°. 

Rules, regulations and ordinances. . . 

Adopted Oct. 14, 1895. {Hudson, 1895.] 9 p. 
24°. 

Industrial (The) Advertising Company of 
America. Hudson of today: its history, resources 
and institutions. Illustrated [and compiled by 
The Industrial Advertising Co. of Amer.] n. t.-p. 
Kinderhook, N. Y., 1905. 24 p. ob. 8°. 

Miller (S. B.) Historical sketches of Hudson, 
embracing the settlement of the city, city govern- 
ment, business enterprises, churches, press, schools, 
libraries, &c. Hudsott: Bryan (Sr" Webb, printers, 
1862. 120 p. 8°. 

Worth (G. A.) Recollections of Hudson. 
78 p. {Albany: C. Van Benthuysen, 1850.] 8°. 

Coeymans. 
Munsell (Joel). The Hudson river overslach, 
and Coeymans Bouwery. w./. [1875.] 8 p. 12°. 

Greenbush. 
Callender (Will). Souvenir of the old Dutch 
mansion, [Van Rensselaer house] Riverside Ave- 
nue, Greenbush, N. Y. Built 1642. {Greenbush?, 
189-?] 18 p. illus. sq. 16°. 

Albany. 
Albany. Chatnberlain. Report showing re- 
ceipts and expenditures, 1838/9, 1840/1, 1843/4, 
1847/8-1848/9, 1850/1, 1853/4, 1856/7-1S57/8, 
1897/S. Albany, 1839-1898. 8°. 

Charter. Charter of the city of Albany. 

New York: H Gaine, iTJi. 24 p. f°. 

City Engineer. Annual report, 1-9(1890/1- 

1899). Albany, [i892-]i900. 8°. 
Discontinued. Succeeded by Engineering Bureau. 

City Registrar. Annual report of mar- 
riages, births and deaths, 8-10 (1877/8-1879/80). 
Albany, 1878-1880. 8°. 

Comptroller. Annual report, 1900-1904. 

Albany, 1901-1905. 8°. 

Education, Board of. Annual report, 14 

(1857/8), 18(1861/2). Albany, 1858-1862. 

Continued as: 

Annual report of the board of public instruction, 
6-11(1871/2-1876/7), 14 (1879/80), 16-21(1881/2- 
1886/7), 24 (1889/90), 29-31 (1 894/5-1896/7), 33- 
34(1898/9-1899/00). ^I'l^awj, 1872-1900. 8°. 

Continued as: 

Annual report of the board of education, 1 900/1- 
1907/8. Albany, 1901-1908. 8°. 



24 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Albany, cont'd. 

Engineering Bureau, Report, i-2 (igoo- 

igoi). n. p., n. d. 8°. 

Succeeds City Engineer. 

Mayor. Annual message, 1863, 1865 

(Perry), 1866-1867, 1S70-1872 (Thatcher), 1874 

(Judson), 1880 (Nolan), 1894 (Wilson), 1896 
(Thacher). Albany, 1 863-1 896. 8°. 

Ordinances. Laws and ordinances of the 

mayor, recorder, aldermen and commonalty of the 
City of Albany. Albany: A. and J. Robertson, 
1773. 64 p., I leaf. 4°. 

A summary of the laws and ordinances 

of the city passed in common council. . . 1812. ti. p., 
n. d. 24 p. 8°. 

Laws and ordinances of the Common 

Council. . .revised and revived, Sept. 1832. To 
which are prefixed the charter of the city. . .and 
the several laws relating to the city. Albany, 1832. 
8r, (i), iii, xi p. 8°. 

Laws and ordinances. . .revised. . . 

Dec. 1 841. Albany, 1842. 189 p. S°. 

The Dongan charter, present charter, 

city laws and ordinances, and laws of the state. . . 
applicable to... Albany. Compiled by M, Dele- 
hanty, A. Hessberg, and M. D. Conway. Albany, 
1885. xi, (i), 732 p. 8°. 

Laws, ordinances and regulations of 

the city of Albany governing. . .buildings. . . Com- 
piled by L. J. Miller. Albany, 1903. vi, 188 p., 
I map, 89 plates. 8°. 

Parks, Bureau of. Report, 1899/00- 

1903/4. Albany, [1900-] 1905. 8°. 

Public Safety Department. Annual report, 

1-9 (1900-1907/8). \^Albany'\, 1900-1909. 8°. 

Water, Bureau of. Annual report, 50-53 

1899/00-1902/3. Alba7iy, 1901-1904. 8°. 

Succeeds Water Commissioners. 

Water Commissioners. Annual report, 

1852-1857, 1860-1861, 1863-1864, 1866, 1868- 
1870, 1872, 1873, 1S75, 1877-1S78, 1887, 1895- 
1899. Albany, 1853-1900. 8°. 

Succeeded by Water Bureau. 

Albany Chamber of Commerce. The great 
western staircase at the Capitol, and the rooms and 
art gallery of the Albany Institute and Historical 
and Art Society... Albany: the Chamber of Co7n- 
merce, 1903. 6 11. nar. 8°. 

Albany, N. Y. Some of its interesting 

places and how to see them. Albany: the Chamber 
of Commerce, 1903. 6 11. ob. 32°. 

A window view of progress. Albany: 

Chamber of Commerce \\^oa,'i\. 4 p. 16°. 

An editorial reprinted from Tlie Argus of Nov. 8, 1903. 

Albany, New York. A beautiful and at- 
tractive city in which to live... Albany, N. Y., 
[190-?] 12 1. obi. 24°. 

Albany Freie Blaetter, Albany, N. Y. Estab- 
lished April 6th, 1852, by Augustus Miggael. 
Fiftieth anniversary souvenir. \_Albany, N. Y., 
1902]. 32 p. f°. 

Albany the progressive. [Albany:'\ W. H. 
Benjamin, 1904. 6 1., 14 pi. 8°. 



Banks (A. Bleecker). 1686. 1886. Albany 
bi-centennial. Historical memoirs. Albany: Banks 
&> Brothers, 1888. viii, 461 p., 14 pi., 2 port. 8°. 

Barnes (William). The settlement and early 
history of Albany; a prize essay, delivered before 
the Young Men's Association, December 26, 1850. 
Albany: Gould, Banks 6^ Gould, 1851. I p.l., 
25 p. ' 8\ 

The settlement and early history of Albany. 

100 p. I pi., 3 maps & plans. Albany, A\ Y.: J. 
Munsell, 1864. 8°. 

Battershall (Walton W.) Albany [N. Y. 
An historical sketch]. (In: Historic towns of the 
Middle States. Edited by Lyman P. Powell. New 
York, 1899. pp. 1-37. 8°.) 

Butler (Benjamin C.) The new Capitol. A 
criticism. Remarks of Benj. C. Butler, of Warren 
County, in Assembly, Jan. 20, 1881, on the gov- 
ernor's message, n. t.-p. Albany, 1S81. 9 p. 8°. 

Clark (Rufus Wheelwright). The heroes of 
Albany. A memorial of the patriot-martyrs of the 
city and county of Albany, who sacrificed their 
lives during the late war in defense of our nation, 
1861-1865. .. Albany: S. R. Gray, 1867. viii, i 1., 
(i), 12-870 p., 3 pi., 6 port. 4°. 

Danaher (Franklin M.) Early Irish in old 
Albany, N. Y., with special mention of Jan An- 
driessen, " De lersman van Dublingh"... Paper 
. ..before the American-Irish Historical Society.. . 
New York. ..1903. Boston: Am. ..Hist. Soc, 1903. 
44 p., I port. 8°. 

Dorsheimer (William). Address of W. D., 
Lieutenant Governor, etc., etc., before the Joint 
convention of the Legislature, February 12, 1879 
...[on departure. . .from the old Capitol to the 
new one...] «./. [1879?] 9 ff. 8°. (N. Y. S. 
Governor.) 

Fancy (The) ball: a letter from the portfolio of 
a young lady of Albany. Albany: W. C. Little &' 
Co., 1S46. 28 p. 8°. 

FernoTT (Berthold). Albany and its place in 
the history of the U. S. A memorial sketch written 
for the two-hundredth anniversary of its birthday 
as a city. Albany: C. Van Bethuysen &" Sons, 
1886. 98 p. 8°. 

Fitzgerald (Edward). The manufactures of 
Albany: their history and present magnitude. 
Albany: The Argus Co. pr., 1^12. vi, 57 p. 12°. 

Foster (J.) A funeral sermon, delivered on 
the ..manner it pleased God to call from this 
world. . .three. . .youths; two sons of the Rev. Mr. 
Babbit, by the blowing up of the laboratory in 
Albany. Albany, 1814. 22 p. 12°. 

Geschichte der Deutschen in Albany undTroy 
nebst kurzen Biographien von Beamten und hervor- 
ragenden Buergern. Illustrirtes Handbuch wis- 
senswerthen Inhalts. Herausgegeben von Albany 
Taeglicher Herold. {^Albany, N.Y.,\'i>ci-].\ 274 p., 
I 1., illus. 8°. 

Harsha (David Addison). Noted living Al- 
banians and state officials. A series of biographical 
sketches. Albany, N. Y.: Weed, Parsons &' Co., 
1891. xiv, 524 p., 6 pi., 42 port. 8°. 

Hill (J. J.) Reminiscences of Albany. 41 p. 
A^ewYork: J. Medole &f Son, 1884. 8°. 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



25 



Albany, cont'd. 

Historical (An) pageant at Hermanus Bleeker 
Hall. Week beginning 3. Dec. 1S94. The history 
of Albany in ten acts. [Programme.] n. t.-p. 
[y4/^a«j], 1894. 24 p. ob. 16°. 

Huntington (Ezra A.) Last words of a pastor 
to his people; two discourses delivered to the Third 
Presbyterian Church, Albany, December 31, 1854, 
and January 7, 1855, the last two Sabbaths of a 
ministry of eighteen years: with a history of the 
Third Presbyterian Church, Albany. Albany: 
Fisk df Little, 1855. 102 p. S°. 

Kent (W.) Recollections of Albany. 23 p. 
New York: Van Nor den ^^ Amer?nan, printers, 
1854. 8°. 

Address delivered before the Young Men's Association of 
Albany, Feb. 7, 1854. 

Latham (O. B.) Memorial of... one of the 
commissioners for building the new Capitol. [.<4/- 
i^(7«i'.?], 1868. 7 p. 8°. (New York State. Capitol 
Comm'rs.) 

Leslie's Illustrated Weekly .. .April 9, 1908. 
[Contains views of buildings in Albany, N. Y.] 
Ne-u York, iqo%. 337-358 p. f°. 

Munsell (Joel). The annals of Albany" 
10 vol. pi., port., maps and plans. Albany: J' 
Munsell, 1850-1859. nar. 12°. 

Collections on the history of Albany. . . 

With notices of- its public institutions, and bio- 
graphical sketches of citizens deceased. 4 v. Al- 
bany, N. Y.: J. Munsell, 1865-1871. 4°. 

Continuation of "Annals of Albany," q. v. 

New York State. Proceedings of the legis- 
lature. . .in commemoration of its removal from the 
old to the New Capitol, Feb. 12, 1879. Albany: 
Weed, Parsons dr' Co., prifiters, 1S79. 65 p. 8°. 

Papers relatingto Albany and adjacent places. 
[Extr. from O'Callaghan (E. B.) The documentary 
history of the state of New York. . . Vol. III. 
Albany, 1850.] I p.l., 871-917 p., I map. 8°. 

Pearson (J.) translator and editor. Early rec- 
ords of the city and county of Albany, and colony 
of Rensselaerswyck (1656-1675). Translated from 
the original Dutch, with notes. By... Pearson, 
vii, 528 p. Albany: J. Munsell, 1869. 

Phelps (H. P.) The Albany hand-book for 
1881. A strangers' guide and residents' manual. . . 
Albany, N. Y. [C. van Benthuysen &= Sons'l, 1880. 
146 p., I map, 6 pi. 16°. 

The Albany hand-book. A stranger's guide 

. . . containing information about the city. . . and 
new Capitol. Compiled by H. P.Phelps. Albany: 
» Brandow dr» Barton, 1884. 178 p., illus., i map, 
I plan, 13 pi., 2 port. sq. 16°. 

The King memorial. Albany: Phelps 6^ 

Kellogg, 1893. 46 p., 7 pi. sq. 8°. 

Quarter (The) century anniversary celebration 
of the ministry of Rev. Dr. Wyckoff, in the Second 
Reformed Dutch Church, Albany, November 3, 
1861. Albany: J. Munsell, 1862. 32 p. 8". 

Reynolds (Cuyler). Albany chronicles. A 
history of the city arranged chronologically, from the 
earliest settlement to the present time. Illustrated 
with many historical pictures of rarity and reproduc- 
tions of the Robert C. Pruyn collection of the 



Mayors of Albany. . . Albany, N. Y.: J. B. Lyon 
Co., igo6. xxiv, 2 1., 5-817 p., 6fac-sim., 6 maps, 
157 pi., 62 port. 8°. 

Rogers (E. P.) A historical discourse on the 
Reformed Prot. Dutch Church of Albany, delivered 
. .. 1857, in the North Dutch Church. 120 p. 7 pi. 
New York: Board of Publication of the Reformed 
Protestant Dutch Church, 1858. 8°. 

Sprague (William Buell). A sermon ad- 
dressed to the Second Presbyterian congregation in 
Albany, Sunday morning, August 27, 1854, on the 
completion of a quarter of a century from the 
commencement of the author's ministry among 
them. Albany: C. Van Benthuysen, 1854. 40 p. 
8°. 

A discourse, delivered Sabbath morning, 

September 3, 1865. on occasion of the fiftieth anni- 
versary of the dedication of the Second Presbyte- 
rian church, Albany. Albany : Van Benthuysen, 
1865. 41 p. 8°. 

A discourse addressed to the Second Pres- 
byterian congregation, Albany. . . September 5, 
1S69, on occasion of the fortieth anniversary of 
the commencement of the author's ministry among 
them. Albany: C. Van Benthuysen &' Sons, 1869. 
32 p. 8°. 

Tenney (J.) New England in Albany. Boston: 
Crocker dT' Co., liSs. 26 p. 16°. 

Weise (A. J. ) The history of the city of Albany, 
New York, from the discovery of the great river in 
1524.. . to the present time, viii, 520 p., 7 maps, 
35 pi. Albany: E. H. Bender, 1884. 8°. 

Wilson (S.) Albany city guide: being a gen- 
eral description of the public buildings, literary, 
charitable and benevolent institutions, &c. . . com- 
piled by S. Wilson. Albany: C. Wendell, 1844. 
144 p., I map, I plan, 3 pi. 24°. 

[Worth (G. A.)] Random recollections of Al- 
bany, from 1800 to 1808. [By G. A. Worth.] Al- 
bany: C. Van Benthtiysen, 1849. 57 P- 8°. 

Second edition, Albany: C. Van 

Benthuysen, \%SO. 90 p. 8°. 

Third edition, with notes by the pub- 
lisher, vi, (2) 17-144 P-. 7 pl-. 5 port. Albany, 
N.Y.:iZbb. 8." 

Troy. 

Fairbanks {Mrs. M. J. Mason). Emma 
Willard and her pupils; or, Fifty years of Troy 
Female Seminary, 1822-1872. Edited by Mrs. A. 
W. Fairbanks. Netv York: Mrs. Russell Sage 
[cop. 1898]. 895 p., 7 pl., 53 port. 4°. 

Gabriels (Henry). Historical sketch of St. 
Joseph's Provincial Seminary, Troy, N. Y. With 
an introduction. I. Life of Bishop Henry Gabriels 
II. Early New York Seminaries by C. G. Herber- 
mann...andan epilogue by Rev. T. F. Myhan. 
New York: The U. S. Catholic Historical Society, 
1905. 4 p.l., 5-188 p., 9pl., 10 port. 8°. (U. 
S. Catholic Historical Society, Monograph series, 
no. 3.) 

Geschichte der Deutschen in Albany und 
Troy nebst Kurzen Biographien von Beamten und 
hervorragenden Buergern. Illustrirtes Handbu ch 
wissenswerthen Inhalts. Herausgegeben von A 1- 
bany Taeglicher Herold. [Albany, N. Y, 1897.] 
274 p., I 1., illus. 8°. 



26 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Troy, cont'd. 

Strecker (Werner). Zur Erinnerung an die 
Centennial-Feier. [1789-1889 in Troy, N. Y. 
Troy, N. V., 1889.J vi, 7-22 p., i 1. 8". 

Troy. [City Documents,] 1S66. Troy, 1866, 
8°. 

ChaiJiberlain. Annual report, 30 (1855). 

Troy, 1855. 8°. 

Charier. Charter of and laws relating to 

the City of Troy. Municipal ordinances. Opin- 
ions of the corporation counsel. Troy [1891]. 
1263 p. 8°. 

Same. Troy, 1897. 363 p. 8°. 

Common Council. Manual, 1859, 1868. 

Troy, 1858-1867. 8°. 

Comptroller. Annual report, 8 (1S79), 

lo-ii (1880/1-1881/2), 14-15 (1885-1886), 19-20 
(1890-1891), 22 (1892/3), 27-29 (1897/8-1899/00), 
32-33 (1902-1903), 36-37 (1906-1907). Troy, 
i879[-i907]. 

Edttcation Board, Manual, 1869. Troy, 

i86q. 16°. 

Health Department. Official report (month- 
ly), 1900-1905. Troy, 1900-1905. 4°. 

Imperfect file. 

Mayor. Annual message, 1907-1909. 

Troy, 1907-1909. 8°. 

1907 Jan. E. P. Mann. 24 p. 

1008 " " " " 16 p. 
igog " " " " 20 p. 

Ordinances. Ordinances of the City of 

Troy ; and the several acts of the Legislature of 
the State of New York relative to the City of Troy, 
passed since 1838. Troy, 1855. 167 p. 8°. 

Public Improvement Commission. Annual 

report, 2 (1890/2). Troy, 1892. 8°. 

Public Safety Departmejit. Annual re- 
port, 4 (1903). Troy, 1904. 

Pttblic Works Department. Annual re- 
port, 2-4 (1901-1903), 7 (1907). Troy, 1902 
[-1907]. 8°. 

Water Commissioners' Office. Annual re- 
port, 1-3 (1855/6-1857/8), 6 (1S60/1), 13 (1867/8), 
16 (1870/1), 18 (1872/3), 20-21 (1874/5-1875/6), 
23 (1877/8), 28 (1882/3). T'rey, 1858-1883. 8°. 

The ist report was republished in the 13th report. 

A water supply for the City of Troy: a 

report made to the Water Comrs. by W. J. McAl- 
pine, together with analyses of the water from the 
different sources examined. Troy, 1872. 50 p. 8°. 

Weise (Arthur James). History of the city of 
Troy from the expulsion of the Mohegan Indians 
to the present centennial year... 1876, with maps 
and statistical tables by A. G. Bardin... 400 p., 
19 pi., S maps, ill. Troy, N. Y.: W. H. Young, 
1876. 8°. 

The city of Troy and its vicinity. Troy: 

E. Green, 1886. 3 p. 1., 376 p., i 1., i map, lUus. 
12°. 

Troy's one hundred years. 1789-1889. vii 

(i), 453 p.. I pl-. ni- Troy, N. Y.: W. H. 
Young, 1 89 1, sq. 4°. 

Woodworth (J.) Reminiscences of Troy 
from its settlement in 1790 to 1807, with remarks 
on its commerce, enterprise, improvements, state 



of political parties, and sketches of individual 
character... 39 p. Albany: J. Munsell, i^'^2>- 8°- 
Second edition, with notes, explana- 
tory, biographical, historical, and antiquarian, iv, 
112 p. Albany, N. Y.: J. Munsell, i860, sq. 8°. 

Lansingburgh. 

Weise (Arthur James). History of Lansing- 
burgh, N. Y. , from the year 167010 1877. Troy^ 
N. Y.: W. H. Young, 1877. 44 p. 8°. 

Saratoga, N. Y. 

Brandow {Rev. J. H.) The story of old Sara- 
toga and history of Schuylerville. Albany: Bran- 
dozo Print. Co., 1900. xxiii, 396 p., 2 maps, 2 pl. 
8°. 

Burgoyne {Lieut.-Gen. J.) Orderly book of 
. . . Burgoyne, from his entry into the state of N. 
Y. until his surrender at Saratoga, i6th Oct., 1777. 
From the original manuscript deposited at. . .New- 
burgh, N. Y. Edited by E. B. O'Callaghan. Al- 
bany, N'. Y.: J. Munsell, i860, xxxiv, 221 p., 
map, I pl., 4 port. sq. 8°. (Munsell's hist. ser. 
no. 7.) 

Curtis (George William). Burgoyne's surren- 
der: an oration delivered on the 100. anniversary 
of the event, Oct. 17, 1877, at Schuylerville, N. Y. 
N^ew York: Baker 6^ Godwin, print., iS"]"]. 27 p. 
8°. 

Neilson (C.) An original, compiled and cor- 
rected account of Burgoyne's campaign, and the 
memorable battles of Bemis's Heights, Sept. 19, 
and Oct. 7, 1777... xiv, 15-291 (i) p., i map. 
Albany: J. Munsell, print., 1844. 12°. 

Ostrander (William S.) Old Saratoga and , 
the Burgoyne campaign. A brief sketch of the 
early history of the famous hunting grounds and 
the campaign which ended in the surrendering of 
the British army at Saratoga, October 17, 1777. . . 
Schuylerville, N. Y., 1S97. 42 (i) p., i map, 5 pi. 
16°. 

Seelye (Elizabeth Eggleston). Saratoga and 
Lake Champiain in history. Lake George, N. Y. : 
Elwytt Seelye [189S]. iv, ill p., i map, 14 pl. 16°. 

Stevens (J. A.) The Burgoyne campaign. 
An address delivered on the battle-field on the one 
hundredth celebration of the battle of Bemis 
Heights, September 19, 1877. New York: A. D. 
F. Randolph 6^ Co., 1877. 43 p. 8°. 

Stone (W. L.) The campaign of Lieut.-Gen. 
John Burgoyne, and the expedition of Lieut. -Col. 
Barry St. Leger. Albany: J. Munsell, 1877. 12, 
9-461 p., I fac-sim., i map, 7 port. 12°. 

Memoir of the centennial celebration of 

Burgoyne's surrender, held at Schuylerville, N. Y., 
under the auspices of the Saratoga Monument As- 
sociation on the 17th of October, 1877. Albany: 
J. Munsell, 1878. 189 p., I pl. 8°. 

Wilson (D.) The life of Jane McCrea, with 
an account of Burgoyne's expedition in 1777. 
Netv York: Baker, Godwin isf Co., 1853. 155 p. 
12°. 

Luzerne. 

Butler (B. C.) 1776-1876. From home-spun 
to calico. A centennial address delivered at Lu- 
zerne, July 4, 1876. Albany: Weed, Parsons and 
Co., 1877. 52 p. 8°. 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



27 



Queensbury. 

Gresham (The) Publishing Company. His- 
tory and biography of Washington County and the 
town of Queensbury, New York, with historical 
notes on the various towns. Richmond, Ind.: 
Gresham Publishing Co., 1894. xii, 436 p., illus. 
sq. 4°. 

Holden (A. W.) A history of the town of 
Queensbury . . . New York, with biographical 
sketches of many of its distinguished men, and 
some account of the aborigines of northern New 
York. . . viii, r 1., 519 p., 5 pi., 15 port. Albany, 
N. Y.: J. Munsell, 1874. 8°. 



Robert Fulton 

Books by Fulton. 
Fulton (Robert). Account of the Fowles Hook 
steam ferryboat, in a letter to Dr. David Hosack, 
from Robert Fulton, Esq. Fellow of the American 
Philosophical Society, &c. (In: The American 
Medical and Philosophical Register. . . Vol. 3. 
NexvYork, 1813. pp. 196-203. 8°.) 

The advantages of the proposed canal from 

Lake Erie, to Hudson's river, fully illustrated in a 
correspondence between the Hon. Gouverneur Mor- 
ris, and Robert Fulton, Esq. n. p. [1814?] 13 p. 
8°. 

Plan for supplying the City of New-York 

with fuel. By the New-York Coal Company. [By 
Robert Fulton.] New York: T. ^ J. Swords, \%ii,. 
16 p. 8°. 

Torpedo war, and submarine explosions. 

New York: W. Elliott, 18 10. 57 (3) p., 5 pi. 
sq. 8°. 

Same. Reprinted in " American State 

Papers," Vol. [i.] Naval Affairs. Washington, 
1834. pp. 211-227. f°. 

A treatise on the improvement of canal 

navigation; exhibiting the numerous advantages to 
be derived from small canals. . . London: I. ^ J. 
Taylor, 1796. xvi, 144 p., 17 pi. 4°. 

Another copy, on the fly leaves of 

which are written in Fulton's hand (i) a letter to 
Bonaparte dated 12 floreal an 6 [i May 1798], (2) 
Observations sur les avantages dont jouiroit la 
France en adoptant le systeme des petits canaux, 
(3) Sur la liberte du commerce et pourquoi les pos- 
sessions et les droits sur les importations, loin 
d'etre un bien pour les nations, ne font que leur 
nuire. 

This copy is bound in the original calf, gilt tooling. It 
bears the armorial book plate of Chles. de Recicourt. 

Fulton's letters were printed from this text in the " Bulletin 
of the New York Public Library," v. 5, pp. 348-365 (New 
York, 1901). 

Manuscripts Connected with Fulton. 
(The arrangement is chronological.) 
Fulton (Robert), Father of the Inventor. Note, 
II June, 1 761, to Seth Duncan, for 16 1. Pennsyl- 
vania currency, due i June 1762. A. D. S. Re- 
ceipt on back. 8°. 

Recherches sur les moyens de perfectionner 

les canaux de navigation, et sur les nombreux 
avantages de petits canaux. . . Paris: Dupain- 
Triel, an VII [1799]. xvi, 224 p., map, 6 pi. 8°. 



Fulton (Robert), and Robert R. Livingston. 
Licence, 20 Aug. 1808, to John R. Livingston, al- 
lowing him to operate a steam ferry between New 
York and New Jersey, the grantee to pay the 
grantors one-sixth of his gross monthly receipts. 
Certified copy, dated Albany, 22 Mar. 1814, at- 
tested by William James. Endorsed. 3 p., i 1. f°. 

Fulton (Robert). Washington, Oct. 12, 1808. 

To . In answer to his correspondent's letter 

from New York; feels the force of his arguments 
on concave bottoms, Smallman's opinion being to 
same effect; refers to three accompanying draw- 
ings to show his own ideas as to boilers. A. L. 
2 p. f°. 

Fulton (Robert). Estimate of the expence of 
a steam ferry boat for one year. 22 Jan. 1810. 
Total amount $4,160. A. D. S. i p. 4°. 

Emmet (Thomas Addis). Opinion given to 
Livingston and Fulton, dated New York, 19 Jan. 
181 1, to the effect that (i) after the adoption of the 
Federal Constitution no state legislature had any 
authority to grant an exclusive right of making any 
machine or invention, (2) even supposing such state 
laws valid there exists no pecuniary penalty to be 
enforced. D. S. Endorsed. 6 1. f°, 

Hudson River Steam-Boat Stock. Subscrip- 
tion certificate of Samuel Jones, jr., for one share, 
$500. $200 paid in and receipted for by Robert 
Fulton, I Aug. 1814. Printed form filled in. 
No. 334. D. S. I p. 8°. 

Fulton (Robert). New York, 7 Nov. 1 814. To 
Commodore [Isaac] Chauncey. Requesting infor- 
mation as to whether ice on Lake Ontario would 
bear sledges carrying 2-4 tons, what numbers and 
classes of boats Chauncey has; wishes Chauncey 
had a good steam frigate such as Fulton is about 
finishing. A. L. S. Endorsed. 2 p. 4°. 

Fulton (Robert). New York, Nov. 23, 1814. 
To Gen. Jonathan Williams, Philadelphia. In an- 
swer to Williams' letterof 19th; gives his estimates 
of dimensions and costs of steam frigate; hull 
might be built at Philadelphia, but he cannot entrust 
the construction of the machinery to any one but 
himself. A. L. S. 4 p. 4°. 

Emmet (Thomas Addis). New York, 23 Mar. 
1815. To Henry Baldwin, Pittsburgh. Explain- 
ing that Robert Fulton in his examination at Tren- 
ton was not guilty of proving falsely a letter said to 
have been written by him to Lord Stanhope about 
1793. A. L. S. Endorsed. 3 p. 4°. 

Ne'Vjr York (State). — Fulton, Heirs of. Commit- 
tee on. Report of Select Committee on petition of 
Harriet Dale, widow of Robert Fulton, in behalf 
of his infant children, recommending favorable 
action. [2 Feb. 1825.] Holograph of S. L. Gou- 
verneur, chairman. 3 1., and endorsement. 4°. 

Printed in New York Assembly Journal, 48th Session, 
pp. 440-442- 

Works about Fulton, 

American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 
Trinity Church, New York. Form of service De- 
cember 5th, 1901. . .on the occasion of the unveil- 
ing of a monument erected. . .by the Society to the 
memory of Robert Fulton. \_NewYork: A. Liv- 
ingston, 1901.] 4 1. 8°. 



28 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Works about Fulton, confd. 

Robert Fulton memorial. [Dedication cere- 
monies of monument.] i port. (Amer Soc. Me- 
chanic. Engineers. Transac. v. 24, pp. 1493- 
1538. New York, 1903.) 

Robert Fulton. Memorial erected by the 

American Society of Mechanical Engineers. (Iron 
Age. V. 68, pp. 5-S. New York, 1901.) 

Bryson (J. H.) The inventors of the Scotch- 
Irish race. (In; Scotch-Irish Society of America, 
Proceedings and Addresses of the 4. Congress, 
1892, pp. 174-188. 8°.) 

Robert Fulton, on pp. 175-178. 

Carey (Mathew). To the citizens of the United 
States. Robert Fulton, [Appeal for the collection 
of a fund for the benefit of F's children, signed 
Philo-Fulton, i.e., M. Carey. P hiladelphia,\%2%.'\ 
2 p. 8°. 

The life of Robert Fulton. . .account of the 

invention, progress, and establishment of steam- 
boats; of improvements in the construction and 
navigation of canals, and other objects of public 
utility. With an appendix, vi, 371 p., 2 port., 
I tab. Neiv York: Kirk 6^ Mercein, 181 7. 8°. 

Read before the Literary and Philosophical Soc. of New 
York. 

A vindication of the steamboat right granted 

by the state of New York, in the form of an answer 
to the letter of Mr. Duer. . . Albany: Websters &> 
Skinners, 1818. 2 p.l., 3-178 p. 8°. 

Dickinson (H. N.) Fulton in England, illus. 
(Cassier's Maga. New York, 190S. 8°. v. 33, 
pp. 602-613.) 

Duer (William Alexander). Letter addressed 
to C. D. Colden, in answer to the strictures in his 
" Life of R. Fulton," upon the report of the select 
committee, relative to steam navigation. Albany, 
1817. 8°. 

A reply to Mr. Colden's Vindication of the 

steamboat monopoly, etc. Albany, 1819. 7-184, 
xxiv p. 8". 

Examination of the chancellor's opinion in 
the case of Rob. R. Livingston and Rob. Fulton, 
vs. James Van Ingen, Lansing & others. {^Albany :'\ 
Albany Register, 1812. 54 p. 8°. 

Fulton (Robert), a-wa' Edward P. Livingston. 
In Assembly, March 18., 1814. Memorial & peti- 
tion of R. Fulton & E. p. Livingston, in behalf 
of themselves, and the heirs of the late Robert R. 
Livingston. [Albany, 1814?] 15 p. 8°. 

Fulton Trust Company of New York. Life of 
Robert Fulton. Ne-iu York: Fulton Trust Co., 
1906. 16 p. 8°. 

Hubert (Philip G.) Inventors. New York: 
Chas. Scribnet-' s Sons, 1896. i p.l., 299 p. illus. 
8°. (Men of Achievement Series.) 
S Has a chapter on Robert Fulton. 

Livingston (Edward P.) See Fulton (Rob- 
ert), and Edward P. Livingston. 

Livingston (Robert R.) The invention of the 
steamboat, an historical account of the application 
of steam for the propelling of boats; a letter to the 
editors of the " American medical and philosophi- 
cal register," published in that journal in January, 



1812, v. 2, p. 256. 16 p. (Old South leaflets 
[general ser.] no. 108. Boston, 1900.) 

Contains also, Robert Fulton to Aaron Ogden (1814) on the 
invention of the steamboat; Fulton's letters on the first voy- 
age of the Clermont; Reminiscences of H. Freeland in a let- 
ter to J. F. Reigart, i8s6. 

Melville (George W.) Robert Fulton. Ad- 
dress read at the Fulton memorial exercises, by 
George W. Melville, Rear-Admiral and Engineer- 
in-Chief, U. S. N., December 5, 1901. (Scientific 
Amer. suppl. v. 52, pp. 21716-21717. N'ewYork, 
1901.) 

IVIontg^ry ( ). Notice sur la vie et les 
travaux de Robert Fulton. Paris: Bachelier, 1825. 
I p.l., 70 p. 8°. 

M'ith autograph oi author. 

Morrison (J. H.) Robert Fulton and the 
sidewheel steamboat. (Scientific Amer. suppl. 
V. 97, pp. 282-283. -A^^w York, 1907.) 

New York (State). Courts. In Chancery. 
Robert R. Livingston & Rob. Fulton vs. James 
Van Ingen, Lansing and others. [Chancellor's 
Decision.] 71. p. [1812] .15 p. 8°. 

The opinions of the judges of the 

supreme court, delivered in the court of errors, in 
the cause of Robert R. Livingston and Robert Ful- 
ton, vs. James Van Ingen, and twenty others. 
Albany: S. Southwick, 1812. 12, 12, 24 p. 8°. 

Governor. [Message to the Legislature 

concerning celebration of the 300th anniversary 
of the discovery of Hudson River by Hendrick 
Hudson in 1609 and of the centennial anniversary 
of the first use of steam in the navigation of the 
Hudson River by Robert Fulton in 1807.] Al- 
bany Feb. 19, 1906. Albany, 1906. 2 f. f^. 

Pascal (Felicien). Napoleon i" contre les 
torpilleurs. (Rev. polit. & litter, ser. 5, v. i, pp. 
274-278. Paris, 1904.) 

Reigart (J. Franklin). The life of Robert 
Fulton... Philadelphia: C. G. Henderson df Co., 
1856. xxvii, 29-40, 2 1., 41-297 p., 23 pi., 2 port. 
8°. 

Renwick (James). Life of Robert Fulton. 
(In: The Library of American Biography, con- 
ducted by Jared Sparks. Vol. 10, pp. 1-89. Bos- 
ton, 1838. 12°.) 

Review (A) of the letter addressed by William 
Alexander Duer. . .to Cadwallader Colden. . .in an- 
swer to strictures contained in his "Life of Robert 
Fulton," relative to steam navigation. With an 
appendix containing the acts of the legislature. 
New York, 181S. 27 p. 8°. 

Richards (T. Addison). The Fulton folly, or, 
The first steamboat: a romance of American biog- 
raphy. (Orion: a monthly magazine of literature 
and art. Athens & Penfield, Ga., 1843. v. 3, 
pp. 29-39.) 

Loaned by Seymour Dunbar. 

Robert Fulton Centennial. A portion of 
the addresses delivered at the public meeting held 
under the auspices of the American Scenic and 
Historic Preservation Society in the building of the 
New York Historical Society. . .November 14, 
1907, upon the one hundred and forty-second anni- 
versary of the birth of Robert Fulton... (In: 
American Scenic and Historic Preservation So- 
ciety, Thirteenth Annual Report, 190S, pp. 249- 
268. Albany, 1908. 8°.) 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



29 



Works about Fulton, cont'd. 

Suplee (Henry Harrison). Fulton in France. 
illus. I port. (Cassier's Maga. v. 32, pp. 405- 
419. Ne%u York, 1907.) 

Thompson (Waddy). Speeches ... on the bills 
for the relief of the heirs of Robert Fulton, and to 
remove the new Treasury building. Delivered in 
the House of Representatives, March 30 and 
April 17, 1838. Washingiofi: Gales &' Sea ton, 
1838. 8 p. 8°. 

Thurston (R. H.) Robert Fulton: his life 
and its results. New York: Dodd, Mead, &" Co. 
[cop. 1891] 2 p.l., 194 p., I port. 12". (Makers 
of America.) 

Todd (Charles Burr). Life and letters of 
Joel Barlow, LL.D. Poet, Statesman, Philoso- 
pher. With extracts from his works and hitherto 
unpublished poems. New York: G, P. Putnam's 
Sons, 1886. iv, 306 p., I fac. , i port. 8°. 

Contains material relative to Robert Fulton, and his 
steamboat. 

The beginning of steam navigation, 1807- 

1812. (In: Memorial History of the City of New 
York... Edited by J. G. Wilson. New York, 
1893. Vol. 3, pp. 184-214. 4°.) 

United States. Report [favorable] of the 
select committee on petition for relief of the orphan 
children of Robert Fulton. Feb. 2, 1829. n.t.-p. 
6 p. 8°. (20 Cong., 2 sess. H. rpt. 64.) 

Report [favorable of] the select committee 

to which was referred the petition of the orphan 
children of. . .Robert Fulton, Mar. 3, 1830. n. t.-p. 

3 p. 8°. (21. Cong., I sess. H. rpt. 267.) 

Documents relating to the claim of the 

heirs of Robert Fulton, January 26, 1841. n. t.-p. 

Washington: Blair &^ Rives [1841]. 22 p. 8°, 
(26. Cong., 2. Sess. S. doc. 193. Navy Depart- 
ment.) 

Report [unfavorable of] the Committee of 

Claims on memorial, and sundry documents per- 
taining to the claim of the heirs of Robert Fulton, 
against the United States. Feb. 17, 1842. n.t.-p. 

4 p. 8°. (27. Cong., 2. sess. S. doc. 127.) 

Report [favorable] of Committee of Claims 

on petition of heirs of Robert Fulton. . .Apr. 12, 
1842. n. t.-p. 40 p. 8°. (27. Cong., 2. sess. 
H. rpt. 588.) 

Robert R. Livingston. 

De Peyster (Frederic). A biographical sketch 
of Robert R. Livingston. Read before the N. Y. 
Historical Society, Oct. 3, 1876, by the President. 
38 p., I port. New York: the Society, 1876. 4°. 

Fleming (Walter L.) The public career of 
Robert Livingston. (N. Y. Geneal. and Biog. Rec. 
V. 32, pp. 129-135; 193-200. Netv York.) 

Francis (J. W.) An address delivered on the 
anniversary of the Philolexian society of Columbia 
College, May 15, 1831. 2 1., 7-43 p. New York: 
G. &= C. b' H. Carvill, 1831. 8°. 

Livingston (Robert R.) Essay on sheep; 
their varieties — account of the merinoes of Spain, 
France, etc. . .with. . .remarks on sheep and woolen 
manufactures. Printed by order of the Legislature 
of .. .New York. New York: T. and J. Swords, 
1809. 186 p., I port. 8°. 



Instructions of Mr. Livingston, secretary 

of state, to Dr. Franklin, January 7, 1782, taken 
from the original manuscript in the department of 
state. [Washington'] n. d. 17 p. 1°. (United 
States — State department.) 

Letters to Chancellor Livingston from 

Richard Montgomery, John Jay, Washington, 
Gouverneur Morris, members of the Livingston fam- 
ily, and others: and some by Livingston, 1775- 
1799, dealing with the revolution and its effects in 
New York, the northern campaigns of 1776 and 
1777, and national affairs after the war. 180 tran- 
scripts. 1840? 2 vol. 4°. 

Moore (John Bassett). Robert R. Livingston 
and the Louisiana purchase. i pi. (Columbia 
Univers. Quar, v. 6, pp. 221-229. New York, 
1904.) 

Palmer (Erastus Dow). Palmer's statue of 
Robert R. Livingston, first chancellor of the State 
of New York. [New York, 1884.] 16 p. sq. 
16°. 

John Fitch. 

Barnes (Joseph). Remarks on Mr. John 
Fitch's reply to Mr. James Rumsey's pamphlet. 
Philadelphia: Printed by J. James, 1788. xvi, 
16 p. 4°. 

Fitch (John). The original steam-boat sup- 
ported; or, A reply to Mr. James Rumsey's 
pamphlet, shewing the true priority of John Fitch, 
and the false datings, &c. , of James Rumsey. 
Philadelphia: Zachariah Paulson, junr., 1788. 
34, 20 p. 8°. 

First issue, with contemporary manuscript corrections in 
ink. 

The 20 pages at the end contain Fitch's reprint of Rum- 
sey's Plan. 

Philadelphia: Zachariah Paulson, 

junr., 1788. 34 p. 8°. 

Second issue, partly reprinted, with corrections. The re- 
print of Rumsey's Plan is lacking. 

(Reprinted in Documentary History 

of the State of 5s^ew York. Albany, 1850. v. 2, 
4. ed., pp. 603-626. 8. ed., pp. 1040-1078.) 

[Philadelphia? Month? 22, 1792.] To 

John Nicholson. Fitch had called on Voigt but 
failed to see him. He will make Nicholson a con- 
veyance as partner ; it will not be possible for Voigt 
to make any disturbance for Fitch can take the pat- 
ent from him at any time. A. L. S. Endorsed. 
I p. 4°-. 

Manuscript. 

Stearns (E. S.) Address [at the dedication 
of the Fitch memorial tablet, July 4th, 1894]. (In: 
Fitchburg hist. soc. Proceedings.... Fitchburg, 
Mass., 1895. v. I, pp. 234-252.) 

Westcott (Thompson). Life of John Fitch, the 
inventor of the steamboat. Philadelphia: J. B. 
Lippincott <5^ Co., 1857. i p.l., xxiv, 25-415 p., 
I pi. 12°. 

Newspaper clippings relating to the inventor of the steam- 
boat inserted. 

Whittlesey (Charles). Justice to the memory 
of John Fitch: who in 17S5 invented a steam engine 
and steam boat, planned, constructed and put in 
operation the steamboat "Perseverance"... in 
17S8. Cincinnati: Daily Atlas off., 1845. 12 p. 

4°- 
Repr. : West. lit. journ. & month, rev. Feb. 1845. 



^o 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



John Fitch, cont'd. 

Fugitive essays. . .relating to the early his- 
tory of Ohio. . .with a biography of the first suc- 
cessful constructor of steamboats; a dissertation 
upon the antiquity of the material universe, and 
other articles, being a reprint from various peri- 
odicals. . . Hudson, 0. . . Sazuyer, Ingersoll &" 
Co., 1852. 397 p. 12°. pp. 205-16 wanting. 

James Rumsey. 

Rumsey (James). A Short Treatise on the 
application of Steam, whereby is clearly shown, 
from actual experiments, that Steam may be ap- 
plied to propel Boats or Vessels of any burthen 
against rapid current with great velocity. Great 
Velocity [sic]. The same principles are also intro- 
duced with effect by a Machine of a simple and 
chep [sic] Construction, for the Purpose of raising 
Water sufficient for the working of Grist-Mills, 
Saw-Mills, &c. And for Watering Meadows and 
other Purposes of Agriculture. By James Rumsey, 
of Berkeley County, Virginia. Philadelphia, Printed 
by Joseph James: Chestnut- Street, 1788. 26 p. 8°. 

[Second issue.] Philadelphia, Printed 

by Joseph James: Chestnut- Street, 1788. 26 p. 8°. 

" Great Velocity " is not repeated; "cheap" is printed 
correctly. 

(Reprinted in: Documentary History 

of the State of New York. Albany, 1850. 4°. 
V. 2, pp. 585-600. 8°. v. 2, pp. 1011-1035). 

Same, separate. 4° and 8°. 

A Plan wherein the power of steam is fully 

shown. By a new constructed Machine, for propel- 
ling Boats or Vessels, of any burthen, against the 
most rapid streams or rivers, with great velocity. 
Also, a machine constructed on similar philosophical 
principles, by which water may be raised for Grist 
or Saw-Mills, watering of Meadows, &c., &c. 20 p. 
8°. (Reprinted in John Fitch's Original steam boat 
supported. Philadelphia, 1788.) 

Steamboats and Steam Navigation. 

Account of the origin of steam-boats, in Spain, 
Great Britain, and America; and of their introduc- 
tion and employment upon the river Thames, be- 
tween London and Gravesend, to the present time. 
London, 1831. pi. 8°. 

Almeida (Camena d'). Le centenaire de la 
navigation a vapeur et L'Exposition Maritime de 
Bordeaux. (1807-1907.) (Correspondant. Annee 
79, pp. 653-678. Paris, 1907.) 

Anty (Pierre Bons d'). Etat actuel de la navi- 
gation a vapeur sur le haut Yang-tseu-Kiang. (La 
geog. annee 1902, pp. 89-94. Paris, 1902.) 

Armstrong (Robert). High speed steam 
navigation and steamship perfection... London, 
1859. 8°. 

Battle (A. E.) The history and development 
of the marine engine. 2 pi. (Nautical Mag. v. 77, 
pp. 32-39; 102-108; 188-192; 2S7-291; 380-385; 
490-495; v. 78, pp. 28-33, 89-94, 228-232, 277- 
283, 399-402, 465-469. London, 1907.) 

Buckman (David Lear). Old steamboat days 
on the Hudson River. Tales and reminiscences of 
the stirring times that followed the introduction of 



steam navigation. New York: The Graf (on Press 
[1907]. vi, 3 I., 143 p., 20 p.l., r port., i table. 
12°. (The Grafton historical series.) 

Bullock (Seymour). The development of 
steam navigation... (In: Connecticut Magazine, 
vol. 9, pp. 440-455, 765-774; vol. 10, pp. 97-ioS, 
298-315, 439-460, 695-714; vol. II, pp. 49-64, 
246-249. New Haven, \<^o^-' 01. 8°.) 

The "miracle" of the first steamboat. 

The tragedy of an American genius. . .illus. (Jour, 
of Amer. Hist. v. i, pp. 33-48. New Haven, 
1907.) 

Who built the first steamboat ? (Cassier's 

Maga. V. 33, p. 2S0-292. Neio York, 1907.) 

Anniversary of American commerce. Ter- 
centenary of the building of the " Virginia," the 
first ship constructed on the western continent. 
Centennial of the " Clermont." Rise of the Ameri- 
can merchant marine and the development of navi- 
gation since John Fitch of Connecticut and Robert 
Fulton. (In: Connecticut Magazine, Vol. 11,1907. 
Neiv Haven, 1907. pp. 361-398. 8°.) 

Busley (Carl). The development of the marine 
engine in the last decades. [Read before the So- 
ciety of German Engineers, in 1888, extracts trans- 
lated by F. C. Bieg.] (Amer. Soc. Naval En- 
gineers. Jour. v. I, pp. 1 51-162. Washington, 
1889.) 

Claxton (Christopher). Logs of the first voy- 
age, made with the unceasing aid of steam, be- 
tween England and America, by the Great Western, 
of Bristol; also an appendix and remarks. Bristol 
[1838?]. 8°. 

Cleland (J.) Historical account of the steam 
engine and its application in propelling vessels: 
with an account of the number and uses of the 
steam engines in Glasgow, and number of steam 
boats on the Clyde, in the years 1825 and 1829; 
population and statistical tables, births, marriages, 
and burials. Glasgow: E. Khull &= Son, 1829. 
I p.l., 68 p., I 1. 8°. 

Cochrane (Robert). William Symington and 
the beginnings of steam navigation, illus. (Cas- 
sier's Maga. V. 32, pp. 525-538. New York, 
1907.) 

Colden (Cadwallader David). Account of the 
Invention, Progress, and Establishment of Steam- 
boats. (In Colden's I,ife of R. Fulton. Neiv 
York, 1S17. 8°.) 

Dewey (T. M.) Early navigation of the Con- 
necticut River. The first steamboat. ( In : Conn. 
Valley Hist. Soc, Papers and Proceedings, 1876- 
81, pp. 114-122.) 

Dodd (George). An historical and explanatory 
dissertation on steam-engines and steam packets, 
with the evidence. . .given. . .to the select commit- 
tees of the House of Commons;. . .with a narrative 
by Isaac Weld, Esq. of the interesting voyage of 
the Thames steam yacht from Glasgow. . .to Dublin 
and London. . London: J. Asperne, 1818. 2 p.L, 
XXV, I 1., 280 p., 3 pi. 8°. 

Fitch (Winchester). American pioneers of 
steam navigation. (American scenic & historic 
preservation Society, nth annual report, pp. 213- 
238. Albany, 1906. S°.) 

(Mag. of Hist, with Notes and Queries. 

vol. 4, pp. 326-343. 1906.) 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



31 



Steamboats and Steam Navigation, cont'd. 

Fry (H.) The history of North-Atlantic steam 
navigation with some account of early ships and 
shipowners. . .Zcw^cw." Samson Low, Alarston (Sj^ 
Co., 1896. xiv, 324 p., 36 pi., I map. 12°. 

Geschichte des Dampfschiffs-wesens im Nord- 
atlantischen Ozean. (Archiv. f. Post u. Tele- 
graphic. V. 27, pp. 461-471. Berlin, 1900.) 

Goddard (Dwight). A short story of William 
Symington. IVorcester, Mass.: Wyman dr" Gor- 
don, 1904. 4 1., pi. 12°. 

Haswell (Charles H.) Early marine engineer- 
ing in the United States. (Engineering. London, 
1898. f°. V. 65, pp. 515-516.) 

Reminiscences of early marine steam en- 
gine construction and steam navigation in the 
United States of America, from 1S07 to 1850. 
(Marine Engineering, v. 4, pp. 6-9. New York, 
1899.) 

The early marine steam engine. (Sci, and 

Industry, v. 6, pp. 229-234. Scranton, Pa., 
1901.) 

Hulls (Jonathan). A Description and Draught 
of a new-invented Machine For carrying Vessels 
or Ships Out of. or Into any Harbour, Fort or 
River, against Wind and Tide, or in a Calm... 
London: Pritited for the Author, 1737. 48 pp., 
I pi. 12°. 

[Reprinted (at London ?) in 1855, for 

J. Sheepshank.] 4°. 

This copy is no. 2 of the 12 reprinted on old paper, large 
paper size; it has a presentation inscription to James Lenox 
in J. Sheepshank's autograph. 

Jouffroy [d' Albans] (A. [F. E.] de). Des 
bateaux a vapeur. Precis historique de leur inven- 
tion, essai sur la the'orie de leur mouvement et de- 
scription d'un appareil palmipede applicable a tous 
les navires. . . Precede des deux rapports de I'Aca- 
demie des Sciences. Paris: L. M. Augitstin, 
1841. 2 p.l., xxvi, I 1., 108 p., I pL, I table. 8°. 

Eonig^l. (Die) wurttembergischen Staatseisen- 
bahnen und die Bodenseedampfschiffahrt in Etats- 
jahre 1S99. (Archiv. f. Eisenbahnwesen. Jahrg. 
24, pp. 1045-1060. Berlin, 1901.) 

Latrobe (John Ilazlehurst Boneral). A lost 
chapter in the history of the steamboat. Balti- 
?nore, 1871. 44 p. 8°. (Fund Publication No. 5.) 

The first steamboat voyage on the western 

waters. (Maryland Hist. Soc. Fund-pub., no. 6.) 
Baltimore, 1871. 8°. 

Lloyd (James T.) Lloyd's Steamboat directory 
. . .containing the history of the first application of 
steam, as a motive power: the lives of John Fitch 
and Robert P'ulton. . .being a valuable statistical 
work, as well as a guide-book for the. . .public. 
Cincinnati, Ohio: J. T. Lloyd &= Co., 1856. vi, 
326 p. S°. 

MacFarlane (R.) History of propellers and 
steam navigation, with biographical sketches of 
the early inventors. JVeiv York, 1851. 12°. 

IVIaginnis (A. J.) The Atlantic ferry, its 
ships, men, and working, xviii, 304 p., 14 port., 
15 diagrams [folded], illus. Lojidon: Whittaker 
dr" Co., 1892. 12°. 

Main (T.) The progress of marine-engineer- 
ing, from the time of Watt until the present day. 
New York, 1893. 12°. 



Marine engineering and shipbuilding in the 
year 1900, in the United Kingdom. (Engineers 
Gazette, v. 14, pp. 2-g. London, 1901.) 

Matchoss (Conrad). Dampfschiffahrt vor 
hundert Jahren. (Technologist, v. 12, pp. 127- 
135. New York, 1907.) 

Hundert Jahre Dampfschiffahrt. illiis. 

(Verein deut. Ingenieure. Ztschr. v. 51, pp. 1285- 
1296. Berlin, 1907.) 

McFarland (Walter M.) The progress of 
economy in marine engineering. (Engineering 
Maga. v. 22, pp. 829-846; v. 23, pp. 45-59; 
207-222; 395-412. New York, igoi-'o2.) 

(Sibley Jour, of Engineering, v. 15, 

pp. 325-338- Lthaca, 1901.) 

McKechnie (James). Review of marine en- 
gineering during the last ten years. (Inst, of Me- 
chanical Engineers. Proc. 1901. pp. 607-665. 
London, igor.) 

(Jour. Amer. Soc. of Naval Engi- 
neers. V. 13, pp. 827-871. Washington, 1901.) 

(Engineering News. v. 46, pp. 139- 

144. Neto York, 1901.) 

(Bull. Soc. d'encouragementpour I'in- 

dust. nat. v.ioi, sem. 2, pp. 390-411. Paris, igoi.) 
Mellet (F. N.) See Tourasse ( ), and 

F. N. Mellet. 

Melville (George W.) The outlook in marine 
engineering. (Cassier's Maga. New York, 1899. 
8°. V. 15, pp. 251-258, 401-410.) 

Merriam (John C.) Steam and steamboats. 
(In: Eighty Years' Progress of the United States. 
... Vol.2. Ne7v York, iSbi. pp. 227-243. S°.) 

Morrison (John H.) History of American 
steam navigation. New York: IV. F. Sametz 6^ Co., 
1903. I p.l., 630, vi p., I 1. illus. 8°. 

History of New York Ship Yards. New 

York: Press of Wm, F. Sametz Ss' Co. [1909] 
I p.l., 165 (3) p. 8°. 

Chapter 2 (pages 16-50) covers " Early American New York 
Shipbuilders. The 'Clermont' and her builder;" pages 34, 
35 contain two cuts of the "Clermont." 

Murray (R.) Steam-ships. (In: Andrew 
Murray's Ship-building in iron and wood ... 2. ed. 
Edinburgh: 1863. 4°. pp. 1 13-149.) 

Napier (J. R.) Memoir of the late... David 
Elder. (2) I4p., i port., ill. Glasgow: W. Munro, 
print., 1891. 8°. 

National Board of Steam Navigation. Pro- 
ceedings of the 15th (1886); I7th-23d (1888-1894); 
27, 30-37 (1899, 1901-1908) annual meeting. New 
York, 1886-1908. 12° & 8°. 

Notable incidents in early ocean steam navi- 
gation. (Engineer, v. 89, pp. 270-273; 449-451; 
555. London, 1900.) 

Porter (P. B.) Mr. P. B. Porter's speech on 
internal improvements delivered in the House of 
Representatives, on the eighth of February, 1810 
S^Boston, 1721.] 18 p., I 1. blank, sm. 8°. 

Preble (G. H.) A chronological history and 
development of steam navigation. 1 543-1 882. 
Philadelphia, 1883. 8°. 

Progres (Les) de la navigation a vapeur. (Le 
genie civil, v. 36, pp. 201-203. Paris, 1900.) 

Purdy (Thomas C. ) Report on steam navigation 
in the United States. 66 p. (In: U. S. Census 
Office. 10. Census, 1880. 4°. v. 4, pp. 653-724.) 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Steamboats and Steam Navigation, cont'd. 

Radunz (Karl). loo Jahre Dampfschiffahrt 
1807-1907. Schilderungen und Skizzen aus der 
Entwicklungsgeschichte des Dampfschiffes. . . Mit 
. . . Abbildungen. .. Rostock i. M.: C. J. E. Volck- 
mann Nachfolger, 1907. viii, 300 p., 2 pi. 4°. 

Rainey (Thomas). Ocean steam navigation 
and the ocean post. New York, 1858. 8°. 

Redfield (William Charles). Correspondence 
with the United States board of navy commission- 
ers, relative to steam navigation applicable to gov- 
ernment purposes. (Journal of the Franklin Inst. 
1846.) n. t.-p. {^Philadelphia, 1846.] 8°. 

Ren'wick (James). Account of the steam boats 
navigating the Hudson River in the state of New 
York; in a letter to Capt. Edward Sabine, n. t.-p. 
[1828.] 8°. 

Rogers (Moses). [First steamboat to cross 
the Atlantic, and an account of her voyage; in the 
biography of Moses Rogers.] (National cyclo- 
pedia of American biography, vol. iv, p. 88.) 

Rontgen (Gerhard Mauritz). Verhandeling 
over de stoombooten. Uitgegeven door het Pro- 
vinciaal Utrechtsche Genootschap van Kunsten en 
Wetenschappen. Utrecht: J. Altheer,\Zl^. 3p.l., 
(i) 4-70 p. 4 plans. 8°. 

Ross {Sir J.) A treatise on navigation by 
steam... London, 1828. il. pi, 4°. 

[Same.] 2d edition. London, i^"})!- il- pl- 4°- 

Sargent (John O.) A lecture on the late im- 
provements in steam navigation and the arts of 
naval warfare, with a brief notice of Ericsson's 
caloric engine: delivered before the Boston Lyceum 
. . . New York: Wiley (Sr" Putnam, 1844. 64 p. 8°, 

Sch\^arz-Fleinining( ). Die Entwickel- 
ung der Dampfschiffahrt. (Verhandl. d. Vereins 
zur Beforderung d. Gewerbfleisses. pt. 2, Abhandl. 
V. 75, pp. 211-250; 322-338; v. 76, pp. 69-87; 
185-209; 245-264; 295-307; V. 77, pp. 195-241. 
Berlin, 1 896-1 898.) 

Seguin (C.) Memoire sur la navigation a 
vapeur. Paris, 1828. 4°. 

Sheppard (Warren). [Collection of 16 plates 
illustrating early types of steamboats. Pencil 
drawings made at New York in 1907. About 12" 
X 18".] 

These are the originals reproduced in the " Early History 
of Steam Navigation " in " The Rudder," 1907, volume 18. 

Stanton (Samuel Ward). American steam ves- 
sels. New York: Smith a^id Stanton, 1895. 
498 (2) p. 8°. 

Views of 244 steamboats built between the " Clermont " 
and 1894, with notes as to date, place, and name of builder, 
dimensions, history, etc. 

Statements and documents relative to the es- 
tablishment of steam navigation in the Pacific 
[edited by Wm, Wheelwright]. London, 1838. 
maps. 8°. 

Steam navigation on the Hudson. Origin 
and progress of steam as a motive power. (In: 
Munsell (J.) The Annals of Albany. Vol. 6. 
Albany, 1855. Pages 7-45. 12°.) 

Stuart (R.) Historical and descriptive anec- 
dotes of steam-engines, and of their inventors and 
improvers. . . London: Wightman ^ Cramp, 1829. 
2 V. 24°. 



Sullivan (John L.) Answer to the Letter and 
Mis-Statements of Hon. Cadwallader D. Colden as 
the Advocate of the Monopoly of Steam and Fire 
in Navigating the Rivers, Coasts and Lakes of 
N. Y. Troy, 1823. 2. ed. 8°. 

Talbot (Frederick A. A.) The fight for the 
Atlantic. The evolution of the leviathan. (Pall 
Mall Maga. v. 24, pp. 433-448. London, 1901.) 

Thames pioneer shipbuilders and marine engi- 
neers. (Engineer. London, i8c,g. f°. v. 87, 
pp. 81-84.) 

Thornton (W.), of Washington {D. C.) 
Short account of the origin of steam boats, written 
in 1810 and now committed to the press. Wash- 
ington City: Rapine S^ Elliot, 1814. 12 p. 16°. 

Tourasse ( ), a7id F. N. Mellet. Essai 

sur les bateaux a vapeur appliques a la navigation 
de I'Europe. Considerations. . .sur les chemins de 
fer. Paris, 1828-29. 4°- 

Ward (John). Chronologically arranged events 
in the evolution of the marine steam engine. Ap- 
pendix to presidential address, Oct. 1907. i table. 
(Inst. Engineers and Shipbuilders. Scotland. 
Transac. sess. 51 (1907-08). Glasgow, 1908. 8°. 
v. 51. PP- 24-50.) 

Ward (John D). An account of the steamboat 
controversy between citizens of New York and 
citizens of New Jersey, from 1811 to 1824, origi- 
nating in the asserted claim of New York to the 
exclusive jurisdiction over all the waters between 
the two states. Read before the New Jersey His- 
torical Society, May 15, 1862. (In: New Jersey 
Hist. Soc, Proceedings, vol. 9, 1864, pp. 117-134.) 

Watkins (J. Elfreth). The log of the Savan- 
nah. (In: U. S. National Museum. Report, 1890. 
pp. 611-639, I fac sim., 4 pi., 2 port. Washing- 
ton, 1891. 8°.) 

White {Sir William H.) The progress in 
steam navigation. (Cassier's Maga. v. 17, pp. 
48-64. New York, 1899.) 

(Smithsonian Inst. Annual rept. 1899, 

pp. 567-590. Washington, Igoi.) 

[The characteristic features of the progress 

made in steam navigation.] (Jour. Roy. United 
Service Inst. v. 44, pp. 18-40. London, 1900.) 

Progress in shipbuilding and marine engi- 
neering since 1859. i port. (Min. of Proc. Inst, 
of Civil Engineers, v. 155, pp. 11-169. London, 
1904.) 

Whittemore (H.) Advance sheets of Origin 
and progress of steam navigation in America, con- 
taining an historical sketch of the ship building 
operations of Isaac and William H. Webb, during 
a period of over half a century. Together with a 
description of Webb's academy and home for ship- 
builders. New York: The Original &' Progressive 
Pub. Co., 1890. xvii, 9 1., X port. 4°. 

Past and the present of steam navigation on 

Long Island Sound. . . \_New York, 1893] 8°. 

Wilson (John Henry). Facts connected with 
the origin and progress of steam communication 
between India and England. London, 1S50. 8°. 

Woodcroft (Bennet). Sketch of the origin 
and progress of steam navigation. London, 1848. 
pi. 8°. 



PRINTS. 



1. Henry Hudson and the Discovery of the Hudson River. 

2. The Hudson River from New York City to the Source. 

3. Robert Fulton and Early Steam Navigation. 



With the exception of a number of prints, mainly relating to steam navigation, loaned by Mr. Seymour Dunbar, which are 
indicated by an asterisk at the beginning of the title, the prints here listed are the property of the Library. The letttrs E M 
followed by a number, after a title, indicate that the print in question bears that number in the collection of extra-illustrated 
volumes formed by Dr. T. A. Emmet and now in possession of the Library. 

The notes following items marked with the asterisk are by ]\lr. Dunbar. 

Sizes are given in inches, height always first. 



Henry Hudson and the Discovery of 
THE Hudson River. 

1. [Henry Hudson, by Count Pulaski.] 8 9/16 x 
7 1/16. Photograph of the painting attributed 
to Count Pulaski in the City Hall, New York. 

All the engraved portraits of Hudson are based on this 
original. 

An article on this portrait in the Su7i (N. Y.) April i, 1906, 
recounts the attempts of Meredith Read and Gen. J. G. Wil- 
son to trace the source of the painting. Its authenticity has 
not been established, though B. J. Lossing once thought 
(" The Hudson," N. Y., 1S66, p. i) that " conjecture shrewdly 
guesses " that it was by Paul Van Someren! 

Gen. J. Meredith Read, in his article on Henry Hudson in 
"Appieton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography," vol. 3, 
N. Y., i8y2, says, p. 298: "There is no authentic portrait or 
autograph of Hudson ... It is possible, however, that his 
intimate friend, Jodocus Hondius, engraved Hudson's por- 
trait, and that it may yet be found." 

2. HENDRICK HUDSON. Left: S. W. [mon- 
ogram]; right: /. W. ORR N. V. Vign. 4X 
X3^- Wood engraving after Samuel Wallin. 
At head of printed biographical sketch, be- 
ginning: " Hendrick or Henry Hudson, as 
he is more usually known." Picture and text 
enclosed in a border of two lines. 

From " The Illustrated American Biography ... By 
A. D. Jones," vol. 2, N. Y., 1854, p. 23. 

3. Same, without border. 

From " The American Portrait Gallery,'" N. Y., 185S, 
p. 287. 

4. HENR V HUDSON. \ Designed and etched 
for Bancroft's History of the United States. On 
rock in foreground: Sep. i6og. 3^x6^. 
Vign. Line engraving. 

5. HENRY HUDSON. Centre: Evgi byE. G. 
• Williams (Sr- Bro N. Y. 4 15/16 x 3 13/16. 

Line engraving. 

In James Grant Wilson's " Memorial History of the City of 
New York," vol. i, New York, 1892, opp. p. 108. 

6. HUDSON RECEIVING HIS COMMIS- 
SION FROM THE DUTCH EAST INDIA 
COMPAN Y. I From the original painting by 
Chappelin the possession of the publishers. Cen- 
tre above title: Entered according to act of Con- 
gress A D iSfo by Johnson, Fry ^ Co in . . . 
New York; centre helow.fohnson, Fry &" Co.- 



Publishers, 
engraving. 



Neii) York. 5 3/16 x 7|4f. Line 



7. THE FLAG OF THE DUTCH EAST 
INDIA COMPANY. \ D. T. Valentine's 
Manual iS6j. Lithograph, colored. 

In "Valentine's Manual," 1863, opposite p. 834. 

"The flag under which [Hudson] sailed was that of the 
Dutch East India Company, which was the flag of the United 
Provinces of the Netherlands — orange, white, and blue, ar- 
ranged in three equal horizontal stripes; in the centre of the 
white stripe the letters A. O. C. — Algemeene Ost-Indise Covt- 
/«^«/t'— The General East India Co." — D. T. Valentine (who 
availed himself of information gathered by A. K. Gardner) 
in his " Manual " for 1863, p. 835. Some issues of the man- 
ual have this flag reproduced opposite p. S34, while in others 
the flag of the f)utch West India Company appears instead. 
The latter has the same colors, but the letters G. W. C. in- 
stead of A. O. C. 

The lettering is corrected by A. J. F. Van Laer, Archivist^ 
New York State Library, who writes in a letter of July 28, 
igoq, that the flag bore " presumably in the centre the mono- 
gram of the Dutch East India Company. VOC, meaning 
Vereenigde Ost Indische Compagnie, with an A above it, to 
indicate that the ship was sent out by the Amsterdam Cham- 
ber of that company." 

8. HENDR YK HUDSON ON THE DECK 
OF THE'' HALF MOON." \ From a paint- 
ing, copyright, igo^, by George Wharton Ed- 
wards. 5^x4^. Half-tone, 

In " The Lamp," June, 1904, p. 424. 

'Jhe painting is a panel decoration in the officer's mess hall 
at West Point. Reproductions in half-tone appeared also in 
the " International Studio," vol. 23, 1904, p. cccxl (6J^ x 5%, 
showing an ornamental frame lettered HENDRYK HUD- 
SON I tboq). " The Critic," vol. 45, Aug., 1904, p. 108, and 
the " N. Y. Tribune," April 10, 1904. 

9. Arrival of Hudson at Sandy Hook, i6og, p. j. In 
lower left corner: MUMFORD. 2>^ x 3 15/16. 
Wood engraving. 

In John F. Watson's " Annals and occurrences of New York 
City and State ..." Phila., 1846, oppos. p. 48. 

10. " Henry Hudson entering New York Bay." 
Half-tone reproduction of a painting by Edward 
Moran. 3 9/16 x6>^. 

From T. Sutro's "Thirteen Chapters of American his- 
tory," 1905. 

io><. DISCO VER Y OF THE HUDSON B Y 
HENDRICK HUDSON \ PAINTED B Y \ 
ALBERT BIERSTADT. 53/16x83/16. 
Photograph of painting and frame. 
The original painting is in the House of Representatives, 

Washington, in a panel near the South doors. 

11. THE HALF MOON. Vignette. 3r/i6x3>^. 
Wood engraving. 

The ship surrounded by Indian canoes; the Palisades to the 



33 



34 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Henry Hudson, cont'd. 

right. In "1m ew York City during the American Revolu- 
tion. . . . From manuscripts in the possession of the Mercan- 
tile Library Association," 1861. Extra-illustrated; frontis- 
piece. 

The scene has naturally been often illustrated: for in- 
stance in " Munsey's Magazine," July, 190Q, p. 465, and in a 
small wood-cut by Whitney & Jocelyn, on the cover of " New 
York Historical Society, Fifty-third anniversary ..." 1S57. 

The Henry Hudson memorial window, presented to the 
New York Historical Society by the Society of Holland 
Dames, also shows the " Half-Moon " surrounded by Indian 
canoes. A picture of it appears in N. Y. Herald, Feb. 21, 
iQoy. Another stained glass window, picturing the " Half 
Moon," is in the rooms of the Albany Chamber of Commerce, 
and is reproduced in "Albany, New York," a pamphlet pub- 
lished in igo-? by the Chamber. 

\Vm. Elliot Griffis, in his " Story of New Netherland," 
Boston and N. Y., igog, oppos. p. 78, reproduces the title- 
page of " Redres van de Abuysen ende Faulten in de Colonie 
van Rensselaers-wijck," Amsterdam, 1643, on which is pic- 
tured a ship " bearing dutch colonists." 

iiyi- " The " Half-Moon " on the Hudson — 1609 
From a painting by L. W. Seavey." 2>Vs x 5^. 
Photogravure. 

In Edgar M. Bacon's "The Hudson River," N. Y., 1902, 
frontisp 

Reproduced also, with the title THE ''HALF MOON" 
ON THE HUDSON; left, below: From the painting- by 
L. IV. Seavey in State Capitol, Albany, in " The Sloops of 
the Hudson," by W. E, Verplanck and M. W. CoUyer, N. Y., 
190S, frontisp. 

12. THE HALF MOON. \ Pictures from 
B UI TEN. — DECK VIE W LO OKING 
AFT. —L OKING FOR WA RD BE T WEEN 
DECKS SHOWING OLD CANNON. Three 
half-tones. Proofs. 

Pictures of the reproduction of the " Half-Moon," built 
for the Hudson-Fulton celebration of igog. Published in 
the "New York Herald," igog. Reproduced from " Buiten," 
a Dutch publication. Other pictures of this modern " Half- 
Moon," in various stages of construction, appeared in the 
" New York Times," ]\Iay 30, 1909, and July 11, igog, and 
the "New Yorker Staats-Zeitung," July 23, igog, and July 
24, igog, and the " N. Y. Herald," Aug. i, igog. 

12^. Hudson discovering the North River. 3 J^x6 J5^' 
Wood engraving. Caricature. 

13. LANDING OF HENDRICK HUDSON. \ 
From the original Picture by R. W. Weir in the 
possession of Gulian C. Verplanck, Esq. 5^ .>c 1%. 

Line engraving. 

a. As described, em. io37g. 

b. ^Vith oblique lines added in the sky, title as above, and 
rest of inscription changed to: left: Painted by; right: Rob^t 
IV. Wier [j/V.'] ; centre, below title: Entered according to 
act 0/ Congress AD., iSbt) by Johnson, Fry df Co. in . . . 
New y'oj-k. 

14. Landing of Hendrick Hudson.: centre above. 
Below : Sfptember 8th idog. Medallion, title in 
ornamental border, on certificate of membership 
of The St. Nicholas Society of the City of New 
York, issued to William F. Van Wagenen, Lith. 
6r= Pr. in Colors by T. Sinclair, Phil<] 2 )^ x I ^ . 
EM. 12264. 

15. INTERVIEW OF HENDRICK HUD- 
SON WITH THE INDIANS. Left: Capt. 
S. Eastman U. S. Army; right: Robert Hinshel- 
wood; centre, above title : PI. 2 ; centre be- 
low : PUBLISHED BY LIPPINCOTT, 
GRAMBO&'CO.PHILAD^^ 5 q/i6x8 5/16. 
Line engraving, em. 103S4. 

a. As described. 

From H. R. Schoolcraft's " History of the Indian tribes of 
the U. S.", Phila., 1857, oppos. p. 100. 

b. Without publication line. 



16. The Half Moon ascending the river. 3 9/16 
X 4^. Arched top. Wood engraving. 

In Mary L. Booth's " History of the City of New York," 
N. Y. i867.> p. 34. 

17. THE HALF MOON AT YONKERS. A 
wood engraving, arched top; width, 4^; at left, 
for a width of 2^. it continues downward in a 
bust portrait of HENR Y HUDSON: height at 
left 5^, centre 6, right 3. Wood engraving. 

In " Harper's Magazine," Sept. 1854, p. 433. 

" Henry Hudson founding Nova Belgia." 
See no. 420. 

18. Hudson, on his return to Holland received 
ivith great welcome by the Merchants and 
Burgomasters of Amsterdam. Left: Lith. G, 
Hayivard 120 IVater St.; right: for D. T. 
Valentine's Manual for 1851. 3^x5 15/16. 
Lithograph, one tint. 

19. HUDSON'S LAST VOYAGE. Painting by 
the Hon. John Collier, in the National Gal- 
lery, London (Tate Gallery). CARBON 
PRINT FROM THE ORIGINAL BY FRANZ 
HANFSTAENGL, MUNICH. 13^x11%. 

Frequently reproduced; e.g., in E. M. Bacon's "Henry 
Hudson," N. Y., igo7, in ''Harper's Weekly," Jan. 14, 1882, 
p. zg (wood engraving by C. Roberts), and in "L' Art, "76 
annee, tome 3, Paris, 1881, p. 203 (from a drawing by Charles 
E. Wilson). 

The Hudson River. 

This list is one of prints illustrating the Hud- 
son River from New York City to the Source. 
In order to fix some limit, only such have been 
included as actually show the river. (That ex- 
cludes a picture of the Dutch church at Tarry- 
town, for instance, or the historic house at Tap- 
pan, and includes pictures of the Philipse manor 
at Yonkers, in which the river appears.) 

As the purpose was to illustrate the river at 
every possible point along its banks, and at every 
possible time, not only the more important prints 
have been included, but also inferior wood-cuts 
and modern half-tones, whenever they served 
that purpose, and particularly whenever no bet- 
ter material was known or available. A par- 
ticularly interesting publication, on account of 
its comprehensiveness, is the "Panorama of the 
Hudson," showing both sides of the river from 
New York to Albany as seen from the deck of 
the Hudson River Day Line Steamers repre- 
sented from eight hundred consecutive photo- 
graphs (copyrights 1906, by Wallace Bruce, 
N. Y.). 

19^- WADE & CROOME'S I PANORAMA | 
of the I HUDSON RIVER \ FROM \ NEW 
YORK TO ALBANY. \ Drawn from Nature 
and Engraved by \ WILLIAM WADE. \ NEW 
YORK: I PUBLISHED BY J. DISTURNELL. 
I 102 Broadway between Pine & Wall Streets \ 
1846. I Copper Plates Printed by Burton. \ 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the 
year 1845, by William Wade in . . . New 
York. I $2.00 Colored) — Drawn to a scale of 
One Mile to the Inch — {$1.50 Plain) Engraved 
title-page and plan enclosed in a ruled border. 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



35 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

Size, including border, width 5^, length about 
133. Folded in covers. Uncolored copy. 

Near the Palisades, the " Hendrik Hudson " is steaming up 
the River. 

20. Same, title re-engraved, with ALBANY 

changed to JVATERFORD and a view of 
Cohoes Falls added beneath title. About 12 
inches added to length. Colored copy. 

The Bay, Harbor and Narrows. 

See also views of the Battery and Castle Garden, e.^. no. 
249. 

20^. [New York Harbor, 1776. The lower bay 
by moonlight; ships riding at anchor.] "An 
original sketch by an English officer on board 
of one of Adm' Howe's Fleet, while at anchor 
in the lower bay, previous to landing on Long 
Island at Graves-End." 9 x i4/4- Water- 
color drawing. EM. 2583. 

The inscription is in the handwriting of Dr. Emraet. From 
Lord Rawdon's collection. 

21. [A view of New York Harbor, 1776.] "An 
original sketch by an English officer on board 
of one of Adm' Howe's Fleet, while at anchor 
in New York Harbor, just after the battle of 
Long Island." 8)4 x 145^. Water-color draw- 
ing. EM. 2584. 

The inscription is in the handwriting of Dr. Emmet. From 
Lord Rawdon's collection. On the back is written in a con- 
temporary hand: " When the Ships of War was going through 
the Narrows in New York Harbour." 

22. DE NYSE'S FERRY, | the first place at 
iv/iich the Hessians and British landed on Long 
Island A II g. 22nd, 1776. NO IV FOR T HAMH- 
TON. Left: Lith. of A. Brown 9 & II 
Thames St., N. Y.; right: for Henry McClos- 
ley's Manual of 1867. 411/16x615/16. 
Lithograph in tints, em. 8149. 

23. "Fort Lafaj^ette (New York Harbor) i8i;o." 
S. Hollyer. ^Copyright 1908. sJ^xsJ^. Etch- 
ing. 

Hollyer's " Views of old New York." 

24. The NARROWS, {between Red and Yel- 
low Hook, on Long Island, & the East Bluff 
of Staten Island,) hearing S. b. W. 3 s/i6 x 
18H in. Aquatint, colored. 

In " Atlantic Neptune," vol. 4, London, 1781, folio 25, no. 5. 

Same, uncolored, em. 10668. 

25. THE NARROWS, \ From the Pavilion, near 
the Quarantine Ground, Staten Island. Left: 
Drawn by E. W. Clay; over left upper border: 
PLATE I; right: Engraved by R. Hinshel- 
wood; right below: Printed by A. King. 
4 13/16 X 754- Line engraving. 

a. With scratched lettering. Centre: T/z^ 
Narrows; left: Drawn by E. W. Clay; right: 
Engraved by R. Hinshelwood; right, below: 
Printed by A. King. India paper. 

In S. L. Knapp's " The picturesque beauties of the Hudson 
River and its vicinity," Proofs, N. Y., 1835, oppos. p. 11. 

b. As described. 

26. THE NARROWS FROM STATEN IS- 
LAND. Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: E. Fin- 
den; centre below: London. Published for the 






Proprietors by Geo. Virtue 26 Ivy Lane iB^J. 
4 11/16x7. Line engraving. 

From Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol. i, London, 1840, 
oppos. p. 34. 

Same, em. 11354. 

27. THE NARROWS FROM STATEN IS- 
LAND. Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: En- 
graved by J. White; centre, below: Engraved 
for the Columbian Magazine; right, below: 
W. L. Ormsby Printer. 

In " Columbian Magazine," June, 1847, oppos. p. 280. 

Same design as preceding, with changes of figures in fore- 
ground, and in foliage at left in foreground; also with steam- 
ships and sailing vessels added. 

28. THE NARROWS. \ {From Fort Hamilton.) 
Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: R. Wallis; centre, 
below: London. Published for the Proprietors, 
by Geo. Virtue, 26 Ivy Lane, 1838. 4 13/16 x 
71/8. Line engraving. 

In \V. H. Bartiett's "' American Scenery . . ." vol. i. 
London, 1840, oppos. p. 130. 

29. THE NARROWS. \ {From Fort Hamilton.) 
Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: Dick; centre, be- 
low: Engraved for the Ladies Companion. 
Same design as preceding. In " The Ladies' Companion," 

vol. 12, New York, 1840, frontispiece. 

Same, without names of artist and en- 
graver, and with inscription in centre, below, 
changed to: Engraved expressly for the Rover. 

30. THE NARROWS. \ {From Fort Hamilton.) 
Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: M. Osborne; 
centre, below: Engraved for the Ladies 
Wreath. 4>^x7;^. Line engraving. 

Same design as no. 28, with minor figures removed and 
added work on water at left. 

31. Fort Hamilton and the Narrows. Left: W. H. 
Bartlett; right: £. O. Freeman. 413/16x7. 
Line engraving. [185-?] 

Same design as no. 28, steamer substituted for sailing vessel 
in front of Fort Lafayette, and three soldiers in foreground 
at right. 

32. VIEW OF THE NARROWS | FROM 
STATEN ISLAND. Left: From Nature & 
on Stone; right: by Chas. Gildemeister; centre: 
Entered according to act of Congress in the 
year 1851 by Emil Seitz, in the Clerk's Office 
of the District Court of the South. Dist. of 
N. Y. Border of one line. 7^x10 5/16; to 
border, 8 ii/i6xn^. Lithograph, colored. 
em. 11937. 

33. Bay and Harbour of New York from Staten 
Island. Left: Drawn by E. W. Clay; right: 
Engraved by J. A. Ralph; centre, below: Pub- 
lished for the New York Mirror. 4 9/16 x 
7%. Line engraving. 183- ? 

a. With scratched lettering. Centre: New 
York from Staten Island; left: E. W. Clay 
Delt.; right: J. A. Rolph Set. India paper. 

In S. L. Knapp's "The picturesque beauties of the Hudson 
River," Proofs, N. Y., 1835, oppos. p. 17. 

b. As described. 
Same. EM. 11906. 

34. STAATEN-ISLAND \ bei New York. Right: V 
Ahrens sc; left below: Aus d. Kunstanst. d. 
Bibl. Inst, in Hildbh; right, below: Eigenthum 



36 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd, 
d. Verleger; right, above: DCCV. Border of 
one dotted line. 4 3/16x6 3/16; to border, 

4^x 6y&. 

a. As described. 

In "Meyer's Universum . . . Amerikanische Ausgabe," 
4 Band, N. Y., 1852, oppos. p. 38. 

b. With inscription changed to: 

STAATEN-ISLAND 
Left: DRAWN AFTER NATURE; right: 
For the Proprietor HERMANN J. MEYER; 
left, below: Published for HERMANN J. 
MEYER, 164 William Str., NEW YORK; 
right, below: Copyright secured according to 
ACT of CONGRESS. 

In " The United States Illustrated," vol. i, parts 8 and 9, 
New York [185-?], oppos. p. 151. 

35- NEW YORK-BAY \ VON STATEN-IS- 
LAND A US GESEHEN. | Left: W. HEINE, 
NEW YORK, 1850, DEL.; right: JOHN 
POPPEL SCULPIST; centre, below: In Mey- 
er's Monatsheften {Published for HERMANN 
J. MEYER, NEW YORK). With border of 
one dotted line. 4 5/16x6 7/16; to border 
line, 4 7/16x6^. Line engraving. 

a. As described. 

b. With inscription: 

NEW-YORK-BAY | FROM STATEN-ISLAND, 
NEAR THE LIGHTHOUSE... Left: W. 
HEINE, NEW YORK, 1S50, DEL.; right: 
JOHN POPPEL SCULPIST. em. 12050. 

36. VIEW OF THE MARINE HOSPITAL 
AND QUARANTINE GROUNDS, STATEN 
ISLAND, NEW YORK. Left: Lith. from 
Nature by G. Wenige, S33 Broadway, N. Y.; 
right: Printed by Broicn & Quinlan, lyg 
Broadivay, N. Y. iiYs, si zSY^. Lithograph, 
in tints, em. 11819. 

37. CITY OF NEW-YORK, BROOKLYN, 
JERSEY CITY & OUARANTINE STA- 
TION ON STATEN ISLAND. Above, key 
to view. 2 15/16x10%. Line engraving in 
color. EM. 12270. 

38. NEW-YORK OUARANTINE, STATEN 
ISLAND. Right: S. Stiles & Co., N. Y. 
35^x5 15/16. Line engraving. About 1840. 
EM. 12246 and 12271. 

39. NEW-YORK BAY AND THE NARROWS. 
Left: Drazun from Nature by Aug. Kollner; 
right: Lith. by Deroy. — Printed by Cattier; 
centre, above title: New-York & Paris pub- 
lished by Goupil, Vibert & Co. | J7; centre, 
below: Entered according to act of Congress, 
in the year 1850, by Aug. Kollner, in the clerk's 
office of the District Court for the Southern 
District of New-York. Border of two lines. 
7 7/16x11^; to border, 8 1/16x11 11/16. 
Lithograph, one tint. EM. 11909. 

40. VIEW OF THE NEW YORK QUARAN- 
TINE, STATEN ISLAND. Left: Lith. G. 
Hay ward 120 Water St., N. Y.; right: For 
D. T. Valentine's Manual 1851. 7 9/16 x 
10 15/16. Lithograph, in color, em. 11393. 



41. VIEW OF THE OUARANTINE GROUNDS 
AND BUILDINGS, STATEN ISLAND, 
MAY, 1858. Left: Lith. by Geo. Hayward, 
J 20 Water St., N. Y.; right: for D. T. Valen- 
tine's Manual for 185Q. 5^4 x 17. Lithograph. 
EM. 6947. 

In "Frank Leslie's" for Sep. ii, 1858, p. 238, there appearsa 
picture of " The Quarantine buildings as they appeared be- 
fore their destruction by the residents of Staten Island, Sep. i, 
1858." The ferry boat " H. B." is shown in the foreground. 

41 H. NEW BRIGHTON | STATEN ISLAND. 
i P. A. Mesier's Lith. 28 Wall St., New-York. 
Vign. 75^ X 185^^. 

In "Description of New Brighton," (N. Y., April 15, 
1836). On p. iS the statement is made that the "two swift 
and beautiful steamboats, the New Brighton and the \\'ater 
Witch," will make the trip to New York " in twenty minutes "! 

42. Glimpse of New York, from the Narrows. 
[Showing the old Fort Tompkins Light-house, 
Staten Island.] 2 15/16x954' Wood engrav- 
ing. 

From " Picturesque America," N. Y., vol. 2, 1874, p. 547. 

43. VIEW OF NEW YORK BAY FROM 
PAVILION HILL, LOOKING OVER ST. 
GEORGE AND TOMPKINSVILLE, STATEN 
ISLAND {RICHMOND BOROUGH). 67/16 
X2I 9/16. Half-tone from photograph. 

In "The New Metropolis, 1600-1906 . . .edited by E. I. 
Zeisloft " (N. Y., copyright 1899). 

44. Castle Williams from the Battery. [182-?] 
Aquatint by C. F. W. Mielatz, 1905, from a 
"nine-inch plate by Stubbs," Staffordshire pot- 
tery. 5 7/16 X 6 13/16. 

Published by the Society of Iconophiles, Series vii, no. 5, 
1905. R. H, Lawrence, in his Catalogue (igo8) of the Society's 
Publications, says: "Castle Williams ... was designed in 
1807 by Col. Jonathan Williams, and completed just before 
the War of 18:2. ... In the foreground appears a portion 
of the lower end of the city with its shores in their natural 
beauty." 

45. WHITE-HALL, VICTORIOUS MAY 20th, 
1825. Left: Cummings, Fecit; right: Eng. by 
S. Maverick & J. F. Morin; on a rock in fore- 
ground: //0//^^/?Z). 3^x4%. Line engrav- 
ing. 

In the distance is seen Castle William. In C. D. Colden's 
" Memoir . . . presented ... at the celebration of the com- 
pletion of the New York canals," N. Y., 1825, oppos. p. 236. 

46. CASTLE WILLIAM, NEW YORK HAR- 
BOR. Centre, within border: Gunn del; 
right, within border: WORCESTER CO. Vig- 
nette 35^x95-^. Wood engraving. 1851. 

From an illustrated journal. 

47. "Castle William." Etching by Henry Far- 
rer. 7^ x 11^. 

48. VIEW FROM BATTLE HILL. \ (Gowanus 
Heights, near New York.) [Looking across 
Gowanus and New York Bays, Governor's 
Island and the City in the distance.] Centre, 
above title : Drawn & Engraved by James 
Smillie. 4^x7 1/16. Line engraving. 

a. As described, em. 9188 and 10922. 

b. ( Gowanus Heights near New York) re- 
placed by {Greenwood Cemetery). Right, 
below: Printed by Rice & Buttre, N. Y. 

49. NEW YORK BAY. Left: J. P. Houston, 
R.S.A.; right: J. T. Smyth. ^ysxeVz. 
[1840-?] Line engraving. 

Trimmed close to engraved portion. 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



7 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

50. "N. Y. Bay, off Staten Island. By W. J. 
Bennett, 1839:" in pencil on back. 14?^ x 
i^yi- Aquatint. EM. 11839. 

51. NEJF YORK BAY. \ {From the Telegraph 
Station.) Left: JV. H. Bartlett; right: R. JVal- 
lis; centre, below: London. Published for the 
Proprietors by Geo. Virtue, 26 Ivy Lane, 1838. 
4^ X "jYs. Line engraving. 

a. As described. 

In Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol. i, New York, 1840, 
oppos. p. sg. 

b. Without publication line. em. 121 14. 

12. NEW YORK BAY. Left: W. H.- Bartlett; 

right: M. Osborne. 4^x71/16. Line engrav- 
ing. 

Same design as preceding, with minor changes in figures at 
left beyond and added work on landscape. 

53. NEfF YORK HARBOR. \ As seen from the 
Heights of Staten Island. Neiv York City ap- 
pears in the centre; East River, Governors 
Island and City of Brooklyn on the right; \ 
Hudson River, Bedloes Island and Jersey City 
on the left. Numerous craft are floating on 
the ivater, among ix>hich in the near distance, 
is an I Ocean Steamer and at anchor a Man 
of War. Left: Jas. Hamilton del.; right: 
Dougal sc. 2,~Ayi7V&- Line engraving. [184-?] 

54. riena of the Bay of New York from the Bat- 
tery. Centre, below: Designed & Engraved 
expressly for the Neiv Mirror by IF. J. Ben- 
nett. 4 13/16x7 7/16. Aquatint. 

From the " New Mirror," vol. 2, New York, 1844, oppos. 
P- 273- 

55. BAY OF NEJF YORK \ {From the Nar- 
roivs.)'Ltit: Beckiviih; right: Beckivith; right 
belovi': Printed by JF. Pate; centre below: 
NEJF YORK G. P. PUTNAM & CO. Vig- 
nette. d-Vs X 654- Line engraving. 

From Irving's " Life of George Washington," vol. 3, New 
York, 1858, oppos. p. 84. 

Same. EM. 11907 (India paper) and 

EM. 11364. 

56. Fieiv from Trinity-Church Steeple. 4 3/16 x 
9 7/16. Wood engraving. 

From " Picturesque America," vul. 2, N. Y., 1S74, p. 552. 

57. "LIBERTY ENLIGHTENING THE 
JFORLD"—BARTHOLDrS COLOSSAL 
STATUE ON BEDLOJF'S ISLAND, NEJF 
YORK HARBOR.— DRAJFN BY HARRY 
FENN. Left: SUPPLEMENT TO HARP- 
ER'S JFEEKLY, OCTOBER 30, 1886; right: 
COPYRIGHT, 1886, BY HARPER & BROTH- 
ERS; above: [names of places shown.] 13?^ x 
40 15/16. Wood engraving after Harry Fenn. 

58. THE CENTENNIAL NAVAL PARADE IN 
THE UPPER BAY— THE U. S. S. "DE- 
SPATCH" AND HER CONVOY PASSING 
GOVERNOR'S ISLAND, AS SEEN FROM 
THE JFASHINGTON BUILDIN G.— 
DRAJFN BY CHARLES GRAHAM. Wood 
engraving. Supplement to Harper's Weekly, 
May II. 1889. 

In the foreground is the Battery, with Castle Garden seen 
from above. 



General Views of Manhattan Island: Fanciful 

views of 1 6th and 17th centuries. 
59- MANHATTAN ISLAND IN THE SIX- 
TEENTH CENTURY. Wood engraving. 

In J. G. Wilson's " Memorial History of New York," vol i 
N. Y., 1892, p. 33. . • . 

60. MANHATTAN ISLAND BEFORE THE 
DUTCH. Right, within border: JF. T. IVil- 
son. Centre.below: Reproduced by permis- 
sion from Todd's "The Story of the City of 
Nezv York": \ G. P. Putnam's Sons. | THE 
CITY HISTORY CLUB OF NEJF YORK. 
3/^x5H- Process plate. 

61. [Manhattan Island from the Long Island 
shore, showing the lower end of the island 
thickly wooded, a small sailing vessel in the 
river, and eight canoes; two Indians in the 
foreground on the Long Island shore.] 4 5/16 x 
7 1/16. Wood engraving after J. D. JV[ood- 
ivard.'] 

A similar fanciful view of "The Island of Mana-hat-ta in 
the year 1600," by Anthony, appears in "The New Metropo- 
lis. 1600-igoo . . . , edited by E. I. Zeisloft," (N. Y., copy- 
right 1899). ^' 

62. September 13th, l6og. [View of the lower 
end of Manhattan Island; a sailing vessel is 
anchored at the left, and four wigwams are 
seen on the east shore of the Island.] Border 
of two lines. 3 15/16x6 ii/ia; to border, 
\y% X 6%. Lithograph, one tint. 

In Hoffman's " A treatise upon the estate and rights of the 
Corporation of the City of New York... N. Y., 1853, frontis- 
piece. 

63. Purchase of Manhattan Island by Peter 
Minuit 1626. Left, over upper border: Copy- 
right 1902 by Title Guarantee & Trust Co., 
N. Y.; right, within lower border: Alfred 
Fredericks; right: Gubelman Gravure Jersey 
City; centre: From the Painting by Alfred 
Fredericks for the Title Guarantee & Trust 
Company. 5J/8 x 8. Photogravure. 

" New Amsterdam, 1643," from a drawing by E. L. Henry, 
appears in "The Story of the Fort," issued by the Title 
Guarantee and Trust Co., igoo. 

General views of New York City: 17th Century. 

These views are grouped according to the approximate 
dates at which they represent the city. Date of publication 
is often much later, as in the case of the Hartgers view 
(no. 64). 

Hartgers, about 1630. 

64. t'Fort nieuw Amsterdam op de Manhatans: 
title at left above within border. 3 3/16 x 
4%. About 1633. Line engraving. 

In " Beschrijvinghe van Virginia, Nieuw Nederlandt, 
Nieuw Enijelandt, en d'Eylanden Hermudes, Berbados, en 
S. Christoffel." published by Joost Hartgers. Amsterdam, 1651, 
p. 21. This is the earliest known engraved view of New 'S'ork. 
A worn impression of the plate appears in the first edition of 
Adriaen vander Donck's " Beschryvinge van Nieuw-Neder- 
landt," Amsterdam, 1655, p. 9. J. H. Innes ("New Amster- 
dam and Its People," N. Y., 1902, note 2, p. 2), says: "A 
slight examination of this view by any person acquainted with 
the early topography of New Amsterdam will show that it is 
a reversed one, and as such must, in all probabiUty, have been 
taken by means of a plain camera obscura, — no doubt from 
some point on the Long Island shore,— and never restored to its 
true position. The correct view appears by simply holding 
a mirror to the reversed one." Opposite p. 2 in the work just 
quoted from the Hartgers view appears reversed and en- 
larged. 

The three following, nos. 65-67. are based on this view: 

65. NIEUJV NEDERLANDT: centre, above; 
centre: This view of Fort Amsterdam on the 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

Manhattan is copied from an ancient Engrav- 
ing executed | in Holland. The Fort ivas 
erected in 1623 but finished upon the above 
model by Governor Van \ Tnviller in 1635. 
2^x4 15/16. Line Engraving. About 1850. 
Same design as preceding. 

66. NIEUJV NEDERLANDT: centre, above. 
Left: Lith. by H. R. Robinson; right: for 
D. T. Valentine's Manuel; centre: This vie<w 
of Fort Amsterdam on the Manhattan is copied 
from an ancient Engraving executed \ in Hol- 
land. The Fort voas erected in 1623 but finished 
upon the above model by Governor Van \ Tivil- 
ler in 1635. 2 13/16x6^. Lithograph, one 
tint. 

Same design as no. 64, with minor changes. 

67. A view of Fort Amsterdam in 1635, being \ 
26 Years after the discovery of Henry Hud- 
son. zYa X 3. Line engraving. About 1850. 

Same design as no. 64. 

A copy of the Hartgers view, in line engraving by E. D. 
French, was published in " Views of early New York, pre- 
pared for the New York Chapter of the Colonial order of the 
Acorn," N. Y., 1904, oppos. p. 11. 

Block, about 1650. 

68. NOVUM AMSTERODAMUM: title at cen- 
tre above within upper border on banderole. 
2^x73^; with frame, 3?^^X9 i/i6. Photo- 
graph from painting by Block, from the origi- 
nal in the possession of the New York His- 
torical Society. 

69. Half-tone reproduction of preceding;. 

1^x4^. 

70. "New Amsterdam about 1650." Novum 
Amsterodamum on banderole within upper 
border line. Below: ENGRAVED FOR THE 
SOCIETY OF ICONOPHILES OF NEJV 
YORK, igo6. Underneath, engraving of up- 
per part of carved wood frame surrounding 
the painting, with Int Schip Lydia door Lau- 
rens Hermanz Block A. 1650 on a banderole. 
Below: Engraved by Sidney L. Smith. 213/16 

Publication of the Society of Iconophiles, Series ix, no. 6. 
A copy of no. 68. 

71. A VIEW OF NEW AMSTERDAM IN 
1656. I THE CHURCH BUILT IN THE 
FORT. [NOW THE BATTERY,'] IN 1642. 
Right: HOWLAND, SC. 31^x6^. Wood 
engraving. EM. 12681. 

Partly based on the Block view (no. 68). 

ViSSCHER, ABOUT 1652. 

72. NIEUWAMSTERDAM \ op t Eylant Man- 
hattans: centre above, within border. Below: 
A — K, key to structure shown in print. 
2 7/16x12 3/16. Line engraving. On map: 
NOV I BELGII I NOV^OUE ANGLIC 
NECNON i PARTIS \ VIRGInIJE-TABULA 

I multis in locis emendata a \ Nicolao Joannis 

Visschero. Published about 1652. 

The church which, as J. H. Innes says {" New Amsterdam 
and Its People,' N. Y., 1902, note 2, p. 2), was erected in 
1633, appears in this print. 

Same. em. 10518. 

Same, colored. 



73. NIEUW AMSTERDAM \ op t'Eylant Man- 
hattans: centre above within border. Sur- 
rounded by ornamental border. 2^x12. 
Line engraving. 

At foot of rnap of " Novi Belgii | Novaeque Anglise nee 
non partis Virginise tabula multis in locis emendata par Nico- 
laum Visscher." A reissue by N. Visscher, the son, of N. J. 
Visscher's map of Novum Belgium (names of Philadelphia 
and other towns added) in " I'he English Atlas," volume 3. . . 
By Will Nicolson... O.xford, 1683. 

74. NIEUW AMSTERDAM | op t'Eylant Man- 
hattans: centre above. Left, within border: 
E. Nieuivenhff. iy2X7% Line engraving. 
At toot of map of " Nova Belgica sive Nieuw-Nederlandt " 

in Adriaen vander Donck's " Beschryvinge van Nievw-Ned- 
erlandt," 2nd edition, Amsterdam, 1656. According to J. H. 
Innes, copied from N. J. Visscher's map of 1655. See his 
" New Amsterdam and Its People," p. 49, note 2. 

Danckers, les-i* 

7<. NEW AMSTERDAM {NOW NEW 
YORK). I As it appeared about the year 1640, 
while under the Dutch Government. Left: 
Copied from an ancient Etching of the same 
size, Published by Justus Danckers, at Am- 
sterdam. 3 3/16x11%. Line engraving, em. 
10453. 

From " A history of New York ... by Diedrich Knick- 
erbocker,'" vol' I, New York, 1809. frontispiece. Dancker's 
view was a copy of the Visscher view of New York. A worn 
impression of the same plate appears in vol. 2 of the 2d edition 
of the Knickerbocker history, N. Y., 1812, frontispiece. 

J. H. Innes (" New Amsterdam and Its People," New York, 
igo2, p. 347) says: " The date given to the print is ' about the 
year 1640,' but as a matter of fact it represents a period about 
ten years later than that date. . . Several of the topographical 
features of the town are brought out with much greater dis- 
tinctness upon this Dancker's view than on the ' Vanderdonck 
View ' [which is a copy of the Visscher view]." Mr. Innes 
concludes that although this view corresponds quite closely in 
general appearance with the Vanderdonck View, a minute ex- 
amination shows many points of dissimilarity. 

76. NIEUW-AMSTERDAM 1659: title at cen- 
tre above. Centre: Lith by G. Hayvoard I 
Piatt St. for D. T. Valentine, em. 10476. 

Same design as preceding, with minor changes. 

MONTANUS, ABOUT 1670. 

77. NOVUM AMSTERODAMUM on bande- 
role above, within upper border. 4 15/16 x 
6y&. Line engraving. 

In " De Nieuwe en Onbekende Weereld of Beschryving 
van America . . . Door Arnoldus Montanus," Amsterdam, 
1671. The same plate, — a worn impression, appears in John 



Ogilby's " America," London, 1670-1671, p. 171, and in " Die 
" " ■ ' Durch Dr. O. D[ ' "" ' 

sterdam, 1673. 



Unbekante Neue Weldt 



>[apper]," Am- 



Same. EM. i68i and 10414. 



78. VIEW OF THE CITY OF NEW AM- 
STERDAM {NOW NEW YORK). Left: 
Copied {in Fac Simile) from the Plate in 
Montanus Nieuvue en Onbekende Weereld 
{in State Library); right: Engraved and 
Printed by J. E. Gavit; above, within upper 
border, NOVUM AMSTERODAMUM, on 
banderole. 

79. NEW YORK, 1671, FROM THE ORIGI- 
NAL IN THE POSSESSION OF THE PUB- 
LISHER. Above, within upper border: A'O- 
VUM AMSTERODAMUM, on a banderole. 
4 13/16x6^. Etching. 

A modern copy of the Montanus view [published by J. F. 
Sabin?] 

A wood-engraving by Howland, " New Amsterdam (New 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



39 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

Vork) in 1656," illustrates the confusion arising from the 
placing of different dates on modern copies of the same origi- 
nal. 

A copy of the Montanus view, line engraving by E. D. 
French, was published in "Views of eariy New York, pre- 
pared for the New Vork Chapter of the Colonial Order of the 
Acorn," N. Y., iqo4, oppos. p. 27. 

Hugo Allard, 1673. 

80. Nieuw- Amsterdam onlangs Nieww jorck gen 
dint, I ende hernomen by de Nederlanders op 
den 24 Aug: i6yj. \ eindelijk aan de Engelse 
iveder afgestaan: title at centre, above, within 
ornamental border; latter surmounted by 
ornamental device at left of which, on shield: 
Typis CAROLl ALLARD Amstelodami cum 
Privil. Upper corners cut. i^ x 10. Photo- 
graph of line engraving. Reproduction of the 
entire map. 7^^x11 n/i6. 

81. Nieiiic- Amsterdam onlangs Nieuiv jorck 
genaemt, \ ende hernomen bij de Nederland- 
ers op den 24 Aug: idys- I eindelijk aan de 
Engelfe iveder afgestaan: centre above, within 
border. Below: A — T, key to structures 
shown. 2^x15^ in. [About 1673.] Line 
engraving. On map: TOTIUS NEOBELGII 
NOVA ET ACCURATISSIMA TABULA. 
A pud I Reinier & Josua \ OTTENS \ Am- 
stelodami. [About 1740.] 

A copy of the view on Huj^'o Allard's second map, 1673, 
usually called the fourth view of New Netherlands. 

82. NEJV-YORK, I in 1673. Left: {Jos. W. 
Moulton, del.) ; right: {Roht. M. Cavj, sc.) 
Below, a printed description, headed: Con- 
quered and named Neiu Orange. \ [^Explained 
1843.'] 2^ X 14^. Line engraving. 

A copy of the preceding. 

83. NEW YORK IN 1673. Centre above, within 
border: NEU JORCK SIVE NEU AMSTER- 
DAM. Principal buildings and points of in- 
terest lettered and described in Latin below. 
Border of one line. 1^x73^; to border, 
1^x7%. Line engraving by E. D. French. 

In " Views of New York, prepared for the New York Chap- 
ter of the Colonial Order of the Acorn," N. Y., 1Q04, oppos. 
p 51. A copy of the view at the foot of Matthew Seutter's 
map of the Dutch possessions in America. The view on 
Seutter's map was a copy of that on Hugo Allard's second 
map, which is believed to be the fourth of the first five en- 
graved views of New York. 

84. NIEU AMSTERDAM \ AL NEW YORK: 
centre above in ornamental work within up- 
per border. Left, within lower border: Caro- 
lus Allard ex. cum Priv. ord. Holl. et Westfr.; 
in upper right corner: 78. Enclosed in orna- 
mental border. 8^x10 11/16. Line engrav- 
ing, colored 

No. 73 m " Orbis habitabilis oppida et vestitus, | centenario 
numero coraplexa. summo studio collecta, | atque in lucem 
edita a Carolo Allard. Tot Amsterdam." [About i6go.] 

Allard — Schenck, 167 — ? 

85. NIEU AMSTERDAM, een Stedeken in 
Noord Amerikaes \ Nieu Hollant, op het eil- 
ant Manhattan: naemals Nieu Jork genaemt, \ 
to en het geraekte in 't gebiet der Engelschen. 
[And same in Latin.] Left: Pet: Schenk; 
right: Amsteld. C. P. Enclosed in frame, ex- 



cept below greater part of lower border. 
7 7/16x9 13/16; with frame, 7 15/16x10^. 
Line engraving. [About 1700.] 



In "Petri Schenkii Hecatompolis . . 
design, with minor changes, as preceding. 



" (1702). Same 



86. Same, with 92 added in lower right corner. 

In Jan Roman's " Afbeeldinge," Amsterdam, 1752. 

87. NIEU AMSTERDAM een stedeken in Noord 
Amerikaes Nieu Hollant, op het \ eilant Man- 
hattan: namaels Nieu jork genaemt, to en het 
geraekte in 'tgebiet der \ Engelschen 1667. 
[Same in English.] Left: Copied for D. T. 
Valentine's Manual for 1851; right: by G. 
Hayward 120 Water St. dYz x 9%. Litho- 
graph, one tint. 

Copied, with minor changes, from the view in Peter Schenk's 
" Hecatompolis " or Jan Roman's "Afbeeldinge." Any ap- 
parent contradiction indicated by the date 1667 may be disre- 
garded. 

Same. em. 10489. 

88. The City of Neiu Orange, 1673, as then 
sketched: centre, above. 3 3/16 x 63^. Litho- 
graph. 

A free copy of No. 84, with ship in foreground at right re- 
moved and changes in houses, waterfront, etc. 

89. NIEU AMSTERDAM al NEW YORK: on 
banderole at centre above within border. In 
upper right corner: 7q; left, within border: 
Carolus Allard excudit cum Pri'vilegio ordi- 
num Hollandlr et Westfrisite; right, within 
border: A major, fet. Enclosed in border. 
7 15/16x10 1/16; with border, 8^^x10 11/16. 
Line engraving, colored. 

No. 79 in "Orbis habitabilis oppida et vestitus, 
in lucera edita a Carolo Allard." Amsterdam. [About 1690] . 

Same, not colored. EM. 10362. 

Bankers & Sluvter, 1679-86. 

90. VIEW OF THE ENTRANCE OF NEW 
YORK HARBOR FROM NAJAK. \ {Fort 
Hamilton.) Right: Facsim. by G. Hayward 
& Co.,; right, over upper border: PI. II. 
Places of interest are lettered and described 
in Dutch in inscription above. 7^^x12 11/16. 
Lithograph facsimile of drawing in ink. 

This and the nine following items [Nos. 91-99] are illustra- 
tions for the " Journal of a Voyage to New York and a Tour 
in Several of the American Colonies in 1679-80," by Jaspar 
Bankers and Peter Sluyter, published in the " Memoirs of 
the Long Island Historical Society," vol. i, Brooklyn, 1867. 

91. NEW-YORK FROM BROOKLYN 
HEIGHTS IN 1679. Right: Facsimile by G. 
Hayiuard & Co., 171 Pearl St., N. Y.; above 
right corner: P/. ///. 75^x29^. Lithograph 
fac-simile of drawing in ink. 

See note to No. 90. 

92. VIEW OF NEW-YORK FROM THE 
NORTH, 1679. Right, within border: Fac- 
simile by G. Hayivard & Co., 171 Pearl St., 
N. Y.; right above, inscription in Dutch; 
right upper corner, within border: PI. IV. 
%y^ X i6J^. Lithograph facsimile of drawing 
in ink. 

See note to No. 90. 

93. VIEW OF NEW YORK FROM THE 
NORTH. Inscription at centre above in 



40 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Hudson River, confd. 

Dutch. Over right upper corner: 5. 7 5/16 
X 12^. Lithograph facsimile of drawing in 
ink. 

See note to No. 90. 

94. VIEW OF NEW YORK FROM THE 
NORTH, 167Q. Over upper right corner: 7. 
7^4 X xzYs- Lithograph in color. 

See note to No. 90. 

Sarne, without 7. em. 6840. 

95. THE STADTHUYS OF NEW YORK IN 
idyg. I Corner of Pearl St. and Coentijs Slip. 
Right: G. Hayivard & Co., 171 Pearl St., 
N. Y.; over right upper corner: PI. VIII. 
7^x8 13/16. Lithograph, two tints. 

a. Proof before letters. Figures of two men 
to the right of the two at the barrels. Printed 
without tints. Width 9^ inches. 

b. Width now 9 inches. With full inscrip- 
tion, excepting PI. VIII. Large paper. The 
two men erased. 

c. As described. 
See note to No. 90. 

96. NORTH VIEW OF THE DOCK, NEW 
YORK: 1679. Over right upper corner: 
PI. IX. 4^4 X 7y%. Lithograph in color. 

See note to No. go. 

Same, without PI. IX. Separate, large 

paper. 

Same, em. 10701. 

97. THE WATER GATE, FOOT OF WALL 
ST. NEW YORK, 1679. Right: G. Hayivard 
& Co., 171 Pearl St., N. Y.; over right upper 
corner: PI. X. 4^x7^^. Lithograph in color. 

See note to No, go. 

Same, without PI. X. Separate, large 

paper. 

98. VIEW OF THE EAST RIVER SHORE, 
NORTH OF THE WATER GATE, N. Y., 
1679. Left: Lith. of Hayivard & Co., 171 
Pearl St., N. Y.; over right upper corner: 
PI. XI. 4 7/16x7 5/16. Lithograph in color. 
See note to No. 90. 

Same. Separate, large paper copy. 

99. VIEW OF THE HOUSE OF SIMON 
AERTSEN DE HART \ still standing on 
Goivanes Bay in 1867. Left: Lith. of Hay- 
ivard & Co., 171 Pearl St., N. Y.; over right 
upper corner: PI. XII. 6 7/16 xS-)^. Litho- 
graph in color. 

See note to No. go. 

100. SOUTH PROSPECT of the CITY of NEW 
YORK i BY WILLIAM BURGIS, 17 17. Cen- 
tre, within lower border, ornamental device 
enclosing dedication to Gov. Robert Hunter ; 
below lower border twenty-four printed titles, 
numbered, and indicating points of interest in 
city, harbor, and Long Island. 11 x 37^4- 
Lithograph, one tint. 

The original is in tlie possession of the New York Historical 
Society. W. L. Andrews [" New Amsterdam, New Orange, 
New York," 1897, P- 62] says : " This is believed to be the first 
view of New York engraved in America and it is undoubtedly 
an entirely original production. The importance of this en- 



graving in the pictorial annals of our city cannot well be over- 
estimated. It is beyond question, an accurate representation of 
the place it claims to depict and in the key at the foot of the 
print ... is embraced the name of every building of note 
of which the city at that time could boast." 

loi. VIEW IN NEW YORK, 1746. \ (Loiver 
Market.) Left: Lith. by Geo. Hayivard, 120 
Water St., N. Y.; right: for D. T. Valentine's 
Manual for 1858. Border of one line. 3>^x6; 
to border, 3 ii/i6x6J^. Lithograph. 

This view, like that of "The Ferry House, 1746 (Fulton 
Street, Brooklyn)," which appears in the same volume of Val- 
entine's Manual," is taken from the Burgis view. 

Same. em. 10449. 

102. BROOKLYN, SITE OF FULTON FERRY, 
AND NEW YORK OPPOSITE. | 77/7. 

14^^x13^. Water color. 

Copy of a portion of the Burgis view of 1717. 

103. "New York Harbor & Yacht Fancy, 1717." 
S. Holly er. Copyright 1905. 3^4x5^. Etch- 
ing. 

Hollyer's "Views of old New York," 4th series. Copy of 
a portion of the Burgis view [No. 100] . 

104. The South Prospect of the City of Neiv 
York in America: on banderole above, within 
upper border. Border of two lines. 6 1/16 x 
20 5/16; to border 6^x2oJ^. Line engrav- 
ing. 

In " London Magazine," Aug., 1761, oppos. p. 400. 

Evidently founded on the Burgis print of 1717, showing the 
same general view and with the ferry house in foreground ; 
but changes in the water front as well as in the arrangement of 
the streets point to a later dale. 

105. A copy of the preceding, with North 
America instead of America. EM. 2593 & 6970. 

This is essentially a close copy of the preceding ; the differ- 
ences are matters of technique mainly. For instance, there 
are none of the vertical lines which in the " London Maga- 
zine " print occur under most of the vessels. Shading almost 
obliterates the " 21 " near the lower right corner. And there 
is only one loop at the end of "America" instead of two. 

106. A SOUTH PROSPECT OF YE FLOURISH- 
ING CITY OF NEW-YORK IN THE 
PROVINCE OF NEW YORK, NORTH 
AMERICA. Left: Copied for D. T. Valen- 
tine's Manual; right: Lithd. by G. Hayzvard 
73 Nassau St. Neiv York 1849; centre: Re- 
duced from the original Copy, ivhich is 6 
Feet 6 in. in length and 28 in. ivide . . . Pre- 
sented to the Neiv York Society Library 1848 
by Mrs. Maria Peebles of Lansingburgh, 
N. Y. At centre inscribed within lower border 
on ornamental work a dedication to Governor 
George Clinton, by Thos. Bakewell, of the 
original picture, published in 1746. Below 
title an historical sketch of the city and pro- 
vince, followed by an enumeration and descrip- 
tion of the principal buildings, etc. Sys x 18^. 
Lithograph, one tint. 

Reduced, with slight changes, from the William Burgis view 
of 1717. [No. 100] . 

Same. em. 6850. 

107. NEW YORK: centre, above on banderole. 
In upper right corner, enclosed on ornamental 
work, a key to the principal buildings and 
points of interest. Right, within border: 
W. H. Toms. Sculp. 4 13/16x10^. Line 
en^^raving. 

On sheet 4 of the " Map of the British empire in America," 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



41 



Prints, Hudson River, confd. 

by Henry Popple, London, 1733. Based on the Burgis view 
of 1717. 

A copy of the Popple view, line engraving by E. D. French, 
was published in " Views of early New York, prepared for the 
New York Chapter of the Colonial Order of the Acorn," N. Y., 
igo4, oppos. p. 89. 

108. NEW YORK: centre, above, i i/i6x 
2 3/16. Line engraving. 

A small view, based on the preceding, and published in the 
same volume. It is in the upper ri,eht corner of the general 
map preceding the twenty sheets of the Popple " Map." 

109. NEJV YORK; on banderole, upper centre, 
Avithin border. 4 11/16x10 5/16. Line en- 
graving. EM. 13183. 

A 19th century copy of no. 107. 

no. NEJV YORK. Left, over upper border in 
manuscript: "King's Maps CXXL 38. B;" 
centre and right, below lower border: "Copied 
from the Original MS. in the British Museum, 
for Mr. George H. Moore, Librarian of the 
New York Historical Society, and compared 
by Mr. Richard Sims." 4 ii/i6xio54 
Wash drawing. 

This view, while closely resembling, is slightly smaller than 
that on sheet 4 of the Popple map, and it also lacks the name 
cf the engraver, \V. H. Toms. There are also minor changes 
in the ships in the harbor, and in the waterfront. 

111. A lithographic copy of the preceding, with- 
' out the written inscription over the upper left 

corner, and with the certification "Copied 
... by me, Richard Sims," in the centre 
instead of at the right. Left: Draivn & Lith. 

»by G. Hayzuard, 171 Pearl St., N. Y.; right: 
for D. T. Valentine's Manual for 1863. 
.4 11/16x10 3/16. Lithograph. 

Same with one tint, filling in a sky, etc. 

112. South JVest View of Fort George luith the 
City of Neiv York. Border of one line. 55^ x 
83/^; to border line, 5^x8J^. Line en- 
graving. 

View from the water. 

From William Russell's "History of America," vol. 2, 
London, 1778, oppos. p. 270. 

A copy on a smaller scale, of "A South West View of the 
City of New York," engraved by J. Carwitham. A repro- 
duction of the Carwitham print appears opposite p. 70 in 
'• New Amsterdam, New Orange, New York," [N. Y. 1897], 
by W. L. Andrews. 

In " Views of early New York . . . prepared for the 
New York Chapter of the Colonial ( jrder of the Acorn." N. Y., 
1Q04, p. H4-117. the date of the view is fi.\ed. by identification 
of building, as between 1737 and 1741. Carwitham, accordmg 
to Bryan's " Dictionary of painters and engravers," flourished 
about 1730. 

Same. EM. 24 & 10800. 

A copv of this Russell view, line engraving by E. D. French, 
with the titk-: C/T\' OF NEIV YORK BEFORE THE 
REVOLUTIONARY WAR, was published in "Views of 
Early New York, prepared for the New York Chapter of the 
Colonial Order of the Acorn," 1904, oppos. p. iii. 

■ 113. ^ VIEW OF FORT GEORGE WITH 
^ THE CITY OF NEW -YORK FROM THE 

S. W. 1740. Left: Lith. by Geo. Hayivard, 
120 Water St., N. Y.; right: for D. T. Valen- 
tine's Manual, for 1858. 6 3/16x15^. Litho- 
graph, one tint. 
Same design as No. 112. 

Same. em. 6865, 8679, & 10785. 

114. NEW YORK IN 1775. \ {Fort George 
from the Harbor.) Centre, below: NEW 



YORK. G. P. PUTNAM. Vignette. 4^ ^ 
6^. Line Engraving. 

Based on No. 112. 

Same. em. 2581. 

115. A VIEW OF FORT GEORGE, WITH 
THE CITY OF NEW YORK FROM THE 
SOUTHWEST, 1740. 6x13^, Lithograph, 
one tint. 

The fort in the Russell view, [No. 112] with slight changes 
in the smaller buildings. 

xi6. A South East Prospect of the City of Netv 
York in 1756-7 nvith the French \ Prizes at 
Anchor. Engraved for the Society of Icon- 
ophils, [sic!] from a Paint- \ ing in the Pos- 
session of the Neiv York Historical Society, \ 
Neiv York, 1905 by F. S. King. 35^x 6 15/16. 
Line engraving. 

Publication of the Society of Iconophiles, Series IX, no. i. 

"The water front in this picture," says R. H. Lawrence, 
["• Catalogue of the engravings, issued by the Society of Icon- 
ophiles," 190S, p. 62] "corresponds closely to the ' Duyck- 
inck ' map surveyed by Maerschaik and dated 1755." 

n6^. A South West Vieiv of the City of Neiv 
York I Taken from the Governours Island at 
*: on banderole in centre above, within border. 
7^ X 34/4- Line engraving. 

At bottom of " Plan of the City of New York, in North 
America: Surveyed in the years 1766 and 1767," by B. Ratzer. 
Tkos. Hotchin Sculpt. "London, Published . . . Jany. 12, 
1776, by Jefferys & F'aden ..." 

117. Same. Reproduced in lithography by G. 
Hayivard, 120 Water Street, Neiv York. 
21 X 16 J4- em. 8096. 

From " Valentine's Manual," 1854. 

117^. A South East Vieiu of the City of Neiv 
York in North America [Title also in French]. 
Right: b. 4.; centre below: Draivn on the 
Spot by Capt Thomas Hoivdell, of the Royal 
Artillery. Engraved by P. Canot. \ London 
Printed for John Boivles at No 13 in Corn- 
hill, Robert Sayer at No 53 in Fleet Street, 
Thos. Jeffreys the corner of St. Martins Lane 
in the Strand, Carrington Boiules at No 69 in 
St. Pauls Church Yard and Henry Parker at 
No 82 in Cornhill. Followed by numbered 
descriptions of principal buildings and places 
of interest. 12^x19 13/16. [1768.] Line 
engraving. 

n8. SOUTH EAST VIEW OF THE CITY 
OF NEW YORK \ i. New Colledge. 2. Old 
English Church. 3. City Hall. 4. French 
Church. 5. North River. 6. Staten Island. 
7. The Prison. \ 1768. Left: Thos. Hoivdell, 
Delt.; right: Engraved & Printed by Gavit 
&" Duthie; centre: Copied from the original 
Engraving by P. Canot 1768. 4^^ x 6 11/16. 
Line engraving. 

Same, with J. R. Gavit instead of Gavit 

& Duthie. em. 2636. 

From " Memoir upon the late war in North America . . , 
1755-60 . . . , by M. Pouchol ; translated and edited by 
F. B. Hough," vol. II, Ro.xbury, Mass., 1866, oppos. p. 88. 

119. NEW YORK IN 1768. \ South East View. 
The principal buildings, etc., indicated by in- 
scriptions under lower border. Arched top. 
4x6^. Line engraving, about i860. 
Same design as No. 117, with difference in foliage at left and 

right in foreground and other minor changes. 



42 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

1 20. SOUTH EAST VIEW OF THE CITY 
OF NEW YORK 1768. Left: THE MAJOR 
& KNAPP ENG. MFG. & LITH. CO. 71 
BROADWAY, N. Y.; right: FOR VALEN- 
TINE'S MANUAL, 1868. With border of 
one line. 3^x5^; to border line, 35^x6^- 
Lithograph in color. 

Same design as No. 117. 

121. A South West View of the City of Neiv York 
in North America. [title also in French.] 
Centre below: Draivn on the SPOT by Capt. 
Thomas Hoivdell, of the Royal Artillery. En- 
graved by P. Canot. \ London. Printed for 
John Boiules at No /j in Cornhill, Robert 
Sayer at No 53 in Fleet Street, Thos. Jeffreys 
the corner of St. Martins Lane in the Strand, 
Carrington Bovi'les at No 6q in St. Pauls 
Church Yard, and Henry Parker at No 82 in 
Cornhill. Followed by numbered descriptions 
of principal buildings and places of interest; 
under lower right corner: b. 3. 125^x19 
15/16. 1768. Line engraving. 

Same. em. 6853 & 10912. 

122. A South West Vievj of the City of NEW 
York in North AMERICA. Right, over upper 
border: 8; centre, below: Printed for Caring- 
ton Boivles, at his Map & Print Warehouse, 
No 6g in St Pauls Church Yard, London. 
6 X 10^. Line engraving. [About 1768.] 
EM. 10912. 

Reduced from the engraving by P. Canot (no. 121), with 
three men and dog added in foreground at centre. 

123. A Vietv of Neiv York, Governor's Island, 
the River &c. from Long Island. Right, 
above upper border: No XXX; centre, be- 
low: Published as the Act directs by A. 
Hamilton Junr near St. Johns Gate Nov I 
1776. 3 15/16x6^. Line engraving. 

Same design as no. 121, but with valley in foreground at 
centre, and heights at right, filed with troops. 

Same. em. 2622 & 11919. 

124. A Vieiv of New York, Governors Island 
the River &c. from Long Island. Left: Lith. 
G. Hayivard, 120 Water St N. Y.; right: 
for D. T. Valentine's Manual 1852. 35^ x 
6^. Lithograph. 

Same design as preceding, with minor changes. 

Same. em. 6931. 

125. SOUTH WEST VIEW OF THE CITY 
OF NEW YORK. Left: Thos. Hozvdell Delt; 
right: J. Kirk sc; centre: Copied from the 
Original Engraving by P. Canot 1768; centre 
below: 1768. The principal points of interest 
are numbered and described in inscriptions 
below title. 4^ x 6 7/16. Line engraving. 
About i860. 

Same design as No. 121. 

A copy of the Howdell-Canot view (no. 121). From "Me- 
moir upon the late war in North America . . . , 1755-60, 
... by M. Pouchot; translated and edited by F. B. Hough, 
vol. 2, Roxbury, 1866, oppos. p. 85. 

Same. EM. 271 1. 

126. NEW YORK IN 1768 \ From the rear of 
Col. Rutgers' House, East River \ (From an 



English print). Centre: J. Kirk; centre be- 
low: NEW YORK G. P. PUTNAM & CO. 

Vign. ^%x6^/s. Line engraving, em. 6933. 

Same design as No. 121. From Washington Irving's " Life 
of George Washington," vol. 2, N. Y., 1857, oppos. p. 207. 

127. NEW YORK IN 1776. Centre, below: 
From the rear of Col. Rutgers House, East 
River. With arched top. 4^ x 6J4- Line 
engraving. [About i860.] 

Same design as no. 121 (1768); cow, etc., added near lower 
left corner. 

Same. em. 8694. 

128. NEW YORK IN 1776 \ FROM A CON- 
TEMPORARY PRINT. Right: Alberttype, 
E. Bierstadt, N. Y. 6^ x 12!^. Photograph 
of aquatint. EM. 2585. 

A copy of "a View of New York in 1775," an aquatint in 
The At/antic Neptune^ published in 1781 for the use of the 
Royal Navy. 

129. NEW YORK— 1776. 554x13^^. Wash 
drawing, em. 10724. 

A copy of the "Atlantic Neptune " view. See no. 128. 

130. A VIEW OF NEW YORK IN 1775 I 
From an Aquatint in The Atlantic Neptune \ 
Published in 1781 for the use' of the Royal 
Navy. I Engraved for the Society of Icon- 
ophiles I By Sidney \_d reversed] L. Smith, 
igo6. 3 13/16x7 5/16. Line engraving. 

Publication of the Society of Iconophiles, Series ix, no. 9. 

131. NEW YORK IN 1776 {FROM THE 
NORTH RIVER). 3^x9. Wood engrav- 
ing, em. 12298. 

A copy of the " Neptune " view. See no. 128. 

132. NEW YORK, with the ENTRANCE of 
the NORTH and EAST RIVERS. At right, 
outside of upper right corner, in pencil: 3. 
Aquatint, colored. 4J4 x 18^. EM. 10577. 
From the "Atlantic Neptune," vol. iv, 1781, p. 25. 

Same, not colored, em. 11904. 

133. VUE DE LA NOUVELLE YORCK: Re- 
versed, centre, above. Over upper left hand 
corner: Collection des Prospects. Below, to 
left: Neil Yorck \ Eine Stadt in Nord-Ameri- 
ca auf einer Insul Manahattan genannt an \ 
der MUndung des Hudsons Flusses Welche 
1615. 'von den Holldndern \ zu erst zu bauen 
angefangen und neu Amsterdam genenet, 
hernach \ aber 1666. von den Engelldndern 
ihnen abgenomen und neu Yorck \ um getauft 
vjorden. TSame to right in French.] Right: 
Grave par Balth. Frederic Leizelt. Centre, 
below: Se vend a Augsbourg au Negoce comun 
de I'Academie Imperiale d' Empire des Arts 
libereaux avec Privilege de Sa Majeste Im- 
periale et avec Defense ni d'en faire ni de 
vendre les Copies. 9 15/16x155^ in. Line 
engraving, colored, em. 10723. 

A fanciful view. 

134. Die Anldndung der Englischen Trouppen \ 
Zu Neu Yorck. [Same in French.] Above: 
DEBARQUEMENT DES TROUPES ENG- 
LOISES A NOUVELLE YORCK, reversed; 
above, left: Collection des Prospects. Right, 
below: Grave par Francois Xav. Habermann.; 
centre, below: Se vend a Augsbourg au Negoce 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



43 



I 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

comun de V Academic Imperiale d'Empire des 
Arts libereaux avec Privilege de Sa Majeste 
Imperiale et avec Defense ni d'en faire ni de 
vendre les copies. 95^x153^. Line engrav- 
ing, colored, em. 11070. 

A fictitious view. 

135. VIEW OF NEW YORK, 1787. Left: 
Lith. C. Hayivard 120 Water St. N. Y.; right: 
for D. T. Valentine's Manual for 1851. 
7 ii/i6xiij^. Lithograph, one tint. EM. 
11916. 

Front part of warship, three decker, at left, with sails furled. 

Same. em. 11916. 

136. NEW YORK, ABOUT 1790. \ Left: Lith. 
by Geo. Hayward, 171 Pearl St. New York; 
right: for D. T. Valentine's Manual, 1862; 
centre, below: Presented to D. T. Valentine, 
by Edw. Crommelin, 195 Prince St. Neiv York. 
Border of one line. 145^ x 2o5^ ; to border 
line, 14 13/16x20 13/16. Lithograph in tints. 

Rest of inscription apparently cutaway. A three-decker at 
left with sails blown out ; other ships at right. Otherwise the 
same view as No. 135. 

A reproduction of the original eighteenth century colored 
engraving on which this is based appears opposite p. 71 in W. 
L. Andrew's " New Amsterdam, New Orange, New York," 
N. Y., 1897. 

Same. EM. 11917. 

137. "VIEW OF THE CITY OF NEW-YORK 
IN 1792. I DRAWN BY AN OFFICER OF 
THE FRENCH FLEET DRIVEN INTO 
NEW YORK HARBOR BY A | BRITISH 
FLEET"; title in manuscript. 125^x18 5/16. 
Etching, colored. 

It is said that an impression in a private collection is lettered 
by hand; "view of the City and Harbour of New York taken 
from Mount Pitt." Still another impression has the same let- 
tering, with "The Seat of John R. Livingston, Esq." added. 

138. VIEW OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK 
IN 1792. I Draivn by an Officer of the French 
Fleet driven into Neio York Harbor by a 
British Fleet. Leftf: Copied for D. T. Valen- 
tine's Manual 1850; right: G. Hayvoard's 
Lith. 206 Pearl St. N. Y. Right and left of 
centre: key to buildings shown. 11 i/i6x 
18^. Lithograph, one tint. 

A copy of the preceding. 

Same. EM. 11925. 

Drayton's view, 1793. See No. 238. 

139. Neiv York from Hobuck, N. Jersey Shore, 
Archibald Robertson. Left: Neiv York from 
Hobuck I June 'g6 {In possession of \ Thomas 
A. Emmet, M.D. [By Eliza Greatorex.] 
454x7 13/16. Reproduction of pen drawing. 
EM. 12516. 

From Greatorex's "Old New York . . ." N. Y., 1875. [v. i], 
oppos. p 24. 

140. A VIEW of the CITY from LONG IS- 
LAND. 2 5/16x6^. Line engraving. EM. 
11892. 

On "a new and accurate plan of the City of New York in 
North America, published in 1797," B. Taylor del., J . Roberts 

SC2llpt. 

141. A View of the City of NEW-YORK from 
Brooklyn Heights, foot of Pierrepont St. in 
1798, by Monsieur C. B. Julien de St. Memin, 



with a Pantograph invented by himself. 
Right: Prepared by M. Dripps for Valentine's 
Manual 1861, from an Original Drawing now 
in possession of J. C. Brevoort Esqr of Brook- 
lyn. 45^ X siV^. Lithograph. 

142. NEW YORK I From HOBUCK FERRY 
HOUSE New Jersey. Left: Alexander Rob- 
ertson Delineavit; right: Francis Jukes Sculp- 
sit; centre, below: London Pubd. Mar 31st. 
1800, by F. Jukes No. 10 Howland Street and 
by Al. Robertson, Columbian Academy Liberty 
Street New York. 13J/8 x 18^. Aquatint, 
colored. 

Same. em. 11169. 

19th and 20th Centuries. 

143. NEW YORK IN 1801. Border of one 
line. 3 5/16x5^; to border line, 35^x5 
13/16. Line engraving by E. D. French. 

View from Long Island. 

In " Views of early New York." prepared for the New York 
Chapter of the Colonial Order of the Acorn," N.Y., 1904, oppos. 
p. 133. On p. 138 it is stated that the original nf which this is 
a copy is an aquatint engraving by William Rollinson, of a 
drawing by John Wood, published in New York in 1801. 

144. The City of I NEW YORK IN THE 
STATE OF NEW YORK NORTH AMERI- 
CA. Left: Painted by William Birch; right: 
Engraved by Samuel Seymour; centre, below: 
Published Jany I, 1S03, by W. Birch, Spring- 
land, near Bristol, Pennsylvania. 18^)^x23^. 
Line engraving, em. 11924. 

A view from Long Island. State of the plate with the pic- 
nicking party at the right. 

145. A South West Prospect of the City of New 
York (1806) Engraved | by Sidney L. Smith 
from a Contemporary Print for the \ Society 
of Iconopltiles, New York, 1906. 4 11/16 x 
6^. Line engraving. 

Publication of the Society of Iconophiles, Series ix, no. 5. 

146. A SCHOONER WITH A VIEW OF NEW 
YORK. GVELETTE, ET VUE DE NEW 
YORK. Left: Domk. Serres R.A. del.; right: 
J. Clark & J. H amble sculp.; centre, above 
title: Edwd. Orme Excudit; centre below: 
Published & Sold Jany. I, 1807, by Edwd. 
Orme, 5p Bond Street, London. Border of 
two lines. 95/3x16 1/16; to outer border, 
10 5/i6xi634- Aquatint. EM. 11905. 

147. NEW-YORK. I Taken from Fort Colum- 
bus, Governors Island \ 18 16. Left: Lith. by 
Geo. Hayward, 171 Pearl St. New York.; 
right: For D. T. Valentine's Manual for i860. 
7 7/16x16^. Lithograph. 

148. NEW YORKS HAMN OCH REDD \ 
Fran Brooklyn pa Longisland. Left: Rit. of 
Klinckowstrom.; right: Gr. af Akrell. [Stock- 
holm, about 1820.] 8^x18^. Aquatint. EM. 
11926. 

The preceding plate is very likely taken from " Resa i forenta 
Staterna," Stockholm, 3 parts with Atlas, by Axel I-eonhard 
Klinckowstrom [1775-1837]. a naval officer. See " Biograph- 
iskt Lexicon obver namnkunnige Svenska Man," vol. 7 
[Upsala, 1841] pp. 76, 77. 

149. Vieiv of New York, from the West. Right: 
Neele & Son 3'^2 Strand; centre, below title: 
Published by Sir R. Phillips & Co. Bride 



44 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

Court Bridge Street; over upper rip-ht corner: 
Voys. No. XXX. 3^x6^. Line engraving. 

EM. II918. 

From "New Voyages and travels," vol. 5: E. Montule's 
Voyage to North America," London, 1821, oppos. p, 3. 

150. A view of New York from Fulton Street, 
Brooklyn. [About 1820.] Aquatint by C. F. W. 
Mielatz, IQ04. 5 7/16x6%. 

Published by the Society of Iconophiles, Series VII, No. i, 
1904. R. H. Lawrence in his catalogue [190S] of the Society's 
publications, says: "This view is found on a lo-inch plate 
LStaftordshire pottery] by Stevenson, with the following in- 
scription printed on the back : ' New York from Brooklyn 
Heights by W. G. Wall, Esq.' ... The first steam ferry- 
boat toLrooklyn, the ' Nassau,' appears in the centre of the 
East River. 

151. NEW YORK, FROM GOVERNOR'S IS- 
LAND I No. 20 of the Hudson River Port 
Foho. Left: Painted by IF. G. Wall; right: 
Engraved by J. Hill; centre, below: Published 
by Henry I. Megarey New York. Border of 
two lines. 14x20 15/16; to border line, 
147/16x21?^. [1828?] Aquatint. 

a. As described. 

b. With and transferred to added after 
Neiu York. em. 11912. 

152. NEW YORK FROM HEIGHTS NEAR 
BROOKLYN. Right: Engraved by J. Hill; 
centre, below: To Thomas Dixon Esqr. this 
Plate is respectfully Inscribed by his Obliged 
Servt Willm. G. Wall. \ New York, Bourne, 
"Depository of Arts" 359 Broadway 1828 and 
transferred to G & G & H. Carvill New 
York. 15^x24^. Aquatint, colored. 

153- NEW YORK FROM WEEHAWK. Right: 
Engraved by J. Hill; centre, below: To 
Thomas Dixon Esqr. this Plate is respectfully 
Inscribed by his Obliged Servt Willm. G. 
Wall. I Nezv York, Bourne, "Depository of 
^rts" 35Q Broadway, 1828, and transferred to 
G & O & H. Carvill, New York. 15H X2414. 
Aquatint, colored. 

154- J' tie de New-York prise de Weahawk. 

[Same in English, Latin & German] No I. \ 

Imp. Lith. de Bove dirigee par Noel aine & 

Ce.; left: Lithographic par Deroy; right: Des- 

sine d'apres nature par J. Milbert. Above: 

Ire Livraison. AMERIOUE SEPTENTRI- 

ONALE—ETAT DE NEW-YORK. PI i. 

Border of two lines. 7-}^xn%; to border 

line SJ'sxiiS/^. Lithograph, India paper. 

In " Itindraire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson. . ." par I. Mil- 
bert, 1828-29. 

155. View of the City of New York. Left, with- 
in border: Martens del.; right: Anderson Sc. 
sH^^Vs- [183-?] Wood engraving; text on 
back. 

A view from the West. 

156. NEW YORK. Left: 7. H. Dakin; right: 
Engraved by Barnard & Dick; over upper 
right corner: PL I. Border of one line at 
right and top, two at left and bottom. 3 5/16 
X5 13/16; to border line, 3 7/16x5 15/16. 
[1831.] Line engraving. 

View from Governor's Island. 



a. On same sheet with, and separated by a 

horizontal line from, pi. 2. 

In "Views in New York . . . Taken on the spot. . . by 
Dakin," N. Y., 1831. 

b. Separate. 

157. /. Vue eloignee de New-York. 35^x4^. 
Etching. 

Same design as preceding, with slight changes. 

158. NEW YORK. Left: Drawn by J. Dupree; 
right: Engraved &" Printed by Fenner Sears 

6 Co.; centre, below: London. Published June 
15 1831 by I. T. Hinton & Simpkin & Mar- 
shall; over right corner of upper border: 56. 
Border of one line at left and top, two at 
right and bottom. 4x5 9/16; to border, 
4J4 X 554- Line engraving. 

a. As described. 

From J. H. Hinton's " History and topo:;;raphy of the 
LTnited States, vol. 2. Phila., 1832, oppos. p. 483. 

Same. em. 11910. 

b. Some changes in clouds, addition of 
birds in flight, etc., without the border lines, 
and set in an ornamental frame. On Tablet 
on frame: NEW YORK; Centre below: THE 
LONDON PRINTING AND PUBLISHING 
COMPANY. 4x5 9/16; with frame 6^ x 

7 5/16. 

159. NEW YORK. Right: S. Davenport Sculp; 
centre, below: LONDON: PUBLISHED BY 
THOMAS KELLY, 17 PATER NOSTER 
ROW. 4x6%. Line engraving. 

Looking south from St. Paul's. 

160. NEW-YORK. Left: Drawn by J. R. Smith; 
right: Engraved by J. B. N eagle. 5 5^x7 
15/16. Line engraving, em. 11913. 

A view from the Bay. 

161. NEW YORK. Left: W. G. Wall, pinxL; 
right: Peter Maverick set. 2 13/16x4 9/16. 
Line engraving. 

A view from Weehawken. 

From "The Traveller's Guide," N. Y., 1S33, according to 
D. McN. Stauffer (" American Engravers," part 2, N. Y., 
1907. P- 370). 

a. As described. 

In "Sketch of the life . . . of John Lacey," by W. W. H. 
Davis, Privately printed, 1868, extra-illustrated by T. A. 
Emmet, oppos. p. 23. 

b. With faint traces of a border. 2 15/16 x 
4 7/i6._ 

c. With added work in upper left corner. 
Without New York, and with border of one 
line at top and right, two at left and bottom. 
2 15/16x4^; to border 3 1/16x4 11/16. 

In "American engravers: Peter Maverick," scrap-book, 
p. 24. 

162. NEW YORK FROM WEEHAWK. Left: 
Painted by W. G. Wall; right: On Steel, J. 
Smillie. 3 11/16x5 13/16. Line engraving. 
[183-?] 

Same design as preceding. 

163. NEW YORK, I from Jersey City. Left: 
Drawn by J. Bur ford; right: Engraved by J. 
Smillje. 4x6^. Line engraving. 

a. As described. India paper. EM. 11931. 

b. With title changed to VIEW OF NEW 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



45 



I 



I 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

YORK, FROM JERSEY CITY. \ Drawn 
and engraved for the Neiu York Mirror, 1831, 
and with Printed by R. Miller below, to the 
right. 

In " The New-York-Miiror," April 30, 1831, oppos. p. 337. 
A windmill is a prominent feature in this view. A wind- 
mill appears also in a small wood engraving by J. A. Adams, 
"View from Jersey City," on p. 17 of S. L. Knapp's " Pictur- 
esque beauties of the Hudson River," N. Y., 1835." 

164. NEJV-YORK. Left: J. R. Smith del.; 
right: J. Archer Sc. Border of one line at 
right and top, two at left and bottom. 5 3/16 x 
7 13/16; to border line, 5 7/16x8. Line en- 
graving. 

A view from the harbor. 

From J. H. Hinton's " History and topography of the 
United States," new edition, vol. 2, Boston, 1834, oppos. 
p. 384. 

165. Neiu York from Brooklyn Heights. Left: 
T. K. Wharton Delt.; centre: Steel Plate; 
right: A. IF. Graham Sculpt.; below to right: 
R. Miller Print.; centre, below: PAINTED 
& ENGRAVED FOR THE NEW YORK 
MIRROR 1834.. 6x8 13/16. Line engraving. 

From " New-York Mirror," April ig, 1834. 

166. Neiu York. Left: J. A. Davis del; right: 
J. Archer Sc. Right of centre, below title: 
Vol. II, page 384: centre: Boston, Samuel 
Walker. 5/<4 x 7 13/16. Line engraving. EM. 
H914 and 13178. 

A view from the Bay. 

167. VIEW OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, \ 
as it appeared from WEEHAWK a distance 
of about one Mile during the NIGHT OF 
THE FIRE, Wednesday December l6th, 
183s- — This aivful \ Conflagration has (ac- 
cording to the latest estimate) destroyed 674 
HOUSES and PROPERTY to the Amount of 
26,000,000 DOLLARS. I Drawn on Stone by 
A. Pic ken from a sketch taken on the Spot by 
Lieutenant Wesibrook | Left: Day & Haghe 
Lithrs. to the King; centre, below: London 
Pubd. for G. W. by Reeves & Sons Cheapside, 
W. Morgan 49 Judd Sq. Nevj Rd., T. Fisher, 
I Hanway St. Oxford St., & J. Reynolds 147 
Strand. Points of interest described beneath 
lower border. SYi x 95^. Lithograph. EM. 
11512. 

168. BAY AND HARBOR OF NEW YORK, \ 
From Bedloiv's Island. Left: Painfed by 
John G. Chapman; right: Engraved by James 
Smillie; centre, below: Published by J. DIS- 
TURNELL, New York. \Entered according to 
Act of Congress in the year 1835 by J. Dis- 
turnell in . . . New York. 4^x7^. Line 
engraving. 

a. Trial proof, before letters. 

b. With following inscription in scratched 
letters: Centre: Bay Gf Harbour of New York; 
left: John G. Chapman; right: James Smillie; 
right, below: Printed by A. King. India 
paper. 

In S. L. Knapp's " Picturesque beauties of the Hudson 
River . . . Proofs," N. Y., 1835, oppos. p. 13. 

c. As described. 



d. With title and publication lines changed 
to: New York from Bedlows Island \ Pub- 
lished for the New York Mirror, arid with 
A. King Printer below to the left. 

From " New York Mirror," April 15, 1837. 

169. THE FERRY AT BROOKLYN, NEW 
YORK. Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: G. K. 
Richardson; centre, below: London. Published 
for the Proprietors by Geo. Virtue 26 Ivy 
Lane, 1838. 4^x7 1/16. Line engraving. 
EM. 11328. 

From W. H. Bartlett's " American Scenery," vol. i, Lon- 
don, iS+n, oppos. p. 01. An interesting type of ferryboat, with 
unroofed centre, is the most conspicuous object. Lower end 
of New York City seen beyond. 

170. VIEW FROM GOWANUS HEIGHTS, 
BROOKLYN. [Same in French and German.] 
Left: fV. H. Bartlett; right: H. Adlard; cen- 
tre, below: London. Published for the Pro- 
prietors by Geo. Virtue, 26 Ivy Lane, 1839. 
4 ii/iSyL-jY^. Line engraving. 

In Bartlett's " American Scenery," vol. 2, London, 1840, 
oppos. p. 79. Principally a view of the Bay. 

171. VIEW FROM GOWANUS HEIGHTS.\ 
(BROOKLYN). Left: DRAWN AFTER 
NATURE, right: For the Proprietor HER- 
MANN J. Meyer; left below: Published for 
HERMANN J. MEYER; 164 William Str. 
Neiv York; right below: Copyright secured 
according to ACT of CONGRESS. Border 
of dotted line. 3 15/16x6 i/i6; to border 
line, 4'/^ X 6^. Line engraving. EM. 11911. 

Same design as preceding, with minor changes. From "The 
United States Illustrated," vol. i. Part 4 and 5, New York, 
1853, oppos. p. 77. 

172. BAY OF NEW YORK. | Engraved for 
Godey by Alfred Jones. 4x6. Line engrav- 
ing. 

Same design as no. 170. 

173. VIEW OF NEW YORK, FROM WEE- 
HAWKEN. Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: 
R. Wallis; left, below: NEW YORK, VU DE 
WEEHAWKEN; right below: PROSPECT 
VON NEW YORK VON WEEHAWKEN 
ALLS [mis-engraved for AUS']; centre be- 
low: London. Published for the Proprietors 
by Geo. Virtue, 26 Ivy Lane, 1839. 4-)4 x 
7^. Line engraving. 

From Bartlett's " American Scenery," vol. 2, London, 1840, 
oppos. p. 30. 

Same. EM. 11935. 

17 sVi. NEW YORK FROM WEEHAWKEN. 
Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: Engraved by J. 
White; centre below: Engraved for the Co- 
lumbian Magazine. 4^4x7 1/16. Line en- 
graving. 
Same design as preceding, with slight changes in figures in 

foreground, and added figures beyond. From " The Colum- 

bian Magazine," April. 1847, oppos. p. 191. 

174. PANORAMA OF THE CITY AND BAY 
OF NEW YORK: title printed between two 
rectangular engravings, the whole enclosed 
in a border of one line. At left within lower 
border of upper rectangle: ASHLEY; same at 
right within lower border of lower rec- 
tangle; centre, over upper border line: PRE- 
SENTED GRATIS WITH NO. 6, GEMS 



46 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

OF FICTION; left, below lower border line: 
A SHORT ACCOUNT OF NEW YORK, 
followed by printed text. Each rectangle, 
3?^xi3^; to border line, 105^x15 9/16. 
1851. Wood engraving. 

A view from the West. 

175. NEW YORK. Right: S. Davenport, Sculp.; 
centre below: LONDON: PUBLISHED BY 
THOMAS KELLY, 17, PATERNOSTER 
ROW. 4x6Js- Line engraving. [184-?] EM. 
11962. 

A view south from St. Paul's. 

176. S. W. VIEW OF NEW YORK FROM 
BEDLOW'S I. Right: Sherman & Smith. Sc. 
N. Y.; below: Ellis Island zuith Hudson River 
beyond, are seen on the left. Governor's Is- 
land and East River on the right. Neiv York 
ivith the forest of shipping on the \ East River 
(Castle Garden and Battery in front) appear 
in the distance in the central part of the en- 
graving. 3^x6%. Line engraving. 

From J. \V. Barber's " Historical Collections of the State 
of New york," New York, 1S52, oppos. p. 284. 

177. NEW YORK FROM GOVERNOR'S IS- 
LAND. Left: Drawn & Engraved; right: 
by F. B. Nichols. Vignette. 35^x3^. [1847?] 
Line engraving. 

178. "New York from the steeple of St. Paul's 
Church, looking east, south and west." 4x6^. 
Photograph of the first state, 1849, of the en- 
graving by Popperell, after J. W. Hill. 

179. SOUVENIR DE NEW YORK. [View of 
the city from the harbor, with four miniature 
views above and five below, including "Castle 
Garden," the "Narrows" and the "Battery" ; 
a symbolic figure on each side.] Centre, 
above title: W. J. Cooke Set.; centre below: 
Public par B. Dondorf, Frankfort s M. 
[About 1850.] 6 5/16x8 13/16. Line en- 
graving. EM. 1 1938. 

180. GENERAL VIEW | {From Brooklyn.) 
Centre, above: NEW YORK; left: Drawn 
from nature by Aug. Kollner; right: Lith. by 
Deroy. — Printed by Cattier; centre, above 
title: Neiv-York & Paris, published by Goupil 
& Co. I 46; centre, below: Entered accord- 
ing to act of Congress, in the year 1850, by 
Aug. Kollner, in the clerk's office of the dis- 
trict court for the southern district of New 
York. 7 7/16x11 1/16. Lithograph, colored. 

EM. 1 1927. 

181. NEW YORK FROM GOVERNORS IS- 
LAND. Left: JULIUS KUMMER, NEW 
YORK, 1850, DEL.; right: JOHN POPPEL, 
SCULPIST. With border of one line. 4 7/16 x 
6^ ; to border line, 4^ x 6^4,- Line engrav- 
ing. 

182. VIEW OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK. 

Left, within border: W; right, within border: 
WORCESTER SC. In border with rounded 
corners. 5 ii/i6x934' Wood engraving. 
From Gleason's " Pictorial Drawing Room Companion," 
1851. 



183. NEW YORK AND BROOKLYN, \ FROM 
\ WILLIAMSBURGH. 4^x8. [185-?] Line 
engraving. 

184. NEW-YORK.— BIRD'S-EYE VIEW FROM 
UNION SQUARE. ..iLooking South.] Left: 
BEST et Cie. 7x9. Wood engraving. 

From " Putnam's Monthly " for February, 1853. 

185. NEW YORK IN 1853 \ FROM A PUBLI- 
CATION OF THE PERIOD. Reproduction 
of a wood engraving by the firm of E. 
Kretzschmar. 

Bird's-eye view from the Southwest. 

From the " New York Herald," Sunday, April 5, 1903. 

185^1 BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE CITY OF 
NEW YORK— ILLUSTRATED NEWS, NO- 
VEMBER 26, 1853. Centre, above title: 
PRESENTED TO THE SUBSCRIBERS OF 
THE I ILLUSTRATED NEWS; left: FRANK 
LESLIE SC; right: CHA'? PARSONS DEL 
view from the Southeast. Above, a view of 
the Bay; below, a view from the East. Orna- 
mental border. 23^^ x ^5%. Wood engr.nving. 

186. New York. Left: Drawn from nature by 
L. Sachs; right: Published by Stein & Sachs; 
centre, above: VIEW FROM HOBOKEN, be- 
neath lower border. Rectangle surrounded by 
ornamental border enclosing small views of 
CUSTOM HOUSE, BROADWAY, MER- 
CHANTS' EXCHANGE, CITY HALL, 
CRYSTAL PALACE, CHATHAM SQUARE. 
z^/i X 7^4 ; with frame, 6% x S%. [About 
1854.] Line engraving. 

A view from the West. 

a. Brown ink. 

b. Colored. 

187. View of New York, from the South. Three 
sailing vessels and two steamers in the fore- 
ground; Castle Garden and the Battery at 
centre beyond. Governor's Island at right. 
534^7 13/16. [About 1855?] Line engrav- 
ing. 

188. NEW YORK IN 1859. Left: 7. WELLS 
N. Y.; right: EDMONDS SC N. Y. z-x-sYa- 
Vignette. Wood engraving. 

View looking South. 

189. NEW-YORK ET BROOKLYN \ Vue prise 
de Williamsburg. [Same in English.] Centre, 
above: PORTS DE MER D'AMERIQUE— 
ETATS-UNIS; left: Paris, L. TURGIS 
Jne Impr. Editeur, r. des Ecoles, 80, et a New- 
York, Duane St. 78.; right: Drawn from na- 
ture by J. W. C. Williams. 12x19. Litho- 
graph, colored. EM. 11928. 

The New York City directory shows that Turgis was at 78 
Duane Street during 1S57-63. 

190. NEW YORK and ENVIRONS. NEW 
YORK UND UMGEGEND. Right: Har- 
nisch Sculpt. Rectangle, enclosed by a border 
of one line, surrounded by ornamental frame. 
Buildings and other points of interest indi- 
cated by printed titles above and below. 
9^x14 15/16; to border line, 10x15 1/16; 
with frame, iij^ x i6J^. Line engraving. 
[About 1865.] 

a. As described. 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



47 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

b. Without name of engraver and German 
title, and with DESIGNED AND EN- 
GRAVED FOR THE NEW YORK MANU- 
AL 1868. EM. 1 1902. 

191. THE CITY OF NEW YORK AND EN- 
VIRONS. Centre: Engraved and Published 
by Kimmel & Foster, 254 & 256 Canal St 
N. Y.; between centre and left: Hoboken, 
Astoria, Jersey City; between centre and 
right: Brooklyn. Surrounded by border of 
one line enclosed by ornamental frame. 4% x 
7 11/16; to border line, 4 15/16x7 13/16; 
with frame, 5 13/16x8^. [186-?]. Line en- 
graving. 
Same design as preceding, with minor clianges. 

192. ANSICHT VON NEW YORK. Left: 
Lit/i. art. Anstalt v. Wilhelm NUbling in 
Stuttgart. Border of one line. 4 7/16x7 5/16; 
to border, 45^x7 9/16. Lithograph, one tint. 

In "Die Handelswelt: IVIonatschrift," Bd. 3, [Heft i], 
Stuttgart, [iSoy?]. 

A bird's-eye view; distorted perspective. 

193. NEW YORK, I TAKEN FROM BAT- 
TERY PLACE. Left: PUBLISHED BY 

. GEO. DEGEN, 22 BEEKMAN ST. N. Y.; 
centre: Entered according to act of Congress 
in the year 1874 by Geo. DEGEN, in the Office 
of the Librarian of Congress at M'^ashington, 
D. C; right: PRINT. BY G. SCHLEGEL, 
97 WILLIAM ST. N. Y. 15^x23^. Litho- 
graph in colors. 
Bird's-eye view. 

194. NEW YORK HARBOR, AS SEEN FROM 
THE BROOKLYN TOWER OF THE SUS- 
PENSION-BRIDGE.— FROM A SKETCH 
BY C. E. H. BONWILL. 9^x13^- Wood 
engraving. 
From Harper's Weekly for November i, 1873. 

195. [View of New York from the East River, 
with the North River and the Jersey shore 
beyond. At centre, in foreground, uncom- 
pleted pier of Brooklyn Bridge.] 11x89. 
Photograph, mounted on linen. [About 1875.] 

195J4. NEW YORK, 1880 and NEW YORK, 
IQOO, WITH U. S. S. NEW YORK, AND 
S. S. ST. PAUL. Photomechanical repro- 
ductions of two drawings by Charles Gra- 
ham, each 3^ X 6]/%, on a calendar of The 
Audit Company of New York. 

196. A View of New York from Brooklyn. New 
York Tower of East River Bridge at right; 

p ferry-boat Fulton crossing the river. G. Frank 

E. Pearsall, Photo., 298 Fulton St., Brooklyn, 

IN. Y. 7x8^. Photograph. [About 1885.] 
196^^. Another view, showing the ferry-boat 
Hamilton at the foot of the Brooklyn tower of 
the bridge. G. Frank E. Pearsall, Photo., 298 
Fulton St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 7^4 ^9- Photo- 
graph. [About 1885.] 

197. "LIBERTY ENLIGHTENING THE 
WORLD"— BAR THOLDVS COLOSSAL 
STATUE ON BEDLOE'S ISLAND, NEW 
YORK HARBOR.— DRAWN BY HARRY 



FENN. Left: SUPPLEMENT TO HARP- 
ER'S WEEKLY, OCTOBER 30, 1886; right: 
COPYRIGHT, 1886, BY HARPER & 
BROTHERS. 13^x41. Wood engraving. 

198. SKY-LINE OF THE LOWER END OF 
MANHATTAN ISLAND FROM THE 
NORTH RIVER IN 1891. z^ixxs^i.-SKY- 
LINE OF THE LOWER END OF MAN- 
HATTAN ISLAND FROM THE NORTH 
RIVER IN 189S. 5x235^. Two half-tones 
from photographs, on one page. 

199. THE NEW YORK COLUMBIAN CELE- 
BRATION—THE NAVAL REVIEW.— 
DRAWN BY VICTOR PERARD. Left, 
within border: V. PERARD. 92; left: COPY- 
RIGHT, 1892, BY HARPER & BROTH- 
ERS; right: HARPER'S WEEKLY, OC- 
TOBER 22, 1892. 12^x42^. Wood en- 
graving. 

200. [New York in 1899.] COPYRIGHT 189Q 
BY GEO. P. HALL, 157 FULTON ST. N. Y. 
Calendar for 1900, issued by G. P. Hall & 
Son, 157 Fulton St. 3 x 14 13/16. Half-tone 
from photograph. 

201. THE SECOND CITY OF THE WORLD: 

title describing two views. Upper: LOWER 
NEW YORK AS SEEN FROM BROOKLYN 
SIDE OF THE EAST RIVER; lower: BAT- 
TERY PARK AND THE UPPER BAY 
WITH ITS ISLANDS. Half-tone from photo- 
graphs. 

From " The Mail and Express Illustrated Saturday Maga- 
zine," August 5, iSgg. 

202. VIEW OF THE LOWER END OF MAN- 
HATTAN ISLAND FROM THE EAST 
RIVER, SHOWING THE GREAT BUILD- 
INGS ON THE STREETS FROM THE 
BATTERY TO THE WORLD BUILDING. 
Two sections, each 3 5/16 x 10 1/16. Half- 
tone from photograph. 

In " The New Metropolis, 1600-igoo . . ., edited by E. I. 
Zeisloft " (N. Y., copyright 1899). 

203. VIEW OF MANHATTAN ISLAND AT 
NIGHT, FROM A JERSEY CITY FERRY 
BOAT. 8x17^. Color-print from a draw- 
ing by Charles Graham. 

In " The New Metropolis, 1600-1Q00 . . ., edited by E. I. 
Zeisloft" (N. Y., copyright 1899). 

204. BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE SOUTH- 
ERN PART OF NEW YORK .... S%x 
12 15/16. Half-tone from a drawing by Rich- 
ard W. Rummel. 

In King's " Views of New York City," 1903, p. 6. Repro- 
duced in the " New York Herald " of April 5, 1903, and in an 
advertisement by the National Bank of North America. 

205. WHAT FIFTEEN I YEARS HAS DONE 
FOR LOWER I NEW YORK. Two views 
of New York, from No. i Broadway to the 
World building, taken in 1890 and 1905 re- 
spectively. Half-tone from Photographs by 
Hall. 

From "Evening Mail," N. Y., July i, 1905. 

206. Transformation of the Sky Line of Neva 
York Betvaeen 1880 and 1909: title, below 
which are four views of the sky line of New 



48 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Hudscn River, cont'd. 

York City in 1880, 1896, 1902, and 1909. Be- 
neath each view descriptive printed text. 

From the New York " Sun " of March 21, iqoq. 

This and the preceding newspaper and advertising prints 
are included here solely because they illustrate the increase of 
the sky-scraper. 

206^. Photograph post cards, published by the 
Rotograph Co., N. Y., viz. : "Moonlight, 
N. Y. Harbor," "Misty morning on New York 
Bay," "U. S. Government Ferry-Boat 'General 
Hancock,' Governor's Island, N. Y.," "Statue 
of Liberty," "Immigrant Station, Ellis Island," 
"New York Sky Line from Governor's Island" 
(1909), "New York Harbor," "Battery Park," 
"The Hudson River Tunnel terminal from 
the water front," "The Soldiers and Sailors 
Monument, Riverside Drive," "Looking toward 
Grant's Tomb, Riverside Drive," "Riverside 
Drive, north of i-^sth St.," "The Palisades" 
(2 views), "20th Century Limited." 15 pieces. 

207. "The Warehouses." A view from Brook- 
lyn, showing the East River Bridge and New 
York's sky-scrapers. Etching by Henry Wins- 
low. i{% X 8 5/16. 

The Lower East Shore 

of 

Manhattan Island. 

208. JACKSON FERRY, FOOT OF JACKSON 
ST. EAST RIVER— 1861. Left: Lith. of 
Sarony, Major & Knapp, 449 Broadivay, 
N. Y.; right: for D. T. Valentine's Manual— 
1863. 5 13/16x8. Lithograph, two tints, em. 
11329- 

209. VIEW OF MARKET SLIP \ taken from 
the Corner of Cherry St. 1859. Right: for 
D. T. Valentine's Manual i860. 5^x8. 
Lithograph ; one tint 

In "New York City during the American Revolution . . . 
From manuscripts in the possession of the Mercantile Library 
Association," 1861, extra illustrated, oppos. p. 134. 

Same. em. 11296. 

210. CATHERINE MARKET N. Y. 1850. 
Left: Lith. by G. Hayward, 120 IVater St. 
N. Y.; right: for D. T. Valentine's Manual 
for 1857. 3^2x6 1/16. Lithograph, in color. 
EM. 11297. 

211. "Catherine Market." J903. 9^x6^^. Etch- 
ing by C. F. W. Mielatz. 

212. PECK SLIP, N. Y. 1850. Left: Lith. by 
G. Hayivard 120 Water St. N. Y.; right: 
for D. T. Valentine's Manual for 1857. 
3 7/16x6. Lithograph, em. 10466. 

213. "Fulton Market." Etching by Charles 
Henry White. 7^ x 9. 

A reproduction of this print appears in Har/>er''s Magazine 
for September, 1505. 

214. Brooklyn Ferry, Fulton Street, New York. 
[182-?]. Aquatint by C. F. W. Mielatz, '05. 
From a small platter of Staffordshire pottery 
by Stevenson. 5 7/16x6%. 

Published by the Society of Iconophiles, Series vii, no. 6, 
1905. R. H. Lawrence, in his catalogue [1908] of the Society's 
publications, says : " On the left [right in the engraving] of this 
view is pictured the entrance to Fulton Market, erected upon ( 



a site purchased by the city in 1821. In the centre the ' Ferry 
Slips ' and the • Nassau,' the first steam ferry-boat which ran 
between New York and Brooklyn. . . . The ' Nassau ' 
was launched in i8i4and built on the lines of a catamaran : 
her motive power being supplied by a large wheel in the center 
between the two hulls." 

215. BROOKLYN FERRY, FULTON ST. \ 
NEW YORK. Left: Drawn by C. Burton; 
right: Engraved by Hatch & Smillie. 211/16 
X zVz- [1831.] Line engraving. 

2i6. VIEW OF BROOKLYN, L. I. \ FROM 
U. S. HOTEL, NEW YORK. Left, within 
border line: PRINTED IN COLORS; right: 
BY F. MICHELIN, III NASSAU ST.; cen- 
tre: DRAWN FROM NATURE & ON 
STONE BY E. WHITEFIELD; centre, be- 
low: Entered according to act of Congress, in 
the year 184.6, by E. Whitefield, in the Clerk's 
Office of the District Court of the Southn. 
Dist. of N. Y. Border of one line. 15x36^; 
to border line, 15^^x36^. Lithograph in 
color. Mounted on linen. 

New York slip of F'ulton Ferry in foreground. Steamboats 
" Oregon," " Worcester " and " Rhode Island " among craft 
in river. 

217. SOUTH ST. from MAIDEN LANE. 1834- 
Left: Wm. I. Bennett Pinxt. et Sculpt.; centre, 
below: Henry I. Megary, New York. 9^x 
13^' Aquatint, colored. 

Same, uncolored. EM. 11430. 

2171^. SOUTH ST. FROM MAIDEN LANE, 
1828. Left: Lith. G. Hayivard 120 Water St. 
N. Y.; right: For D. T. Valentine's Manual 
1^54- 3^x6. Lithograph, one tint. 

A copy of the preceding. 

218. THE DOCK AND RIVER FRONT TO 
WALL STREET, 1667. 2x3}^. Wood en- 
graving, em. 10516. 

219. THE BLOCK-HOUSE AND CITY GATE 
{FOOT OF PRESENT WALL STREET), 
i(>74- 3 3/16x3 7/16. Wood engraving. 
em. 10516. 

220. TONTINE BUILDING, WALL STREET, 
NEW YORK 1797. Left: Copied for D. T. 
Valentine's Manual 1852; right: Lith. by G. 
Hayivard, 120 Water Street, N. Y. 6J4 x 
9 7/16. Lithograph, one tint. em. 12728. 

221. COFFEE HOUSE SLIP. Left: Drawn by 
A. I. Stansbury; right: Engd. by M. I. Dan- 
forth; centre, below: Engraved for the Pic- 
ture of New York and Strangers guide Pub- 
lished by A. T. Goodrich. Border of two 
lines. 2 13/16x3 13/16; to border, 2% x 
3%. [1828.] Line engraving. 

232. COFFEE-HOUSE SLIP. | (Foot of Wall 
Street). Centre: Drawn & Engraved by H. 
Fossette; over upper right corner: PI 15. 
Border of one line at left and top, two at right 
and bottom. 3 3/16x5 13/16; to border line, 
3 5/16x5%. [1831?] Line engraving. 

a. On same plate with PI. 16. 

In " Views in New York . . . Taken on the spot ... by 
Dakin," N^ Y., 1831. 

b. Separate. 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



49 



Prints, Hudson River, confd. 

222^. COFFEE HOUSE SUP AND NEW 
YORK COFFEE HOUSE. Left: LITH. BY 
G. HAYJVARD 120 WATER ST. N. Y.; 
right: FOR D. T. VALENTINE'S MANUAL 
1856. S/^xs 15/16. Lithograph, one tint. 
Copy of preceding, with lettering on signboards omitted. 

223. FRANKLIN MARKET, OLD SLIP N. Y. 
1820. Left: Lith. for D. T. Valentine's Man- 
ual, for 1861.; right: by Geo. Hayivard, 17I 
Pearl St. N. Y. 3^x5 15/16. Lithograph, 
one tint. 

Same. EM. 11295. 

224. VIEW OF THE "SCHOEINGE" OR- 
STREET PILING ON THE EAST RIVER 
SHORE NEAR \ PRESENT COENTIES 
SLIP, 1658. 3^x3 9/16. Wood engraving. 
EM. 10516. 

225. South Street, from Coenties' Slip. Litho- 
graph by C. F. W. Mielatz. 1898. Society 
of Iconophiles of New York, Publication No. 
VII, new series. 8x 7^. 

226. Coenties Slip in 1901. Photogravure re- 
production of a monotype in color by C. F. W. 
Mielatz, 1905. Published by the Society of 
Iconophiles of New York. 7^x5?^. 

Various artists liave found interesting subjects along the 
water front of New Yorlc City. The Library possesses prints 
by or after the following: 

Bonsonge, R. C. Coxe, Ozias Dodge, Henry Farrer, C. F.W. 
■Mielatz, Dr. C. H. Miller, J. C. Nicoll, B.J. Olssen Nord- 
feldt, C. A. Piatt, C. H. White and Henry Winslow, but in 
the present list only those have been given a place which dis- 
tinctly illustrate locality. 

227. VIEW OF THE "GRAFT," OR CANAL, 
IN BROAD STREET, AND THE FISH 
BRIDGE, 1659. 3 3/16x3 7/16. Wood en- 
graving. EM. 10516. 

From " Valentine's Manual," 1862, p. 515. 

228. "Broad St. 1659." 5. Holly er, Copyright 
1905- Z'A^S 11/16. Etching. 

HoUyer's " Views of Old New York," series 4. Copy of 
the preceding. 

229. SOUTH STREET AND NEW YORK 
HARBOR. Left: A^. Y. RECORDER SOUVE- 
NIR; 5^4x8. [188-?] Half-tone in color, 
from photograph. 

230. STEAM BOAT WHARF, WHITEHALL 
STREET. I NEW YORK. Left: Draiun by 
C. Burton; right: Engraved by Hatch & 
Smillie. 2 11/16 x3>4. [1831.] Line engrav- 
ing. India paper. 

^231. No. I. The residence of Jacob Easier on 
"the Strand" (now Whitehall Street, N. Y.) | 
THE FIRST BRICK DWELLING ERECTED 
IN THE CITY. 4^X7%. Lithograph in 
color. EM. 10560. 

The Battery and 
Castle Garden. 

232. VIEM^ OF THE SITE OF THE PRES- 
ENT BATTERY, IN 1656. Vign. 2% x 
S]/4- Wood engraving. EM. 10469. 

233. GOV. STUYVESANT'S HOUSE, ERECT- 
ED 1658, AFTERWARDS CALLED "THE 



WHITEHALL." 2^x3^4. Vignette. Wood 

engraving. EM. 10468. 

From " Valentine's Manual," 1862, p. 500. 

234. "Peter Stu>Tfesant's Town House 1658." 

S. Hollyer. 3^x5^. Etching. 

Hollyer's "Views of Old New York," series i, no. 29. 
Same design as preceding. 

235. BATTERY & BOWLING GREEN, N. Y. \ 
as it appeared during the Revolution. Left: 
Lith. by Geo. Hayivard, 120 Water St., N. Y.; 
right: for D. T. Valentine's Manual 1858. 
Border of one line, 3 7/16x6; to border, 
3^x6^. Lithograph, one tint. 

In "Valentine's Manual," 1S58, oppos. p. 633. 

235^. EVACUATION OF NEW YORK \ 
NOV. 25, 178s. 1-3^x254- Line engraving 
on same plate with portrait of Washington, a 
decorative border surrounding both, 8^x4%. 
Centre: DESIGNED AND ENGRAVED 
FOR I THE SOCIETY OF ICONOPHILES \ 
NEW YORK 1899; left: F. S. KING \ DEL. 
& SC. 

" The picture of Evacuation is based on the background of 
the full-length portrait of Washington by John Trumbull, 
now in the City Hall, New York." The old fort is shown, 
and Staten Island in the distance. 

236. RECEPTION OF PRESIDENT WASH- 
INGTON AT NEW YORK. \ APRIL 2 3RD, 
1789. Left: J. McNevin; right: J. Rogers; 
centre, below title: Nevj York, Virtue, Em- 
mins & Co. \ Entered according to act of Con- 
gress, in the year 1857 * * * Nevj York. 
4 11/16x6^. Line engraving. 

a. Without the two publication lines. India 
paper, em. 11114. 

b. As described. 

From B. J. Lossing's " Life of Washington," vol. 3, New 
York, i860, oppos. p. 88. 

237. WASHINGTON TAKING LEAVE OF 

HIS OFFICERS. Left: Darley; right: G. R. 

Hall; centre, below: NEW YORK, G. P. 

PUTNAM; right, below: Printed by W. Pate. 

Vignette. 4x65^. Line engraving. EM. 8858. 

In foreground, Washington standing up inrowboat; be- 
yond, the officers on shore. 

From Washington Irving's " Life of Washington," vol. 4, 
N. Y., 1861, oppos. p. 441. 

238. A Vietv of the BATTERY and HARBOR 
of Neiu York and the AMBUSCADE FRI- 
GATE. [1793.] Left: J. Drayton Delin; 
right: S. Hill Set. Boston. sVs 'X- sVs- Line en- 
graving. 

In " Letters Written During a Tour Through the Northern 
and Eastern States of America," Charleston, S. C, 1704, 
p. 20. A copy of this plate was engraved on copper by E. D. 
French as a frontispiece for " The Journey of the Icono- 
philes," New York, 1807, by W. L. Andrews, who says: "To 
the best of my knowledge this picture is the earliest view of 
the Battery from the land side, and the only print that shows 
this point of the island, except from the water, as it appeared 
after the removal of Fort George and before the erection of 
the present Casde Garden— i. e., between the years 1790 and 
1810. Another copy of the print was engraved on copper by 
Sidney L. Smith as " Fac-simile no. 10 of the Society of 
Iconophiles," New York, published in March, 1903. 

"Departure of the 'Clermont' " 

See no. 620. 

Launch of "Fulton the First," 1814. 
See no. 628. 



50 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

239. The Battery, New York, Esplanade and 
Castle Garden. [182-?] Aquatint by C. F. W. 
Mielatz, 1904, from a platter of Staffordshire 
pottery by Stevenson. 5 7/16x6 15/16. 
Published by the Society of Iconophiles, Series VII, no. 2, 

1904. R. H. Lawrence, in his Catalogue (1008) of the Society's 
publications, says: " The title " Esplanade ' was that given to 
the central walk in the Battery, long the favorite society 
promenade. * * * In the harbor and to the left [right in the 
engraving] of Castle Garden the artist has inserted a picture 
of the steamship ' Aetna,' which was destroyed by the explo- 
sion of her boilers in 1825." 

240. LANDING OF GEN. LAFAYETTE, \ At 

Castle Garden, Neiu York, l6th August, 1824. 
Left: Imbert Del.; right: Saml. Maverick Set. 
Border of one line at right and top, two at 
left and bottom. 2 11/16x45/8; to border, 
2 13/16x4 13/16. Line engraving, em. 11395. 

240K-. LANDING OF GEN. LAFAYETTE, \ 
At Castle Garden, Nevj York, 1 6th August, 
1824. 1 9/16x2^^. Line engraving on same 
plate, with portrait of Lafayette, a decorative 
border surrounding both, 8^x4 11/16. Cen- 
tre: THIS PLATE MADE FOR \ THE SO- 
CIETY OF ICONOPHILES \ NEW YORK 
IQOO; left: F. S. KING \ DEL. & SC. 

" The view of the Battery is a reduced fac-simile of a cop- 
per-plate engraved by Samuel Maverick." 

241. Castle Clinton and the Battery. [About 
1825.] Aquatint by C. F. W. Mielatz, 1906, 
from "a large platter by Enoch Wood," Staf- 
fordshire pottery. 5% x 6%. 

Published by the Society of Iconophiles, series vii, no. 8, 1906. 
R. H. Lawrence, in his Catalogue (1908) of the Society's pub- 
lications, says: "The foundations of [the fortifications] were 
laid in 1807 upon a ledge of rocks three hundred feet distant 
from the shore. The fortress was completed in 1811, and was 
named the Southwest Battery. In 1816 it was renamed Castle 
Clinton, after George Clinton. ... In the same year the 
Lattery was extended seaward; still two hundred feet of the 
bridge remained. Six years later Castle Clinton was dis- 
mantled and ceded back to the city. In 1824 it was leased to 
one Marsh at an annual rental of $1,400. Its top was decked 
over and made into a promenade, where, during the summer, 
the Castle Garden Band played nightly." A sketch of the 
history of Battery Park, by Edward Hagaman Hall, forming 
Appendix D of the 8th annual report, 1903, of the American 
Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, is accompanied by a 
map showing artificial growth of the water-front. Such a map 
appears also in J. W. Gerard jr.'s " Treatise on the title of the 
corporation and others to the streets, wharves [etc.]," N. Y., 
1S72. 

242. GRAND CANAL CELEBRATION. \ 
VIEJV OF THE FLEET PREPARING TO 
FORM IN LINE. Lithograph. EM. 11423. 
Left: Imbert's Lithography, Ne<w York, 1825; 
right: Arch. Robertson delt. 8 7/16x40 1/16. 
Lithograph. 

From Cadwallader D. Colden's "Memoir . . . presented 
... at the celebration of the completion of the New York 
canals," N. Y., 1825, oppos. p. 137. 

243. ERIE CANAL CELEBRATION \ NEW 
YORK NOVEMBER 4th 1825. i 3/16x2 
7/16. Line engraving on same plate with por- 
trait of De Witt Clinton, decorative border 
surrounding both, 81/^x5. Centre: DRAWN 
& ENGRAVED FOR \ THE SOCIETY OF 
ICONOPHILES I NEW YORK 1900; left: 
F. S. KING I FECIT. 

" The view of the battery is part of a large plate in Cad- 
wallader D. Colden's ' Memoir . . ., celebration of the com- 
pletion of the New York Canals.' New York, 1825." 

244. Castle Garden, Neiv York. Left, within 
border: Breton del.; right, within border: 



Gilbert. [183-?] Border of one line, 2 15/16 
■X. 4.^/8; to border, 3 1/16x4^. Wood engrav- 
ing. 
■ Same. EM. 11394. 

245. VIEW OF THE BAY AND HARBOUR 
OF NEW-YORK, FROM THE BATTERY. 
Left: C. Burton, Del.; right: Wm. D. Smith, 
Sc; centre, below: Draivfi and Engraved for 
the Neiv York Mirror, 1830. Border of one 
line at left and top, two at right and bottom. 
6x9; to border 6 3/16 X9H. Line engraving. 
EM. 1 1434. 

From " The New York Mirror," Jan. 15, 1831. 

246. ST A TEN ISLAND FERRY & U. S. 
BARGE OFFICE, 183 1. Left: Lith. for D. T. 
Valentine's Manual, 1853; right: by Geo. Hay- 
voard, J 20 Water Street, N. York. 3^x6. 
Lithograph. 

247. BAY & HARBOUR OF NEW YORK, \ 
FROM THE BATTERY. Centre: Draiun & 
Engraved by J. Smillie, from a Sketch by C. 
Burton. [1831.] 2^x3^. Line engraving. 

a. On same plate with JUNCTION OF 
BROADWAY & THE BOWERY; the lat- 
ter view at top, with Plate 8th over upper 
right corner. India paper. 

b. Separate. India paper. 

248. CASTLE GARDEN, | From the Battery. 
Left: Wade Del; right: Dougal Sc; centre, 
below: Published by J. Disturnell 102 & 253 
Broady. N. Y. [1849.] z^/s^^-Vs- Line en- 
graving. 

a. On same plate with "Steamboat Landing, 
Pier No. i," with general title: VIEWS IN 
NEW YORK, No. 2. Disturnell was at these 
addresses in 1848-9, according to the New 
York Directory. 

b. Separate, without the general title. 

c. Same as the preceding, without the publi- 
cation line. 

In " New York as it was and as it is, compiled by John 
Disturnell," N. Y., 1876, oppos. p. 155. 

249. BATTERY & CASTLE GARDEN. Left: 
Geo. Miller del. right: Jas. Smillie Sc; centre, 
below: Published by J. DISTURNELL, New 
York. 2 5/16x3 7/16. Line engraving. India 
paper. 

a. On same plate with vignette title of 
"The Pocket Annual, 1848," J. Disturnell, 
N. Y. 

b. Separate. India paper. 

The plate was published also as a frontispiece in J. Distur- 
nell's "The Northern Travellers," N. Y., 1844. 

250. NEW-YORK HARBOR FROM THE 
BATTERY. Left: W. Wade; right: Booth; 
centre, below: Published by J. Disturnell 102 
& 233 Broady. N. Y. [1849?] 2^x4^. 
Line engraving. 

a. On same plate with vignette title-page 
"The picturesque tourist," published by J. Dis- 
turnell at 333 Broadway in 1858. 

b. Same, separate. 

c. Same. 
In "New York as it was and as it is . . ., 

compiled by John Disturnell," N. Y., 1876, 
frontispiece. 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



51 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

251. NEJV YORK BATTERY CASTLE 
GARDEN BAY NARROWS ST A TEN 
ISLD. [185-?] 3^x3% Vignette. Line 
engraving. 

Same. em. 10840 & 12344. 

252. CASTLE GARDEN, FROM THE RIVER. 
Leh: LEBRETON. 41^x8?/^. [185-?] Wood 
engraving. 

253. LANDING AT CASTLE GARDEN. 
3 3/16x55^. Wood engraving. 

From " Report of the Special Committee . . ., Common 
Council of New York, . . . for the reception of Louis Kos- 
suth," N. Y., 1852, p 56. 

254. T/ie Battery, and Castle Garden. Left: 
IV. F. P. [.?]; right: H. H. DEL. Vignette. 
2x4. Wood engraving. 

In J. W. Barber's '" Historical Collections of the State of 
New York," improved edition, N. Y., 1852, p. 200. 

255. CASTLE GARDEN. NEIV YORK, 1852. 
Left: Drazun from Nature by G. Hayward, 
120 Water St. N. Y.; right: for D. T. Valen- 
tine's Manual 1852. 5^x12^. Lithograph. 

256. PACIFIC STEAMER GOLDEN GATE. 
Vign. 4 7/16x7 1/16. Wood engraving. 

Castle Garden at the right. From " Gleason's Pictorial 
Drawing Room Companion," p. 304 (185-?). 

257. VIEW of STATE STREET, \ fronting the 
Battery, 1859. Left: A. IVeingdrtner's Lithy. 
N. Y.; right: for D. T. Valentine's Manual 
1859; on margin, in pencil: "No i. STATE 
ST I FULTON'S HOUSE." 5^4x8 1/16. 
Lithograph, one tint. 

"State Street and Battery Park, 1852." 

S. Hollyer. Copyright I903. 3 9/16x5^. 
Etching. 

HoUyer's "Views of Old New York," series 2, no. 2. A 
Copy of the preceding. 

258. GALE IN NEW YORK BAY, FEBRU- 
ARY 10, 1861. Right, within border: J. 
FILMER SC. 4^x7 7/16. Wood engrav- 
ing. 

259. ART SUPPLEMENT TO APPLETONS' 
JOURNAL— VIEW OF CASTLE GARDEN, 
AND NEW YORK BAY. Left, lower corner: 
H. Venn Del.; right, lower corner: /. FILMER, 
SC; centre: Entered, according to Act of 
Congress, in the year 1869, by D. APPLETON 
& CO., in the Clerk's Office of the District 
Court of the United States for the Southern 
District of Neiu York. ?,yix2s'A- Wood en- 
graving. 

Same. EM. 11573. 

260. THE BATTERY, 1869. Right, within 
border: F. A. Liebler [ ?] Border of one line. 
8 1/16x12^; to border, SJ4 x 12 9/16. Litho- 
graph, in color. 

260^. The Old Revenue Office. Left: H. Far- 
rer 18/O. 6 13/16x5^. Reproduction of pen 
drawing. 

From " Manual of the Corporation of the City of New 
York, 1870," oppos. p. 108. 

261. BATTERY, 1870. 3 9/16x10 13/16. Be- 
low: BATTERY, 1871. 39/16x103/16. 
Lithographs in color. 



262. The Battery \ from. No. I Broadway: left 
lower corner; right lower corner: Eliza Grea- 
torex. 4 11/16x7^8- Reproduction of pen 
drawing. em. 11820. 

From Greatorex's " Old New York, . . ." N. Y., 1875. [v. i] , 
oppos. p. 9. 

263. The Battery and Castle Garden. Lower 
right corner: A^. A. CRANSTON SC. 3 15/16 
X 9. Wood engraving. 

From "Picturesque America," vol. 2, N. Y., 1874, p. 549. 

264. [Castle Garden.] 35^x7^^. [188-?] Photo- 
graph. 

Surrounded by a fence when used as emigrant station. 

265. State Emigrant Landing Depot, Castle 
Garden, N. Y. In lower left corner: ROY- 
LANCE-PURCELL, N. Y. 3 13/16 x 6^. 
Wood engraving, em. 11833. 

266. CASTLE GARDEN LANDING FOR 
EMIGRANTS, BARGE OFFICE, BAT- 
TERY. Right, over upper border: Gover- 
nor's Island; left: loo Views of Neiv York 
and Environs; right, below: Charles Magnus, 
Publisher. [About 1880.] 5>^ x 8. Wood en- 
graving, in color. 

At top of sheet of writing paper. 

267. BATTERY-TERMINUS OF NEW YORRK 
ELEVATED RAILROADS. Left: 36 Views 
of New York and Environs; right: Charles 
Magnus, Publisher; between centre and right: 
CASTLE GARDEN, Landungsplatz der Ein- 
wanderer. [About 1880?] 4 15/16x7 13/16. 
Wood engraving in color. 

At top of sheet of writing paper. 

268. "The Battery." Mielatz | '89 in lower left 
corner. 6 13/16x9^. Etching by C. F. W. 
Mielatz. 

269. The Battery and Castle Garden. Litho- 
graph by C. F. W. Mielatz. 9 5/16 x65/^. 
1898. 

Society of Iconophiles of New York. Publication no. i, 
new series. 

270. The Aquarium, formerly Southivest Bat- 
tery, Nevj York. ^^4 x 7. Half-tone from 
photograph. 

In 13th annual report, 1908, of the American Scenic and 
Historic Preservation Society, oppos. p 88. 

Points on the West Shore 

of 

New York City. 

271. STEAMBOAT LANDING, | Pier No. I 
North River. Left: Wade Del; right: Dougal 
Sc; centre, below: Published by J. Disturnell 
102 & 233 Broady. N. Y. 25^x4 1/16. 
[1849?] Line engraving. 

a. As described. On same plate with 
"Castle Garden." See 248a. 

b. Separate, without the general title 
VIEWS IN NEW YORK, No. 2. 

c. Without publication line. 

In " New York as it was and as it is . . ., compiled by 
John Disturnell," N. Y., 1876, oppos. p. 191. 

272. STEAM BOAT WHARF, BATTERY 
PLACE, I NEIV YORK. Left: Burton delt; 
right: Gimber Set. [About 1830.] 2 11/16 
■KiYz. Line engraving. India paper. 



52 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Hudson Rwer, cont'd. 

273. "No. 1 Broadway — Washington Hotel 
1851." S. Hollyer. Copyright 1904. 1^/2 x 
5 7/16. Etching. 

The river is seen at the left. Hollyer's " Views of Old 
New York," series 3, no. 2. 

274. GREENWICH ST. BELOW THAMES 
ST. 1861. Left: Lith. of Sarony, Major & 
Knapp, 44Q Broadway, N. Y.; right: for 
D. T. Valentine's Manual, 1863. Border of 
one line. 3^x5 11/16; to border, 3 "j/iS-x. 
5 13/16. Lithograph, in two tints. EM. 12760. 

A glimpse of the river is shown. 

275. Old Jersey Ferry House | corner of Green- 
ivich and Cedar Streets: left lower corner. 
Above title: begun on \ Washington's Birth- 
day, 1875; right lower corner: Eliza Grea- 
torex. 45^ X 7 1/12. Reproduction of pen 
drawing. EM. 11298. 

From Greatorex's "Old New York . . ." N. Y., 1875. [v. i], 
oppos. p. 32. 

" The landing-place of Washington when ... he first came 
to New York as general of the Revolutionary army." 

276. Jersey Ferry House \ Cor. Greenivich & 
Cedar St.; left lower corner: finished on | 
Washington's Birthday \ Eliza Greatorex 
18^5. 8J^x5. Reproduction of pen drawing. 
A different view of the building. 

277. LANDING PLACE, FOOT OF COURT- 
LA NDT ST. I NEW YORK. Left: Drawn 
by G. Burton; right: Engraved by J. Smillie. 
2 11/16x3 9/16. £1831.] Line engraving. 
India paper. 

278. FIEW of WASHINGTON MARKET \ 
from the S. E. cor. of Fulton & JFashington 
Sts. 1859. Left: A. Weingartner's Lithy. 87 
Fulton St. N. Y.; right: for D. T. Valentine's 
Manual 1859. 5^x8 1/16. Lithograph; one 
tint. 

In "New York City during the American Revolution . . . 
From manuscripts in the possession of the Mercantile Library 
Association," 1S61; extra-illustrated, opposite p. 24. 

279. "Washington Market," 1859. S. Hollyer. 
Copyright 1907. 3 11/16x5 11/16. Etching. 

Hollyer's " Views of Old New York," series 6. A copy of 
the central portion of the preceding. 

280. FALL RIVER BOAT AT THE PIER. 
2^x4^. Half-tone from photograph. 

Pier 18 and surroundings seen from the water. In " The 
New Metropolis, 1600-1900 . . . , edited by E. I. Zeisloft " 
(N. Y. copyright iSgg), p. 109. 

281. North Battery, foot of Hubert St., Nenv 
York. Left: Robert W. Weir Pinxit; centre: 
Steel Plate; right: James Smillie Sculpsit.; 
centre below: Painted & Engraved for the 
Ne^v York Mirror 1833. 6^ x 9. Line en- 
graving. 

From " New York Mirror," July 6, 1833. 

Same. em. 11360. 

282. NORTH BATTERY, FOOT OF HUBERT 
ST.—1812. Left: Lith. for D. T. Valentine's 
Manual, 1855; right: by George Hayivard, 
120 Water Street, N. Y. 3^x6^- Litho- 
graph. 

283. NORTH BATTERY, FOOT OF HUBERT 
ST. LOOKING SOUTH, 1820. Left: Lith. 



by Geo. Hayivard; right: for D. T. Valen- 
tine's Manual for 1859. 6x15 3/16. Litho- 
graph, one tint. 

In " Valentine's Manual," 1859, oppos. p. 252. 

284. The Hay-sloops of the North River. Centre 
below: From an original picture. Designed 
and Engraved expressly for the Neiv Mirror 
by W. J. Bennett. 5>^ x 7^^. Aquatint en- 
graving. 

From the " New INIirror," vol. 2, New York, 1843, opp. p. 
146. From note at top of page, left column: " The scene rep- 
resented by the artist is the well-known hay-market at the 
foot of Duane Street, which is most accurate in all its details. 
Fanny Kemble thought the sloops of the North R'ver the most 
picturesque things she had seen in this country." 

285. PANORAMA OF THE EMBARKATION 
OF THE FIRE ZOUAVES ON BOARD THE 
BALTIC APR. 29TH 1861. I TAKEN FOOT 
OF SPRING & CANAL ST. Left: Lith. of 
Sarony, Major & Knapp, 449 Broadivay, 
A'. Y.; right: for D. T. Valentine's Manual, 
1862. 5^x11. Lithograph, in color. EM. 1 1682. 

286. A photograph, 12x155^, of pier 43, Spring 
St., North River, with "Great Southern Freight 
Line" over top of pier, and "Empire Line * * * 
No. 5, Bowling Green" on the wall below, to 
the right. The "Empire Line" appears with 
both these addresses only in the 1876 volume 
of "Goulding's Business Directory" of New 
York City. 

287. Oyster Market on West Street. Photo- 
gravure reproduction of a monotype in color 
by C. F. W. Mielatz, 1905. Published by the 
Society of Iconophiles of New York. 7 13/16 
x5 7/16. 

Published by the Society of Iconophiles of New York. 

288. Oyster Market, near Christopher Street. 
6^ X 9^. Lithograph by C. T. W. Mielatz. 

Society of Iconophiles of New York, Publication no. VIII, 
new series. 

289. West Street, New York, from the Hudson, 
showing the docks at West loth St. Photo- 
graph, probably taken by P. Van der Weyde, 
about 1887. 4.>^x7^. 

290. WHITE STAR LINE, SHOWING THE 
TEUTONIC AT HER PIER. 4)^x7. Half- 
tone from photograph. 

In " The New Metropolis, 1600-1900 . . . , edited by E. I. 
Zeisloft " (N. Y., copyright 1899). 

291. THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY BETW. 
20TH & 2 1 ST STS. & 9TH & loTH AVES. 
Left: Lith. of Sarony, Major & Knapp, 449 
Broadway, N. Y.; right: for D. T. Valentine's 
Manual 1S63. Border of one line. 5^4x8; 
to border 6 x 854- Lithograph in colors. 

A glimpse of the river is caught on the left. 

In Valentine's " Manual," N. Y., 1S63, oppos. p. 29S. 

292. "Theological Seminary, 1833." S. Hollyer. 
Copyright J906. 6^ x 5^^. Etching. 

Hollyer's "Views of Old New York," 5° series. The build- 
ing is not entirely the same as in the preceding print; it is 
crenellated at the top. 

293. THE RAPELYEA ESTATE {PROP- 
ERTY OF MRS. CARNS). \ CALLED THE 
WHITE COTTAGE— FOOT OF 35TH 
ST. NORTH RIVER. Left: THE MAJOR 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

& KNAPP, ENG. MF'G. & LITH. CO. 7/ 

BROADJfAY, N. Y.; right: FOR D. T. 

VALENTINE'S MANUAL, 1866. zVsxsH- 

Lithograph, in colors. 
Same. em. 13195. 

294. DESTRUCTION OF THE JVEEHAJVKEN 
FERRY-HOUSE, FORTY-SECOND STREET, 
BY THE RIOTERS, JULY 15. 47/16x6 
3/16 in. Wood engraving. EM. 11732. 

295. Stryker Mansion \ Hudson River at 53d 
Street | Fieiv from the Rocks: left lower cor- 
ner. Right lower corner : Eliza Greatorex. 
4 9/16x7^/2. Reproduction of pen drawing. 
In: Greatorex's "Old New York . . ." N. Y., 1875, [v. i], 

oppos. p. 119. 

296. "North River from 15th floor of Carnegie 
Music Hall." 9^x12. Etching by B. J. 
Olsson Nordfeldt. 

296K'- Perrit Mansion \ At ydth St. In Bloont- 
ingdale: lower left corner. Lower right cor- 
ner : Eliza Greatorex \ Sep. 1868. 4^ x 7^. 
Reproduction of pen drawing. 

In Eliza Greatorex's " Old New York," N. Y., 1875. oppos. 
p. 192. 

297. Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorial Monu- 
ment, Riverside Park, foot of West Eighty- 
Ninth St. Photograph taken by P. E. Duboy, 
for Stoughton and Stoughton, Architects. <)% 
X i2->^. About 1906. 

298. THE HUDSON RIVER AND RIVER- 
SIDE PARK 3 is/jSxjVs—RIf'ERSIDE 
DRIVE AND RIVERSIDE AVENUE, LOOK- 
ING TOJVARD GRANT'S TOMB. 3 13/16 
X 10 3/16. From a drawing bv C. Graham 
i^^8.— RIVERSIDE PARK ALONG THE 
HUDSON RIVER. 7x5 9/16.— RIVERSIDE 
DRIVE AND GRANT'S TOMB, OVER- 
LOOKING THE HUDSON RIVER, 6 x SVs..— 
VIE IV OF MORNINGSIDE {CATHED- 
RAL) HEIGHTS, THE HUDSON RIVER, 
AND NEJV JERSEY PALISADES, %y2X 
21 J4. From drawings by Charles Graham 
1898. Half-tones from photographs, except- 
ing two from drawings as indicated. 

In " The New Metropolis. 1600-1000 . . ., edited by E. I. 
Zeisloft" (N. Y., copyright 1899). 

298'/,. THE OLD ABBEY HOTEL ON 
BLOOMINGDALE ROAD (iS^y.) Left: 
LITH. OF MAJOR <Sf KNAPP 44Q BROAD- 
IV AY N. Y.; right: FOR D. T. VALEN- 
TINE'S MANUAL, 1864. 3^/^x5^. Litho- 
f graph in colors. 

View near io2d St. 

In " Valentine's Manual,"' 1864, oppos. p. 386. 

299. STRAWBERRY HILL HOTEL, NOW 
WOODLAWN. Left: LITH. BY G. HAY- 
WARD, 120 WATER ST. N. Y.; right: FOR 
D. T. VALENTINE'S MANUAL 1856. 
3 7/16 X 5?^. Lithograph, one tint. 
In Valentine's "Manual," 1S56, p. 514; text on p. 51 (States 
"The house commands a . . . view of the lordly Hudson for 
many miles north and south . . ., from Sing Sing to the Nar- 
rows " A glimpse of the river at the left. 

This house stood on Eleventh Avenue, between io6th and 
107th Sts., according to H. S. Mott (-'The New York of Yes- 
terday," N. v., igo3, p. 47), who says also that it was subse- 



301. 



quently opened as the "Woodlawn Hotel," and adds that the 
title " 'Strawberry Hill Hotel,' by which Valentine dubs it, 
was never used, although it might easily arise as a local 
designation because the enormous quantities of wild berries 
along the river caused the locality to be known as Strawberry 
Hill." 

300. "Strawberry Hill Hotel (now Woodlawn) 
1852." S. Hollyer. 3^x5^^. Etching. 
Hollyer's "Views of Old New York," series i, no. 32. A copy 

of the preceding. 

■iooVi. STRIKER'S BAY MANSION, 1852 \ 
From the painting in possession of the author. 
4x6 9/16. Half-tone. 
In H. S. Mott's "The New York of Yesterday," N. Y., 

1908, oppos. p. n8. 

Lunatic Asylum, New York. Left: Robert 
JV. Weir Pinxt.; right: James Smillie Sculpt.; 
centre, above title: Steel Plate; below title: 
PAINTED & ENGRAVED FOR THE NEW- 
YORK MIRROR, 1834. 6 3/16x9 i/:6. 
Line engraving. EM. 12783. 
From "New-York Mirror," Feb. i, 1834. 

3015/2. Laivrence Mansion \ In Bloomingdale: 
lower left corner. Lower right corner: Eliza 
Greatorex \ Sep. 1868. ^-Vlxj 7/16. Repro- 
duction of pen drawing. 

In Eliza Greatorex's " Old New York," N. Y., 1875, oppos. 
p. 198. 

302. RESIDENCE OF THE POST FAMILY,— 
NOW CLAREMONT HOTEL. \ Blooming- 
dale Road near Manhattanmlle, i860. Left: 
Lith. of Sarony, Major & Knapp, 44g Broad- 
way, N. Y.; right: for D. T. Valentine's 
Manual, 1861. 3 5/16x5 13/16. Lithograph. 
EM. 11160. 

303. Clciirmont \ 
corner. Right 
6 13/16x45^. 
In Greatorex's "Old New York . 

oppos. p. 203. 

ZozYz. "MOTT'S POINT ON THE HUD^ 
SON," 1884 I From an oil painting by W. L. 
Sonntag, N. A. in possession of the author. 
4x5 7/16. Half-tone. 

In H. S. Mott's " New York of Yesterday,'" N. Y., 1908, 
oppos. p. 356. 

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORNING- 
SIDE HEIGHTS, NEJV YORK CITY— HOW 
IT WILL LOOK ON THE COMPLETION 
OF THE BUILDINGS NOW IN COURSE 
OF ERECTION.— Drawn by G. W. Peters. 
13 X 19 3/16. Half-tone. 
From "Harper's Weekly," 1897, v. 41, no. 2095, pp. 156-157. 

PANORAMIC VIEW OF COLUMBIA 
UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS ON MORN- 
INGSIDE HEIGHTS. 45^x15?^. Half- 
tone after photograph. 
From "New York Tribune lUus. Suppl." Oct. 23, 1904, 

pp. 6-7. 

3051^. HUDSON TOWER AND LORD 
COURTNAY'S, 18 14 \ From a water color 
accompanying General Swift's Report \ "Hud- 
son Tower was commenced July 16, 1814, and 
was located at Monte Aha, on the river near 
123d St." I GUERNSEY. 3}^ x s3/^. Half- 
tone. 
In H. S. Motts " The New York of Yesterday," N. Y., 

1908, oppos. p. 76. 



Bloomingdale \ 1870: left lower 
lower corner: Eliza Greatorex. 
Reproduction of pen drawing. 
N. Y., 1875 [v. ?], 



304. 



305- 



54 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

306. A PART OF GREATER NEW YORK.— 
BIRD'S EYE VIEW OF THE MAUSO- 
LEUM AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD AS IT 
WILL APPEAR. Right, within border: G. W. 
Peters; below: REMOVING THE BODY OF 
GENERAL GRANT TO ITS FINAL REST- 
ING-PLACE. Copyright, i8qT, by Leslie's 
Weekly. 9^xi3J4- Half-tone after draw- 
ing by G. W. Peters. 

307. VIEW OF MANHATTANVILLE, TAKEN 
FROM FORT HAIGHT, 1S60. Left: Lith. 
of Sarony, Major & Knapp, 44g Broadivav, 
N. Y.; right: for D. T. Valentine's Manual 
1861. With border of one line. 5>^ x 8 1/16; 
to border line, sH^^%- Lithograph, with 
one tint. 

308. THE AUDUBON ESTATE on the Banks 
of the Hudson, Foot of 156th St. at Carmans- 
ville. Left: LITH. OF MAJOR & KNAPP, 
449 BROADWAY, N. Y.; right: FOR D. T. 
VALENTINE'S MANUAL, 1865. 5 13/16 x 
8^. Lithograph, in colors. 

309. "Audubon Estate (Carmanville) 1850." 
S. Hollyer, Copyright 1903. 3->^x5->^ Etch- 
ing. 

HoUyer's "Views of Old New York," series 2, no. 3. A 
copy of the preceding. 

310. Fort Washington. 2^x5 3/16. Wood en- 
graving after J. D. W\_ood'ward]. 

From "The Art Journal," N. Y., 1875, p. 7. 

311. VIEW FROM FORT WASHINGTON. 

Right: 7. W. ORR N. Y. Vign. 3^x3 
9/16. Wood engraving. EM. 7925. 

312. OLD EARTHWORKS ON CHITTEN- 
DEN'S ESTATE— WEST ANGLE OF 
FORT. Above: RELICS OF THE PAST ON 
WASHINGTON HEIGHTS. 3^x5^. To 
border line. 2^/s. x 6. Lithograph in colors. 
EM. 10951. 

From Valentine's Manual, 1866, oppos. p. 657. 

313. JEFFREY'S HOOK. \ sVs^sVs- Vignette. 
Wood engraving. [1866.] 

From Benson J. Lossing's "The Hudson, from the Wilder- 
ness to the Sea," N. Y., 1866, p. 379. 
Shows the Palisades. 

314. Jeffry's Hook. 5x5 3/16. Wood engrav- 
ing after J. D. W^oodivardl. 

From "The Art Journal," 1878, p. 7. 

315. THE HUDSON RIVER AT IN WOOD. 

7 X 2,14. Half-tone from photograph. 

In "The New Metropolis, 1600-1900 . . ., edited by E. I. 
Zeisloft" (N. Y., copyright iSgg). 

316. SPUYTEN DUYVIL CREEK. 3^x3 
5/16. Vign. EM. 10950. Wood engraving. 

The Palisades seen beyond. 

317. SPUYTEN-DUYVIL CREEK. [Near the 
entrance where the Palisades can be seen ris- 
ing in the distance.] 6^/i x 6^. Wood en- 
graving. 

From "Picturesque America," vol. 2, N. Y., 1874, p. 560. 



Points on the Jersey shore, opposite New York 
City. 

318. S. E. VIEW OF JERSEY CITY, FROM 
NEW YORK. I The above shows the appear- 
ance of Jersey City, as seen from near the 
Battery, in Ne^v York. The Works of the 
Jersey City Glass Co. \ are seen on the left; 
the Car House of the Neiv Jersey Railroad is 
seen on the right. Border of one line, 3 3/16 
x6 5/16; to border line, 3 5/16x6^. [185-?] 
Wood engraving. 

Ferry boat " Jersey City " on the river. 

319. HOBOKEN. Left: Draivn by James Smil- 
lie; right: Engraved by Robert Hinshelvuood. 
4 13/16x7 5/16. Line engraving. 

a. With inscription in scratched letters, and 
Eng'^- for Engraved. Right, below: Printed 
by A. King. India Paper. 

In S. L. Knapp's " Picturesque beauties of the Hudson 
River . . . Proofs," N. Y., 1835, oppos. p. 21. 

b. As described. 

In "A history of the Tammany Society. Illustrated by 
Wm. L. Andrews," oppos. p. 16. 

320. The Ferry house at Hoboken. Near right 
upper corner: 43- The ferrvhouse is labeled 
CHRISTOPHER, CANAL, BARCLAY. Trim- 
med close at left, top, and bottom; border 
line at left and right. 5>'2 x 8^. [184-?]. 
Lithograph. 

320^. HUDSON RIVER FROM HOBOKEN. 

Centre, below title: Draivn & Engraved by 
A. Dick; below title: New-York, Published 
March 1832, by Peabody & Co. London, 0. 
Rich No. 12 Red Lion Square; over upper 
right corner: PI. 14. Border of one line at 
top and right, two at left and bottom, 3^x 
5^; to border, 3>^X5J^. Line engraving. 
On same plate with pi. 13. In "Views in New- York . . . 
Taken on the spot ... by Dakin." N. Y., 1831. 

321. HUDSON RIVER, FROM HOBOKEN, 

N. Y.: title above engraving. Border of one 
line, 3 7/16x5^; to border, 3/4x5 9/16. 
[184-?]. 
At head of printed page of text. 

322. HUDSON RIVER FROM HOBOKEN. 
Left: Lith. by Geo. Hayivard, 171 Pearl St. 
N. Y.; right: for D. T. Valentine's Manual, 
for i860. Border of one line. 3^/2x6 1/16; 
to border, 3 11/16x6 3/16. Lithograph, one 
tint. 

Same design as preceding. 

323. Hoboken in Neiv Jersey, the Seat of Mr. 
John Stevens. \ Draivn, Engraved & Published 
by W. Birch, Springland, near Bristol, Penn- 
sylva. 47/16x5^. Line engraving, colored. 
EM. 799. 

From Birch's "Country Seats of the U. S.," Springland' 
Pa., 180S. 

324. Castle Point, Hoboken. Wood engraving 
bv W. H. M. after J. D. Wloodward]. 2^ x 

From " The Art Journal," N. Y., 1875, p. 6. 

325. View up the Hudson \ FROM SYBYL'S 
CAVE, HOBOKEN. Left: R. Gignoux; 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC, 



55 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

right: JV. G. Jackman. 4 ii/i6x6^. Line 
engraving. 

In " New York Illustrated Magazine," vol. 3, 1847, oppos. 
P- 97- 

326. ELYSIAN FIELDS, HOBOKEN. | (Neiu 
York in the distance.) Centre: Drawn & En- 
graved on Steel by A. Dick. Border of one 
line at top and right, two below and left. 
35^x5?^. [184-?]. Line engraving. 

a. As described. Plate 9, not numbered; 
on same plate with "City Hotel, Trinity and 
Grace Churches." Below: NevJ-York, Pub- 
lis/ied Novr. 1831 by Peabody & Co. London, 
O. Rich No. 12 Red-Lion Square. 

In "Views in New York . . . Taken on the spot... by 
Dakin," N. Y., 1831. 

b. Separate. EM. 11830. 

c. With second centre line replaced by For 
the Ladies Companion. 

d. With ELYSIAN FIELDS, HOBOKEN, 
and no other lettering. 

327. VIEW AT THE ELYSIAN FIELDS. 
Vign. 45^ X 3^. Wood engraving, em. 12799. 

328. A Wood Scene, — Hoboken. Left: Painted 
by Robt. W. Weir; right: Engraved by James 
Smillie; right below: Printed by J. & G. 
Neale ; centre below : Painted and Engraved 
for the Nevo York Mirror, 1832. 5 15/16x8^. 
Line engraving. 

From " New-York Mirror," July 7, 1832. 

329. WEEHAWKEN. Left: Painted by W. J. 
Bennett; right: Engraved by A. B. Durand; 
centre: Engd. for the New York Mirror \ 

Steel Plate. Enclosed in ornamental border. 
4^x5 15/16; to border, 55^ x 8^^. Line en- 
graving. 

From " New York Mirror," April 20, 1833. 

According to the " Catalogue of the engraved work of Asher 
B. Durand," issued by the Grolier Club in iSgs. this is one of 
" six plates engraved in 1830 for Part I. of what was projected 
as a serial publication called American Landscape... Only 
one number was issued. These plates were afterwards issued 
with the New York Mirror, being enclosed in ornamental 
borders and inscriptions changed from \ Published by Elatn 
Bliss, etc., to Eng7'az'cd for tlie New York Mirror.^' 

a. As described. 

b. Without the border, and with inscription 
changed to: SCENE ON THE HUDSON, \ 
For the Ladies Companion. Right: Printd. by 
Cammeyer & Clark, N. Y. 

Same. EM. 11934. 

330. WEEHAWKEN BLUFF. Left: From a 
Sketch by Davis; right: W. S. Barnard Sc. 
Border of one line. 2^x3 13/16; to border 
line, 2§^ X 4. Line engraving. 

331. VILLA ON THE HUDSON, NEAR WEE- 
HAWKEN. Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: 
J. C. Bentley; centre, below: London. Pub- 
lished for the Proprietors by Geo. Virtue, 26 
Ivy Lane, 1838. 

FromW. H. Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol. i, London, 
1840, oppos. p. 123. 

332. Weehavjken. Left: Painted by John G. 
Chapman; right: Engd. by A. Dick; belov? 



right: King, Printer. 5x79/16. ,[184-?]. 
Line engraving. India paper. EM. 11313. 

Inscription in scratched letters. 

From S. L. Knapp's " Picturesque beauties of the Hudson 
River. .. Proofs," N. Y., 1835, oppos. p. 25. 

333. Vieiv of Weehaivken Bluff from the Hud- 
son I {Looking up). Centre, below: Designed 
& Engraved expressly for the New Mirror by 
W. J. Bennett. 4^x7 5/16. Aquatint. 

From the " New Mirror," vol. 2, N. Y., 1844, oppos. p. 321. 

334. WEEHAWKEN, \ From the Elessian 
Fields, Hoboken. Left: Painted by John G. 
Chapman; right: engraved by A. Dick; 
right below: King, Printer. 5x7^. Line 
engraving, em. 12126. 

a. As described. 

b. With Elessian changed to Elysian. 

335. HAMILTON-BURR DUELLING 
GROUND, WEEHAWKEN, N. J. 4^x6^. 
Half-tone from photograph. 

In nth annual report, igo6, of the American Scenic and 
Historic Preservation Society, oppos. p. 176. 

336. VIEW OF THE HUDSON RIVER \ 
FROM FORT LEE. Left: From Nature & 
on Stone; right: by Chas. Gildemeister; cen- 
tre : Entered according to act of Congress in 
the year 1851, by Emil Seitz, in the Clerk's 
Office of the District Court of the South Dist. 
of N. Y. 7^^ X 10^. Lithograph, colored. 
EM. 11936. 

337. FORT LEE, ON THE HUDSON. Lower 
left corner: Beech; lower right corner: J.FIL- 
MER SC. Rounded upper corners. 6^ x 5 
15/16. Wood engraving. EM. 10956. 

338. Fort Lee. Right, within border: /. D. 
/F[oodward]. 3^x5^. Wood engraving. 

From "The Art Journal," N. Y., 1875, p. 6. 

339. VIEW OF THE HUDSON, FROM FLAT 
ROCK, FORT LEE, WITH NEW-YORK 
CITY IN THE DISTANCE. 4 3/16 x 6 
3/16. Wood engraving. Signed T. B. [mono- 
gram]. 

Same. EM. 10955. 

340. Manhattan Island from Fori Lee Bluff 
{Douglas Point). 4^x7. Half-tone from 
photograph. 

In 13th annual report, iqo8, of the American Scenic and 
Historic Preservation Society, oppos. p. 80. 

341. Title, above: VIEW OF T. POPES FLY- 
ING LEVER BRIDGE. Ctntxe: Let the. 
Broad and the spacious Hudson stride [and 
three more lines of verse]; left: Pope delt.; 
right: Leney set. Border of two lines, 3 1/16 
x7 7/16; to border, 3 3/16x75^. 

In Thomas Pope's " Treatise on bridge architecture," N.Y., 
181 1, frontispiece; the same plate appears also opposite p. 203. 
The little plate (13/16 x 2 5/16), under which four lines of 
verse, beginning " Like half a Rainbow rising on yon shore," 
opposite p. 35, and opposite p. 282 is evidently the one referred 
to on p. 208 thus: " See the eastern abutment of a Bridge repre- 
sented over the Hudson, in the Frontispiece of this work." 

The Palisades. 

Pictures of the " Clermont " and other boats passing the 
Palisades, nos. 614, 622, 623, 697, 6q8, 715. 

342. "The landing of the British Forces in the 
Jerseys on the 20th of November 1776 under 



56 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



PrtJits, Hudson River, cont'd. 

the command of the Rt. Hon!. Lieut. Genl. 
Earl Cormvallis. Border of two lines, lo^-g x 
16%. To outer border, 10 11/16x16^. Draw- 
ing, colored, em. 7815. 

Manuscript note by Dr. T, A. Emmet; "An original draw- 
ing wliich is supposed to have been done by Lord Rawdon, 
wtio served at the time as engineer officer on Cornwallis's 
staff. It was purchased at the sale of the effects of the late 
Marquis of Hastings who was a grandson." 

343. LANDING OF THE BRITISH FORCES 
IN THE JERSEYS, NOVEMBER 20, 1776. 
4^4 X iVi. Wood engraving. 

a. Proof before letters. India paper. EM. 
2097 & 10957. 

h. As described. EM. 5574. 
A reproduction of the preceding, published in "Harper's 
Monthly," vol. 47, 1873, p. 25. 

344. Characteristic Scenery of the Hudson River. 
Centre, above title: Engraved by George 
Cooke; centre below: London; Published by 
Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orne & Bro^vn, Pater- 
noster Ro^v, April I, 1S12. Border of three 
lines, 3^x6; to border 3 9/16x6 3/16. Line 
engraving. 

In John Pinkerton's "General collection of ... voyages 
and travels," vol. 13, London, 1812, oppos. p. 271. 

345. CHARACTERISTIC SCENERY of the 
HUDSON RIVER. 3^ x 6. Line engraving. 

From "The Port Folio, new series, by Oliver Oldschool, 
Esq.," vol. 7, May, 1812, oppos. p. 411. 

Same design as preceding, with minor changes; sailboat in 
foreground at right omitted. 

346. VIEW on the HUDSON. Left: Eraser 
Delt.; right: Hill Sculp. Border of one line. 
2 15/16x4 7/16; to border 3x4 9/16. Aqua- 
tint. 

From "Analectic Magazine," N. Y., 1817. 

347. PALISADES. I No. 19 of the Hudson River 
Port Folio. I Left: Painted by W. G. Wall; 
right: Engraved by J. Hill; centre, below: 
Published by Henry I. Megarey, Neiv York. 
Border of two lines, 13 15/16x20 15/16; to 
border line, 14 5/i6x2iJ4- Aquatint. [About 
1828.?]. 

348. THE PALISADE ROCKS ON THE HUD- 
SON RIVER, WEST BANK, NEW YORK. \ 
Left: Drawn by G. Oakley Esqr.; right: En- 
graved and Printed by Fenner Sears & Co.; 
centre, below: London, Published May I, iS^T, 
by I. T. Hinton & Simpkin & Marshall; 
above right upper corner, within border: 4^. 
Border of one line at right and top, two at 
left and bottom. 3 9/16x5 ii/i6; to border 
3^x5 15/16. 

From "History and topography of the U. S.," edited by J. 
H. Hinton, vol. 2, Phila., 1832, oppos. p. 492. 

349. THE PALISADE ROCKS ON THE HUD- 
SON RIVER, WEST BANK, NEW YORK. \ 

Left: Dratun by G. Oakley Esqr.; right: En- 
graved by T. Illman. One border line at 
right and top, two at left and bottom. 5^ x 
7^4; to border, 5^/^x7 9/16. Line engraving. 

Same design as preceding. 
a. As described. 

From "History and topography of the United States," 
edited by J. H. Hinton, new edition, vol. 2, Boston, 1834, 
oppos. p. 372. 



b. With added cross-hatching in sky, with- 
out the border lines, and with Vol. II, page 
372 below title to right. 

350. Entree de la Riviere d'Hudson. At centre, 
over upper border line: ETATS-UNIS ; over 
upper right corner: 48. Border of one line, 
3 9/16x5 9/16; to border 3^x5 13/16. Line 
engraving. 

Same design as preceding, with slight changes. . 

351. Palisades naturelles de I'Hudson. Left: 
Milbert. Over upper right corner: 26. Border 
of four lines, zY?,'^ sVk'i to border 35^x5^. 
Line engraving. 

Apparently this belongs to the same series as the preceding. 

a. As described. 

b. With Palizadas naturales del Hudson 
added after the title, em. 8015. 

352. Vievj on the Hudson. | {The Palisades.) 
Left: 7. G. Chapman Pt; centre: Steel Plate; 
right: M. Osborne Sc; centre, below title: 
ENGRAVED FOR THE NEW YORK MIR- 
ROR I 1838. 7 13/16x6^4. Line engraving. 

353. THE PALISADES— HUDSON RIVER. 
Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: C. Cousen; cen- 
tre, below: London, Published for the Pro- 
prietors by Geo. Virtue, 26 Ivy Lane, 1837. 
4M X 7. Line engraving. 

a. As described. 

In W. H. Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol. i, London, 
1840, opp. p. 14. 

b. With birds in flight added over Pali- 
sades. 

354. The Palisades, | From tlie Landing at Fort 
Lee. Centre, above title: Draivn & Engraved 
by Jas Smillie; centre, below: NEW YORK. 
Vign. 3^3x4. Line engraving. 

a. With following inscription in scratched 
letters: The Palisades | From the Landing at 
Fort Lee; right: J. Smillie Pinxt. el Sculpt; 
right, below : Printed by A. King. 

In S. L. Knapp's " Picturesque beauties of the Hudson 
River... Proofs," N. Y., 1835, preceding title-page. 

b. As described. 

355. THE PALISADES ON THE HUDSON 
RIVER. Centre, below title: Engraved ex- 
pressly for the Family Circle and Parlor An- 
nual. 4 10/16x7. Line engraving. 1849. 

356. THE PALISADES. Vign. ^V&^sVs- Wood 
engraving. [About 1870.] 

357. THE PALISADES OF THE HUDSON. 
In lower right corner: PAUL DIXON. Up- 
per corners arched. 5-% x 6. EM. 3542. 
From "Appleton's Journal," vol. 5, N. Y., 1871, p. 665. 

358. A Pinnacle of the Palisades. 7^ x! 5 3/16. 
Wood engraving after J. D. /^^''[oodward]. 

From "The Art Journal," N. Y., 1875, p. 8. 

359. Views of the Palisades of the Hudson, show- 
ing the "Eastern Face of Palisade Cliff at 
King's Point, Weehaivken;" "The Palisades at 
Linivood, from Bulkhead;" "... Looking 
North from the Cliffy at Linvuood;" " . . . from 
the River Road, opposite Englevuood;" 
"... Looking North from the Cliff, opposite 
Englevjood;" "... Looking North from near 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



57 



Prints, Hudson River, confd. 

Alpine;" . . . "From the River, nearly oppo- 
site Yonkers;" "The Palisades and Talus 
Quarry south of Alpine;" "The Palisades and 
Quarry at Rockland, N. Y.;" "The Palisades 
South of Alpine;" "...at Alpine;" "Carpen- 
ter Brothers' Quarry, on Palisades, at Lin- 
<v:ood;" . . . [same] "from the River;" 
"... Looking North from Bulkhead at Lin- 
vjood;" "... Looking North, near Alpine;" 
"... One mile North of Alpine;" "... One 
mile South of State Line." 17 photographs 
reproduced in half-tone. 
From the "New-York News- Letter,'' 1900. 

Yonkers to Sing Sing. 

360. PHILLIPSE MANOR HOUSE, YONK- 
ERS, N. Y. I {Present residence of Judge 
IFoodvJorth.) I Drawn and engraved for Irv- 
ing' s life of Washington. \ NEIV YORK, 
G. P. PUTNAM. Centre: Drawn & En- 
graved by James Smillie. Upper corners 
rounded. sM^S 11/16. Line engraving. EM. 

3541- 

From Washington Irving's "Life of Washington," vol. 3> 
N. Y., 1861, oppos. p. 471. 

361. "A Vie^v of Phillipp's Manor and the Rocks 
on the Hudson, or North River, in N. America, 
June iSth, I/84." \ From a sepia drawing in 
possession of Hon. D. McN. K. Stauffer. 
4^ X 7. Half-tone. 

In 13th annual report, 1908, of the American Scenic and 
Historic Preservation Society, oppos. p. 224. 

362. THE PHHLIPSE MANOR-HOUSE AT 
YONKERS. Upper corners rounded, s^^x 
614,. Wood engraving by Richardson, N. Y. 

From "Appleton's Journal," vol. 11, N. Y. 1874, p. 385. 

Same. em. 2600. 

363. ON THE WAY TO TOWN— BELOW 
HASTINGS. In lower left corner: T B, 
monogram. 3^x5 15/16. Wood engraving. 
EM. 11525. 

364. A View in Hudson's River of the Entrance 
of what is called the Topan Sea: title to 
left in English, and same to right in French. 
Centre, below: S ketch' d on the SPOT by his 
Excellency Governor Pownal. Painted by 

I Paul Sandby, Engraved by Peter Benazech. . 
London. Printed for J no. Bowles at No. 1 3 in 
Cornhill, Robert Sayer at No. 53 in Fleet 
Street, Thos. Jefferys the corner of St. Martins 
Lane in the Strand, Carington Bowles at No. 
69 in St. Pauls Church Yard, and Henry 
Parker at No. 82 in Cornhill. Right: C. J. 
ii3 X 19^^. Line engraving, em. 5525. 
a. As described, em. 5525. 
b. With different publication line, viz.: 
London, Published according to Act of Parlia- 
ment May 20 1761 by Thos. Jefferys the Cor- 
ner of St. Martin's Lane. EM. 2455. 

365. SCHOOL HOUSE, TAPPAN. Leit: Painted 
by Robert W. Weir; right: Engraved on steel 
by James Smillie; centre, below: Engraved 
for the New York Mirror; right, below: 



Printed by J. Neale \ at Ulman & Pilbrow's. 
^J4, X 6%. Line engraving. 

From " New York Mirror," Dec. 15, 1832. A glimpse of 
the river in the distance. 

366. Bourg de Tarry-Town ou Major Andre fut 
pris [same in English, Latin & German.] 
No. 4. I Imp. Lith. de Bove dirigee par Noel 
aine et Cie ; left: Lithographie par Bichebois, 
fig. par V. Adam; right: Dessine d'apres 
nature par J. Milbert. Above: Ire Livraison. 
AMERIQUE SEPTENTRIONALE—ETA T 
DE NEW YORK PI 4. Border of two lines, 
7>^xiiV^; to border line, 7^x115^. Litho- 
graph, India paper, em. 5519. 

From "Itindraire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson . . .," par J. 
Milbert, 182S-29. 

367. THE CAPTURE OF MAJOR ANDRE. \ 
From a painting by A. B. Durand in the pos- 
session of the Honble James K. Paulding \ 
Published by the American Art Union ex- 
clusively for the members 1845. \ Entered ac- 
cording to Act of Congress in the year 1846 
by the American Art Union in... New York. 
Above title, left: PAINTED BY A. B. DU- 
RAND; centre: FIGURES ENGD. BY AL- 
FRED JONES; right: LANDSCAPE ENGD. 
BY SMILLIE & HINSHELWOOD; right, 
below: PRINTED BY W. E. SMITH. 
13 3/16x17^8- Line engraving. 

The river is seen in the distance. The library has also the 
ist proof, showing the figures only. 

Same. em. 8373. 

368. PICTURESQUE VIEWS IN TARRY- 
TOWN, WESTCHESTER COUNTY, N. Y. \ 
[FROM SKETCHES BY OUR SPECIAL 
ARTIST AND PHOTOGRAPHS BY ROG- 
ERS.] 

Eleven views occupying full page in " The Daily Graphic." 
New York, September 24, 1877. No. 9 : " View from the 
Castle," shows the river beyond. 

369. THE MILL POND, SLEEPY HOLLOW, 
TARRY TOWN, NEW YORK. Left: W. R. 
MILLER, DEL.; right: MAJOR, SC. Rounded 
upper corners. Trimmed close to top of the 
rage. 6 5/16 x9>i. Wood engraving. 

Possibly from " Gleason's Pictorial Drawing Room Compan- 
ion." About 1853. The creek winds into the river beyond. 

370. Wolfert's Roost, p. 12. \ Sleepy Hollow. 
Vignette. 3 x 4.%. Wood engraving by RICH- 
ARDSON after W. //[art]. 

The river is shown in the distance. 

371. HOOK MOUNTAIN. Half-tone fron* 
photograph, in THE MAIL AND EXPRESS 
ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE for August 3, 
1901. 4x6^8- 

372. HOOK MOUNT A I N. "POINT-NO- 
POINT" OR "ROCKLAND POINT" \ ON 
THE HUDSON RIVER \ Now being de- 
stroyed by Stone Crushing Works. Above: 
Presented by \ The American Scenic and His- 
toric Preservation Society \ Headquarters Trib- 
une Building, New York. 9% x 13^. Photo- 
graph. 

A reproduction in half-tone, 3^x7. was published in the 
loth annual report, 1905, of the American Scenic and Historic 
Preservation Society, oppos. p. 81. 



58 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

373. Bourg de Sing-Sing ou Mount Plaisant 
[and same in English, Latin & German.] 
No. 5 I Imp. Litfi. de Bove dirigee par Noel 
aine & Ce.; left: Litliographie par L. Sabatier. 
fig. par V. Adam; right: Dessine d'apres nature 
par J. Milbert. Above: 2 Livraison. AMERI- 
QUE SEPTENTRIONviLE—ETATDE NEW 
YORK PI. I. Border of two lines, 7 9/16 x 
ii54; to border line, 7 15/16x11^. Litho- 
graph. India paper. 

In " Itineraire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson . . . .," par J. 
Milbert, 1828-29. 

374. SING SING PRISON AND TAPPAN 
SEA. [Same title in French and English.] 
Left: T, Cresivick; centre: after a sketch by 
W. H. Bartlett; right: H. Adlard; centre, be- 
low: London, Published for the Proprietors 
by Geo Virtue 26 Ivy Lane 183Q. 4^4 x 7^. 
Line engraving. EM. 11204. 

From W. H. Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol. 2, London, 
1840, oppos. p. 47. To the right, across the river, is seen Hook 
Mountain. 

375- VILLAGE OF SING-SING. \ {Hudson 
River.) Left: IV. H. Bartlett; right: R. JVal- 
lis; centre, below: London, Published for the 
Proprietors by G. Virtue, 26 Ivy Lane, 1837. 
4^x7 1/16. Line engraving. 

From Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol. i, London, 1840, 
oppos. p. 49. 

376. VILLAGE OF SING-SING. | {Hudson 
River.) Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: M. Os- 
borne. 4 9/16x7. Line engraving. 

Same design as preceding. 

377- f'lEIV FROM SING SING. In the fore- 
ground near centre two men ; beyond. Sing 
Sing Prison and Tappan Sea. 2 15/16x4 
11/16. Line engraving in color. 
A print cf the kind published in "Nelson's guide to the city 

of New York " (1858 and 1859). 

Croton to the Highlands. 

378. MOUTH OF THE CROTON. S^A^zVs- 
Wood engraving. EM. 121 30. 

379. "Junction of Croton and Hudson." Etching 
by J. Henry Hill, 1886, signed in pencil. 

9^x 1354- 

Z%o. VIEW NEAR CROTON, N. Y. \ Hudson 
River. Centre: From nature by E. White- 
field. Border of one line. 6^ x ^Yz ; to 
border line, 65^x9^. [185-?] Lithograph, 
one tint. 

381. ^ Representation of MAJOR JOHN 
ANDRE Adjutant General to the Kings 
Forces in North America going from the 
VULTURE SLOOP OF WAR to the shore of 
Haverstraiv Bay in Hudson's River the Night \ 
of the 23rd of September, 1780, in a Boat 
luhich voas sent for him {accompanied by a 
Mr. Smith) under the sanction of a fiag of 
Truce, by Major GENERAL ARNOLD, who 
then commanded the Rebel Forces in that dis- 
trict. I The above is an exact Copy of a Dravj- 
ing sketched ivith a pen by MAJOR ANDRE 
himself the morning on which he was to have 



been executed, with a desire {it is supposed) 
of perpetuating \ a Transaction which termi- 
nated most fatally for him, and found on his 
Table with other Papers the next Day {being 
that of his Death) by his servant and de- 
livered by him on his Arrival \ at New York 
to Lieut. COLONEL CROSBIE of the 22nd 
Regiment, wJio has caused this Engraving to 
be taken from the Original in his possession, 
as a small Mark of his Friendship for that 
very valuable and unfortunate officer. Right, 
within border: J. A. fee 1st Oct 1780. 7x11^^; 
with title and description, 7 15/16x11^. 
Photograph of line engraving. 

A wood-cut (9 .X 12 Vi) after M^NeTin, " The tempter and 
the traitor" (em. i 1036), representing " the treason of Arnold 
on the night of September 21, 1780," shows Arnold and Andre, 
with a glimpse of the river beyond. 

382. Port d'Haver straw ou de Warren [same in 
English, Latin & German] No. 6. \ Imp. Lith. 
de Bove dirigee par Noel aine & Ce. Left: 
Lithographic par Bichebois fig. par V. Adam; 
right: Dessine d'apres nature par J. Milbert. 
Above: 2e Livraison. AMERIOUE S EPT EN- 
TRIO N ALE— ETA T DE NEW YORK PI 2. 
Border of two lines. 7 13/16x11 5/16; to 
border, 8J4 x 11 11/16. Lithograph. India 
paper, em. 10461. 

From " Itineraire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson, . . ." par J. 
Milbert, 1828-29. 

383. STORMING OF STONY POINT. Left: 
J. M'Nevin; right: J. Rogers. 45^x.6J^. 
Line engraving. EM. 9174 & 10128. 

Glimpses of the river at right and left. 

384. IMPROVEMENTS AT STONY POINT 
RESERVATION— STEAMBOAT LANDING. 
4x6. Half-tone from photograph. 

In gth annual report, 1904, of the American Scenic and 
Historic Preservation Society, oppos. p. 30. Other pictures 
of the Reservation, not showing the river, appear in the loth 
report. 

385. Arnold's escape to the Vulture. 2^x3^ — 
Verplank's Point, where Arnold passed in his 
flight to the Vulture. 25^x3 7/16. 

Trial proofs of two etchings by W. H. W. Bicknell, pub- 
lished in "The Varick Court of Inquiry. . .. edited by A. B. 
Hart," Boston: The Bibliophile Society, 1907. 

385^4. Verplanck's Point. — "Proposed site for 
the permanent exposition of igog." Half-tone 
from photograph, showing the Hudson from 
Peekskill to Stony Point. 

386. PEEKSKILL LANDING. \ {Hudson River.) 
Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: E. Benjamin; cen- 
tre, below title: London, Published for the 
Proprietors by Geo. Virtue, 26 Ivy Lane, 1838. 

4 13/16x7^. Line engraving. 

In W. H. Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol. i, N. Y., 
1840, oppos. p. 61. 

387. VIEW FROM PEEKS KILL LANDING. 

"Peekskill" divided by support of banner above, 
with map: PLAN OF \ THE ATTACK OF \ 
FORTS CLINTON \ & \ MONTGOMERY. 

5 5/16x4^. Wood engraving, em. 8101. 

Printed foot-note : This view is from Peekskill landing, 
looking up the river. On the left is the Dunderberg, or 
Thunder Mountain, over which the troops marched to Forts 
Clinton and Montgomery. 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



59 



Prints, Hudson River, confd. 

388. LIGHT HOUSE NEAR CALDWELL'S 
LANDING. I {Hudson River.) Left: IV. H. 
Bartlett; right: H. Adlard; centre, below: 
London, Published for the Proprietors by Geo. 
Virtue, 26 Ivy Lane, 1838. 4^ x 'jYz. Line 
engraving. 

From W. H. Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol. i, London, 
1840, oppos. p. 63. 

389. Entrance of the Highlands. Border of four 

lines. 2^^ X 3 13/16; to border line, 2^^ x 
4 1/16. Line engraving. 

In "Sketches of scenery and manners in the United 
States," by the author of the "Northern Traveller" [i. e. 
Theodore Dwight, jun.], N. Y., 1S29, opp. p. 173. At centre 
of page 173 is the following reference : "The annexed sketch 
may give a general idea of the form of the mountains which 
mark the southern extremity of this romantic pass." This, 
taken with the context, clearly refers to the southern gate or 
entrance to the Highlands; and the engraving must, there- 
fore, be taken to repiesent that part of the Hudson between 
Caldwell's Landing and the Dunderberg on the west side and 
Anthony's Nose on the east. 

390. DONDER BERG POINT: title within 
border. 3X354- Vignette. Wood engraving. 
[186-?] 

391. VIEIV on the HUDSON RIVER. Left: 
/. Weld delt.; right: S. Springsguth Sculpt.; 
Published Dec. 22, lygS, by I. Stockdale, Pic- 
cadilly. 6 3/16x8 ii/i6. Line engraving. 

The view is evidently of that part of the river near An- 
thony's Nose. In Isaac Weld's " Travels through the States 
of North America, and the Provinces of Upper and Lower 
Canada, during the years 1705, 1796, and 1797," 4th edition, 
vol. I, London, 1S07, oppos. p. 268. 

In the 2d edition of the book, vol. i, 1799, oppos. p. 268, 
this view appeared with the title I'lEiVon the PA TOW MA C 
RIl'ER, fro}it Mount I'ernon. A foot-note to the list of 
plates, on the verso of p. xxiii, says: "In some of the im- 
pressions, by mistake, called " Vicvv' of the tatowraac River 
from Mount Vernon." 

392. Vieiu of St. Anthony's Nose, on the North 
River. \ Province of Neiv York; centre, above 
title: Engraved by George Cooke; below title: 
London, Published by Longman, Hurst, Rees, 
Orme & Broivn, Paternoster Ro<w, April I, 
1S12. Border of six lines. 5 3/16x7 9/16; 
to border 5 7/16x7%. EM. 8806. 

From John Pinkerton's "General collection of . . . voyages 
and travels," vol. 12, London, 1812, oppos. p. 621. 

393. Distant View of the Highlands on Hudson 
River. Left: Sketched by J. Glennie Esq.; 
right: Heivitt Sc. Border of one line. 35^ x 
sV%; to border z^A'^S 13/16. Line engraving. 

From "The Port Folio, third series, conducted by Oliver 
Oldschool, Esq.," vol. 4, no. 4, Oct. 1814, oppos. p. 343. 

394. VIEW NEAR ANTHONY'S NOSE \ 
{Hudson Highlands.) : [title also in French 
and German.] Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: 
H. Adlard; centre, below: London, Published 
for the Proprietors by Geo. Virtue, 26 Ivy 
Lane, l8sQ. 4 13/16x7^. Line engraving. 

In W. H. Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol 2, London, 
1840, oppos. p. 90. 

395- VIEW NEAR ANTHONY'S NOSE. | 
{Hudson Highlands.) Left: W. H. Bartlett; 
centre, below: Engraved for the Neiv York 
Illustrated Magazine. 4^ x 7. Line engrav- 
ing. 

Same design as preceding. 
a. As described. 



*b. With title changed to CAPT. BUNK- 
ERS SLOOP, NORTH RIVER. | {Hudson 
Highlands). 

396. ANTHONY'S NOSE. In the foreground 
three sailing vessels, with steamer at centre 
beyond and small sailing vessel at right be- 
yond. In lower right corner: ANDERSON S. 
5^x8^4. Wood engraving. [1845?] 

397- SAINT ANTHONY'S NOSE \ VIEW ON 
NORTH RIVER. In the foreground a steam- 
boat with four funnels; with "CHAMPLAIN, 
TROY" on the stern; on the left, beyond, a 
steamer with four funnels. Border of one 
line. 15 7/16x23 15/16; to border, 155^ x 
24 1/16. Lithograph. About 1834. Proof. 

* Same, colored, and with inked inscrip- 
tions: TROY STEAM-BOATS, | Built in 
1832, A. D. at left, and ERIE AND CHAM- 
PLAINE. I State of Nev:-York, U. S. at right. 
Bv hand, on paddle-wheel box of near steamer: 
CHAMPLAINE TROY, and on the other 
boat: ERIE. Like the uncolored copy, it 
shows, in the sky, the penciled (stenciled?) 
marks put in to guide the colorist. 
This and the preceding are the only copies of this print, in 

any state, that can at present be traced. It is one of the largest 

and most important of early Hudson River steamboat views. 

These were the first boats ever built with four smoke-stacks. 

398. VIEW NEAR ANTHONY'S NOSE. | 
Right: Lith. of Sarony & Major, N. Y. 3y2X 
5%. Lithograph. [About 1850.] 

The firm-name of Sarony & Major appears in the New 
York City directory from 1847 to 1853. 

399. ANTHONY'S NOSE, ON THE MO- 
HAWK RIVER, NEW YORK. In lower left 
corner: A. Hill. 5 7/16 x95^. Wood en- 
graving. 1857. 

A New York Central R.R. train is passing. 
Anthony's Nose. See also No. 723. 

400. "HUDSON HIGHLAND'S— NEAR AN- 
THONY'S NOSE." Left: W. M. Oddie; 
right: J. Duthie; centre, below: From the 
original painting in the possession of the 
publishers for Irving's Life of Washington \ 
NEW YORK G. P. PUTNAM. Vign. 45^x7. 
Line engraving. 

In Irving's " Life of George Washington," vol. 2, N. Y., 
1861, oppos. p. 274. 

401. A collection of half-tones, from photo- 
graphic views of the Highlands, from the 
"New York News Letter," 1901, pp. 3-32, 
viz.: Fort Montgomery, lona Island, The last 
of the Palisades, Stony Point, Verplank's Point, 
The Point — West Point, Tarrytown lighthouse, 
The Dunderberg, Anthony's Nose, Southern 
Gate of Highlands (looking South), View 
from Hill back of Peekskill, Looking North, 
from Old Fort Putnam, Sugar-Loaf Mountain, 
Breakneck Mountain, Northern Gate of High- 
lands (looking North), Storm King, A Hud- 
son River tow, near West Point. 

A series of half-tones from photographs in a pamphlet 
issued by the Hudson River Day Line in 1Q09 shows views of 
the "Southern Gateway of the Highlands," "Stony Point," 
"The Hudson from West Point." "West Point," "Old Cro' 
Nest," "Newburgh Bay," "Storm King" and "Kingston 
Point Landing." They are noted here because in such 



6o 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

modern prints, easily secured and for that reason, perhaps, 
often carelessly regarded, views are shown obtainable in no 
other way. , 

For older views of the Highlands, see also nos. 707 and 709. 

402. FIEfV NEAR FORT MONTGOMERY \ 
A^o. 22 of the Hudson River Port Folio. Left: 
Painted by W . G. fFall; right: Engraved by 
J. Hill; centre, below: Publislied by Henry I. 
Megarey Neiv York. Border of two lines, 
13 15/16x20 15/16; to border, 14^4 xai^)^. 
Aquatint. [1824-?] 

a. As described. Greenish ink. 
Same. em. 5492. 

b. 22 changed to 18, and and transferred to 
G. & C. & H. Carvill Ne^u York added after 
New York. Brownish ink. 

403. FORT CLINTON WEST POINT. 3 7/16 
X 6%. Aquatint, em. 5414. 

From "The Port Folio," new series, vol. 5, May, iSii, 
Phila., N. Y., oppos. p. 449. 

404. HUDSON HIGHLANDS— NEAR FORTS 
CLINTON Gf MONTGOMERY. Left: IF. M. 
Oddie; right: J. Duthie ; centre, below: From 
the original painting in possession of the pub- 
lishers, for Irving's Life of JFashington. Vign. 
4-5^ X 6%. Line engraving. 

a. India proof, without publication line. 
EM. 4853. 

b. As described. 

In Washington Irving's " Life of Washington," vol. 2, N. 
Y., 1857, oppos. p. 274, 

405. FORT PUTNAM WEST POINT. 3 9/16 
X SYs,. Crude aquatint. 

From "The Port Folio," new series, conducted by Joseph 
Dennie, Esq , vol. 5, iMay, i8ii, Phila. 

406. FORT PUTNAM. \ Left: Painted by Robt. 
W. Weir; right: Etched by J. Smillie, finished 
by A. B. Durand; right, below: Printed by 
Thomas Illman; centre, below: For the Ladies 
Companion. 4^^ x 6. Line engraving. 

407. VIEW FROM FORT PUTNAM. \ (Hud- 
son River.) Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: 
R. Sands; centre, below: London, Published 
for the Proprietors by Geo. Virtue, 26 Ivy 
Lane, 1837. 4 11/16x7. Line engraving. 

a. As described. 

From W. H. Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol. i, London, 
1840, oppos. p. 40. 

b. With 22 added below, over title, and 
without publication line. 

From W. H. Bartlett's " History of the U. S.," vol. i, N. 
Y., 1856, oppos. p. 499. 

408. VIEW FROM FORT PUTNAM. Left: 
W. H. Bartlett; right: J. N. Gimbrede; cen- 
tre, below : Engraved for the Ladies Com- 
panion. 

Same design as preceding, with slight changes. 

An oval view of " Fort Putnam, looking North," wood- 
engraving, appears in "Graham's Magazine," Dec. 1855, oppos. 
p. 483. 

West Point. 

409. WEST-POINT, WITH ITS FORTIFICA- 
TIONS &C 1780. Centre: Drazvn & En- 
graved by J. Smillie from the original drain- 
ing made in 1780 by L'Enfant, Engineer, U. S. 



Army; centre, below: NEW YORK, G. P. 
PUTNAM; right, below: Printed by W. 
Pate. Arched top. 3 in centre, 2j/^ at ends 
X jyi. Line engraving. 
Mr. J. D. Smillie fixes the date at 1B5S. 

a. As described. 

b. With a dash instead of a comma after 
West-Point, and with the title line (West- 
Point to 1780) differently engraved. Plate cut 
down at both ends, so as to measure 7 7/16 at 
bottom and 2 7/16 at each end. 

In W. Irving''s " Life of George Washington," vol. 4, N.Y., 
1858, oppos. p. 102 and in same 1861, oppos. p. 108. 

410. West Point in 1780, showing where the 
great chain was stretched across the Hudson 
River. 2 5/16 x 3^^. 

Trial proof of an etching by W. H. W. Bicknell, published 
in " The Varick Court of Inquiry . . . , edited by A. B. Hart," 
Boston : The Bibliophile Society, 1907. 

411. Ancient vie<w of West Point. {^Tlie above 
vieiv of West Point as it appeared during the 
revolution, is copied from a plate in the Nevj 
York Magazine, published in 1790. Explana- 
tion: A, Constitution Island, on the east side 
of tlie river. B, A chain 450 yards in length, 
reaching across the Hudson. C, Fort Clinton, 
the principal fort, and intended for the de- 
fence of the river against any naval force."] 
Vign. 2^-^x3^8- Wood engraving. 

In J. W. Barber's " Histfirical Collections of the State of 
New York," N. Y., improved edition, 1852, p. 272. 

The Library's copy of the "New York Magazine '' for 
1790 does not contain the plate referred to, nor does it appear 
in the list of illustrations. 

412. WEST POINT I No. 16 of the Hudson 
River Port Folio. Left: Painted by W. G. 
Wall; right: Engraved by J. Hill; centre, 
below: Published by Henry I. Megarey Nevj 
York. Border of two lines. 14x21 5/16; 
to border, 14^4x21 9/16. Aquatint. [1824-?] 

Same. EM. 8838. 

413. To the Cadets of the WEST POINT 
MILITARY ACADEMY this print is respect- 
fully dedicated, | by their friend and servant, 
Geo. Catlin. Left: Drawn by G. Catlin; 
right: Engraved, Printed and Coloured by 
J. Hill; centre, below: Published May 15th, 
1828, by G. Catlin N. York. Copy Right 
secured according to Latv \ & transferred to 
G & C & H. Carvill New-York. 11 15/16 x 
18 3/16. Aquatint in color. 

The parade ground, with view of the river. 

414. Vue generale de I'Ecole Militaire de West 
Point. [Same in English, Latin & German.] 
A^o. 8 I Imp. Lith. de Bove dirigee par Noel 
aine & Ce. Left: Lithographic par Deroy; 
right: Dessine d'apres nature par J. Milbert. 
Above: 2mc. Livraison. AMERIOUE SEPTEN- 
TRIONALE.—ETAT DE NEW-YORK, PI 4. 
Border of two lines. 75^8x11 7/16; to border 
line, 8^/^ XII 15/16. Lithograph. India paper. 

In "Itineraire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson...," by J. 
Milbert, 1828-29. 

415. Plaine de West Point au moment de I'exer- 
cice [same in English, Latin & German] 
No. 7. I Imp. Lith. de Bove dirigee par Noel 
aine & Ce. Left: Lithographie par L. Sabatier 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



6l 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

fig. par y. Adam; right: Dessine d'apres na- 
ture par J. Milbert. Above: 2e. Livraison. 
AMERIQ UE SEPTENTRIONALE—ETA T 
DE NEW YORK, PI 3. Border of two lines, 
7^x11^; to border, 8 3/16x11 11/16. 
Lithograph. India paper. 

In " Itineraire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson . . .," par J. 
Milbert, 1828-29. 

416. fVest Point. Lithograph. 2^x4. [183-?] 

417. The Sugar Loaf. Lithograph. 2^x4. 
[183-?] 

On same sheet as preceding. 

418. JVEST POINT MILITARY ACADEMY. 

Right: Illman & Pilbro^iv Sc; centre, below: 
Published by A. K. White. Border of one 
line, 2^/i -x. ^~/i ; to border line, 2 15/16 x 
4 15/16. Line engraving. 

419. MILITARY SCHOOL, WEST POINT, 
N. Y. Right: Engraved & Printed by | Ten- 
ner Sears & Co.; centre, below: London, Pub- 
lished Nov. 15, 1831, by I. T. Hinton & 
Simpkin & Marshall. Over upper right cor- 
ner: yy. One border line at right and bottom, 
two at left and top. 49/3x6 5/16; to border 
line, 4]!^ X 63/2. Line engraving. India paper. 
From "History and topography of the United States," 

edited by J. H. Hinton, vol. 2, Phila , 1832, oppos. p. 492. 

420. MILITARY SCHOOL, WEST POINT, 
N. Y. Rectangle with bottom and half of 
left and right sides surrounded by ornamental 
frame enclosing two small scenes: HENRY 
HUDSON FOUNDING NOVA BELGIA OR 
NEW NETHERLANDS and PETER STUY- 
VESANT THE DUTCH GOVERNOR RE- 
PROACHING THE BURGOMASTERS 
WITH COWARDICE ON THE APPROACH 
OF THE BRITISH FLEET. At centre, top, 
small vignette, 4}^ x 6 5/16; with frame, 
6 11/16x8 15/16. Line engraving. 

Same design as preceding. Apparently from " History of 
the United States, edited by J. H. Hinton," London [183 — ?]. 

421. MILITARY SCHOOL, WEST POINT, 
N. Y. Right: J. Archer Sc. Border of one 
line at right and bottom, two at left and top. 
5^x7^; to border, 5 9/16x7^. Line en- 
graving. 

a. As described. 

From " History and topography of the United States," 
edited by J. H. Hinton ; new edition, vol. 2. Boston, 1834, 
oppos. p. 370. 

b. With Vol. II, page 370 below title, to 
right. 

c. Without the border lines. 

422. RIVIERE DU HUDSON. Left: J. Noel, 
del. right: Outhivaite Sc; centre, above title: 
Imp. Ch. Chardon aine Paris. 4 7/16x6 3/16. 
Line engraving. About 1850. 

I>ooking toward West Point from the east shore. Railway 
train and ferry boat " West Point " in foreground. 

423. WEST POINT I {HUDSON) Left: 
DRAWN AFTER NATURE; right: For the 
Proprietor HERMANN J. MEYER; centre, 
below title: Published for HERMANN J. 
MEYER, 164 William Str., NEW YORK; 
right, below : Copyright secured according to 



ACT of CONGRESS. Border of one dotted 
line. 45^8x6^; to border, 4 5/16x6 5/16. 
In " United States Illustrated," edited by Charles A. Dana, 
vol. I, the East, New York [185-?], opp. p. 37. 

424. THE HUDSON, FROM WEST POINT. \ 

Grounds of the U. S. Military Academy. 
Left: F. F. PALMER, DEL.; centre: Entered 
according to act of Congress A. D. 1862, by 
Currier & Ives, in the Clerk's Office of the 
District Court of the United States for the 
Southern District of Nenv York; right: LITH. 
CURRIER & IVES, N. Y.; half way between 
left and centre: BRASS MORTARS, TAKEN 
IN THE I MEXICAN WAR; half way be- 
tween right and centre: COLD SPRING. \ 
CONSTITUTION ISLAND; centre, below: 
Neiu York, Published by Currier & Ives 152 
Nassau Street. Border of one line, loj^s x 15^; 
to border, 11 1/16x15 11/16. Lithograph. 

425. West Point, from the River. 3->^ x 6%. 
Wood engraving after J. D. /if'[oodward]. 

426. THE TOMB OF KOSCIUSKO. Left: 
IV. H. Bartlett; right: R. Young; centre, be- 
low : London, Published for the Proprietors by 
Geo. Virtue 26 Ivy Lane 1837. 4% x 6 15/16. 
Line engraving. 

In W. H. Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol. i, London, 
1840, oppos. p. 30. 

427. THE TOMB OF KOSCIUSKO. Left: 
W. H. Bartlett; right: R. Wallis; centre, 
within border line: PYNE. 4^x7 1/16. 
Line engraving. 

The tomb occupies the same position as in the preceding 
print, but the general design is different. 

a. As described. 

In W. H. Bartlett's " History of the United States," vol. i, 
New York, 1856, oppos. p. 418. 

b. With title KOSCIUSKO'S MONU- 
MENT. Margin trimmed close to title. 

4.2S. KOSCIUSZKO'S GARDEN. Vign. 3^x 
zVa- Wood engraving. 

429. Das GRAB COSCIUSCO'S \ zu Westpoint 
am Hudson. \ {VEREIN. STAATEN). Left: 
Aus d. Kunstanst d. Bibl. Instit. in Hildbh.; 
right: Eigenthum d. Verleger. Over right 
upper corner: DCCIII. Border of one dotted 
line, 4x6; to border line, 4 1/6 x 6^^. Line 
engraving. 

From Meyer's " Universum," Amerikanische Ausgabe, 6 
Bd, I. Lieferung, N. Y., 1854, oppos. p. i. 

430. J'ievi; of the Hudson Highlands from West 
Point. Left: Painted by Robert W. Weir; 
right: Engraved by James Smillie; centre: 
Steel Plate; centre, below: PAINTED AND 
ENGRAVED FOR THE NEW YORK MIR- 
ROR 1836. Entered according to the Act of 
Congress in the year 1836 by G. P. Morris in 
the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the 
Southern District of New York. 6^ x 9. Line 
engraving. 

a. Trial proof, before letters. 

b. As described. India paper. 
Published in "New York Mirror," May 14, 1836. 

431. VIEW FROM WEST POINT. | {Hudson 
River.) Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: R. Wal- 
lis; centre, below: London, Published for the 



62 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

Proprietors by Geo. Virtue 26 Ivy Lane 1837. 
4 11/16x7. Line engraving. 

From Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol. i, London, 1840, 
oppos. p. 6. 

432. VIEW FROM WEST POINT. \ {Hudson 
River.) Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: A. L. 
Dick; centre, below: Engraved expressly for 
Graham's Magazine. \y2 x 6J/8. Line engrav- 
ing. 

Same design as preceding. 

433. Vievj from West Point \ on the Hudson. 
Left: T. Cresvuick; right: J. T. Willmore; 
centre, below: London, Published for the Pro- 
prietor by Longman & Co. Paternoster Row 
October I, 1841 \ and Lea & Blanchard, Phila- 
delphia. 4^2 X 6^. Line engraving. 

a. As described. 

b. Without names of artists. Trimmed close 
to second line of inscription. 

434. VIEW FROM WEST POINT ON THE 
HUDSON. 4x5^. Lithograph printed in 
colors. [185-?] 

Same design as preceding. 

435.* HUDSON RIVER. | NEAR WEST 
POINT. Right: J. H. BUFFO RD & SONS 
LITH. BOSTON, MASS. 5 15/16x9 13/16. 
Lithograph, one tint. About 1855. 

A three-decked steamboat is shown. 

436.* Vieiv on the Hudson, near West Point. 
Left: Printed by Kimmel & Voigt, N. Y. 
Centre, below title: Engraved expressly for 
Demoresfs Magazine. 6^ x 9^. Line en- 
graving. 

437. "View from West Point" by J. F. Kensett. 
1863. Canvas, 20x34. 

Oil-painting in Stuart Gallery, New York Public Library. 

438. "View of the Highlands from West Point" 
by J. F. Weir. 1862. Canvas, 19x33. 
Oil-painting in the Stuart Gallery, New York Public Library. 

439. "A Window, House on Hudson River," by 
W. Whittredge. 1863. Canvas, 27x19. 
Oil-painting in the Stuart Gallery, New York Public Library. 

440. West Point and the Highlands. Left : Painted 
by Henry Fenn; centre: Entered according to 
act of Congress A. D. iS6q by D. Appleton 
& Co. in the Clerk's Office of the District 
Court of the Southern District of Neiv York; 
right: Engraved by S. V. Hunt. In lower 
left corner: H. Fenn, 1868; centre, below: 
Nevu York, D. Appleton & Co. 5^3x7^. 
Line engraving. 

Same. em. 11962. 

From "Picturesque America," vol. 2, N. Y., 1872, oppos. p. 9. 

441. VIEW FROM WEST POINT. Hill cov- 
ered with foliage in most of foreground; 
steamer beyond, centre, going up the river. 
2^x4 3/16. Line engraving. 

442. VIEW FROM WEST POINT— LOOKING 
NORTH. Fortifications, with four cannon, in 
foreground. Over upper border, at left of 
centre: Crow's Nest; at right of centre: Netv- 
burgh. 3 x 4^. Line engraving in color. 



443. VIEW OF THE NORTH RIVER. Left: 
Painted by J. Shaiv; right: Engraved by J. 
Hill; centre, below: Published by M. Carey 
& Son Philadelphia. 13^^x107/16. Aqua- 
tint, colored. [1820.] em. 5452. 

a. As described. 

" Near West Point " added in pencil under the title. 

b. With publication line changed to: Pub- 
lished by Thomas T. Ash Philadelphia. Aqua- 
tint, uncolored. 

1835, according to D. McN. Stauffer. 

Coldspring to Crow Nest. 

444. CHAPEL OF OUR LADY OF COLD- 
SPRING. Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: R. 
Brandard; left, below: CHAPELLE DE 
NOTRE-DAME DES EAUX FROIDES; 
right, below: KAPELLE UNSERERER [sicl] 
FRAUEN ZU COLDSPRING; centre, below: 
London, Published for the Proprietors by Geo. 
Virtue, 26 Ivy Lane 183Q. 4 11/16x7 3/16- 
Line engraving. 

From W. H. Piartlett's "American Scenery," vol. 2, London, 
1840, oppos. p. 100. 

445. View near Cold-spring. Left: W. H. Bart- 
lett, del.; right: J. C. Buttre, Sc; centre, be- 
low: Engraved for the Columbian Magazine. 
4^8 X 7^. Line engraving. 

Same design as preceding ; cross on chapel is omitted, and 
boat with two men added near sailboat at right. The Library 
also has a woodcut of the "Church of our Lady of Cold 
Spring," byj. A. Adams after Weir. 

445^. CHAPEL OF OUR LADY \ OF COLD 
SPRIA^G. Left: Drawn after nature; right: 
for the Proprietor, Hermann J. Meyer; centre, 
below title: Published for HERRMANN J. 
MEYER, J64 William Street, NEW YORK; 
right, below: Copyright secured according to 
ACT OF CONGRESS. Border of one dotted 
line. 3 15/16 X 6^ ; to border, 4 1/16x6 5/16. 
In "The United Stares illustrated..., edited by Charle* 
A. Dana," East. vol. i, N. V. [185?], oppos. p. 67. 

Many artists have found picturesque material along the 
banks of the Hudson. S. Isham, in his "History of American 
painting" (N Y., 1905), p. 235. speaking of the "Hudson 
River School " of American painters, says : " They gloried in 
the boundless views of the Hudson Valley seen from the Cats- 
kills." One recalls also more recent work by Ri.x and Dabo, 
or R. Swain Gifford's etching "A Hudson River Tow" (1879). 

446. UNDERCLIFF NEAR COLD-SPRING. \ 
{The Seat of General George P. Morris.) 
Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: J. T. Willmore; 
centre, below: LE ROC; DAS UNTERE 
GESTADE; | London. Published for the Pro- 
prietors by Geo. Virtue 26 Ivy Lane 1839. 
4^x7 1/16. Line engraving. 

In Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol. 2, London, 1S40, 
oppos. p. 18. 

447. CROW-NEST FROM BULL HILL. \ {Hud- 
son River.) Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: 
G. K. Richardson. 4x7. Line engraving. 

From Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol. i, London, 1840, 
oppos. p. 24. 

448. CROW-NEST FROM BULL HILL. \ 
{Hudson River). Left: W. H. Bartlett; 
right: A. L. Dick; centre, below: ENGRAVED 
FOR THE LADIES NATIONAL MAGA- 
ZINE. 

Same design as preceding. 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

449. HUDSON HIGHLANDS. | (From Bull 
Hill.) Left: fF. H. Bartlett; right: E. Benja- 
min; centre, below: London. Published for the 
Proprietors by Geo. Virtue 26 Ivy Lane. 
4 13/16x7 1/16. Line engraving. 

In Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol. i, London, 1S40, 
oppos. p. 121. 

Same. em. 8100. 

450. Breakneck Mountain, from Little Stony 
Point. 5/4x5 3/16. Wood engraving by 
HA RLE Y after J. D. /F[oodward.] 

From "The Art Journal," 1875, p. 203. 

451. Highlands from Cornivall. 3^4x7. Wood 
engraving by [John] KARST after J. D. 
//-'[oodvvard.] 

From " The Art Journal," N. Y., 1875, p. 204. 

452. CRO' NEST, FROM ABOVE WEST 
POINT, ON THE HUDSON RIVER. Left: 
Robt. W. Weir; right: Jas. Smillie. Vignette. 
2?^x3%. Line engraving. 

On engraved title page of J. R. Drake's "T/ie ctilprit 
/ay" New Vori, 1835, 2. ed. 

Newburgh and Fishkill. 

453. NEW BURG. I No. 14 of the Hudson River 
Port Folio. Left: Painted by W. G. Wall; 
right: Engraved by J. Hill; centre, below: 
Published by Henry I. Megarey, New York. 
Border of two lines, 13 15/16x21 1/16; to 
border, 14 3/16x21^. Aquatinti [1824-?] 

454. VIEW OF NEWBURGH. Left: Drav;n 
by W. G. Wall; right: Engraved by T. S. 
JVoodcock; centre, below: Boston, Published 
by S. Walker. Border of one line top and 
right, two lines left and bottom. 5/4x7^; to 
border, 5 7/16x75^. Line engraving. 

a. As described. 

From J. H. Hinton's " History and topography of the 
United States," vol. 2, Boston, 1834, p. 386. 

Same. em. 12570. 

b. Plate evidently much burnished and re- 
engraved in parts. 

c. With Vol. II, page 386 below title to 
right. 

455. VIEW OF NEWBURGH. Left: Dravjn 
by W. G. Wall; right: Engraved and Printed 
by Fenner Sears & Co.; centre, below: Lon- 
don, Published Nov I 1830 by I. T. Hinton & 
Siinpkin & Marshall. Border of one line at 
top and right, tw^o lines at left and bottom. 
3 15/16x6 1/16; to border, 4^x6^. Line 
engraving. 

Same design as no. 454. 

a. As described. India paper. 

b. With added work in clouds at left, on 
long roof in centre, etc. Ornamental border 
added, with vignettes over centre top, at left 
below, COLUMBUS RELATING HIS DIS- 
COVERIES TO FERDINAND & ISABELLA 
and at right below, THE HUGUENOTS 
LANDING IN AMERICA. Inscriptions re- 
placed bv VIEW OF NEWBURGH. Centre, 
below: J. & F. TALLIS. LONDON, EDIN- 
BURGH & DUBLIN. 

From " History of the United States . . . edited by J. H. 
Hinton," part 7, oppos. p. 889. 



456. A VIEW ON THE HUDSON RIVER. 
Wood engraving by ALLANSON, N. Y. 

Printed text below. Left column, lines 11-13: " A sec- 
tion of tlie river here presented is a few miles below New- 
burgh, which is to be seen in the distance." The date oE 
tins engraving, 1836, fixed by reference to Halley's comet 
in nght column, lines 31-25. 

457- ENTRANCE TO THE HUDSON HIGH- 
LANDS, NEAR NEWBURGH. Left: W. H. 
Bartlett; right: R. Wallis; centre, below: 
NEW YORK: VIRTUE, EMMINS & CO. 

Line engraving. 

Vignette on engraved title-page of " American Scenery, 
by N. P. Willis, illustrated ... by W. H. Bartlett," vol. 2. 
London, 1840. 

Same. em. 8439. 

458. South Vieiv of Neivburg. Border of one 
line. 25^x3 3/16; to border, 2 3/16x4. Wood 
engraving. 

In J. W. Barber's " Historical Collections of the State 
of New York, N. Y'." improved edition, 1852, p. 263. 

459- EASTERN VIEW OF NEWBURGH, 
N. Y., FROM HUDSON RIVER. Below, 
short description, beginning: "Newburgh is 
beautifully situated." Border of one line. 
3x5^; to border, 3 1/16x5 13/16. Wood 
engraving. 

From J. W. Barber's " Historical Collections of the 
State of New York," improved edition, N. Y., 1852, oppos. 
p. 264. 

460. New Burgh from Fishkill Landing. Drawn 
in 1853 by F. Cooper." [Pencil note on back 
of drawing.] Signed 'T. C." 3J^X5J4- 
Pencil sketch. 

461. Distant Vievu of A^eivburg. 33^^x6%. Wood 
engraving by KARST after J. D. Wlood- 
ward.] 

From "The Art Journal," 1875, p. 204. 

462. Distant Vieiu of the Highlands from belota 
Nevjhurg. 5/4x5 3/16. Arched top. Wood 
engraving after J. D. /^[oodward.] 

From " The Art Journal," N. Y"., 1875, p. 205. 

463. VIEW FROM RUGGLE'S HOUSE, NEW- 
BURGH. I {Hudson River.) Left: W. H. 
Bartlett; right: R. Brandard; centre, below: 
London, Published for the Proprietors by Geo. 
Virtue 26 Ivy Lane, 1838. 5 x 7^. Line en- 
graving. 

From W. H. Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol. 1, 
London, 1840, oppos. p. 51. 

464. VIEW FROM RUGGLE'S HOUSE, NEW- 
BURGH. Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: J. N. 
Gimbrede. 5 x 7%. Line engraving. 

Same design as preceding. Trimmed close to title. 

465. VIEW of the HUDSON RIVER. \ NEAR 
NEW BURG. At right, portico in foreground 
with two women and a man; at left, in fore- 
ground, trees. Centre, below: Published for 
HERMANN J. MEYER, 8 North William 
Street NEW YORK. Border of one line. 
4 1/16x6 i/r6; to border, 4 3/16x6 3/16. 
Line engraving. 

466. Washington's Head-quarters, Neiuburgh, 
N. Y. Left: Robt. W. Weir pinxt.; centre: 
Steel Plate; right: James Smillie Sculpt.; cen- 



64 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

tre, below: PAINTED & ENGRAVED FOR 
THE NEW YORK MIRROR 1S34. Entered 
according to the Act of Congress in the year 
1834. I'y George P. Morris in the Clerk's Office 
of the District Court of the Southern District 
of New York. 6x9. Line engraving. 

467. Washington's Head Quarters near Neiv- 
biirgh. I From an original Sketch on the Spot 
by J. W. Hill. 3/^x4^8. Line engraving. 

Vignette on engraved title-page of W. H. Bartlett's 
" History of the U. S.," vol. 1, N. Y., 1856. 

468. WASHINGTON'S HEAD QUARTERS 
NEAR NEfFBURGH. Centre below: Neiv 
York. Virtue, Emmins & Co. \ Entered ac- 
cording to act of Congress in the year 1857 by 
Virtue, Emmins & Co. in the Clerk's Office of 
the District Court of the Southern District of 
N. Y, 4^ X 73^. Line engraving. 

469. HEAD QUARTERS AT NEWBURGH. 
Centre : Draivn & Engraved by James Smillie; 
below title: FOR IRVING'S LIFE OF WASH- 
INGTON; right: Printed by W. Pate. Upper 
corners rounded ; top rises slightly on both 
sides to centre. 4% x 734- Line engraving. 
India paper. 

From Washington Irving's " Life of George Washing- 
ton," vol. 4, New York, 1861, oppos. p. 400. 

The woodcut, signed Mum ford, oppos. p. 48 of J. F.Wat- 
son's "Annals ... of New York " (Phlla., 1846), also gives 
a view of the river. 

470. VIEW NEAR FISH KILL. \ No. 17 of the 
Hudson River Port Folio. Left: Painted by 
W. G. Wall; right: Engraved by J. Hill; 
centre, below : Published by Henry I. Megarey 
Nevj York, and transferred to G & C & H. 
Carvill, New York. Border of two lines. 14 x 
21^; to border, i4 7/i6x2i>^. Aquatint. 
[1824?] 

471. VIEW FROM FISHKILL LOOKING TO 
WEST POINT. Left: Painted by W. G. 
Wall ; right: Engraved by J. Hill. 14% x 205^. 
Aquatint, em. 4278. 

Trimmed close to title. No. 1 of the " Hudson River 
PortfoUo." 

472. A VIEW ON HUDSON RIVER. Left: 
ALANSON Sc. N. Y. Border of one line. 
4/^x5^^; to border line, 4 3/16x5 15/16. 
Wood engraving. [184-?] Printed text on 
page below title; at bottom: Vol. II — No. 5. 

One passage reads; "'When one. . . is wafted along at the 
rate of twelve miles an hour in the wonderful steam-boat 
without sails." The steam-boat is shown in the print. 

Poughkeepsie to Cruger's Island. 

473. A View in Hudson's River of Pakepsey & 
the Catts-Kill Mountains | From Sopos Island 
in Hudson's River [same in French]. Right: 
C. 3.; centre: S ketch' d on the SPOT by his 
Excellency Governor Povunal, Painted & En- 
graved by Paul Sandby; centre, below: Lon- 
don, Printed for John Bowles at No. 13 in 
Cornhill. Robert Sayer at No. 53 in Fleet 
Street. Thos. Jeffreys the Corner of St. Mar- 
tin's Lane in the Strand. Carington Bowles 
at No. 6g in St. Pauls Church Yard and Henry 



Parker at No. 82 in Cornhill. 12 13/16 x 
20 3/16. Line engraving. [About 1759.] 

a. As described. 

Same. em. 4822 & 10781. 

b. Without C 3, and with publication line 
changed to London, published according to 
Act of Parliament, May 20, 1761, by Thos. 
Jefferys, the Corner of St. Martin's Lane. 

474- VIEW ON THE HUDSON FROM 
POUGHKEEPSIE. | Hudson Highlands in 
the distance. 3x4 15/16. Line engraving in 
color. 

475. POUGHKEEPSIE, N. Y. ON THE HUD- 
SON. THE CITY OF SCHOOLS: title 
above engraving. Centre: Hatch & Co. Trin- 
ity Building, III Broadway N. Y.; below: 
PUBLISHED BY EASTMAN NATIONAL 
BUSINESS COLLEGE. 3^x7^- Line en- 
graving. 

At head of printed prospectus. 

476. POUGHKEEPSIE, FROM LEWISBURG. 
In foreground in centre, a house ; at right a 
sailing vessel. 4% x 4. Wood engraving. 
EM. 13301. 

477- WESTERN VIEW OF POUGHKEEP- 
SIE, N. Y. The above shovjs the appearance 
of Poughkeepsie as seen from the elevated 
bank on the west side of the Hudson, a short 
distance below New \ Paltz landing. The 
Hotel at the Steamboat landing is seen on the 
extreme right. Left: E. BARTLETT. Border 
line. $%x6-yi; to border, 3 5/16x6 7/16. 

Wood engraving. 
From J.W. Barber's " Historical Collections of the State 

of New York," Improved Edition, N. Y., 1852, p. 84. 

478. Call Rock, Poughkeepsie. Arched top. 
4 15/16x3. Wood engraving after J. D. 
/^'[oodward.] 
From " The Art Journal," N. Y., 1875, p. 206. 

479.* Poughkeepsie Locomotive Engine Factory. 
In lower right corner: LOSSING D. 4 i/i6x 
6 15/16. Wood engraving. About 1855. 

479K'. VIEW FROM HYDE PARK. | (Hudson 
River.) Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: G. K. 
Richardson ; centre, below: London, Published 
for the Proprietors by Geo. Virtue, 26 Ivy 
Lane, 1837. 4?^ x 7. Line engraving. 
From W. H. Bartlett's " American Scenery, vol. 1, Lon- 
don, 1840, oppos. p. 47. 

480. VIEW FROM HYDE PARK. \ {Hudson 
River.) Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: M. Os- 
borne. 45^ X 6^^. Line engraving. 

Same design as preceding. Trimmed close to words 
"Hudson River." 

481. VIEW FROM HYDE PARK. \ (Hudson 
River.) Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: A. L. 
Dick; centre, below: Engraved for the Ladies 
Wreath. 4 7/16x6^. 

In "Ladies Wreath," July, 1850. Same design as pre- 
ceding. 

482. Hudson River. | (above Hyde Park). Left: 
W. H. Bartlett; right: Alfred Jones; centre, 
below: Engraved Expressly for the Evergreen. 
4% X 6 1/16. Line engraving. 

Same design as preceding, curtailed a little at the right. 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



65 



Prints, Hudson R'wer, coat'd. 

483. VIEJV FROM HYDE PARK. \ (HUDSON 
RIVER). Large tree in foreground; beyond, 
at left, steamer going down the river. 2 13/16 
X43^. Line engraving. 

Centre portion of same view as preceding, with steamer 
added. 

484. VIEir FROM HYDE PARK ] (HUDSON 
RIVER) I NEW YORK. Left: DRAIVN 
AFTER NATURE; right: For the Proprietor, 
HERMANN J. MEYER; left, below: Pub- 
lished for HERMANN J. MEYER. 164 Wil- 
liam Street, NEW YORK; right, below: 
Copyright secured according to Act of CON- 
GRESS. Border of one dotted line. 3 15/16 x 
6J/s; to border, 4 1/16x6 5/16. Line engrav- 
ing. 

In the "United States Illustrated," vol. 1, Part 3, 
N. Y., oppos. p. 51. 

485. "On the Rondout Creek. The Hudson 
River in the distance. June 1838." In lower 
left corner: Wilbur, June 18 j8, Smillie House 
on the Rondout Creek. 9 1/16x13. Wash 
drawing. 

4S6. RONDOUT CREEK. 2j^ x 3^. Vignette. 
Wood engraving. 

From B. J. Lossing's " Hudson from the Wilderness to 
the Sea," N. Y., 18G6, p. 184. 

487. KINGSTON, NEW YORK.—KRUSE- 
MAN VAN ELTEN. 4^x6 9/16. Wood 
engraving by C. Morand. 

488. Summer-House, Cruger's Island. 3^x5^. 
Wood engraving by Richardson after J. D. 
^[oodward]. 

From " The Art Journal," N. Y., 1875, p. 206. 

The Catskills to Coxsackie. 

489. SKETCH of the TOWN of KAATS'- 
KILL, HUDSON'S RIVER. Left: B. T. sc; 
right: A. P. Fecit. 3%x6y2. Line engraving 
by Benjamin Tanner. 

In "The New- York Magazine," Sept., 1797, opposite 
p. 449. 

490. VIEW FROM THE MOUNTAIN HOUSE, 
CATSKILL. [title also in French and Ger- 
man]. Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: R. Brand- 
ard; centre, below: London, Published for the 
Proprietors by Geo. Virtue 26 Ivy Lane, l8sg. 
4 11/16x6 13/16. Line engraving. 

In W. H. Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol. 2, Lon- 
don, 1840, oppos. p. 102. The river is seen in the distance. 

491. Catskill Mountains and the Steam Boat — 
on the Hudson River. Left: Sketched by J. 
Glennie Esqr.; right: Heivitt Sc. Border of 
two lines at left, top and right. 3 13/16x634; 
to border, 3%x6^. Line engraving. 

*a. With sails on the steara-boat. Proof. 

Same. 

In "The Port Folio, third series, conducted by Oliver 
Oldsehool, Esq., ' vol. 3, no. 5, Nov. 1813, oppos. p. 453. 

b. With a border of two lines at left, top 
and right. Size to border 3^x6^. A dif- 
ferent boat substituted, violently churning the 
water, flying the American flag and without 



sails; but the reflection of the sails still re- 
mains on the water. 

The boat is not mentioned in the text. See note to 
no. 626. 

492. Catskill Mountain House. Left: Draiun by 

G. Harvey, right: Engraved by J. Smillie. 

4 13/16x6^. Line engraving. 

In "Graham's Magazine," Phila., Dec. 1850, oppos. 
p. 361. 

493. THE KATSKILL MOUNTAINS (FROM 
HUDSON). Right: Lith. of Sarony & Major 
117 Fulton St. N.Y. 3^/2 xs%- Lithograph. 
[About 1850.] 

494. VIEW NEAR HUDSON. \ No. 12 of the 
Hudson River Port Folio. Left: Painted by 
W. G. Wall; right: Engraved by J. Hill; 
centre, below: Published by Henry I. Megarey 
Neiv York and transferred to. Border of two 
lines. 14 1/16x21%; to border, 14^x21^. 
Aquatint. [1824?] 

495. Ville d'Hudson [same in English, Latin & 
German] No. II \ Imp. Lith. de Bove, dirigee 
par Noel aine & Ce.; left: Dessine d'apres 
nature par Milbert; right: Lithographic par 
L Sabatier. Above : 3e Livraison. AMERIO UE 
SEPTENTRIONALE—ETAT DE NEW- 
YORK. PI 3. Border of two lines. 7 9/16 x 
II 3/16; to border line, 7^x11^. Litho- 
graph. 

From " Itinfiraire pittoresque do iieuve Hudson . . . 
par J. Milbert," 1S28-29. 

496. Vue du port de la ville d'Hudson et des 
montagnes Catskill [same in English, Latin & 
German]. No. 12 \ Imp. Lith. de Bove dirigee 
par Noel aine & Ce.; left: Lithographie par 
Bichebois fige. par V. Adam.; right: Dessine 
d'apres nature par J. Milbert. Above: 3e 
Livraison. AMERIOUE SEPTENTRION- 
ALE—ETAT DE NEW-YORK. PL 3. 
Border of two lines. 7 11/16x11 5/16. Litho- 
graph, India paper. EM. 4277. 

From " Itin6raire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson . . .," 
par J. Milbert, 1828-29. 

497. VIEW OF HUDSON CITY AND THE 
CATSKILL MOUNTAINS. Left: W. H. 
Bartlett; right:/?. Brandard. 4 13/16x7^4. 
Line engraving. 

From W. H. Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol. 2, 
London, 1840, oppos. p. 67. 

498. VIEW OF HUDSON CITY AND THE 
CATSKILL MOUNTAINS. Left: W. H. 
Bartlett; right: A. L. Dick. 4^x7 1/16. 
Line engraving. 

Same design as preceding. 

499. VIEW OF HUDSON-CITY AND THE 
CA TSKILL MO UN TA INS. Left : DRA WN 
AFTER NATURE; right: For the Proprietor: 
HERMANN J. MEYER; left, below: Pub- 
lished for PAUL BERN HARD, 164 William 
Street, NEW YORK; right, below: Copy- 
right secured according to ACT OF CON- 
GRESS. Border of one line. 4 9/16x6^; to 
border, 4 11/16x7. Line engraving. 

Design adapted from Bartlett's (no. 497). 
a. As described. 



66 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Hudson River, confd. 

b. With HERRMANN J. MEYER instead 
of PAUL BERN HARD. 

In the " United States Illustrated.'" edited by Charles 
A. Dana. Vol. 1, Part 2, N. Y. [185-:-], oppos. p. 37. 

500. SOUTH EASTERN VIEW OF HUDSON 
CITY, N. Y., FROM ACADEMY, OR PROS- 
PECT HILL. I T/ie principal street in Hudson, 
one mile in length, is seen in the central part 
of the engraving. The village of Athens ap- 
pears on the opposite \ bank of the Hudson; 
the Cattskill Mountains are seen in the ex- 
treme distance, on the left. Border line. 
3^4x6^-8; to border, 3 5/16 x6J^. Wood en- 
graving by E. Bartlett. 

From .1. \V. Barber's " Historical Collections of the State 
of New York," improved edition, N. Y., 18.52, oppos. p. 76. 

501. At HUDSON, N. Y. Over right upper 
corner: 12. At right in foreground a small 
house; at left a railway train and railway 
bridge. About 1828? 55^x8^. Lithograph. 

502. Hudson, from Four-mile Point. 3x7. 
Arched top. Wood engraving after J. D. 
/F[oodward]. 

503. VIEW NEAR COXSACKIE. HUDSON 
RIVER. Right: Leney Set. Border of one 
line at left and top, two at right and bottom. 
3 7/16x5 11/16; to border 3 9/16x5 13/16. 
Line engraving. 

From " The Port Folio," 3d series, conducted by Oliver 
Oldschool, Esq., v. 1, no. 1, Jan. 1S13, oppos. p. 3. 

Albany. 

504. A VIEW of RENSSELAERVILLE MANU- 
FACTORY I The property of Mr. JAMES 
CALDWELL of the City of \ Albany, Mer- 
chant, vuith a distant Prospect of Hudsons 
River \ and the Seat of Stephen Van Rens- 
selaer Esrjuire. Left: In possession of Gavit 
& Co., Albany, N. Y.; right: Tiebout Sculp. 
1792. 6 7/16x11^^. Reproduction of line 
engraving, em. 3547. 

505.* CITY OF ALBANY, in the STATE OF 
NEW YORK. Centre, above title: Dravan by 
G. Kane, June 4, iSiQ — Engraved by T. Dixon.; 
centre, below: Published by Henry Fisher, 
Caxton, Liverpool, Octr. 21, 181Q. Border of 
two lines. 5 12/16x8; to border 5 15/16 x 
8 3/16. 
A view of the city from the east shore. The steamboat 

is probably the "Chancellor Livingston." 

506. ENTRANCE OF THE CANAL INTO 
THE HUDSON A T ALBANY. Left : J. Eights 
del. 2 15/16x5 13/16. Line engraving. 

On plan. " GeoloKical i)rofile extending from the At- 
lantic to Lake Krie," in \V. L. Stone's " Narrative of the 
festivities observed in honor of the completion of the 
grand Erie Canal," N. Y., 18^5. 

Same, cut from map. em. 11421. 

Reproduced in M. A. Hamm's" Famous families of New 
York," N. Y., [l'.)02], vol. 1, p. 48. 

The river itself is not shown. 

507. Ville d'Albany, Capitale de I'etat de New 
York [and same in English, Latin & German] 
No. 13. I Imp. Lith. de Bove dirigee par Noel 
aine & Cie.; left: Lithographie par Deroy; 



right: Dessine d'apres nature par J. Milbert. 
Above: 4e Livraison. AMERIQUE SEPTEN- 
TRIONALE—ETAT DE NEW-YORK PI i. 
Border of two lines. 75^xiiJ4; to border 
line, 7 15/16x11^. Lithograph. India paper. 
EM. 1 1468. 

From " Itingraire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson, par J. 
Milbert," 1828-29. 

508. A VIEW OF ALBANY, N. Y. At the 
left, in foreground, a steamer going up the 
river; at the right, two sailing vessels. 5^ x 
85/8- Wood engraving. [183-?] 

509. ALBANY, FROM VAN-UNSSELAENS 
ISLAND. Leit: Draivn by G. Wall; right: 
Engraved & Printed by Fenner Sears & Co.; 
centre, below: London, Published Jan. 1831 by 
I. T. Hinton & Simpkin & Marshall. Over 
upper right corner: 1 5. One border line on 
left and top and two on right and bottom. 
3 7/16x6; to border, 3^x6 5/16. Line en- 
graving. 

a. As described. India paper, em. 10396. 

b. With —UNSSELAENS changed to 
RENNSELAER'S. 

From " History and topography of the United States," 
edited by J. H. Hinton, London, 1832, vol. 2, op. p. 489. 

c. With added work as in reflection of 
cows. Ornamental border added, with vig- 
nettes below to left {DUTCH TREATY 
WITH THE INDIANS) and to right {SUR- 
RENDER TO THE ENGLISH). Former 
lettering replaced bv ALBANY, FROM VAN 
RENSSALAER'S ISLAND. Centre, below: 
J. & F. TALLIS, LONDON & NEW YORK. 
Size with border 6% x 7^. 

510. ALBANY, FROM VAN-UNSSELAENS 
ISLAND. Left: G. Wall del.; right: J. 
Archer, Sc. One border line at left and top 
and two at right and bottom. 4 ii/i6x 
7 11/16; to border line, 4 15/16x8 1/16. 
Same design as preceding, engraved on a larger scale. 

a. As described. 

From "History and topography of the U. S.. edited by 
J. II. Hinton," new edition, vol. 2, Boston, 1834, oppos. 
p. 387. 

b. With Vol. II, page 384 below title to 
right. 

c. With Albany from Van-Unsselaen's Is- 
land in script; no other lettering. Many added 
vertical lines in water, beneath trees and boat. 
em. 4298. 

510H. VIEW of ALBANY. Left: Wall del; 
right: Ch: Daumerlang sc; centre, above 
title: Fr: Geissler direx: ; centre, below: 
Philadelphia: N. A. Bibl. Inst.; over upper 
right corner: LIIII. 3^x6. Line engrav- 
ing. 

In " Our Globe. A Universal picturesque album. Edited 
by the North-American Bibliographic Institution in Phila- 
delphia," vol. 1 [185-?]. 

511. ALBANY. Two men in foreground at 
right; beyond, steamer FULTON going up 
the river. Border of one line. 3 5/16x5^; 
to border, 3 5/12 x sH- Line engraving. 

Same. em. 12470. 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



67 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

512. ALBANY. Man in foreground at right; 
two boys in foreground centre. Left: JV. H. 
Bartleti; right: C. Cousen. Line engraving. 
4 17/24 X 7 1/16. 

From W. H. Bartlett's '•American Scenery," vol. 1, 
London. 1S40. oppos. p. ii: also in W. H. Bartlett's " His- 
tory of the United Stat«^s of North America," vol. 1., 
N. v., 1S.)6, oppos. p. Virl 

513. ALBANY. Left: JF. H. Bartlett; right: \ 
I. L. Dick. 4 11/16x7 1/24. Line engrav- j 
:;g. I 

>ame design as preceding. 

514. VieiJi' of Albany. Centre: En^d by D. G. 
Thompson. 4 13/16x7. Line engraving. 

Same design as preceding, except that figures in fore- 
ground have been replaced by two men, rowing, in a boat. 

515. CITY OF ALBANY. Left: B. F. Smith, 
del.; right: Gavit (^ Duthie; centre: Entered 
according to .-let of Congress, Nov. 23, 1S47, 
by E. Fan Scaack in the Clerk's Office of the 
Northern District of the State of Neiv York. 
4 5/12 x 7 5/16. Line engraving. 

516. ALBANY. Left: Dra=ii-n by J. R. Smith; 
right: C. A. & Co. Sc. Lancaster. Border of 
one line at left and top and two at right and 
bottom. 5 7/16 X7"s; to border, 5^x7 15/16. 
Line engraving. 

517. ALBANY above. Centre, below: Ne=w- 
York if Paris published by Goupil, Vibert & 
Co. 1 39 ; GENERAL J'lEJV \ Entered ac- 
cording to act of Congress, in the year J850, 
by Aug. Kollner in the Clerk's Office of the 
District Court for the Southern District of 
Nev: York. Border of two lines. 7 7/16 x 
II 1/16; to border, 7 13/16x11 7/16. Litho- 
graph. 

sis. s. E. riEjr OF Albany, from green 

BUSH ferry. I The City and State Halls, 
each surmounted ivith a dome, are seen toiver- 
ing above the other buildings on the hill on 
ixihich Albany is mostly built. The \ entrance 
of the Erie Canal is seen on the right; the 

■ South Greenbush Ferry Landing on the left. 
Left: J. W. Barber, del.; right: Sherman & 
Smith, sc. N. Y. sfi x 6'4. Line engraving. 
From J. W. Barber's "' Historical Collections of the 

State of Xew York," improved edition, X. Y., iSo'i, oppos. 

p. 48. 

519. VIEir of ALBANY, N. Y., FROM 
GREENBUSH. At right in the foreground, 
figures of four men and a woman; to tlie left, 
a railway train. 5^x9^8- Wood engraving. 
From •• Gleason's Pictorial Drawing Room Companion." 

520*. SNOir SCENE IN ALBANY, NEW 
YORK. 5 13/16x97^. Wood engraving. Pub- 
lished about 1856. 
1 View of the city from the east shore. The river is frozen 

I over, and railway passengers, with their baggage, are 
' being carried across the ice in very large bob-sleds drawn 
I by horses. 

, 521. VIEW OF ALBANY FROM BATH. 

I Left: Draii-n by J. Kirk; right: Engd. & 

I Printed by 3. E. Gavit. Vign. 1 3/16x6. 

I Line engraving. EM. 11 320. 



I 



522. ALBANY AS SEEN FROM THE HUD- 
SON RIVER. 5 i/i6xiS>^^. Half-tone from 
photograph. 1899? 

In •• Albany. Xew York," a pamphlet issued in 190-? by 
the Albany Chamber of Commerce. 

Troy to the Source. 

523. VIEW FROM MOUNT IDA. \ {Near 
Troy), [title also in French and German]. 
Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: R. Wallis; cen- 
tre, below: London, Published for the Pro- 
prietors by Geo. Virtue, 26 Ivy Lane, iSsQ. 
4"sx7 3/16. Line engraving. 

In W. H. Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol. 2, Lon- 
don, 1840, oppos. p. 85. 

524. VIEW FROM MOUNT IDA \ (Near 
Troy). Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: Dick sc. 
A'A X 7^4- Line engraving. 

Same design as preceding. From " Ladies' Companion," 
N. Y., Sept., 1840. 

525. MOUNT IDA. I On the Hudson. 4 11/16 
X 7^. Line engraving. 

Same design as preceding. 

526. Chute dans le Mont Ida, audessus de la 
ville de Troye [and same in English, Latin & 
German] No. 15. I Imp. Lith. de Bove dirigee 
par Noel aine ZS Ce.; left: Dessine d'aprh 
nature par L. Sabatier; right: Lithographie par 
Bichebois. Above: 4e Livraison. AMERIQUE 
SEPTENTRIONALE—ETAT DE NEW 
YORK. PI. 3. Border of t\vo lines. 711/16X 
II 3/16; to border, 8 i/i6xii§^. Litho- 
graph. India paper. 

In •' ItinSraire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson, . . . par 
J. Milben." ISiS -20. 

527. TROY. I Taken from the West bank of the 
Hudson, in front of the United States Arsenal. 
Left: W. J. Bennett; right: Engd. by W. J. 
Bennett; centre: Nevj York, Published by 
John Levison 34I Broad'u;ay. 15^x25^^. 
Aquatint. [183-?] 

528. [View on the Upper Hudson, 1903.] sJ^ x 
9^. Photograph. 

529. Vieiv of the West Bank of the Hudson's 
River 3 Miles above Still Water, upon ivhich 
the Army under the command of Lt. General 
Burgoyne, took post on the 20th. Sepr. 1777. \ 
{Shelving General Frazer's Funeral.) Right: 

i Barlozo Sculp.; centre, below: Published as 
I the Act directs, J any. I, 17S9, by William 

Lane, Leadenhall Street, London. 7^x15?^. 

Line engraving, em. 8121 & 10999. 

From Thomas Anbury's "Travels throuah the interior 
parts of .America," London, 1TS9. oppi^s. p. ^ii. 

530. Lady Harriet Ackland. Left: Drazi-n & 
Engraved by Robt. Pollard; right: Aquatinta 
by F. Jukes. London. Pubd. Novr. 15; 
17S4 by R. Pollard No. 7. Brayne's Rozu Spa 
Fields; centre, below, four lines of description, 
beginning This amiable Lady and ending Vir- 
tue so justly merited; right, below: See G. 
Burgoyne's Narrative. 15^x20 11/16. En- 
graving in line and aquatint. 

" Before [Ladv Harriet] left New York a painting rep- 
resenting her standing in a boat, with a white handker- 
chief in her hand as a flag of truce, was exhibited at the 
royal academy, London."— Appleton's Cyclopedia of 
American Biography, vol. 1, N. Y., 1888, p. 9. 



68 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Hudson River, confd. 

531. LADY ACKLAND'S VISIT TO THE 
CAMP OF GENL. GATES. \ From the origi- 
nal picture by Alonzo Chappel in the posses- 
sion of the Publishers. \ Johnson, Fry & Co. 
Publishers, Neiv York. \ Entered according to 
act of Congress A. D. 1857, by Johnson, Fry 
& Co. in... New York. 5^x7 3/16. Line 
engraving. 

532. A VIEW ON THE HUDSON AT 
SCHUYLERVILLE. Half-tone from photo- 
graph by Silas A. Lottridge. 

From " The Mail and Express Illustrated Magazine," 
Aug. 3, 1903. 

533. VIEW NEAR FORT MILLER. \ No. lo of 
the Hudson River Port Folio. Left: PAINTED 
BY W. G. WALL; right: ENGRAVED BY 
J. HILL; centre, below: Published by Henry 
I. Megarey, New York. Border of two lines. 
14x20^8; to border, 14^x21^. Aquatint. 
[1824?] 

Same. em. 4395 & 8066. 

534. Chutes generales de I'Hudson a Sandy Hill 
[and same in English, Latin & German] 
No. JQ. I Imp. Lith. de Bove dirigee par Noel 
aine et Compe.; left: Lithographie par A. 
Arnout; right: Dessine d'apres nature par J. 
Milbert. Above: sme Livraison. AMERIQUE 
SEPTENTRIONALE—ETAT DE NEW 
YORK. PI. 3. Border of two lines. 7§^ x 
II 5/16; to border, 8 1/16x11 13/16. Litho- 
graph. India paper, em. 4400 & 8067. 
From "Itineraire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson, par 

J. Milbert," ]8si8-a9. 

535. Cours de I'Hudson et Moulins, pres Sandy 
Hill [and same in English, Latin & German]. 
No. 20. I Imp. Lith. de Bove dirigee par Noel 
aine & Ce.; left: Lithographie par Sabatier; 
right: Dessine d'apres nature par J. Milbert. 
Above: 5e Livraison. AMERIQUE SEPTEN- 
TRIONALE—ETAT DE NEW YORK. PI. 4. 
Border of two lines. 7 13/16x11 5/16; to 
border, 8j4xii^. Lithograph. India paper. 
EM. 4299. 

From " Itineraire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson, par 
J. Milbert," 1828-29, 

536. GLENNS FALLS | No. 6 of the Hudson 
River Port Folio. Left: Painted by W. G. 
Wall; right: Engraved by I. Hill; centre, be- 
low: Published by Henry I. Megary, Ne-zv 
York and transferred to G & C. & H. Carvill, 
Neiv York. Border of two lines. 14x21 1/16; 
to border, 14 3/16x21^. Aquatint. [1824?] 

537. Chutes de I'Hudson au village de Gleens 
[and same in English, Latin & German] 
No. 22: I Imp. Lith. de Bove dirigee par Noel 
aine et Ce.; left: Lithographie par Tirpenne; 
right: Dessine d'apres nature par J. Milbert. 
Above: 6e Livraison. AMERIQUE SEPTEN- 
TRIONALE—ETA T DE NEW YORK. PI. 2. 
Border of two lines. 7^ x 11 5/16; to border, 
7 15/16x11 13/16. Lithograph. India paper. 
EM. 4402. 

From " Itinfraire pittoresque du flevive Hudson," by J. 
Milbert, 18^8-29. 



538. Moulins a Scies au village de Glenns [and 
the same in English, Latin & German] No. 23 \ 
Imp. Lith. de Bove dirigee par Noel aine & 
Ce.; left: Lithographie par Villeneuve; right: 
Dessine d'apres nature par J. Milbert. Above: 
6e Livraison. AMERIQUE SEPTENTRIO- 
NALE—ETAT DE NEW YORK. Pi. 3. 
Border of two lines. 7§^ x 11 15/16; to border, 
8^/^x11 13/16. Lithograph. India paper. EM. 
4401. 

From " Itinfiraire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson... 
par J. Milbert," 1828-29. 

539. BRIDGE AT GLENS FALL. \ {on the 
Hudson). Left: W. H. Bartlett; right: P. W. 
Topham; left, below: PONT A GLENS 
FALL; right, below: DIE BRUCKE ZU 
GLENS FALL; centre, below: LONDON, 
Published for the Proprietors by Geo. Virtue, 
26 Ivy Lane, 1S3Q. 4^x7 5/16. Line en- 
graving. 

From W. H. Bartlett's "American Scenery," vol. 3, 
London, 1840, oppos. p. 84. 

540. THE JUNCTION OF THE SACANDAGA 
AND HUDSON RIVERS. \ No. 2 of the Hud- 
son River Port Folio. Left: Painted by W. G. 
Wall; right: Engraved by I. R. Smith; cen- 
tre, below: Published by H. I. Megarey & 
W. B. Gilley New York & John Mill Charles- 
ton S. C. I Printed by Rollinson. Border of 
two lines. 14x21^4; to border line, 14^^ x 
21^. Aquatint. [1824?] 

541. Debarcadaire de Jessups [and same in Eng- 
lish, Latin & German]. No. 26 \ Imp. Lith. 
de Henry Gaugain; left: Lithographie par L. 
Sabatier; right: Dessine d'apres nature par J. 
Milbert. Above: yme Livraison. AMERIOUE 
SEPTENTRIONALE—ETAT DE NEW- 
YORK. PI. 2. Border of two lines. 7^ x 
11^; to border, 8 1/16 xii^^. Lithograph. 

From " Itint'^raire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson . . . par 
J. Milbert," 1828-29. 

542. Po?it sur I'Hudson, pres Luzerne [and same 
in English, Latin & German] No. 25 \ Imp. 
Lith. de Henry Gaugain; left: Lithographie 
par Bichebois; right: Dessine d'apres nature 
par J. Milbert. Above: 7me Livraison. 
AMERIQUE SEPTENTRIONALE—ETAT 
DE NEW-YORK. PI. 3- Border of two 
lines. 7^x 11^; to border, 8J^x 11^/^. Litho- 
graph. 

From " Itinfiraire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson, par 
J. Milbert," 1828-29. 

543. Moulins pres de Luzerne, vers les Sources 
de I'Hudson [and same in English, Latin & 
German]. "No. 25 1/2" in MS. | hnp. Lith. 
de Bove dirigee par Noel aine & Ce.; left: 
Lithographie par Bichebois; right: Dessine 
d'apres nature par J. Milbert. Above : AMER- 
IOUE SEPTENTRIONALE—ETAT DE 
NEW-YORK. Border of two lines. 7^ x 
11 5/16; to border, 8^x11 11/16. Litho- 
graph. [1828-9] 

From "Itineraire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson," by 
J. Milbert, 1828-29. In the book itself the oval space for 
the number is blank. 

544. HADLEY'S FALLS. \ No. 5 of the Htidson 
River Port Folio. Left: Painted by W. G. 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



69 



Prints, Hudson River, cont'd. 

Wall; right: Engraved by I. R. Smith; cen- 
tre, below: Published by H. I. Megarey & 
W. B. Gilley New York and John Mill 
Charleston S. C. Border of two lines. 13 13/16 x 
21 1/16; to border, 13 15/16x215^. Aqua- 
tint. [1824?] 

545. Extremite de la Chute d'Adley's [same in 
English, Latin & German] No. 27. \ Imp. Lith. 
de Bove dirigee par Noel aine et Ce.; left: 
Lithographie par L. Sabatier; right: Dessine 
d'apres ?iature par J. Milhcrt. Above: 7e 
Livraison. AMERIQUE SEPTENTRION- 
ALE—ETAT DE NEW-YORK. PL 3. 
Border of two lines. 7 11/16 x 11^ ; to border, 
8xii5'^. Lithograph. 

From " Itin^raire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson . . . par 
J. Milbert," 18:i8-29. 

546. J'ue generale des chutes de I'Hudson a 
Adley's [and same in English, Latin & Ger- 
man] No. 29. I Imp. Lith. de Henry Gaugain; 
left: Lithographie par Jacottet figes. par Vr. 
Adam; right: Dessine d'apres nature par J. 
Milbert. Above: 8me Li'vraison. AMERIQUE 
SEPTENTRIONALE—ETAT DE NEW- 
YORK. PL I. Border of two lines. 7^^ x 
II 5/16; to border, 7^x1111/16. 

From " Itin^raire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson . . . par 
J. Milbert," 1828-29. 

547. RAPIDS ABOVE HADLEY'S FALLS. \ 

No. 4 of the Hudson River Port Folio. Left: 
Painted by W. G. Wall; right: Engraved by 
. J. Hill; centre, below: Published by Henry I. 
Megarey New York. Border of two lines. 
13 15/16x20 15/16; to border, 14^^x21 3/16. 
Aquatint. [1824?] 

548. Rapides de I'Hudson a Adley's [same in 
English, Latin & German] No. 28. | Imp. 
Lith. de E. Ardit, Editeur, rue Vivienne No. 2; 
left: Litliograpliie par Bichebois, figs, par V. 
Adam; right: Dessine d'apres nature par J. 
Milbert. Above: ye Livraison. AMERIQUE 
SEPTENTRIONALE—ETAT DE NEW- 
YORK. PL 4. 7^x11^. Lithograph. EM. 

4394- 

From " Itineraire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson . . . , par 
J. Milbert," 1^38 29. 

549. THE HUDSON AT HADLEY. sVs^^H- 
Half-tone from photograph. 

From " Harper's Magazine," Mar. 1905, p. 5.51. 

550. Sun Set on the Hudson. Left: Weir Pinxt.; 
right: 7, A. Ralph Sc. Z%'^A%- Line en- 
graving. 

551. The Hudson, Twenty Miles from its Source. 
6x6,'/,s. Wood engraving by HARLEY after 
//[arry] F[enn]. 
From " Picturesque America." 

552. Seven Views of the Hudson near and at its 
source. "Lake Tear-of-the-Cloud, where the 
Hudson sets out on its journey," "Near its 
head," "Indian Pass," etc. Half-tones from 
photographs by S. R. Stoddard. 

From "The Churcliman," June 1. HtOl. 

For pictures of the Hudson near its source, see also the 

first chapters of B.J. Lossing's "The Hudson, from the 
Wilderne.ss to the Sea." N. Y. (cop.vright 186G], and 
" Harper's Magazine," Mar. 1905, pp. 545, 547. 



553. Opalescent Falls. Right: W. J. Palmer. 
Wood engraving. 9^ x 3^. 

Benson J. Lossing, in " The Hudson from the Wilderness 
to the Sea " (pp. 32, 33), says of Opalescent River: "It is 
one of the main sources of the Hudson, and falls into 
Sandford Lake, a few miles below Adirondack village . . . 
Tht' Indians called this cascade .S/(e-f/«'/-f'7i-da»*?fe, or the 
Hanging Spear. A short distance above is a wild rapid, 
which they called Kas-kong-shadi, or Broken Water." 

553/^- Source of the Hudson in the Indian Pass. 
Left: Benson J. Lossing Del.; centre, below 
title: NEW YORK, VIRTUE, YORSTON & 
CO. Vign. 6^/s X 4% Line engraving. 
In B. J. Lossing's "The Hudson," N. Y. [1866], frontisp. 

554. Source of the Hudson. [Two men in the 
foreground; one be3'ond, holding cup under 
water falling from top of a rock into a pool 
below.] CVs X 6^. Wood engraving. 

From "Picturesque America." 



Robert Fulton and Early Steam 
Navigation. 

Portraits of Fulton, etc. 

55=;. ROBERT FULTON ESQR. Half length, 
directed and facing left, looking front; seated, 
left arm over back of chair, right hand 
clasped over left in lap, curtain behind figure, 
ship being blown up in distance at left. Left: 
PAINTED BY B. WEST P.R.A.; right: EN- 
GRAVED BY W. S. LENEY A.C.S.A.; cen- 
tre, above title: PUBLISHED BY JOSEPH 
DELAPLAINE CHESNUT STREET PHILA- 
DELPHIA 1815. Border of three lines. 4 15/16 
x3 15/16; to border, 5 1/16x4 i/i6- 

a. As described. 

From " Delaplaine's Repository of the lives and portraits 
of distinguished American characters," Phila., 1815, oppos. 
p. 201. 

b. Without publication line. 

In "Museumof Foreign Literature and Science," Phila., 
April, 1826, vol. 8. oppos. p. 289. 

This West portrait is the one most frequently repro- 
duced, in full or in part, sometimes with modifications. 

556. ROBERT FULTON ESQR. Left: Miss 
Emmett Pinxit; right: W. S. Leney Sculpsit; 
centre, below title: Kirk & Mercein Publish- 
ers N. York. Vign. 5^^x45^. Stipple en- 
praving. 
The West portrait, the ship being replaced by a vessel 

apparently delivering a broadside, probably the " Demolo- 

gos." 
From Cadwallader D. Colden's " Life of Robert Fulton,' 

N. Y., 1817, frontispiece. 

557.* Portrait of Robert Fulton, bust, directed 
and facing left, looking front, arm over back 
of chair. At bottom: A. J. M. 2^x2 11/16. 
Wood engraving. 
From " The New York Mirror," vol. 10, no. 3, N.Y., July 

21, 1832. Based on the West portrait. 

Same, A. J. M. erased. 

a note, in ink: "N.Y. Mechanic & Farmer. Aug. 1846." 

558. ROBERT FULTON. \ R. Fulton [facsimile 
of signature]. Left: Painted by B. West 
P.R.A.; right: Engd. by G. Parker. 4 5/16 
X3^. Stipple and line engraving. 

a. Proof before letters. 

b. As described. 

The West portrait, slightly reduced at top, left and 



70 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Robert Fulton, cont'd. 

bottom, so that left half of ship blowing; up, as well as 

seat of chair and Fulton's knees, are not shown. 

From " The National Portrait Gallery of distinguished 
Americans; conducted by J. Herring and J. B. Longacre," 
vol. 3, N. Y., 1836. 

Same. 

In " National portrait gallery of distinguished Ameri- 
cans," vol. 3, Phila., 1852. 

559. ROBERT FULTON. Bust, based on the 
West portrait. No background. 3 x z^s- 
Wood engraving. About 1840? 

560. ROBERT FULTON. Bust, from the West 
portrait. Left: S. tV.; right: J. W. ORR 
N. Y. Vign. 3x4. Wood engraving after 
Samuel Wallin. At head of printed bio- 
graphical sketch beginning: "If there be any 
mind." Picture and text enclosed in a border 
of two lines. 

From " The illustrated American biography ... By A. D. 
Jones," vol. 1, N. Y., 1853, p. 227. 

Same, without the border. 

From " The American portrait gallery . . . , by A. D* 
Jones," N. Y., 1858, p. 121. 

The front page of "Gleason's Pictorial," for Nov. 18, 
]8.'54, was devoted to Fulton, '• In honor of the birthday of 
Robert Fulton, November 1765. " Beside text, it offered a 
bust portrait of Fulton, a picture of the Clermont, and two 
pictures of later steamboats (side- wheelers), engraved on 
wood by Kilburn. 

561. Portrait of Robert Fulton, half length, 
seated, directed and facing right, looking 
front, in centre panel of sheet, surrounded by 
smaller historical panels and allegorical fig- 
ures. Below portrait: FROM A PAINTING 
BY WEST. Below, at right: L. N. ROSEN- 
THAL'S LITH. PHILA. Size of portrait 
panel: 2 10/16x3 7/16. Lithograph in colors. 

In Reigart's " Life of Fulton," Phila., 1856. The West 
portrait, reversed, with the " Demologos" beyond. 

562. ROBERT FULTON. Bust (from the West 
portrait). Centre, above title: Engd. by W. G. 
Jackman; below- title: D. Appleton & Co. 
Border of two lines. 6 x 4^ ; to border, 6]/^ x 
4^. Line and stipple engraving. 

Same. em. 13181. 

563. R. Fulton [fac-sim. of signature]. Right: 
O. Pelton sc. Bust [from the West portrait]. 
Vign. 2^/2X2^. Line engraving. 

564. ROBERT FULTON ESQR. Three-quar- 
ter length. Vign. 65^ x 5. Line engraving. 

The West portrait, but showing a portion of the legs 
below the knees, and with the Clermont on the left instead 
of the vessel being blown up. 

565. ROBT. FULTON. Bust [from the West 
portrait]. Oval, border of one line, i^^xij^; 
to border, i^xij4- Line engraving. 

a. Proof before letters. India paper. 

b. As described. Outside oval border, to 
left, the Clermont; to right, another steam 
boat. Cut from the upper left corner of a 
print. 

566. R. Fulton — ^[fac-simile of signature]. At 
right: J. Rogers. Bust, long [from the West 
portrait], with a background of columns. In 
oval 4^x3%; with ornamental border, in 
which, above, - nautilus, and below a river 



steamboat with the title below: STEAM 
NAVIGATION OF THE HUDSON RIVER. 

8x5^. 

567. Bust, from the West portrait. Richardson 
N. Y. near right shoulder. Vign. 2^4 x 2^. 
Wood engraving. Proof. [186-?] 

In 1902 this appears again in the " Critic," vol. 41, p. 340. 

568. R. Fulton [fac-simile of signature] | From 
the original painting by Chappel in the pos- 
session of the publishers. \ Johnson, Fry & Co. 
Publishers, Neiv York. \ Entered according to 
act of Congress A. D. jS6l, by Johnson, Fry 
& Co. in . . . New York. The West por- 
trait, carried out to a full-length seated before 
a table on which are a drawing board and 
drawing instruments; two rolls of paper on 
floor behind the chair. 7^ x $%• Line en- 
graving. 

From " National portrait gallery of eminent Americans 
... by Alonzo Chappel; with... narratives by E. A. 
Duyckinck," vol. 1, N. Y. [copyright, 1861] , oppos. p. 439. 

Same, earlier and better impression. Large 

paper. 

569. R. Fulton [fac-simile signature] 1 From an 
original painting; by Chappel in the possession 
of the publishers \ Johnson, Wilson & Co., 
Publishers New York. | Entered according to 
act of Congress A. D. 1874. by Johnson, Wilson 
& Co. in ... Washington. Three-quarter 
length, directed and facing left, looking front, 
left forearm resting on back of chair, right 
hand holding cane; curtain behind, at right; 
at left, a steamboat passing the Palisades. 
7?^x5^. Line engraving. 

Based on the West portrait. 

From " Portrait gallery of eminent men and women 
. . ; with biographies by E. A. Duyckinck," vol. 1, N. Y. 
[copyright 1872], oppos. p. 360. 

' Same, "masked" proof. Uninked embossed 

impression of R. Fulton can be made out. 
India paper. Large paper copy. 

570. R. Fulton [fac-simile of signature]. Left: 
Painted by B. West, P.R.A.; right: Engd. by 
H. B. Hall, Jr.; centre, below title: D. Ap- 
pleton £f Co. Bust, from the West portrait. 
5^4x4. Line engraving. 

In "Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American biography," 
vol. 2, N. Y., 1888, oppos. p. 563. 

Reproduced in half-tone in " The Outlook," vol. 69, 1901, 
p. 557. 

571. ROBERT FULTON. Left: FROM A POR- 
TRAIT IN POSSESSION OF ROBERT 
FULTON BLIGHT, ESQ.; right: EN- 
GRAVED BY R. G. TIETZE. 5 i/i6x 
3 7/16. Wood engraving. 

In " The Century Magazine," vol. 53, new series, vol. 31, 
Dec. 1896, p. i69. 

572. ROBERT FULTON \ 1765-1815. Left: 
Harper's Black and White Prints; right: From 
Harper's Weekly. Cotyright, 1895, by Harper 
& Brothers. 5^x4 7/16. Half-tone from a 
painting. 

Differs in the face from the engraved reproductions of 
the West portrait. Published in " Harper's Weekly," 
Jan. 26, 1895, p. 87. Another reproduction of this, a half- 
tone printed in blue, appears in the " Connecticut Maga- 
zine," vol. 11, 1907, p. 363, " by courtesy of the Nautical 

In the "Year Book" of the "Pennsylvania Society, 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



71 



Prints, Robert Fulton, cont'd. 

N. Y.," oppos. p. I'^S, there appears a half-tone reproduc- 
tion " After the painting by Benjamin West, owned by R. 
Fulton Ludlow." 

573. "Robert Fulton. By H. R. Burdick, after 
Benjamin West (173 8-1 820). In possession of 
the publishers." The West portrait, cut off 
just below the hands. 6 5/16x4 13/16. 
Photogravure. 

From Frederick .S. Harrison's " Biogrraphical Sketches 
of pre-eminent Americans," Boston [1802-93], vol. 1, plate 
23. 

574. Robert Fulton Esqr. Left: West Pt.; right: 
Leney set.; centre, below title: Engraved for 

tt/ie Analectic Magazine — Published by M. 
Thomas. Bust, directed front, facing and 
looking right; curtain indicated beyond. 3/^x 
2 15/16. Stipple engraving. 
Different from the West portrait in design and facial 
Bxpression. 
From the "Analectic Magazine," vol. 10, Sept. 1817, 
pppos. p. 177. 
575. ENLARGED MINIATURE PORTRAIT 
OF ROBERT FULTON. \ Artist unknozvn. 
Bust, directed front, facing and looking right. 
Oval. 3 9/16x2^. Half-tone. 

On page "Some relics of Robert Fulton," viz.: The 
West portrait of Fulton, Fulton's portrait of Barlow 

ainted 1^05. three pen-and-ink sketches by Fulton. Ful- 
n's birthplace: painting by R Fulton Ludlow, ' Red- 

leffer's " perpetual motion, medicine-chest used by the 
Fulton family, sectional plan of a model dwelling-house: 
a drawing by Fulton embodying "Some Thoughts in 

' Colonnade Arcliitecture." In " Harper's Weekly," Jan. 

!6, 1895, p. 87. On pp. 86 and 88, an article describing the 

eiics of Robert Fulton, preserved by Robert Fulton Lud- 
low at Claverack, N. Y. 

576. A bust of a young man with short, curly 
hair, directed facing and looking left, drapery 
leaving shoulders and chest partly bare. 
FULTON on base of bust. To the right, a 
column, in front of which four volumes, 
labeled ROMSEY, FITCH, STEVENS and 
EVANS respectively. Apparently cut from a 
larger picture. 3 3/16x2-)^. Lithograph. 

577. ROBERT FULTON, OF STEAMBOAT 
FAME, WHOSE STATUE, MODELED BY 
BLANCHE NEVIN, IS CONTRIBUTED BY 
PENNSYLVANIA, HIS NATIVE STATE. 
4% X zYs,- Half-tone from photograph. 

From " Munsey's Magazine," March, 1907, p. 841. 

578.* Photograph of the statue of Robert Fulton, 
seated, in the Statuary Hall, United States 
Capitol, Washington. 8 3/16x7. 
The statue is shown from the front. In "Harper's 
Weekly," vol. 27, March 17, 1883, p. 164. there was pub- 
lished a wood-engraving from a photograph by Bell, show- 
ing it in profile to left. It was placed in the Hall of 
Representatives in 1883. 

579. STATUE OF ROBERT FULTON. \ 
[PHOTOGRAPHED BY R. SPITZER, 
BROOKLYN, E. Z).] Lower left corner: 
S. Fox. Fulton holding up end of long coat 
with left hand, right hand resting on model 
of boat. Border of one line. 5 11/16x2 11/16. 
Wood engraving. 

The bronze statue erected in the Fulton ferry. Brook- 
lyn, "modeled by H. Buberl [probably Caspar Buberl], 
the face being copied from an original portrait, supposed 
to be the only one in existence, in the possession of the 
late Dr. Vinton, of Brooklyn." 
From " Harper's Weekly," Nov. 2, 1872, p. 844; repub- 



lished in Harper's Weekly, Jan. 5, 1889. Supplement, to 
accompany an illustrated article by S. B. Dod on "The 
evolution of the ferry -boai." 

579/^- Robert Fulton. A photograph, front 
view, of the Buberl statue. 5^4x2. 
In " Historical sketch of the Fulton Ferry,". .. by a di- 
rector [H. E. Pierrepont], Brooklyn, 1879, frontisp. 

580. "The Fulton Monument." Half-tone from 
photograph of the monument "Erected to the 
memory of Robert Fulton. Born 1765. Died 
1815. By the American Society of Mechanical 
Engineers, 1901," in Trinity Churchyard, New 
York City. 3^ x 2^. 

From " The Four Track News," Dec. 1903, p. 278. 

581. The unveiling of the Fulton monument, 
Trinity Churchyard. 2 15/16x5. Half-tone 
from photograph. Proof. 

Published in " Scientific American," Dec. 21, 1901, 
p. 407. 

Same. 1^4x3. Half-tone from photograph. 

Proof. 

582. THE BRONZE MEDALLION OF ROB- 
ERT FULTON. Bust, directed and facing 
right, looking front. 2)4x3. Half-tone from 
photograph of the medallion on the Trinity 
Church monument. Proof. 

Published in "Scientific American," Dec. 21, 1901, 
p. 407. 

583. THE FULTON HOMESTEAD. | WASH- 
INGTON CO. PENNA. Left, within border: 
SHERWIN; left: Draivn by D. Albright; 
right: I. N. Rosenthal's lith. N. W. cor. Fifth 
& Chestnut Sts. Philada. 45^x7 13/16. 
Lithograph, one tint. 

From J. F. Reigarf s " Life of Robert Fulton," Phila., 
1856, oppos. p. :39. 

584. HOUSE IN LANCASTER, PA. WHERE 
ROBERT FULTON \ WENT TO SCHOOL: 
N. COR. E. KING ST. AND \ CENTRE 
SO UARE : STANDING i860. Right : "D.M.S." 
[monogram]. Vignette. 3 5/16x3^. Pen 
drawing by D. McN. Stauffer. 

585. FULTON FARM. Left: Designed bv 
Reigart; right: L. N. Rosenthal's lith. N. W. 
cor. Fifth & Chestnut Sts., Philada.; left, be- 
low: RESIDENCE OF JOHN W. SWIFT; 
right, below: RESIDENCE OF DANIEL D. 
SWIFT. 4^x7 13/16. Lithograph, one tint. 

From J. F. Reigart's "Life of Robert Fulton," Phila., 
1856, oppos. p. 29. 

Fulton's House. See No. 257. 

586. THE GRAVE OF FULTON. ] Trinity 
Churchyard, Broadivay Neiv York. Left: De- 
signed by Reigart; right: L. N. Rosenthal's 
lith. Philada. 714, x 4^. Lithograph, one tint. 

In J. F. Reigart's " Life of Robert Fulton," Phila., 1856, 
oppos. p. 201. 

587. ROBERT FULTON'S GRAVE: title at 
centre within border. 2 5/16x2 3/16. Wood 
engraving. 

588. MRS. ROBERT FULTON, \ Niece of 
Chancellor Livingstone. \ Reproduced by the 
Autotype Company, London. From the origi- 
nal Oil Painting by James Sharpies. 4^ x 4. 

In James Walter's "Memorials of Washington..." 
N. Y., 1887, oppos. p. 241. 



72 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Pri?tis, Robert Fulton, cont'd. 

589. MRS. ROBERT FULTON. Left: FROM 
A MINIATURE IN POSSESSION OF ROB- 
ERT FULTON BLIGHT, ESO.; right: EN- 
GRAVED AND BORDER DESIGNED BY 
FRANK FRENCH. 4x3^; to border, sVs^ 
4^. Wood engraving. 

In "The Century Magazine," vol. .53, new series, vol. 31, 
Dec. 1896, p. ICS. 

Fulton as an Artist. 

590. JOEL BARLOJV ESQ. Bust, directed and 
facing right, looking front. Centre, above title: 
Edivin sc; centre, below: Engraved for the 
Analectic Magazine. Published by M. Thomas. 
Border of one line at left and top, two at right 
and bottom. 3^x3; to border, 3^x3^4* 

In "Analectic Magazine," vol. 4, Philadelphia, August, 
1814, oppos. p. 89. 

591. JOEL BARLOJV. \ J. Barlow [fac-simile 
of signature]. Left: Painted by Robt. Fulton; 
right: Eng. by A. B. Durand. 4 11/16x3^. 
Line engraving. 

a. Trial proof. 

b. As described. India paper. 

Published ui " National portrait gallery of distinguished 
Americans," Phila , 1835, vol. 1 and 1852, vol. 1. 

Same, em, 4878. 

592. PAINTING BY ROBERT FULTON I 

The subject is Fulton's fellow associate and \ 
utilitarian, Joel Barlow . . . | [2 lines] | . . . 
Original is now in possession of the Barlow 
family in New York and a replica is owned 
by Fulton's grandson, Robert Fulton Ludlow 
of Cla-verack, New York. 5^x4^. Half- 
tone, from photogr;.ph of painting, printed in 
blue. 

In the " Connecticut Magazine," vol. 7, 1907, p 368. 
The painting is now owned by Judge Peter T. Barlow. 

Ssz. ABRAHAM BALDWIN \ Abr. Baldwin 
[fac-simile of signature]. Centre, above title: 
Engraved by J. B. Forrest from a drawing by 
E. G. Leutze after an original sketch by R. 
Fulton. Half-length, directed and facing 
left, looking front; seated, left hand on arm 
of chair. 4 7/16x3 7/16. Line engraving. 

Same. em. 1276. 

594- ABRAHAM BALDWIN \ Artist, Robert 
Fulton. Bust, directed and facing left, look- 
ing front. Max & Albert Rosenthal under 
left shoulder. Vign. 4^ x 3. Photomechani- 
cal reproduction of drawing. 

595. Illustrations to Barlow's Columbiad. Titles: 
THE MURDER OF LUCINDA; CRUELTY 
PRESIDING OVER THE PRISON SHIP; 
HESPER APPEARING TO COLUMBUS 
IN PRISON; CORNWALLIS RESIGNING 
HIS SWORD TO WASHINGTON; CESAR 
PASSING THE RUBICON; THE FINAL 
RESIGNATION OF PREJUDICES; INITI- 
ATION TO THE MYSTERIES OF ISIS. 
On each, left: DESIGNED BY FULTON; 
right: L. N. ROSENTHAL. LITH. PHILA. 
Lithographs, in color, by Max Rosenthal, from 
designs by Fulton. 6^x4^. 
In Reigart's " Life of Fulton," Phila., 1856. 



596. "Steering; by the Wheel | Drawn from the 
life: Pencil Sketch from the Sketch book of 
Robert Fulton." 7^x5^^. Photograph of 
pencil drawing. 

In " Harper's Weekly," Jan. 26, 1895, p. 87, was pub- 
lished a page of " Some relics of Robert Fulton," includ- 
ing reproductions of several pencil sketches by Fulton. 
(See note to no. 575.) 

Inventions by Fulton other than Boats. 

597. Double Inclined Plane: title at centre of 
page. Above and below, illustrations of two 
mechanical devices, for use on canals, for 
raising and lowering vessels from one level to 
another. Left: Designed by Fulton; right: 
L. N. Rosenthal's Lith. Phila. 7 13/16x4^, 
Lithograph, one tint. 

From J. F. Reigart's "Life of Fulton," Phila., 1856, 
oppos. p. 98. 

597^. A plate of 13 figures. Vol. VII., PI. XIII 
over upper right corner. Line engraving. 

Accompanying " Specification of the Patent granted to 
Mr. Robert Fulton, of the City of London; for his in- 
vention of a Machine or Engine for conveying Boats or 
Vessels, and their Cargoes, to and from the different Levels 
in and upon Canals . ." Dated IMay 8, 1794. 

In " Repertory of Arts and Manufactures," vol. 7, Lon- 
don, 1797, oppos. p. 230. 

598.* Picture of Fulton's design for a cast iron ! 
canal aqueduct, with structural detail. On 
lower half of a quarto sheet containing a simi- 
lar illustration. Title, above: CANALS. \ 
CAST IRON AQUEDUCTS. \ Mr. Telford's, 
on the Shrewsbury Canal at Long. In centre: 
by Mr. Fulton. Size of Fulton design, 3/^x7. 
Line engraving. About 1820. 

599- FULTON'S CAST-IRON AQUEDUCT. 
Left, within border: J. H. SHE R WIN; left: 
Designed by Fulton; right: L. N. Rosenthal's 
lith. Philada. 45^x7 9/16. Lithograph, one 
tint. 
From J. F. Reigart's " Life of Robert Fulton," Phila., 

1856, oppos. p. 93. 

600. Oct. 15 1805. BRIG BLOWN UP by Ful- 
ton's Torpedo \ and her annihilation complete. 
Left: Designed by Fulton; right: L. N. Rosen- 
thal's Lith. Philada. 4^x7 13/16. Litho- 
graph, one tint. 
From J. F. Reigart's " Life of Robert Fulton," Phila., 

1856, oppos. p. 113. See also no. 555. 

601. Copper Cylinders, Torpedoes united by a 
coupling line, drifting down on each Side of 
the Vessel. \ The Harpoon and a Torpedo set 
with weight and anchor, so that a vessel pass- 
ing over and touching \ the spring at the top 
would cause it to explode. Left: Des. by Ful- 
ton; right: Lith. by L. N. Rosenthal. 434 ^ 
7 13/16. Lithograph, one tint. 
From J. F. Reigart's "Life of Robert Fulton," Phila., 

1856, oppos. p. 120. 

Fulton's Boats. 

602. ROBERT FULTON'S FIRST EXPERI- 
MENT WITH PADDLE WHEELS IN THE 
SUMMER OF 1779— ON THE CONESTOGA. 
Centre, within border: SHERWIN ; left: De- 
signed by Reigart; right: L. N. Rosenthal's 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



11 



Prints, Robert Fulton, cont'd. 

lith. N. IF. cor. Fifth & Chestnut Sts., Philada. 

»4 9/16x7^. Lithograph, one tint. 
From J. F. Reigarf s " Life of Robert Fulton," Phila., 
1856, oppos. p. 36. 
603. The Nautilus \ plunged with Mast and 
Sails, struck, as it moved betiueen the upper \ 
I and loiver ivaters in the harbour of Brest, 
July 1801: title at centre of page; The Mute: 
title below lower border. Left: Des. by Ful- 
ton; right: Lith. L. N. Rosenthal Phil. 7 13/16 
X 4^'2. Lithographs, one tint. 

From J. F. Reisart's " Life of Robert Fulton," Phila., 
1856, oppos. p. 140. 

604.* STEAM-VESSELS, built in the City of 
NEW -YORK, under the Direction and Super- 
intendence of ROBERT FULTON, or accord- 
ing to his Plan. Small oblong folio printed 
broadside, giving the names of fifteen steam 
vessels designed by Fulton, with the names of 
their builders, the places where the boats 
were built, and where they were used, the 
dates of their construction, their tonnage and 
dimensions, and the measurements of their 
boilers, engines and water wheels. At bottom: 
(Signed) Smith. Size of sheet: 8 15/16 x 
II 15/16. Dated: New-York, Sept 7, 1816. 

605. [Illustrations of steamships and subma- 
rine vessels designed and built by Robert 
Fulton.] 4 5/16 X 754- Lithograph, one tint. 

From J. F. Reigart's "Life of Robert Fulton," Phila., 
18.56. oppos. p. xiii. 

606. THE NORTH RIVER OR CLERMONT. \ 
, ROBT. FULTON, 1807. Left: Drawn by 

J. C. Bourne; right: C. F. Chefjins, Lithog.; 
centre, above title: Published 1st July 1848. 
Boeder of one line. 4 11/16x6 14/16; to 
border, 4 15/16x7%. Lithograph in one tint. 
In " A Sketch of the Origin and Progress of Steam 
Navigation from Authentic Documents," by Bennett 
Woodcroft. London, 1S4S, p. 60. 

This picture of the Clermont was made from the sketch 
of Joseph C. Dyer, of Burnage, England, a personal ac- 
quaintance of Fulton, and who inspected and travelled in 
the boat. It has been generally accepted as the most 
authentic view of the vessel as she appeared in 1807, after 
I her paddle wheels had been enclosed and protected by 

j beavj' timbers. In speaking of Fulton's use of previous 

. inventions, Woodcroft says (p. 64): "If these inventions, 

separatelj', or as a combination, were removed o^t of 
Fulton's boat, nothing would be left but the hull," — S. D. 
I John H. Morrison, in his " History of New York Ship- 

yards" (N. Y,, 1909). gives an account, on pp. 23 24. of 
i 'harles Browne, builder of the hull of the "Clermont." 
On p, 34 is given a picture of the " Clermont " with two 
sails and 8 paddles, and on p, 35 one with no sails and 16 
I paddles. The former, says the author, is from the Me- 

chanics' Magazine of New York of .\ugust, 1833. the other 
from a tourist's guide of 1844, and pronounced by Capt. 
T. D. Wilco.x. who was a cabin boy on the " Paragon " in 
1818. "the best picture of the vessel I have seen." Wilcox 
added a pennant, in pencil, to the foremast. These two 
cuts, sa.ys Morrison, are the first " having any authority 
attached to them." 

6o6i/<. ROBT. FULTON'S STEAMBOAT, 
THE NORTH RU'ER OR CLERMONT, 
1807. I From a sketch by Joseph Dyer Pub'! 
in JVoodcroft's origin and progress of Steam 
Navigation. 2 x 4^^. Line engraving. 

607.* FULTON'S STEAMBOAT. Occupying 

the lower half of a sheet, with facsimile of 

Fulton's writing above. 4 10/16x6 6/16. 

Lithograph. About 1840. 

One of the few prints showing the bell used to call pas- 



sengers. The paddle wheels, here shown unprotected, 
were enclosed before the machinery was covered by the 
forward cabin. 

608. THE MACHINERY OF FULTON'S 
FIRST STEAMBOAT. \ Imported from Eng- 
land where it was constructed in 1805. Wheels 
fifteen feet in diameter, cylinder \ twenty-four 
inches in diameter, four feet stroke. 2 7/16 x 
4%. Wood engraving. 

609. THE NORTH RIVER, OF CLARE- 
MONT. I Robert Fulton's first steamboat as 
she appeared after being lengthened in 1808. 
She was launched | in l8oy, and was run as a 
regular packet between New York and Al- 
bany. Speed four miles per hour, length 133 
feet, beam 18 feet, depth 8 feet, tonnage 160. 
Wood engraving by J. W. ORR, N. Y. Vign. 
2 7/16 X 3 11/16. 

This and the preceding on p. 2.36 of " Eierhty years' 
progress of the United States," vol. 2, N. Y. 1861. 

The printed reference to the boat's appearance is inac- 
curate. As here shown the boat somewhat resembles the 
descriptions of her early build. Her paddle wheels were 
enclosed before she was lengthened. Tlie boiler, about 20 
feet long, was set in masonry, the weight of which much 
decreased the vessel's buoyancy. 

610.* Fig. QQ. — Le Clermont, premier bateau h 
vapeur de Fulton, navicuant sur I' Hudson, de 
New-York a Albany {page 200). In lower 
right corner: E. DESCHAMPS. Below, 
left: Corbeil, Crete et Fils, imp.; right: Furne, 
Jouvet et Cie., edit. 4 1/16x5 7/^6. Wood 
engraving. Paris, about 1865-70. 

611.* "The Clermont," Fulton's first American 
Steamboat. 2^4x3 15/16. Wood engraving. 
About 1845. 
Paddles (which were 15 feet in diameter), much too 

large in proportion to the boat's length of 133 feet, and 

given 16 blades. The cabin was not so long during the 

exposed paddle-wheel period of the boat, 

612. FULTON'S FIRST AMERICAN STEAM- 
BOAT. Vign. 2j4x4. Wood engraving. 
About 1850. 

613. [The Clermont.] i 9/16x2^. Vignette. 
Wood engraving. Proof. 

Published in J. Jlunsell's "Annals of Albany," vol. G, 
1S55, p. 34. 

614. "First trip of Fulton's Steamboat to Albany 
1807." S. Hollyer. Copyright 1907. lY^s. 
lYi. Etching. 

Hollver's "Views of old New York," 6th series. The 
" Clermont " passing the Palisades. 

615.* A steamboat apparently intended to repre- 
sent the Clermont as she appeared after being 
lengthened and rebuilt, though the paddle 
wheels are left uncovered. Above: 128. 
1 7/16x2^. Line engraving. American, 
about 1815-1820. 

616. FIRST STEAMBOAT IN THE WORLD 
TO ESTABLISH PERMANENT TRAF- 
FIC— Model of the I "Clermont" in the Na- 
tional Museum at Washington showing a craft 
totally dissimilar to the accepted illustra | tions 
of this historic vessel ... 3x7. Half-tone 
printed in blue. 
From the Connecticut Magazine, vol. 11, no. 3, 1907, 

oppos. p. 370. 



74 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Robert Fulton, cont'd. 

617.* Fig. gy. — Fulton monte sur son bateau a 
vapeur, le Clermont, a Netv-York, pour son 
premier voyage, \ le II avril 1807 {page 199). 
In lower right corner: E. DESCHAMPS. 
Left: Corbeil, Crete et Fils, imp.; right: Furne, 
Jouvet et Cie., edit. 4x5 7/16. Wood en- 
graving. About 1865-70. 

618. September 1807. The "CLERMONT," the 

first Steam Packet \ of the JVorld sailed from 

Ne=iv York to Albany. Left, within border: 

J. H. SHERWIN; left: Designed by Reigart; 

right: L. N. Rosenthal's Lith. Philada. 45^x 

7 13/16. Lithograph, one tint. 

From J. F. Reigart's " Life of Fulton," Phila., 1856, 
oppos. p. 171. 

619.* The Clermont on the Hudson river. City 

in distance. On stern of vessel: CLERMONT. 

2 3/16x2 15/16. Wood engraving. Recent. 

The picture malies the vessel stand too high out of the 
water. Her depth was seven feet. 

620.* Departure of the Clermont on her First 
Voyage. On stern of vessel: CLERMONT. 
Showing Castle Garden and lower end of 
city. 3 1/16x5 6/16. Wood engraving. 

Modern. Same appearance of boat as in preceding. 

621. ROBERT FULTON'S "CLERMONT" 
PASSING STORM KING | AND OLD 
CRO'NEST IN THE HIGHLANDS OF THE 
HUDSON. Left: PRESENTED BY THE 
HUDSON RIVER \ DAY LINE, NEW 
YORK, ON THE ONE \ HUNDREDTH 
ANNIVERSARY OF THE \ START OF 
THE "CLERMONT"; right: REPRODUCED 
BY COURTESY OF \ "THE RUDDER"; 
right, within border: WARREN SHEPPARD, 
Copyright, 1907. 9 1/16 x 7. Half-tone in 
color. 

This is an illustration for "An Historical Souvenir, 
presented by the Hudson River Day Line, New York, on 
Robert Fulton Daij. August 17, 1907, to commemorate the 
Centennial of Fulton's " Clermont," the first successful 
steamboat in the world, which started up the Hudson at 
1 p. m., August 17th, 1807." The souvenir contains four 
letters dated August 28, 1807; November 38, 1829; August 
12, 1853; and , 1907, respectivel.y, describing the prog- 
ress of steam navigation iu America. The same print 
was issued also with " The Nautical Gazette "■ for August 
30, 1906. 

622. [The "Clermont," Fulton's first steamship.] 
Left: BON WILL Del.; right: P. MEEDER 
Sc, 7^^ X 4^^. Wood engraving. 

This picture of the "Clermont" is identical with the 
one in the woodcut on p. 211 of J. W. Barber's " Histori- 
cal Collections of the State of New York," 1851, with two 
exceptions: the artist has here added five transverse 
rings to the smokestack, and a bell to the frame behind 
the smokestack. 

623. THE "CLERMONT." zji x 4)^. Vignette. 
Wood engraving. 

The boat is steaming up stream past the Palisades; 
spectators on the right bank. 

624. The Clermont — Fulton's first Steamboat. 
Right: iV. ORR—CO.SC. Vig. 2ii/i6x 
4 5/16. Wood engraving. 

In M. L. Booth's " History of the City of New York," 
N. Y., 1880, p. 682. 

625. PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF MACHINERY 
IN FULTON'S CLERMONT, 1807. Left: 
Draivn by H. B. Barlonv; right: C. F. Chef- 



fins Liihog.; centre, above title: Published 
1st July, 1848. In border of two lines. 3 3/16 
x6J4; to border, 4 10/16x7^. Lithograph. 

In Woodcroft's "Sketch of . . . steam navigation," Lon- 
don, 1848, p. 64. 

See also, for small pictures of the " Clermont," nos. 504, 
565. 

The reproduction of the " Clermont," built for the 
Hudson-Fulton Celebration of 1909, was pictured in the 
" New Yorker Staats-Zeitung " (July 11, 1909), "New York 
Times" (Aug. 22, 1909), and other papers. 

626. THE PARAGON STEAM-BOAT. Right: 
A. Anderson Sc. Centre, below title: Engraved 
for the Med. & PhiL Register. 3^x6 5/16. 
Line engraving. 

See also no. 491 (" Catskill Mountains and the steam 
boat . . . "), which, says Seymour Dunbar, " is perhaps 
the earliest published picture of a steamboat on the Hud- 
son river. Up to that time the three Hudson boats with 
masts built by Fulton were the Clermont (1807), Car of 
Neptune (1807-8), and Paragon (1811). Because of the date 
of publication, and the appearance of the boat, it is pi'oba- 
ble that this is intended to be a sketch of the Paragon. 
Several details of the boat as shown, however — including 
the exposed paddle wheel— point to the possibility that the 
vessel may be the Clermont as she appeared in her early 
trips in 1807. Only the discovery of the date of Glennie's 
original drawing can settle the point." Of the later state 
of this plate Mr. Dunbar says: 

"The original boat is replaced by an entirely different 
vessel with cabins, and with paddle wheels enclosed and 
protected by heavy timbers. The steamboat here shown is 
the Firefly (1812) or the Richmond (1813), with the proba- 
bilities iu favor of the last named. (See statistics on 
broadside, no. 604 in this list ) 

627. THE PARAGON STEAMBOAT. \ Copied 
from an Original Drawing by Robert Fulton, 
in the possession of J. Allen. Left: Copied by 
J. Hayivard, 120 Water Str. N. Y.; right: 
for D. T. Valentine's Manual 1852. 3^ x 6>^. 
Lithograph, one tint. 

Same design as i)receding type. 

628. LAUNCH OF THE STEAM FRIGATE 
FULTON THE FIRST, AT NEW YORK 
29TH. OCTR. 1814. I 150 feet long and 57 
feet ivide, ivill mount 30 long 32 pounders, 
and 2 100 pounders (Columbiards). Left: 
Copied from a Sketch by Morgan taken on the 
spot; right: Lith. by G. Hayivard I20 Water 
St. N. Y. for D. T. Valentine's Manual 1852. 
6 ii/i6xi4>^. Lithograph, blue tint. 

Same, brownish tint, different cloud effect. 

629. THE DEMOLOGOS OR FULTON THE 
FIRST: title at centre above. Centre, within 
lower border: The first Steam Vessel of War 
in the World. Left: Designed by Fulton; 
right: L. N. Rosenthals Lith. Phila. 7 13/16 
X45^. Lithograph, one tint. 

From J. F. Reigart's "Life of Robert Fulton," Phila., 
1856, oppos. p. 186. 

630.* Angfartyget \ CHANCELLOUR LIWlNG- 
STON I Lang pa ddck 160 fot; bred 34. fot. 
Left: Rit. af Klinckoiusirom; right: Gr. af 
Akrell. A longitudinal section of the boat 
above, and a broadside view beneath, both 
surrounded by a border of one line. Below, 
at right and left, six printed lines of descrip- 
tive notes referring to features of the vessel. 
9^x21 10/16. Aquatint, about 1824. 
The Chancellor Livingston was the last steamboat de- 
signed by Fulton, who died before her completion. She 
was built in 1816 for the Hudson River. Her dimensions 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



75 



Prints, Robert Fulton, cont'd. 

were: Length 156 feet, depth 10}^ feet, breadth 34 feet, 

displacement 526 tons. 

Pictures of the vessels built by Fulton have been, of 
course, frequently published. Thus, in Samuel Ward 
Stanton's "American steam vessels," N. Y., 1895, there 
appear, re-drawn in pen and inlj, the " Clermont," " Para- 
gon," Hope," "Demologos." Among numerous pictures 
of later vessels given in this book are those of the " Phila- 
delphia" (Delaware River, 1813), "Chaiicellor Livingston " 
(1810, 1838), " Walk-on-the Water" (1818). 

631.* STEAM PACKET "CHANCELLOR 
LIVINGSTON"— 1817 I Built from plans 
draivn bv Fulton for a corporation that held a 
monopoly of the ivaters of \ Neiv York state 
for the use of steam propelled vessels — Photo- 
graphed from a rare old print. 5 13/16 x 

5 1/16. Half-tone. 
See also no. 505. 

New York City Ferries. 

See also nos. 41 Cnote), 102. 151, 170, 196. 1961^, 208, 214, 
215, 216, 318, 330, 324, 5T9 (note\ 

632. THE FERRY HOUSE, 1746. \ {Fulton 
Street, Brooklyn.) Left: Lith. by Geo. Hay- 
ivard, 120 Water St. N. Y.; right: for D. T. 
Valentine's Manual for 1858. 3 ii/i6x 

6 2/16. Lithograph, one tint. 

In "Valentine's Manual," 18.58, oppos. p. 492. Showing 
an early type of flat-bottomed sail boat used for a ferry. 
The boats were sometimes tilted by squalls, spilling their 
passengers. Copied from the Burgis view, 1T1~ (see no. 
100). The same view w-as also engraved in wood by N. 
Orr, with the title, " Old Brooklyn Ferry House of 1746." 

633. FULTONS— STEAM FERRY BOAT. 

Right: Leney Set.; centre, below: For the 

Med. & Phil. Register. 3 7/16x6 u/i6. 

Line engraving. EM. 12469. 

From " American medical and philosophical register," 
N. Y.. 1813. V. 3. oppos. p. 190. 

■' Showing the Paulus-Hoolc, or Jersey City Ferry Boat 
of 1812, with mechanism of the ferry slip and deck and 
ground plan of the boat and slip. The boat was 80 feet 
long, 30 feet wide, carried 300 passengers and about 10 
vehicles, and crossed the river in from 14 to 19 minutes." 
— Seymoiu- Dunbar. 

634.* Fulton's Steam ferry Boat. | Engraved for 
Archives of Useful Kno^vledge. Along lower 
right border: Page 201. 3 11/16x7 3/16. 
Line engraving. Published in January, 1813. 
A view of the Jersey City Ferry of 1812. and an amid- 

ship cross-section of the boat and the steering apparatus. 

635. Fulton's Ferry System, 1812. On plate with 
three illustrations of bridge construction. 
Froni J. L. Ringwalt's ' Development of transportation 

systems in the U. S.," Phila., 1888. 

636.* Nevj York and Brooklyn Ferry. 1 3/16 x 

3 3/16. Wood engraving. 

On an advertisement, dated May 3, 1814, giving the com- 
mutation rates on the Brooklyn Ferry established by 
Fulton. 

637.* [Fulton's Steam Ferry Boat between New 
York and Brooklyn.] Vign. 1 14/16x3 9/16. 
Line engraving. Published about 1813. 
A view showing the helmsman, the ladder leading to 

the upper deck, and the captain on the upper deck using 

a speaking trumpet. 

637^.* "Schets teekening der Stoomovervaart- 
booten (steam ferries) met hunne landing- 
plaatsen; en van en stelsel van twee aan een 
verbondene Stoomvartuigen, zoo als dezelve 
in de Vereenigde Staaten von Noord Amerika 
gevonden worden. — (Plaat XIV van het rap- 
port.)" 
A sheet of wash drawings (3 figures) accompanying a 



manuscript extract from a report.dated Feb. 23, 1825, by 
A. E. Tromp. dealing with Hudson River fei-ries and 
boats. The drawings show a side view of the Fulton ferry 
boat and slip, a plan of the same, and a view of the boat 
"Commerce" and her tow, the safety barge "Lady 
Clinton." 

638. FULTON FERRY BOAT "WM. CUT- 
TING," I built in 1827. Left: D. T. Valen- 
tine's Manual for 185Q; right: by Geo. Hay- 
vjard, 171 Pearl St. N, Y. Border of one line. 
3^x5^; to border, 3§^ x 6^. Lithograph, 
one tint. 

Same. em. 11331. 

639. FULTON FERRY BOAT "UNION." \ 
built in 1836. Left: Lith. for D. T. Valentine's 
Manual for 185Q; right: by Geo. Hayiuard, 
171 Pearl St., N. Y. Border of one line. 
3 7/16x6; to border, 35^x6 3/16. Litho- 
graph, one tint. 

640. FULTON FERRY BOAT "OLIVE 
BRANCH." I built in 1836. Left: Lith. for 
D. T. Valentine's Manual, for 18 5g; right: 
by Geo. Hayivard, 171 Pearl St. N. Y. Border 
of one line. 3J^x6; to border, 35^x6J^. 
Lithograph, one tint. em. 11332. 

641. FULTON FERRY BOAT "OVER." \ 
built in 184.0. Left: Lith. for D. T. Valentine's 
Manual for 185Q; right: by Geo. Hayivard, 
777 Pearl St. N. Y. Border of one line. 3 9/16 
x6 1/16; to border, 3 11/16x6 3/16. Litho- 
graph, one tint. em. 11333. 

642.* Ansicht der Fdhre zu Brooklyn bei Netu- 
York. Lower left corner, "A. S." 4 14/16 x 
6 15/16. Line engraving. Published in Ger- 
many about 1840. 

A close copy of the print of the Brooklyn Ferry pub- 
lished in London in 1838 (see no. 170). 

643.* THE JERSEY CITY FERRY BOAT, 
FROM NEIV YORK. Lower left corner: 
PEIRCE. 8 2/16x9 6/16. Wood engraving. 
About 1855. 

The "Colden," crowded, in mid-stream. There are no 
guard rails at the end of the boat, and passengers are sit- 
ting on the deck with their legs hanging over the edge. 

644.* THE FERRY FROM BROOKLYN TO 
NEW YORK. Lower left corner: N. Callie, 
Sc. 7 2/16x9. Wood engraving. About 
i860. 

The "Somerset" entering her slip. Rope or chain 
across front of boat, with passengers standing near un- 
guarded edge of deck. People occupy the end of the slip 
before passengers have left boat. 

645.* HOBOKEN FERRY: in lower right cor- 
ner. 5 14/16x7 14/16. Photograph. About 
1880. 
A picture of the " Communipaw." 

646. "Ferry Boat Brooklyn 1884.'' 2^x4^,. 
Pencil drawing by Warren Sheppard, 1907. 
On same sheet with no. 719. 

64614. PECK SLIP, N. Y. 1850. 
See no. 212. 

647.* FULTON STREET, FROM THE FERRY, 
BROOKLYN, N. Y. Bottom, to left of cen- 
tre: r.^/?B£LL Sc. 53/16x95/16. Wood 
engraving. 1857. 
Showine the locality pictured in the print, " The Ferry 

House, 1746 "; (see no. 632), as it appeared in 18.57. 

648.* HELLGATE FERRY.— FOOT OF 86TH 
ST. — 1860. Left: Lith. of Sarony, Major and 



76 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Robert Fulton, cont'd. 

Knapp, 44Q Broadisjay, N. Y. Right: for 
D. T. Valentine's Manual, l86l. Border of 
one line. Without border, 5 7/16x8; to 
border, 5 12/16x84/16. Lithograph, one tint. 

649. FULTON FERRY, NEJV-YORK. Built 
of Iron 1863. Left: Lith. by G. Hayivard 171 
Pearl St. N. Y. Right: for D. T. Valentine's 
Manual 1864. Border of one line. 5 10/16 x 
9 11/16; to border, 5 14/16x9 15/16. Litho- 
graph, two tints and colored. 

See also nos. 214-216. 

JACKSON FERRY. 

See no. 208. 

Early American and other Steam Boats prior 
to Fulton. 

650. Statue de Denis Papin. In lower left cor- 
ner: A. CALMEUS, 184.9. Left: J. GAG- 
NEIT. 5 7/16x1^. Wood engraving. About 
1865? 

From a French periodical. 

Preble, in his Chronological History of the Origin and 
Development of Steam Navigation, Phila.. 18S5. says 
that Papin built and navigated a boat on the river Fulda, 
Germany, in ITOT. 

651. DENIS PAPIN. 1 STATUE BY AIME 
MILLET RECENTLY INAUGURATED 
AT BLOIS. FRANCE. Arched top. 8?4 X454. 
From the N. Y. "Graphic," Sep. or Oct. 187-V 

652.* MR. JONATHAN HULLS. | THE IN- 
VENTOR OF THE I STEAM BOAT. Cen- 
tre, above title: Engraved by IV. T. Fry from 
an original painting. Border of two lines. 
2^4x2^; to border, 2 14/16x2^. Line en- 
graving. India paper. 
Hulls, an Englishman, took out a patent for his boat in 

1736. 

653. [Engraving of a British sailing frigate in 
tow of Jonathan Hulls' machine.] Centre: 
Published according to Act of Parliament 
1737 > right: Jon. Hulls invt. et Delint. 6}^x 

In Jonathan Hulls' " Description and draught of a new- 
invented machine for carrj'ing vessels or sliips out of, or 
into any harbour, port, or river, against wind or tide, or 
in a calm," Loudon. 1737. Frontispiece. 

654. Jonathan Hulls' Steamboat; used as a 
means of Toiving other Vessels out of Harbor. 
Patrick Miller's double Boat; 1787. Left: 
Des. by Reigart; right: Lith. by Rosenthal. 
4^ x 634- Lithograph in one tint. 

From J. F. Reigart's " Life of Robert Fulton," Phila., 
1856, oppos. p. 154. 

655.* Experience du Marquis de Jouffroy faite 
sur la Saone a Lyon, le 15 juillet 1783. In 
lower left corner: U. PARENT. In lower 
right corner: E. DESCHAMPS. On line 
with title, left: Fig. 86; right: {page 166.) 
A-Vs X sH- Wood engraving. 

According to Preble, in his " Chronological History of 
Steam Navigation," .Touffroy was the fourth man to actu- 
ally build and operate a boat which moved by its own 
steam power. The first, according to Preble (pp. 5-7) was 
Papin. the Frenchman, on the River Fulda. in Germany, 
in 1707; the second, Comte de Auxiron, in 1774; the third, 
Perrier, on the Seine in 1775; the fourth, Jouftroy, also 
French, on the Seine atParis in 1783. 

656.* i^i^. 55. Mecanisme Moteur du bateau a 
roues du Marquis de Jouffroy | {coupe et ele- 
vation). 2 10/16x3 7/16. Wood engraving. 
About 1865-70. 



657.* John Fitch's Model of Sept., 1785, nuith 
endless chain and floats and paddle-boards, in 
possession of the American Philosophical So- 
ciety. 13/16x3^. Wood engraving. 
From " The Life of John Fitch," by Westcott, p. 131. 
Showing also a section of chain and paddle. 

The model of Fitch's first boat, a small skiff, propelled 
bj' paddle-boards attached to an endless chain. It was 
tried on the Delaware river, at Philadelphia, about .luly 
20, 1786. Fitch thought of the vertical oar plan, fitted the 
skiff with the oars, and " the first boat successfully pro- 
pelled by steam in America was moved in the Delaware 
on the 27th of July, 1786." (Preble's '"Chronological 
Historj^" pp. 14-15.) 

658.* Plan of Mr. Fitch's Steam Boat on the 
upper part of an octavo sheet, the lower part 
of which shows a map of the North Atlantic 
Ocean. The whole enclosed in a border of 
two lines. Above, at right: Columb. Mag. 
Centre, below: Annual Passage of the Her- 
rings. Size of the steamboat picture, i 12/16 
X4 1/16. With border, 2 7/16x4 3/16. Line 
engraving. 

From '• Columbian Magazine," Dec, 1786. Probably 
the earliest published picture of a boat succe.ssfuUy pro- 
pelled bj' steam in America. Fitch ran this boat (his 
second) imder her own power on the Delaware River, at 
Philadelphia, on August 22, 1787. 

659. STEAM BOAT \ FIG. I. \ Steam Boat in- 
vented by John Fitch. Right: Engraved by 
J. Y eager. 

On " Plate DX, No. II," from the " New Edinburgh En- 
c.yclopfedia," American edition. 

660.* Plan of Mr. Fitch's Steam Boat. Centre, 
above: FROM THE COLUMBIAN MAGA- 
ZINE, 1786. At the top of a folio sheet, the 
lower part of which contains a facsimile of 
Fitch's letter of Dec. 25, 1790, in which he 
says, "I have given my Country a most Valu- 
able Discover}^..." 1^x4%. Lithograph. 
About 1845. 
660I/.. ORIGIN OF STEAM NAVIGATION.] 
"HONOR TO JVHOM HONOR IS DUE." \ 
A VIEW OF COLLECT POND AND ITS 
VICINITY, I in the City of New York in 
^793> I on vjhich Pond the first boat propelled 
by paddle ivheels and screiv-propellers, con- 
structed by John Fitch, six years before Rob- 
ert Fulton made trial of his boat upon the 
River Seine, in France, and ten years prior to 
his putting into operation his boat "Clermont" 
in Neva York; viith a representation of the 
boat and its machinery on the Collect pond. | 
BY JOHN HUT CHIN GS . . . 1846. Left: 
DRAJVN Gf LITH. BY J. PENNIMAN, 
801/2 CANAL ST. N. Y.; centre, above title: 
Entered . . . 1846; right: F. MICHELIN'S 
LITH., Ill NASSAU ST. Border of six 
lines. i5>4x23J^; to border line, 15 13/16 x 
23 13/16. Lithograph, colored. 
Map of Collect Pond in centre; to left, an account of 
Fitch and testimonials to the character of Hutchings, 
etc.: to right, account of meeting of Fulton, Livingston 
and Fitch; in upper corners and centre below, four pic- 
tures of Fitch's boats. 

661.* "HONOR TO WHOM HONOR IS 
DUE" I ORIGIN OF STEAM NAVIGA- 
TION . . . Large folio broadside, with Fitch's 
screw propeller of 1796 in upper left corner, 
his i2-oared boat of 1786-7 in the upper right 
corner, his model boat of 1797-8 at bottom, 
and a map of Collect Pond and Vicinity in 
centre. Bottom: THE WORLD IS INDEBT- 



E 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



11 



I 



Prints, Robert Fulton, cont'd. 

ED FOR THE ORIGINAL IDEA AND TO 
THE MECHANICAL GENIUS OF JOHN 
FITCH, OF EAST WINDSOR, CONN. \ 
and to the perseverance and indefatigable at- 
tention to the use of steam of Robert Fulton 
Esq. Pa.... Below: Entered according to act 
of Congress in the year 184.6 by John Hutch- 
ings . . . N. Y. Size, to border, 14x18 1/16. 
Lithograph. 

The rest of the broadside is occupied by a lonf< printed 
description of Fitch's steam propeller of ITilG. 

Based outhe preceding; title at top instead of bottom 
and only three boats shown. 

The 13-oared boat is here called John Fitch's First Boat 
Perseverance; it is his second boat and is not the " Per- 
severance." This picture of this boat is reproduced from 
the Columbian Magazine print of 178G. 

Same. EM. 13292 to 13294. 

662.* FITCH'S STEAMBOAT. In a border 
of three lines, two of which are below title. 
2 5/16x4; with border, 3 5/16x5. Wood 
engraving. About 1845-50. 

One of the first prints to supply the smoke stack, over- 
looked by many early artists because the original Colum- 
bian Magazine picture omitted it. 

663.* THE SECOND EXPERIMENTAL BOAT 
OF JOHN FITCH. \ Finished in May, 1787, 
and run at the rate of four miles per hour on 
the Delaivare. Cylinder \ tzvelve inches in 
diameter, stroke three feet. Lower left corner: 
J. W. ORR N. Y. Vign. i 11/16x3 13/16. 
Wood engravine. 
With smoke stack. 
From " Kighty Years' Progress of the United States," 

vol. 2, N. Y.,18G1, p. 2-.'6. 

664. FITCH'S STEAMBOAT. Vign. 2)^x4. 

Wood engraving. About 1850? 
665.* THE FIRST EXPERIMENTAL BOAT 

OF JOHN FITCH. 2 3/16x4 10/16. Wood 

engraving. About 1855-60. 

The printed inscription is an eiTor. Pteally his second 
boat. Has the smoke stack. 

666. FITCH'S STEAMBOAT. \ On the Dela- 
luare River, opposite Philadelphia. Left: De- 
signed by Reigart; right: L. N. Rosenthal's 
lith. Philada. 4^ x yj^- Lithograph in one 
tint. 
From J. F. Reigarfs " Life of Robert Fulton," Phila., 

1856, oppos. p. 153. 

667.* Fig. Q2. — Le premier bateau a vapeur 
americain. Experience faite en 1789 par John 
Fitch, pres de Philadelphie, \ sur la Delaivare. 
Lower left corner: U. PARENT ; lower right 
corner: E. DESCHAMPS. Below, left: Cor- 
beil, Crete et Fils, imp.; right: Fume, Jouvet 
et Cie, edit. 53^x4^. Wood engraving. 

668. John Fitch's Second Experimental Boat, 
1787; Oliver Evans' Orukter Amphibolis.; 
Fitch's First Passenger Steamboat, 1789; Ful- 
ton's First Successful Steamboat; John Fitch's 
First Propeller; Machinery of Fulton's Steam- 
boat. The whole in a border of one line. 
Size, to border, yj^xii 5/16. 
From J. L. Rinerwalt's " Developmentof Transportation 

Systems in the U. S.." Phila., 1888. 

669.* Cylinder, Condenser, and Air-pump of 
Fitch's Steam-boat. \ [From the original dra-w- 
ing in the Philadelphia Library.'] 3^ x i 15/16. 



Wood engraving. From Westcott's Life of 
Fitch, 1857. 

One of Fitch's early ideas for part of a steam-boat en- 
gine. 

670.* THE FIRST PASSENGER STEAM- 
BOAT. \ {The second experimental boat of 
John Fitch, finished in May, 1787, rate four 
miles per hour on \ the Delaivare. This is 
believed to be the first boat navigated by steam. 
In 1789, Fitch completed the \ first steamboat, 
rate 8 miles per hour.) 25^x4 io/t6. Wood 
engraving. About i860. 

Fitch's third boat finished in 1788. Brissot de Warville 
describes the boat and its working under date of Sept. 1, 
1788, in his " Journey," (Paris, 1791.) During the summer 
of 1790 the boat made about 31 trips. The New York 
Magazine for 1790 (p. 493) said, " Fitch's steamboat really 
performs to a charm.'" 

671.* THE FIRST STEAMBOAT EVER 
BUILT TO CARRY PASSENGERS. \ Con- 
structed by John Fitch, and finished April 16, 
1798. Cylinder eighteen inches in diameter, \ 
speed eight miles per hour in smooth vjater. 
The folloiving year this boat ivas run to Bur- 
lington I regularly as a passenger boat. Vign. 
^14^3%- Wood engraving. 
The dates on the print are incorrect. See note after 

preceding item. 
From "Eighty years' progress of the United States," 

vol.2, N. Y., 1861., p. 226. 

672.* Three diagrams showing the style of 
boiler and furnace designed by Fitch and 
Voight and used by Fitch in his passenger boat 
of 1788-1790. Titles: Section of Pipe Boiler; 
Section of Pipe Boiler; In its Furnace. Small 
wood engravings, from Westcott's Life of 
Fitch, 1857. 

673.* THE FIRST PROPELLER EVER BUILT. 

I Constructed by John Fitch, and experimented 
ivith by him on the Collect pond, Neiv York 
City. I The boiler vuas a twelve gallon pot, 
ivith a bit of truck-plank fastened by an iron 
bar placed transversely. \ This ivas in the 
year 1796. Vign. 3 3/16 x 3 10/16. Wood 
engraving. 

From " Eighty years' progress of the U. S.," vol. 2,N. Y., 
1861, p. 2.35. 
Fitch's fifth boat. His fourth was the " Perseverance.'* 

674. "First Steamboat": title in pencil at centre. 
Right: LOSSING BARRITT. Vignette, i^x 
4§^. Wood engraving. 

675.* Fitch's Model Steamboat, Bardstoivn, Ken- 
tucky, 1797-8. 1 7/16x2. Wood engraving. 
From Westcott's "Life of Fitch." 1857, p. 368. 
Fitch's sixth and last boat. It was simply a working 
model, about three feet long, run by paddle wheels. Fitch 
used it just before he died, in a creek near Bardstown. 

676. Fitch's last Model \ for a River Steam 
Engine \ in the Possession of the Merchantile 
Library of St. Louis. In the centre of a small 
folio sheet, with PI. XLII in the upper right 
corner, containing also the facsimile of a let- 
ter written by Fitch Feb. 21, 1784. 6 10/16 x 
5 9/16. Lithograph. About 1840-45. EM. 13295. 

677.* THE GRAVE OF JOHN FITCH, 
BARDSTOWN, KY. In lower right corner: 
BAXTER— HARLEY. Vign. 3^x4^. Wood 
engraving. 
From " Life of Fitch," by Westcott, Phila., 1857. 



78 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Robert Fulton, cont'd. 

678. JAMES RUMSEY'S STEAM BOATS, 
6TH NOV. 1788; JOHN FITCH'S STEAM 
BOAT, DEC. 1787 I See Rittenliouse's Certifi- 
cate, page 1075; ROBT. FULTON'S STEAM 
BOAT, THE NORTH RH^ER or CLERE- 
MONT, 1807 I From a Sketch by Joseph 
Dyer Pubd. in JVoodcroft's origin and pro- 
gress of Steam Navigation. Right: Engraved 
& Printed by Gavit & Duthie. Line engrav- 
ing. 
Frontispiece to the reprint of Rumsey's pamphlet of 

1788, as contained in O'Callaglian's " The Documentary 

History of the State of New York," Albany, 1849; vol. 2, 

p. 1009. 

679.* Jas. Rumsey's Steam-boat — English patent. 
I 3/16x3 7/16. Wood engraving. 

From Westcott's " Life of Fitch." 1S57. Rumsey, a Vir- 
ginian, abandoned the American field to Fitch after their 
pamphlet controversy in 1788. went to England and g:ot 
a patent there in that year. He died just as a boat was 
nearing completion. It was finished by his partner in 1793. 

6^0.* Rumseys Steam-boat — English patent, i 1/16 

x3 3/16. Wood engraving. 

From Westcott's " Life of Fitch," 1857. Rumsey's plan 
for propelling a boat by forcing a jet of water from the 
stern had been previously proposed to the Pennsylvania 
Assembly, in 1776, by Arthur Donaldson. Benjamin 
Franklin also suggested it (see Sparks " Life," vol. 6, p. 
403). 

681.* James Rumsey's Steam-boat, Virginia^ 
1788. lysxz 9/16. Wood engraving. From 
Westcott's Life of Fitch, 1857. 
682.* Patrick Miller's Triple Vessel, J787. {From 
Woodcraft's Steam navigation.) Side eleva- 
tion above and deck plan below. Border 
of one line. To border, 4x6^^. Half-tone. 
This boat in the experiments of 1787 was propelled by 
two paddle wheels, each of which was turned bj' two men. 
The trial was made in the Frith of Forth, in the spring of 
1787. James Taylor proposed to Miller (or Millar) the ap- 
plication of steam to the wheels. 

683.* Double Pleasure Boat, Miller, Taylor and 
Symington, 1788. {From JVoodcroft's Steam 
Navigation.) 2 1/16x4 1/16. Half-tone. 
The outcome of Taylor's sugcrestion to Miller. It was 

operated on the Lake of Dalswinton, in October, 1788. 

684.* Fig. 8q. — Experience de Miller, Taylor et 
Symington faite, en 17SQ, siir la piece d'eau de 
la terre de Dalsiainion {page 171). Lower 
left corner: [/. PARENT; lower right corner: 
E. DESCHAMPS. Left: Corbeil, Crete et 
Fils. imp.; right: Furne, Jouvet et Cie., edit. 
4 i/i6x5>^. Wood engraving. About 1865-70. 
Second steamboat of the three British inventors. On 

Dec. 26, 1789, the boat was operated on the Great Canal, in 

Scotland. 

685.* Fig. QO. — Mecanisme moteur du bateau a 

vapeiir de Miller, Taylor et Symington. 

3 13/16x4 13/16. Wood engraving. About 

1865-70. 

The engine used in the boat of 1789. Designed by 
Symington. 

686.* The Charlotte Dundas, JVm. Symington, 
1803. {From Woodcraft's Steam Navigation.) 
Above, a broadside view of the boat under 
way; beneath, a longitudinal section of hull 
and machinery. Size of upper view: 2x41/16; 
of lower view: 2%x4. 13/16. Half-tone. 
On the Forth and Clyde Canal, in March, 1802, this stern- 
wheel boat of Symington's towed two other boats, a dis- 
tance of 1914 miles, in 6 hours, against a head wind. 
Without a tow she ran at 6 miles an hour. 



687.* An original drawing, colored, of the deck 

plan of a paddle-wheel steamboat, on a sheet 

of paper watermarked "Whatman 1801." 

7X14J4- Size of sheet, 14 10/16 x2iJ4- 

The first of a series of three drawings, evidently by the 

same inventor. The forward third of the ttoat is almost 

an equilateral triangle. The paddle-wheels are protected 

front and beneath, auil attached to an axle. Tbe inventor 

has written, to the right and beneath his drawing, profuse 

pencil notes and arguments in favor of his " discovery and 

contrivance." 

One of the earliest known drawings of a steamboat. The 
boat was intended to navigate on Oiiesapeake Bay and the 
Susquehanna river, and to be used as an aid in opening 
the Genessee country, in New York state, to settlement. 
About I8OI-I8O0. 

688.* An original drawing, colored, of the deck 
plan of a paddle wheel steamboat. The re- 
vised plan of the inventor whose work is 
shown in the preceding drawing. Done on a 
sheet of paper watermarked "Whatman 1801." 
With profuse explanatory manuscript notes, 
originally written in pencil, and traced over 
in ink. The bow of the vessel is now curved. 
A furled awning is shown toward the stern. 
6^x15^. Size of sheet, 14 10/16 x2iH- 
Above the drawing the inventor has written the words, 

" The Genessee steam packet." 

689.* An original drawing, colored, of a paddle- 
wheel steamboat, showing a side view of the 
vessel. The third plan of the unknown in- 
ventor whose work is shown in the two pre- 
ceding drawings. Centre, in pencil: "This be- 
ing the first steam packet we will call her the 
lad of the lakes or Washington or the Genessee 
and Baltimore packet. The vessel has one 
smoke stack, and a mast surmounted by a 
large lantern. The machinery is covered. 
Above and below the drawing are legible 
explanatory notes, written in pencil and over- 
traced in ink. Size of drawing: 4x20. Size 
of sheet, 15x21 9/16. 

690.* SCREW PROPELLER, BEING THE 
FIRST FERRY-BOAT \ RUN FROM HO- 
BO KEN TO NEW YORK— BUILT BY \ 
JOHN STEVENS, VS04. i>4x2 6/i6. Wood 
engraving. About 1871. 

691.* TWO-SCREW PROPELLER, BEING 
THE SECOND FERRY-BOAT \ RUN FROM 
HOBO KEN TO NEW YORK— BUILT BY 
JOHN I STEVENS, 1805. 1 9/16x254. 
Wood engraving. About 1871. 

692. OLIVER EVANS. Bust; directed and fac- 
ing right, looking front; hands on cane. About 
1840. Vign. 3^x2^4. Wood engraving. 

a. As described. 

b. With border of two lines. Size to border, 
6 10/16 X 434- 

693.* OLIVER EVANS. \ THE WATT OF 
AMERICA. Centre, above title: Engd. by 
W. G. Jackman; centre, below: Neiv York. 
D. Appleton & Co. Border of two lines, 
6x434; to border, 63^ X4 6/16. Line engrav- 
ing. 

694.* THE FIRST AMERICAN LOCOMO- 
TIVE, I Or, Evan's "Eructor Amphibolis." 
Border of three lines, two of which are below 
title. 23^x3 11/16; to border, 3 5/16x5. 
Wood engraving. About 1850. 
The Eruktor was properly a boat used for dredging, its 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



79 



^rints, Robert Fulton, cont'd. 

use as a land vehicle on wheels being- an afterthought. 
It steamed 16 miles on the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, 
at Philadelphia, in 1804. The engine was the second suc- 
cessful one built by Evans. 

a. As described. 

b. Without border and with this inscrip- 
tion: OLIVER EVANS "ORUCTOR AMPHI- 
BOLIS, OR AMPHIBIOUS DIGGER. \ THE 
FIRST AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVE.— 1804. 

J695.* The Eruktor Amphibolis. Oliver Evans, 
Philadelphia, 1804. In lower left corner: 
BAXTER & HARLEY. 2x3 3/16. Wood 
engraving. 

From Westcott's " Life of Fitch," 18.5", p. -381. 
S96. OLIVER EVAN'S ORKUTER AMPHI- 
BOLUS I Thirty feet lon^ and i^velve broad. 
Cylinder five inches in diameter icith a nine- 
teen inch stroke. \ Constructed by Oliver Evans 
about the year 1804. Wood engraving by 
LONGACRE. Vign. i 15/16x3^. 
In " Eighty years' progress of the United States," N.Y., 
1861, p. 23o. 

Types of Hudson River and New York City 
Boats subsequent to Fulton. 

See also Nos. 19^, 397, 43 f 441, 472, 483, 
491, 505, 5". 566, 569- 

697.* A view of a paddle wheel steamboat pass- 
ing the Palisades. 1414x20^. Water color 
drawing, unsigned. About 1825. 
A copy of no. 347. The boat bears some resemblance 

to the Chancellor Livingston, and may be intended to 

represent that vessel. 

698.* NORTH RIVER STEAM BOAT and 
SAFETY BARGE. Left: S'lvett; right: Lith. 
of Pendleton. 3^x6 3/16. Lithograph. N. Y., 
about 1825. 

Shows steamboat " Conamerce " towing the barsre 
"Lady Clinton" past the PaMsades. The use of safety 
barges for passengers was due to many explosions on 
earlier boats. The "Commerce" left the foot of Cort- 
landt street for Albany on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Satur- 
days. 

699. Steamboat vcith Safety Barge attached, 
running on the Hudson in 1826; Fast Steam- 
boat Plying on the Hudson in 183'/. On plate 
with three other pictures of steamboats. 
From J. L. Ringwalt's '• Development of transportation 

systems in theU. S.," Phila., 1888. 

700.* THE "OLIVER ELLSWORTH" BUILT 
IN 1824— ESCORT AT OPENING OF ERIE 
CANAL. I This luas one of the first steam- 
boats to have a large iron boiler — It exploded 
in 182J, causing much \ excitement — The legis- 
lature i!:as in session in Connecticut, and the 
post-rider leaped from his \ lathered horse 
and broke into the assembly hall shouting: 
"The Illiver Ollsivorth biled her buster!" In 
lower right corner, Copyright igo6, C. S 
Bullock. 3^4x4^. Half-tone from a draw- 
ing. 

701.* Picture of an unnamed side-wheel steam- 
boat of about 1820-25, with two smoke stacks, 
partially exposed machinery, bowsprit and a 
roof over the main deck. Drawn, engraved 
and published by Alexander Robb of Phila- 
delphia about 1830. 3^4x6 14/16. Wood- 
cut. 
Robb's proof copy, from his collection. 



702.* [Picture of the two Hudson River steam- 
boats "North America" and "Albany."] Rich- 
ardson Sc, in lower right corner. 2J4 x 5 3/16. 
Wood engraving. 
These boats were prominent about 1830. 

703.* [Picture of the Hudson River steamboat 
"Champlaine" or "Erie."] 4 15/16x8 9/16. 
Wood engraving. Drawn, engraved and 
prmted by Alexander Robb, of Philadelphia, 
about 1832-1835. Robb's proof copy, from his 
collection. 

The two b.>ats named were sister vessels, built in 1833. 
See also no. 897. 

703^. Steamboat going to the right. DEW ITT 

CLINTON on paddle-wheel box, DEWITT 

NTON [reversed] on flag at stern. Right: 

Hall S<-: 3 7/16 X7.>^. Wood engraving. 

In a scrap book of engravings on wood by John H. 

Hall. 

70^. A Hudson River Pioneer {Plate No. 2). 
Diameter 3 inches. Half-tone reproduction of 
an old China dinner plate. 

From "The Four-Track News," Nov., 1003, p, 188 
Numerous pieces of china ware were made between 1815 
and 1850 which showed similar boats and scenes. 

705.* Title, above: STEAM BOAT SWALLOW 
PLYING ON THE RIVER HUDSON, 
PLATE IV. Centre, below: Stevenson's Sketch 
of the Civil Engineering of North America. 
Published by John Weale, 59, High Holborn, 
1838. Left: James Andre^vs, Delt.; right: 
Geo. Aikman, Sculpt. 4^4x8 1/16. Line en- 
graving. 

The " Swallow " was the longest boat yet built— length 
io'i feet. 

706.* Title, above: NEW-YORK, ALBANY 
AND TROY STEAMBOAT LINE. Below, 
a wood engraving of the Hudson River steam- 
boat "Troy," I 5/16x4, and a schedule of 
the trips of the boats "Troy," "Empire," "Al- 
bany" and "Swallow." An advertising hand- 
bill printed about 1837. 

707.* Picture of the Hudson River steamboat 
"Alida," on the title-page of a piece of sheet- 
music: "THE ALIDA WALTZ." At bottom, 
in centre: "PUBLISHED BY FIRTH POND 
& CO. NO. I FRANKLIN SQ. Entered ac- 
cording to act of Congress in the vear 1847. 
G. & W. ENDICOTT LITH. N. Y." 4 3/16 
X7 7/16. Lithograph. 
Shows the boat pas.sing through the Highlands. The 

" Alida" was 286 feet long, with paddle wheels 33 feet in 

diameter. 

708.* A Hudson River steamboat, run by pro- 
pellers, on an advertising handbill bearing 
the title: NEW LINE OF IRON STEAM 
PROPELLERS, BETWEEN ALBANY AND 
PHILADELPHIA, etc. 1 11/16x2 9/16. 
Wood engraving. About 1840-45. 
This was the first line to put screw-propelled vessels 
into regular use in .America. Its first boat, 70 feet long, 
was built in England by Ericsson, and her captain, in 1839, 
was given the freedom of the City of New York for bring- 
ing her across the ocean with a crew of five men. 

709.* A wash drawing of the Hudson River 
steamboat "Atlantic," passing through the 
Highlands. 5 15/16x10. Unsigned. Done about 
1845-50. 

710.* STEAM-BOAT IRON WITCH. BUILT 
AT NEW YORK, AFTER THE DESIGN 



8o 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Prints, Robert Fulton, confd. 

OF CAPTAIN ERICSSON. W. ROBERTS, 

SC. in lower left corner. i%xs 5/16. Wood 

engraving. About 1855. 
711. A Hudson river Catamaran steamboat. On 

pennant the name TROY. 3 5/16x7 6/16. 

Wood engraving. 

From the. Journal of Commerce, N. Y. (?), Jan. 17, 1934, 
with a descriptive article, " In the new era of steam 
power." Copied from tlie Mechanics Magazine. 

712.* STEAM CATAMARAN— H. IF. LONG- 
FELLOW. Left: PUBLISHED BY CUR- 
RIER & IVES. Right: 115 NASSAU ST: 
NEIVYORK. 8 5/16x13 13/16. Lithograph, 
colored. 

Boats of this type were occasionally tried on the Hud- 
son from about 1835 until about 40 years thereafter. 

713. CATAMARAN FOR FAST PASSEN- 
GER TRAVEL ON THE HUDSON, NOW 
IN COURSE OF CONSTRUCTION AT 
NYACK, N. Y. At top, under diagram, 
Loiver Deck Plan. ^ 8^x126/16. Photo- 
mechanical reproduction. 
From the " Daily Graphic," N. Y., 187-. 

714.* EXPLOSION OF THE STEAMER REIN- 
DEER, ON THE HUDSON RIVER. In 
lower left corner: CHAPIN DEL. 5x9 3/16. 
Wood engraving. 

715.* DESTRUCTION OF THE STEAMER 
HENRY CLAY, BY FIRE, ON THE HUD- 
SON RIVER. In lower left corner: CHAPIN 
DEL. 5 6/16x9 7/16. Wood engraving. 
The boat is shown, beached and burning, opposite the 

Palisades. 

716.* The Hudson River steamboat Daniel 
Drew. In lower right corner, "T." 4 3/16 x 
6 11/16. Wood engraving. Proof before 
title. 

717. "Hudson River Steamboat, Mary Powell, 
1861." s^ixio^/s. Pencil drawing by War- 
ren Sheppard, 1907. 

718. "N. Y. Harbor boat Sylvan Stream 1863." 
2 13/16 x6>^. Pencil drawing by Warren 
Sheppard, 1907. 

719. "Hudson River Steamer Albany." 3^x 
105^. Pencil drawing by Warren Sheppard, 
1907. 

720. "Hudson River Towboat Oswego." 3^x 
loj/^. Pencil drawing by Warren Sheppard. 

721.* A HUDSON RIVER STEAMBOAT. 
Lower right corner: L. JOHNSON & CO. 
z 5/16x6 3/16. Wood engraving. About 
1870. 

722.* RUNNING UPON THE SUNKEN 
MEADOWS. In lower right corner: F. S. 
Cozzens. Top corners arched. 3 9/16x9 2/16. 
Wood engraving. 
The burning of the Seawanhaka. 

723.* "The Magnificent Morse" passing An- 
thony's Nose. In both upper corners, in mono- 
gram, the letters "P. L." 7 7/16x14 12/16. 
Half-tone. 

724.* The New Steel Steamer "Hendrick Hud- 
son," of the Hudson River Day Line. 10 1/16 
x 14. Half-tone in colors. 
Samuel Ward Stanton's ";American Steam Vessels," 

N. Y., 1895, contains pictures of the following Hudson 



River steamboats: " Commei'ce " (182.5), " Champlain " 
(1832), "DeWitt Clinton" (1832), "Highlands "(1835), 
" Rochester" (1836), " Utica " (1836'), towboat "Norwich" 
083(3)," Albany " (1839)," Troy " (1840)," Rip Van Winkle " 
(1845), "Thomas Powell" (1845), "Armenia" (1847), 
"Alida" (1847), tow-hoat "Oswego" (1818), "Francis 
Skiddy" (1851), "Isaac Newton" (18.55), "New World" 
(1855), " James W. Baldwin " (I8GO), " Mary Powell " (1861), 
" St. John " (1863), " Berkshire " (1864), " Dean Rich- 
mond " (1865), "Saratoga" (1877), "Albany" (1880), 
" Kaaterslnll " (1882), tugboat " John H. Cordis " (1883), 
passenger propeller " (jity of Kingston" (1884), tugboat 
"Pocahontas" (1884), propeller "Homer Ramsdell " 
(1887), and " New York " (1887). 



Some other types of American Steamboats 
Subsequent to Fulton. 

725.* WALK-IN-THE-WATER. In lower left 
corner: S. E. CO. Upper corners rounded. 

3 9/16x4 12/16. Wood engraving. 

The first steamboat built on Lake Erie (at Buffalo, in 
1818). She made a round trip from Buffalo to Detroit 
about every two weeks until wrecked, in 1821. This pic- 
ture is from a drawing made after the wreck, when her 
broken keel gave her deck a saucer-like curve. 

726.* THE BAY AND RIVER STEAMER 
"CHARLOTTE," BUILT AT ERNEST- 
TOWN, U. C, 18 18. 2x4 2/16. Wood en- 
graving. About 1850. 
One of the earliest Canadian steamboats. With two 

very tall stacks, a log cabin shaped after-structure, and 

pyramid shaped engine covering. 

727.* Dampfboot auf dem Mississippi. On the 
side of the boat the name "BELVEDERE." 

2 10/16x3 11/16. Line engraving. Published 
in Stuttgart in 1842. 

The " Belvidere " was an example of all that was dan- 
gerous and rickety in earl.y river navigation, and for 
years her picture was the one used in other countries to 
represent American steamboats, especially when it was 
desired to belittle the United States. She was built in 
Portsmouth, Ohio, in 1825 and fell to pieces, worn out, in 
1831. The average life of the boats of her period was from 
three to four years. 

728.* A broadside view of the "Flora." 2 10/16 • 
X 5. Pencil drawing. About 1835. 
The "Flora" was built in Pittsburgh in 1835 Her 
resemblance to the famous ■•Belvidere" is very notice- 
able, 

729.* Interior of a cabin on an early boat. 

4 1/16x6 6/16. Pencil drawing. 

Shows a dining table, flanked b.y two benches. A lamp 
is suspended from the ceiling, and a stove stands at one 
end, in a square basin to prevent coals from igniting the 
woodwork. The boat was evidently a very small one, 
without pretensions. 

730.* A side-wheel steamboat of about 1825-30, 
with partially exposed machinery, two smoke 
stacks and awnings over both forward and 
after decks. 4 7/16 x 10 4/16. Drawn, en- 
graved and published by Alexander Robb. 
Robb's proof copy, from his collection. About 
1835- 

731.* A large side-wheel steamboat, with two 
smoke-stacks and two decks aft. Drawn, en- 
graved and published by Alexander Robb. 

3 6/16x7. Wood engraving. Robb's proof 
copy, from his collection. About 1835. 

732.* Title, at top: WESTERN WATER 
STEAM BOAT. PLATE V. Left: Drawn 
by James Andrews, from a sketch made on 
the River Ohio, by David Stevenson; right: 
Geo. Aikman, Sculpt.; centre, below Pub- 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



8l 



Prints, Robert Fulton, cont'd. 

lished by John JVeale, 5q, High Holborn, 1838 
I Stevenson's Sketch of the Civic Engineering 
of North America. 4 1/16x7 14/16. Line en- 
graving. 

733.* A side-wheel walking-beam steamboat. 
At the top of a bill of lading, dated March 
31, 1842, with the printed inscription: MER- 
CHANTS' CANAL LINE. STEAM TOW- 
BOAT COMPANY. Between Neiv-York and 
Philadelphia, via Delaivare and Raritan Canal. 
Vign. 2 1/16 -x. J 2/16. Wood engraving. 

734.* JVM. NORRIS. Left: LITH. OF ENDI- 
COTT & CO. N. Y. Top corners arched. 
Border of one line. 5 2/16x8 4/16; to border, 
5 9/16x8 12/16. Lithograph, one tint. About 
1845. 
The Wm. Norris was a side wheel walking-beam boati 

with two stacks set on a fore-and-aft line. 

735.* A screw-propelled steamboat with two 
masts and furled sails, and with the engine 
at the extreme stern of the boat, partly over- 
j^ hanging the water. At the top of a bill of 
m lading, dated Sept. i, 1846, with the printed 
M inscription: MERCHANTS' CANAL LINE 
m OF Iron Steam Propellers, between NEJF- 
f YORK AND PHILADELPHIA. Vign. 2 14/16 
r x3 5/16. Wood engraving. 
! 736.* A side-wheel steamboat. On paddle-box 
j the name BALTIC. On pennant the word 
TROY. Occupying the upper half of title- 
t page to THE BALTIC WALTZ. Below: 
I G. & W. ENDICOTT LITH. N. YORK. 
[" 4 9/16x8 3/16. Lithograph. New York, 1847. 
i 737.* The "Confidence," a walking-beam boat. 
! 2 6/16x7 14/16. Pen-and-ink drawing. About 

1845-1850. 

A flag at the stern bears the word " Express." 
- 738.* LOUISVILLE MAIL COMPANY STEAM- 
BOAT JACOB STRADER. On paddle box: 
CINCINNATI AND LOUISVILLE MAIL 
LINE. LOW PRESSURE. JACOB STRADER. 
4 15/16x9 5/16. Wood engraving. Published 
in 1854. 

Showing the vessel leaving Cincinnati on her first trip. 
This boat, built in 18.'54. was the finest western steamer yet 
coustructed. She cost $20U,000, and her speed was 18 miles 
an hour. The words " low pressure " were to reassure the 
public against boiler explosions. 

739.* THE "BAY STATE" AND "EMPIRE 
CITY" STEAM-SHIPS. Left: E. LAN- 
DELLS. Above, in centre: TRAVELLING 
IN THE UNITED STATES. 5 10/16 x 
8 7/16. Wood engraving. London, about 
1855-60. 



740.* The screw propeller steamboat Phoenix, 
the name appearing at the bow, and on a pen- 
nant. One mast is stepped far forward. A 
single smoke-stack is amidships. In lower 
right corner: RICHARDSON, SC. iixi8 2/16. 
Wood engraving. About 1860-65. 

741- STEAMBOAT FROM NEW ORLEANS 
TO ST. LOUIS, TIME THREE DAYS. 

2 2/16x5 10/16. Wood engraving. 

In "Eighty years' progress of the United States," 
New York, 1861, vol. 182. 

742.* ON THE MISSISSIPPI. Centre, above 

title: Drawn & Engraved by J. W. Watts, 

47/16x77/16. Line engraving. About 1855. 

A race between the steamboats "St. Louis" and " Mis- 
sissippi." 

743* LUTTE ENTRE DEUX STEAMBOATS. 

Left: Ed. Willmann del. & sc; right: Imp. 

Ch. Chardon aine Paris. 4 6/16x6 ii/i6. 

Line engraving. About 1870. 

A race on the Mississippi between the " Natchez " and 
"Eclipse." 

744* A RACE ON THE MISSISSIPPI. Left: 
PUBLISHED BY CURRIER & IVES; right: 
115 NASSAU ST. NEW YORK; centre, above 
title: ENTERED ACCORDING TO ACT 
OF CONGRESS IN THE YEAR 1870 BY 
CURRIER &■ IVES IN... NEW YORK. 
7 13/16x12 8/16. Lithograph, colored. 
A race between the ' Diana" and the " Eagle." These 
speed contests between rival lines were very common be- 
tween 1850 and 1875, and often resulted in the explosion of 
overtaxed boilers, and loss of life. When announced 
beforeliand, many people tried to secure passage on the 
contestants, and very large sums were wagered by the 
public on the results. 

745.* THE GREAT MISSISSIPPI STEAM- 
BOAT RACE. I FROM NEW ORLEANS 
TO ST. LOUIS, JULY 1870. \ Between the 
R. E. Lee, Capt. John W. Cannon and Natchez 
Capt. Leathers. \ WON BY THE R. E. LEE, 
TIME: 3 DAYS 18 HOURS AND 30 MIN- 
UTES; DISTANCE 1210 MILES. Left: 
PUBLISHED BY CURRIER & IVES; right: 
125 NASSAU ST. NEW YORK. Below, 
left: The Boats left the ivharf at Nevj Or- 
leans, June 30th, 1870 at 4.55 P. M. The 
Lee reached the wharf Boat at St. Louis July 
4th. at 11.25 A. M.; below, right: The Nat- 
chez reached the wharf Boat at St. Louis, 
July 4th. at 5.58 P. M., six hours & thirty- 
three min. behind the Lee, having been de- 
tained six lirs. by a Fog at Devils Id. 8 4/16 
X 12 7/16. Lithograph, colored. 1870. 



MAPS AND PLANS. 



1. New York Province and State. 

2. Hudson River. 

3. Hudson River Counties, Cities, etc. 



New York Province and State. 
The arrangement is chronological. 

Facsimile of a Map found 1841 in the Loket 
Kas of the States General in the Royal Archives 
at the Hague; referred to, in 1616. in memorial of 
discoveries of Schipper Cornells Hendrickssen. 
Lithographed from the original map deposited by 
J. Romeyn Brodhead in the office of the Secy, of 
State at Albany. [See following notes.] 17 x 20 
inches: Scale: about 46 miles to inch. The origi- 
nal "Carte Figurative" of which the foregoing 
description is a facsimile, was annexed to the 
Memorial presented to the States-General on the 
i8th August, 1616, by the " Directors of New 
Netherland," praying for a special Octray, accord- 
ing to the Placaat of 27th March, 1614, and is re- 
ferred to in the Memorial as shewing the extent of 
the discoveries made by Schipper Hendricxson of 
Munnichendam, in a small yacht of 8 lasts (16 tons) 
burthen, named the " Onrust " (The Restless) 
■which the Memorialists had caused to be built in 
New Netherland: signed J. Romeyn Brodhead 
Agent of the State of New York, &c. 

Map of Rennselaer's Wyck [together with fac- 
simile signatures of Dutch Officials connected with 
the affairs of the New Netherlands.] 1630: fac- 
simile. Neiii York: G. cSr* W. Endicott: [no date 
given]. 24x19 inches. ^Sca/if [not given]. Litho- 
graph. 

Nova Anglia, Novvm Belgivm et Virginia. 
\Leydeti, 1630.] Size: 14x11 inches. Scale: 60 
Milliaria Germanica = 2.5 inches -I-. Copper. 

In Joannes de Laet's " Be^chrijvinghe van West-Indien,'" 
2. ed., Leyden: Elzcviers, 1630. 

Kaart van Nieuw Nederland, behoorende tot 
de, door het Provinciaal Utrechtsch Genoopchap, 
bekroonde verhandeling van R. G. Bennet en J. van 
Wyk, Reg. Dordrecht: I. de Vosgles, [1637?] 
Size within border: 18^ x 17^ inches. Scale: 21 
Tniles=i inch. Lithograph. Plain. 

[Facsimile Copy of Visscher's Map of New Eng- 
land entitled] Novi Belgii. Tabula ad N. J. 
Visscher delineationem repetita qu£e ex. . .aliis 
tabulis colligi potuerant additis lapidi incisa diri- 
genti. 1655. [No place of publication given.] 
S. M. Asher, 1855. Size: 21 x iS inches. Scale: 
35 miles to inch. Lithograph. Plain. 

Map of New Netherlands. With a view of New 
Amsterdam (now New York) A.D. 1656. Copied 
from Van der Donck's Map. New York: D. T. 
Valentine, 1852. Size: 7xii|4f inches. Scale: 
n. s. Lithographed. Plain. 

Nova Belgica et Anglia nova. [Map full of 
animals, ships, boats, natives and two children bear- 



ing up scale] \Anistelodaitii: G. Blaeer], [1658?] 
Size: 19 x 14^ inches. Scale: about 50 miles=i 
inch. Engraved on copper; colored by hand. 

Pas caarte van Nieuw Nederlandt uytgegeven 
door Hendrick Doncker. Amsterdam: [no publisher 
given.] [1659?]. 25 X 21 >^ inches. Scale: 2?) mW&s 
to inch. Copperplate; handcolored. 

[Facsimile.] Carta particolare della nuoua Belgia 
e parte della nuoua Anglia. La Ion gikidine 
Cominea da ITsola di Pico d'Asores. ^-E'Lucini 
Fice. [1660?]. Size: I4xi7_}^ inches. Scale: i\2 
miles=i inch. Pease lith. Albany. Plain. 

A Map of New England and New York. Lon- 
don: Thomas Basset: [1666]. Size: 19X ^ ^4/^ 
inch. Scale- 40 miles=i inch. 

Novi Belgii quodnunc Novi Yorck vocativo 
Novequse Anglije & Partis Virginioe, accuratissima 
et Novissima delineatio. \Amsterdam: Jacob von 
Meurs? 1673?] Size: \\%y^ iiYz inches. Scale: 
about 56 miles= i inch. Engravedon copper. Plain. 

Pas caarte van Nieu Nederlandt en de Engelsche 
Virginies von Cabo Cod tot Cabo Caurick. [Am-, 
sterdam: Peter Goos, 1676?] 20 x 17 inches. Scale: 
30 miles to inch. Copperplate. Plain. 

Belgii Novi, Anglice Novse, et partis Virginiae 
Novissima delineatio. Apud Petrum Schenck et 
Girardum Valck. Amstelodami [no publisher 
given] [1690?] Size: iqj4 xxb}^ inches. Scale: 
40 miles to inch. Copperplate; colored by hand. 

An Exact Mapp of New England and New York. 
[London, 1702.] Size: 15x12^ inches. Scale: 
60 miles=:3^ inches + . Copper. 

In Mather''s Magnalia, London, 1702. 

Map of Livingston Manor Anno 1714. . . John 
Beatty Dep. Surv'r. [facsimile of copy] [with 14 
lines descriptive of the boundaries]. \ Albany: 
J. E. Gavit? 1S5-?] Size: 10^ x b%. inches. 
Scale: n. s. Engraved 3in6. printed by J. E. Gavit, 
Albany. Plain. 

New England, New York, New Jersey and Pen- 
silvania. By H. Mole, Geographer. No. 49. [Lon- 
don: Bowles?'] [1730?] Size: 10^x7^ inches. 
Scale: 69 miles=i inch. Engraved on copper; 
colored by hand. 

The Southern Part of the Province of New York; 
with part of the adjoining Colonies. By Thos. 
Kitchin Senr. Hydrogr. to His Majesty. London 
[no publisher given] [1750?] Size within border: 
6^ X 9>^ inches. Scale: 187^ miles = i inch. En- 
graved on copper. Plain. 

A Map of the Eastern part of the Province of 
New York, with part of New Jersey... By T. 
Kitchin, Geogr. Engrav'd for the London Mag. 



82 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Maps of Neiu York Province and State, cont'd. 
London: R. Baldwin, 1756. Size: 8x6^ inches. 
Scale: 47 miles=i inch. Engraved on copper. 
Plain. 

A MSB. Map of British North America showing 
the Distribution of His Majesty's forces. . .29th 
March 1766 by Danl. Paterson Assist. Qr. Mast. 
Genl. 6'?'2<?.- 24^ X 20 inches. .S'cf?/^.* 100 miles=i 
inch. Pen & ink & brush; colored by hand. 

A Map of the Manor of Renselaerwick surveyed 
and laid down by. . .by Jno. R. Bleecker, Surveyor, 
1767. . . Copied from the original in the possession 
of Genl. Stephen Van Renselaer by D. Vaughan. 
[Albany: J. E. Gavit ? 185-?] Size: 20%. x 1434; 
inches. Scale: about 2^ miles=i inch. En- 
graved &. printed by J. E. Gavit. Plain. 

Map of 2000 acres granted to Ross and 2000 
acres to Goldthwaite. Note. These lands lie 6 
miles west of Fort George and within a mile of 
the North Branch of Hudson's River, and about 
4^ miles of the northwest corner of Queensbury. 
[No place and publisher given.] 1775. Size within 
border: 20^ inches x \\]A inches. Scale: i mile 
to the inch. Manuscript. Plain. 

Map of the Progress of his Majesty's Armies in 
New York, During the late Campaign Illustrating 
the Accounts Publish'd in the London Gazette. 
\_London, 1776.] Size within border: \2}{ y.'])/^. 
Scale: 5 miles=:i inch. Engraved on copper. 
Plain. 

Part of the Counties of Charlotte and Albany, 
in the Province of New York: being the Seat of 
War between the King's Forces under Lt. Gen. 
Burgoyne and the Rebel Army. ByThos. Kitchin, 
Senr. Zowt/ti;?.- [No publisher given.] 1777? Size: 
6^ X 9^ inch. Scale: About 10 miles=i inch. 
Engraved on copper. Plain. 

An atlas of the state of New York. . .drawn. . . 
under the. . .direction of Simeon De Witt. . .pur- 
suant to an act of the legislature, and also the 
physical geography of the state... & statistical 
tables... New York: D. H. Burr, 1829. 29 p., 
50 1., 51 maps. f°. 

Atlas of New York and vicinity from actual sur- 
veys by. . .F. W. Beers. . .& others. . . New York: 
Beers, Ellis &> Soule, iSt"] . 2 p.l., 2-62 ff., 5 pi. 
f°. 

Includes Dutchess County, N. Y. 

Atlas of New York and vicinity from actual sur- 
veys by ... F. W. Beers ... & others. . . Neta York: 
Beers, Ellis &" Sonle, 1867. 59 ff. f°. 

Pages 40 and 45 each have a duplicate; 22 a, 31 a and 31 b 
are additional pages. Includes Fairfield County, Conn. 

Atlas of New York and vicinity from actual sur- 
veys by. . .F. W. Beers. . .& others. . . Ne7v York: 
Beers, Ellis 6^ Soule, 1868. 72 ff., 3 pi. f°. 
Includes Westchester County, N. Y. 

Asher & Adams' new topographical map of the 
state of New York . . . Ne^v York: Asher ^^ Adams, 
[c. 1869.] 2 p.l., 28 p. f°. 

Asher & Adams' new topographical atlas and gaz- 
etteer of New York, comprising a topographical 
view of the several counties of the state, together 
with a railroad map. . .including. . .map of the 
U. S. and territories... New York: Asher &' 
Adatns [c. 1871]. 56, 60-80 p, £°. 



Combined atlas of the state of New Jersey, and 
the County of Hudson. . . Philadelphia: G. M. 
Hopkins S:;' Co., 1S73. 169 p. f°" 

Hudson River. 
The arrangement is chronological. 

1609. The Hudson River (Cahohatatea) at the 
time of its discovery by Henry Hudson. By Town- 
send MacCoun. . . The Indian names are obtained 
from the Dutch Colonial Records; the deeds and 
patentsof the Van Rensselaer, Schuyler, Livingston, 
Van Cortlandt, and Philipse families. .. Copyright 
1909 . . . New York. 

[Facsimile], De Noord Rivier anders R Man- 
hattans off Hudson's Rivier Genaamt in t'Groodt. 
Copied from the original Dutch Map in Verdere 
Aenteyckeninge of Duplyque 1666? van den Heer 
George Downis, Middeburgh. New York: [no 
publisher named] : 1854. 23 x 6 inches. No scale 
given. Lithographed in brown ink. 

[The Hudson River from New York to Lake 
George.] Inset plan of Fort Edward. [London: 
Baldwin? 1775?] Size: 2^^:^ x 10 inches. Scale: 
About 22 miles=:i inch. Engraved on copper. 
Plain. 

Der Teufels Belt gemeiniglich genannt Der 
Lange Insels Sund. 173/ x 8^ inches. Scale: 30 
miles = 4X inches. Copper. Colored by hand. 
In: Geographische Belustigungen zur Erlauterung 
der neuesten Weltgeschichte {Leipzig, 1776). 

Shows the Hudson from the Narrows to the Highlands. 

A Topographical Map of Hudson's River. . .from 
Sandy Hook... to Fort Edward, also. . .by Lakes 
George & Champlain as high as Fort Chambly on 
Sorel River by C. J. Sauthier. London: IVm. Faden, 
1776. Size: 2o|^ x 30 inches. Scale: 4 miles to 
inch. Copperplate. Colored by hand. 

Map of the Hudson between Sandy Hook and 
Sandy Hill with the Post Road between New York 
and Albany. . . Bridges delt. Neiv York: A. T. 
Goodrich S^ Co., 1820. Size: Each 8>^x 7 inches. 
Scale: 2 miles=i inch. Engraved on copper by 
RoUinson. Plain. 

Carte pour servir a I'ltineraire pittoresque du 
Fleuve Hudson et des Parties laterales de 1' Amerique 
du Nord: par J. Milbert. [Paris: Imprimerie de 
Bove, iZ2b. Size: 16x19 inches. .Sira/^.- 70 miles 
to inch. Lithograph. Colored by hand. 

A New Map of the Hudson River; the Post 
Roads between N. York & Albany, the Northern & 
Western Canals, etc., etc. Albany: W. Cam- 
meyer, Jr., 1829. Size: 45 X4X inches. Scale: 
4 miles to inch. Engraved on copper. Plain. 

Wade & Croome's Panorama of the Hudson 
River from New York to Albany, drawn from 
nature. New York: J. Disturnell, 1846. Size: 
143 X 5 >^ inches. Scale: \xa\\t—\\vic\\.. Engraved 
on copper by William Wade. Plain. 

New map of the Hudson River, 1847. [With 
text.] Troy: J. C. Kneeland Ss' Co.' s steam press 
[1847]. io>^ inches x 2 feet 4 inches. 

Map of the Hudson River Rail Road from New 
York to Albany. W. C. Moore del. Engraved 
by Robt. Haering, N. Y. Litho. of G. Snyder, 



84 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Maps of Hudson River, cont'd. 

N. Y. New York: G. Snyder, 1848. Size: 152 
inches long x 17 wide. Scale: i mile=i inch. 
Lithographed. Colored by hand. 

Map of the Hudson River. [Inset in Joseph 
Hutchins Coiton's " New York.''] [New York? 
1849.] Size: 21 x 2j^ inches. Scale not given. 

Hudson River. Sheet no. i from New York to 
Haverstraw. A. D. Bache, Supt. 

Another copy. C. P. Patterson, Supt. 

Verified by J. E. Hilgard. Issued April, 1879. 

Another copy revised to Aug. 1894. 

Preliminary Charter of Hudson River. Sheet 

No. 2 from Haverstraw to Poughkeepsie, New 
York. A. D. Baele. Suptdt. Verified by J. E. Hil- 
gard. [Muslin 50c.] Washington: U. S. Coast 
6^ Geodetic Survey, 1861. Engraved on copper. 
Size of border: 17x40. Scale:* 1.06=1 mile. 
A^^. 371. Catalogzte (iSSj). Page: 41. 

♦Represented either by the length of a degree of the Meri- 
dian (D) or by the length of a Nautical Mile (M) in inches or 
nearest tenth of an inch. 



C. p. Patterson, 
Printed May 2, 



Later issue, Nov. 1878, 

Supt., Verified by C. A. Schott. 
1890. 

Preliminary Chart of Hudson River, Sheet No. 
3, from Poughkeepsie to Troy, New York. . . A. D. 
Bache. Sup'dt. 1863. T. E. Hilgarde. Verified. 
Muslin $1.00. Washington: CI. S. Coast &= Geode- 
tic Survey, 1S63. Engraved on copper. Size of 
border: ig}4 x 40. Scale:* 1.58 = i mile. IVo. 

372. 

* Represented either by the length of a degree of the Me- 
ridian (D) or by the length of a Nautical Mile (M) in inches 
or nearest tenth of an inch. 

Lloyd's topographical map of the Hudson river. 
...1864. -A^^w York: J. T. Lloyd, 1S64. 3 feet 3 
inches x 4 feet 6 inches, folded f^. Scale: 2 inches 
= I mile. 

Map of the Hudson River showing routes to 
Saratoga, Lake George, etc. [folder printed with 
ads. dated 1877 at back] Ne7v York: Gaylord 
Watson, 1876. Size: s% = 33J4^ inches. Scale: 
n. s. Lithographed, colored by hand. 

The Hudson by Daylight Map from New York 
Bay to the Head of Tide Water. .. A^i?7«/ York: 
Wm. F. Link, 1878. Size within border: 58,^ x 
100 inches. Scale: ij^ miles = i inch. Litho- 
graphed, colored by hand. 

Hudson River Front of New York City from the 
Battery to 68th St. and of New Jersey from Com- 
munipaw to Weehawken, from Surveys by D. B. 
Wainwright, 1SS5. Washington: U S. Coast dr' 
Geodetic Survey, 1886. Lithographed. Size of 
border: 2"] x 45. Scale:* abt. 6 inches = i mile. 
No. 3041. Catalogue (1887). Page: 22. 

* Represented either by the length of a degree of the Me- 
ridian (D) or by the length of a Nautical Mile (.\I) in inches 
or nearest tenth of an inch. 

Hudson River from 53rd St. N. Y. City to Fort 
Washington. F. M. Thorne, Superintendent. 
May 1888. Washington: U. S. Coast &= Geodetic 
Survey, 1889. Engraved on copper. Size of bor- 
der: 27 X 40. Scale:* 6.34 ^ r mile. No. 
3698. Catalogue (i8go). Page: 43. 

* Represented either by the length of a degree of the Me- 
ridian (D) or by the length of a Nautical Mile (M) in inches 
or nearest tenth of an inch. 



Hudson and East Rivers, from W. 67th St. and 
Blackwell's Island to Bedloe's Island [misprinted 
on sheet and in Catalogue as from W. 67 to Black- 
well's Island], Jan. 1887. Washington: U. S. 
Coast Ss" Geodetic Survey, 1890. Engraved on 
copper. Size of border : 30x45. Scale:* 6.34 = 
I mile. No. 3694. Catalogue {\%<^d). Page: 43. 

* Represented, either by the length of a degree of the Me- 
ridian (D) or by the length of a Nautical Mile (M) in inches 
or nearest tenth of an inch. 

Atlas of the Hudson River valley from New York 
City to Troy, including a section of about 8 miles 
in width. . .compiled from official records and... 
surveys. . .under the supervision of F. W. Beers. 
New York: Watson ^ Co., 1891. i p.L, 36 maps. 
i\ 

Automobile map of Hudson river district. South 
section. Boston: Automobile Club of America, 1906. 
Scale: i inch = 2 miles, nar. 8°. 

[Map of the lower Hudson.] 4 feet 4^ inches 
x 10^ inches, n. p., n. d. 

New York City. 

For maps of New York City see the list printed 
in the Bulletin of the New York Public Library 
for February, 1901, volume 5, pages 60-73. 

The maps of the counties and cities which follow are 
arranged geographically, from South to North. The arrange- 
ment of each group is chronological. 

Westchester County. 

Atlas of New York and vicinity from actual sur- 
veys by. . .F. W. Beers. . .and others. . .New York: 
Beers, Ellis &> Soule, 1868. 72 ff., 3 pi. f°. 

Includes Westchester County, N. Y. 

[The Hudson River from Fort Constitution to 
Dobb's Ferry. 1870?]. Size within border: 2x3 
inches. Scale: 5 miles = i inch? Lithographed. 
Plain. 

County atlas of Westchester, New York. . .A'ew 
York: J. B. Beers dr" Co., 1872. 80 pp., f°. 

East Side of the Hudson River from Croton to 
Peekskill, N. Y. Topography executed during the 
Field season of 1877 and part of 1S78. Carlisle P. 
Patterson, Suptdt. . .Price $1.00. Planetable Sheet 
No. 1472. Washington: U. S. Coast &= Geodetic 
Survey [1878?]. Lithographed. Size of border : 
27 X 51. Scale: about 6 inches = i mile. No. 3303. 
Catalogue: (1887). Page: 21. 

Atlas of Westchester county. New York. . .New 
York: G. W. (5r W. S. Bromley, iSSi. I55 P- 
f°. 

Atlas of the City of Yonkers, New York. From 
. . . surveys . . . by . . . Pidgeon . . . New York : E. 
Robinson, 1889. 3 1., 25 pi. f. 

Stony Point. 

A Plan of the Surprise of Stoney Point, by a de- 
tachment of the American Army... Brig. Genl. 
Wayne... 15th July, 1779, also of works... on 
Verplank's Point. . .by John Hills. London: W. 
Faden. i-jZi,. Size: 2ti^ -a i() inches. Scale: n.s. 
(very large). Engraved on copper. Colored by 
hand. 

Facsimile published at Morrisania by H. B. 

Dawson in 1863. 13^^ xgj^ inches. Lithograph, 
hand colored. 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



85 



Plans of Stony Point, cont'd. 

Stony Point and Verplanck's Point. [New York: 
Harper and Brothers, 1859.] Size: 4^^ x 2j^ 
inches. Scale: % mile to an inch. Wood engrav- 
ing. Plain. Paper, mounted on paper. With 
views, etc., and text. 

Also in Lossing's Field Book of the Revolution^ volt i 
<N. Y., 1859), p. 743- 

Fort Montgomery. 

A Plan of Fort Montgomery and Fort Clinton, 
taken by his Majesty's Forces, under the Command 
of Ma jr. Genl. Sir Henry Clinton, K: B: Survey'd 
by Major Holland, Survr. Genl. &c. [With an 
inset:J Part of Hudsons River, Shewing the posi- 
tion of Fort Montgomery and Fort Clinton, with 
the Cheveaux de Frieze, Cables, Chains, &c. to 
obstruct the Passage of his Majesty's Forces up up 
the River, by Lieutt. John Knight of the Royal 
Navy, in 1777. [London. ■\ J. F. W. Des Bar res, 
1779. Size: 29^ x ig^^ inches. Scale: 500 yards 
to an inch. Copperplate engraving. Colored. 
Paper, on linen, to fold. 

Plan of the Attack of the Forts Clinton and 
Montgomery upon Hudsons River... Sir Henry 
Clinton K. B. on 6th Oct. 1777. drawn. . .by John 
Hills. . . London: Wm. Faden, 1784. Size: iqj4 
X2S)4 inches. Scale: 2j^ inches = i mile. En- 
graved on copper. Colored by hand. 

Forts Clinton and Montgomery, N. Y. In Leake's 
Life of John Lamb, Albany, 1850. P. 176. Size 
within border: 5 x 8^ inches. Scale not given. 

Plan of the Attack on Forts Clinton and Mont- 
gomery by the British forces under Sir Henry Clin- 
ton. . Oct. 1777. Reduced from the British Map. 
Ne2u York: G. P. Putnam &^ Co. [1855]. Size 
within border: 6^ x ?>% inches. Scale: n. s. 
Engraved on stone by Sarony & Co. Plain. 

Attack on Forts Clinton and Montgomery. 
[Boston: Little, Brown <5r= Co., 1S55.] Size: 4_J^ 
X 7 inches. Scale: n. s. Engraved on copper by 
G. W. Boynton. Plain. 

Plan of the attack of Forts Clinton & Mont- 
gomery. [Below:] View from Peekskill Land- 
ing. [New York: Harper and Brothers, 1859.] 
Size: 2)^^2>}i inches. Scale: 27^ miles to an 
inch. Wood engraving. Plain. Paper, mounted 
on paper. 

Also in Lossing's Field Book of the Revolution, vol. i 
(N. Y., 1859), p. 734- 

Orange County. 

Hudson River from Newburgh to Rhinebeck 
Landing. [1840?] Size: 16^ x 7|ijf inches. Scale: 
about 2 miles = i inch. Engraved on copper? 
Plain. 

County atlas of Orange. New York. From act- 
ual surveys by...F. W. Beers... Chicago: An- 
dreas, Baskin dr' Burr, 1S75. 157 [i-C 161] pp. 
f°. 

Atlas of Orange county. New York. Compiled 
and drawn from official records, public and private 
plans and actual surveys by J. M. Lathrop and 
others. Philadelphia: A. H. Mueller Ss' Co., 1903. 
2 p.l., 47 maps. f°. 



Dutchess County. 

Atlas of New York and vicinity from actual sur- 
veys by. . . F. W. Beers. . .& others. . . New York: 
Beers, Ellis 5s' Soule, 1867. 2 p.l., 2-62 fT., 5 pi. 
f°. 

Includes Dutchess county, N. Y. 

New illustrated atlas of Dutchess county, N. Y. 
Compiled and drawn from personal examinations, 
surveys and under the personal supervision of C. W. 
Gray & Son and F. A. Davis, and published under 
the superintendence of H. L. Kochersperger . . . 
[With Supplement Atlas of the world, and... 
Patron's directory. Reading: A. M. Davis, Succ. 
to F. A. Davis Ss' Co., 1876. 71 p., 3 1., 9-37, 
iv p. f. 

Kingston. 

Kingstone [Fort at] [with 8 references]. [Lon- 
don: Thos. Rodd, 1843?.] Size: 7^x6 inches. 
Scale: n. s. Lithographed. Plain. 

Greene County. 

Atlas of Greene county. New York: from. . . 
surveys by...F. W. Beers. .. & others... A^'ezo 
York: Beers, Ellis Ss' Soule, iS6-]. 21 p., i pi. f°. 



Columbia County. 

Atlas of Columbia county, New York. . . Phila- 
delphia: D. G. Beers df Co., 1873. 89 p., f°. 

Albany. 

A plan of the City of Albany. Situated Lat. 
42°. 30" Long. 74°. (In: A set of plans and forts 
in America, reduced from actual survey, by Mary 
Ann Roque, 1765. [London, 1765.] obi. 8°. 
Plate 2.) Size tvithin border: 6j4^4^X inches. 
Scale: 60 ft. ij4 inches. Engraved on copper. 

Plan of Fort Frederick at Albany. (In: A set 
of plans and forts in America, reduced from actual 
surveys, by Mary Ann Roque, 1765. [London, 
1765.] obi. 8°. Plate 10.) Size within border: 
b% x 5 inches. Scale not given. Engraved on 
copper. 

Albany. [With 11 references.] [London- Thos. 
Rodd, 1843?] Size: 7 x 6 inches. Scale: n. s. 
Lithographed. Plain. 

The Fort of Albany. [15 references.] [Lon- 
don: Thos. Rodd, 1843?] Size: 7>^ x 524^ inches. 
Scale: n. s. Lithographed. Plain. 

Fort Frederick, Albany. Small wood engraving. 
[1850?] 

From the same plate as in Munsell's ^«na/j ofAlbatiy, 
vol. I (185s), p. 315. 

City Atlas of Albany, New York... Philadel- 
phia: G. M. Hopkins, 1S76. 7, 10-98 p. f°. 

Saratoga. 

A plan of the Fort at Saratoga. Situated Lat. 
13°. 20'. Lon. 73°. 30'. (In: A set of plans and 
forts in America, reduced from actual surveys, by 
Mary Ann Roque, 1765. [Lo7idon, 1765.] obi. 8°. 
Plate 20.) Size within border: 61^x4^. Scale 
not given. Engraved on copper. Plain. 



86 



WORKS RELATING TO HENRY HUDSON, ROBERT FULTON, ETC. 



Plans of Saratoga, cont'd. 

Plan of the Encampment and position of the 
Army under . . . Genl. Burgoyne at Braemus 
Heights on Hudson's River. .. Drawn by W. C. 
Wilkinson, Lt. . . London: IVni. Faden, 1780. 
Size: 13X ^ 13^ inches. Scale: about 4^ inches 
= 1 mile. Engraved on copper by Wm. Faden. 
Colored by hand. 

Plan of the position which the Army under Lt. 
Genl. Burgoyne took at Saratoga on loth Sept. 
1777, and in which it remained till the Convention 
was signed. London: Wm. Faden, 1780. Size: 
1834^ X S_^ inches. Scale: 6 inches to mile. Cop- 
perplate by Faden. Colored by hand. 



Fort Edward. 

A plan of the Royal Block House, with the en- 
virons at Fort Edward. [In: A set of plans and 
forts in America, reduced from actual surveys, 
by Mary Ann Roque. 1765, [London, 1765.] 
obi. 8°. Plate 22. Size within border: 5^x4^ 
inches. Scale: 20 ft. i inch. Engraved on cop- 
per. Plain. 

Plan of Fort Edward. Situated Lat. 43°. Lon. 
72°. 30'. (In: A set of plans and forts in America, 
reduced from actual surveys, by Mary Ann Roque, 
1765. [London, 1765.] obi. 8°. Plate 13.) Size 
7vithin border: 6^ x 4^4^ inches. Scale noX. given. 
Engraved on copper. Plain. 



I 



EXHIBITION. 

of 

THE NEW YORK GENEALOGICAL AND 

BIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY 

in ofilici£il connection with the 

HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 

226 WEST 58TH STREET, NEW YORK CITY. 

September 25th-October 9th, 1909. 



11^ 





mm* 



OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY 



President, - - - - 
First Vice-President, 
Second Vice-President, 
Secretary, - - - - 
Treasurer, - - - . 
Librarian, - - - . 
Historian, - - - - 
Necrologist, . - - 
Registrar of Pedigrees, 



Clarence Winthrop Bower\ 
William Bradhurst Osgood Field 
Tobias Alexander Wright 
Henry Russell Drowne 
Hopper Striker Mott 
John Reynolds Totten 
William Austin Macy, M. D. 
Richard Henry Greene 
Winchester Fitch 



Term Expires 1910 



Term Expires 1911 



Term Expires 1912 



TRUSTEES. 

Henry Russell Drowne 
George Austin Morrison, Jr. 
Ellsworth Eliot, M. D. 
Hopper Striker Mott 
William Bradhurst Osgood Field 

Howland Pell 
Warner Van Norden 
Henry Pierson Gibson 
Ellsworth Everett Dwight 
Clarence Winthrop Bowen 

Archer Milton Huntington 
John Reynolds Totten 
Gen. James Grant Wilson 
William Isaac Walker 
Tobias Alexander Wright 



EXHIBITION COMMITTEE 

GEN. JAMES GRANT WILSON, D.C.L., Chairman 

HOPPER STRIKER MOTT, Vice-Chairman 

HENRY PIERSON GIBSON, Secretary 

HOWLAND PELL 

GEORGE AUSTIN MORRISON, Jr. 

JOHN REYNOLDS TOTTEN 

WILLIAM BRADHURST OSGOOD FIELD 



CATALOGUE 



Loaned by MRS. ELLIOT G. ANDRfiSEN. 
No. 

1 Letter dated U. S. Frigate "Constitution," July 

20, 1809, to Lt. Adams. 

2 Letter dated Bath (England), June 29, 1812, by 

Wm. Fisher. 

3 Deed dated Province of New Hampshire, Sept. 

6, 1760, by Thomas Westbrook Waldron. 

4 Order dated N. Y. Navy Yard, July 26, 1808, to 

Midshipman Wm. P. Adams. 

5 Letter from Secretary of the Navy, July 10, 1805, 

notification of appointment as Midshipman of 
Wm. P. Adams. 

6 Order dated N. Y. Navy Yard, April 25, 1808, to 

resign command. 

7 Copy of the New Hampshire Gazette, Jan. 15, 

1800, accounts from many cities of funeral 
honors of Gen. George Washington. 

8 Miniature of Lt. William Parker Adams. 

Loaned by MR. CLARENCE WINTHROP BOWEN. 

9 Portrait William Branch Giles (1762-1830), Mem- 

ber Congress 1789-1802, United States Senator 
1804-1815, Governor of Virginia 1827. Gilbert 
Stuart. For description of portrait and other 
portraits of Gov. Giles see Memorial Volume 
on Centennial of Washington's Inauguration. 
D. Appleton & Co. 1892. Page 464. 

Loaned oy COL. JOHN C. CALHOUN. 

10 Portrait of John C. Calhoun. 

Loaned by HON. A. T. CLEARWATER. 

11 Photo of Tromper Coat-of-Arms. 

Loaned by DORMAN & DANA. 
12 Exemption pass for a Brig dated 1816. 



Loaned by MR. HENRY RUSSELL DROWNE. 
Prints. 

13 Revolutionary Period. 

14 Soldiers of the Continental Army, by a German 

artist. 

15 American Rifle Men, by an English artist. 

16 Early Representation of Yankee Doodle with the 

American Flag, Published in London, August, 
1778. 

17 William Pitt— English Print. 

18 Battle of Bunker Hill— EngUsh Print. 

19 Victory of Bon Homme Richard under John Paul 

Jones over the Serapis, showing early American 
Flag — English print. 

20 Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Va. — 

French print. 

21 Surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga, N. Y. — French 

print. 

22 Reduction of Great Britain in the loss of her 

Colonies. 

23 Capture of the Frolic by the U. S. Sloop of War 

Wasp. 

24 Capture of the Guerriere by the U. S. Frigate 

Constitution. 

Miscellaneous Documents. 

25 Seal and Autograph of De Witt Clinton, Mayor, 

New York, 1805. 

26 Seal and Autograph of Wm. Yates Good, Mayor, 

Albany, 1793. 

27 Affidavit, Frederick De Peyster, 1804. 

28 Report of the Committee on Nominations of 

Schenectady, N. Y., 1806. (Signatures.) 

29 Certificate of Discharge, New York State Artil- 

lery, May 12, 1812. 

30 Conveyance of a share in New York Tontine 

Coffee House, Aug. 12, 1802, by Samuel Ward. 

31 Certificate of Membership, New York Marine 

Society, March 12, 1781. 

32 Ship Charter, signed by President James Monroe, 

Dec. 13, 1821. 

33 Account of Murders Committed at Wethersfield, 

Connecticut, Providence, Jan. 1, 1783. 

34 Manumition of Richard Landerson, a slave, 

Albany, New York, Aug. 16, 1810, signed by P. 
S. Van Rensselaer, Mayor. 

35 Certificate as Fireman City New York, Nov. 16, 

1809. Signed John Pintard. 

Colonial. 

36 Autograph, Fred Philipse of the Manor of Philips- 

burgh, N. Y., Dec. 20, 1758. 



37 Document relating to the Stamp Act, addressed to 

the Governor, Colony of Rhode Island. Dated 
March 29, 1766. Signed Joseph Sherwood. 

38 Bond of a Bond Servant, Christopher Benter, Dec. 

24, 1744, to serve for eight half years for his 
transportation. 

39 Proclamation Regarding Observance of the Sab- 

bath by Solomon Drowne, Justice of the Peace, 
October, 1745. 

40 Commission from Governor of Rhode Island, May 

10, 1745, to Solomon Drowne as First Lieutenant 
Providence Artillery. 

41 Instruction from the Assembly of the Baptist 

Churches of Providence, June 19, 1752. 

42 Deed of Stephen Arnold, Warwick, R. I., May 20, 

1677. 

43 Commission of James Arnold from State of Rhode 

Island as Captain of the Trained Band of Town 
Warwick, May 12, 1735. 

44 Deed of William Arnold (photograph), Oct. 17, 

1643, Providence, R. I. 

45 Power of the Attorney John Stafford, Sept. 14, 

1733, Warwick, R. I. 

46 Deed of Zachary Roades (Rhodes), March 25, 

1664. Pawtuxet, Rhode Island. 

47 Genealogical Chart of Solomon Drowne, son of 

Leonard the emigrant, from 1686, giving births 
of all the members of his family.. Dated Dec. 
28, 1738. 

48 Attachment of Personal Property by Richard 

Waite, Aug. 15, 1679. 

49 Call to General Assembly by Governor of the 

Colony of Rhode Island, Dec. 16, 1755. Signed 
"Stephen Hopkins, Governor." 

50 Address to Inhabitants of Boston on the occasion 

of the Execution of Levi Ames for burglary. 
Lines on the death of Miss Poly Spear, Jan. 28, 
1773. 

Books. 

51 German History of the Revolution in North 

America, printed in 1784 (illustrated). 

52 Almanack — 1744, Nathanael Ames, Boston, Mass. 

53 Almanack — 1757, Nathanael Ames, Boston, Mass. 

54 Almanack — 1783, Isaac Weston, Salem, Mass. 

55 Life and engagements of Paul Jones, New York, 

1809. 

56 Slavery — dedicated to the Continental Congress, 

1776; New York, 1785. 

57 Address — Society of Tammany, New York, 1819. 

58 Oration by Dr. Joseph Warren to Commemorate 

the Boston Massacre of July 5, 1770. Boston, 
1775. 



59 Bill of Rights. Proceedings of American Conti- 

nental Congress 1774. Boston, 1774. 

Relics. 

60 Spike from the U. S. Frigate Constitution. 

61 Sun dial with compass from the Arnold Home- 

stead, 1771, Warwick, R. I. 

62 Old pewter sun dial. 

63 Picture of Lafayette, presented by General Lafay- 

ette to Dr. Solomon Drowne in 1824. 

64 Ivory head of Cane which belonged to Roger 

Williams, given by Williams Thayer, a lineal de- 
scendant, to Henry B. Drowne, of Providence, 
R. I., who had it mounted. 

65 Old Drowne Fire Bucket, 1756, of Solomon 

Drowne, Providence, R. I., father. Dr. Solomon 
Drowne of the Revolution. 

66 Old Colonial Spoon Moulds from Drowne Home- 

stead, Foster, R. I. 

67 Old Colonial Button Moulds from Drowne Home- 

stead, Foster, R. I. 

68 Old Colonial Hammer, supposed to have been 

brought over from England by the emigrant, 
Leonard Drowne, shipbuilder, about 1660. 

69 Colonial Flint Lock Pistol. 

70 Tomahawk of an Indian Chief. 

71 Early American Wood Carvings — miniature fig- 

urehead for a ship — made by Shem Drowne, of 
Boston, son of Leonard. See "Drowne's Wood- 
en Image" in Hawthorne's "Moses from an 
Old Manse." 

72 Colonial Shoe Last from the old Arnold Home- 

stead, Possnegansett Farm, Warwick, R. I. 

73 Colonial Shuttle for Hand Loom, from same. 

74 Roger Williams' Watch — Case made in France by 

Cochin; works made by Cornelius Uyterweer, 
Rotterdam, Holland. Period 1660-1680. Shows 
day of the month and runs with a pendulum. 
This watch was secured by the grandfather of 
the present owner from Williams Thayer, of 
Providence, R. I., who was a direct descendant 
of Roger Williams, the founder of Rhode Island. 
The remarkably fine work on the outside case 
represents the parting of Hector and Andro- 
mache before the walls of Troy. 

Revolutionary. 

75 Washington Crossing the Delaware. Cartoon by 

Darley (original). 

76 Approval signed by George III. of England dated 

1790. 



77 Approval signed by Louis XVI. of France ("Bon") 

dated 1781. 

78 Invitation to dinner from General Washington. 

"Answer if you please," in his own handwriting. 
"3rd February." 

79 Autograph George Washington, letter of June 12, 

1783. 

80 Autograph Bushrod Washington, Mt. Vernon, Jan. 

17, 1816. 

81 Martha Washington, Death Notice. 

82 Memorial address on Washington delivered on the 

first celebration of Washington's birthday, Feb. 
22, 1800, by Solomon Drowne, M. D., at Union, 
Fayette County Pennsylvania (original manu- 
script); also the Fayette Gazette, Feb. 28, 1800, 
in mourning for Washington, in which the above 
address is printed. 

83 Autograph Jonathan Trumbull, Jan. 15, 1818. 

84 Autograph John Hancock (letter to his wife), 

York Town, Pa., Oct. 1, 1777. 

85 Bulletin announcing the Surrender of Gen. Bur- 

goyne at Saratoga, dated Albany, Oct. 15, 1777. 
85 Autograph Col. Benjamin Tallmadge, July 25, 1796. 

87 Autograph Brig. Gen. Joseph Harmar, May 23, 

1796. 

88 Autograph Gen. William Knox, Jan. 25, 1789. 

89 Autograph Gen. Henry Knox, Nov. 7, 1791. 

90 Revolutionary Parole (English), Joseph Gardenier, 

Lieutenant, Third North Carolina Regiment. 

91 Original Printing. Articles of Confederation of the 

Thirteen States by Order of Congress. Henry 
Laurens, President. 

92 Original Printing. Constitution of the United 

States of America by Order of the Convention, 
May 29, 1790. 

93 Newspaper Clipping, Announcement of the De- 

claration of Independence, July 5, 1776. 

94 Announcement of the Surrender of Cornwallis at 

York in Virginia, Oct. 19, 1781. Printed in 
Providence, Nov. 8, 1781. 

95 Diploma from the Pennsylvania Hospital to Dr. 

Solomon Drowne, March 29, 1775. 

96 Diploma of Dr. Solomon Drowne from the Ameri- 

can Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, 
Mass., Jan. 27, 1796. 

97 Original MS, poem in blank verse of the death of 

Gen. Joseph Warren, killed gt Battle of Bunker 
Hill, June 17, 1775, by Dr. Solomon Drowne, 
dated July 31, 1775. 

98 Commission as Surgeon by State of Rhode Island 

to Dr. Solomon Drowne, Aug. 1, 1777. 

99 Certificates of Disinfection of Dr. Solomon 



Drowne, Boston, Aug. 6, 1776, and Miss Betsy 
Russell (whom he afterwards married).. Provi- 
dence, Oct. 28, 1776. 

100 Autograph, Commodore Abraham Whipple, U. S. 

Navy, May 1, 1783. 

101 Autograph Stephen Hopkins, Governor Rhode Isl- 

and, signer of the Declaration of Independence. 
Dec. 12, 1758. 

102 Autograph Major General Nathaniel Greene, Nov. 

27, 1777. 

103 Autograph Gen. Rufus Putnam, Sept. 12, 1791. 

104 Poem on death of Gen. Joseph Warren, Provi- 

dence, July 27, 1775. 

105 Subscription raised in Monmouth County, New Jer- 

sey, to relieve the suffering inhabitants of the 
Town of Boston, two documents. Dec. 3, 1774, 
and March 11, 1775. 
Autograph Alexander Hamilton, Feb. 21, 1792. 

106 Autograph Aaron Burr, June 13, 1777. 

107 Autograph Albert Gallatin, Dec. 30, 1802. 

108 Autograph Robert Morris, July 9, 1782. 

109 Letter of Marque, April 3, 1776, by order of Con- 

gress, John Hancock, President. 

110 Journal of the Cruise of the Privateer sloop of 

war, "Hope," 1780, by Dr. Solomon Drowne 
(original MS.). 

Loaned by ELLSWORTH ELIOT, M. D. 

111 Petition dated 1647 indorsed by Gov. John Win- 

throp. 

112 Letter dated 1673, Rev. Joseph Eliot, indorsed by 

Gov. John Winthrop. 

Loaned by MR. WILLIAM B. OSGOOD FIELD. 

113 and 114 Two engravings of early New York 

Harbor. 

Loaned by MR. HENRY P. GIBSON. 

115 Old Portrait of Petrus Stuyvesant, copied, Direc- 

tor General of New Netherland. 

116 Stuyvesant Coat-of-Arms. 

117 Wax Portrait of Brig. Gen. Abraham Ten Broeck, 

of Albany, N. Y. 

118 Ten Broeck Coat-of-Arms. 

119 Personal book of devotions of Brig. General Abra- 

ham Ten Broeck, of Albany, N. Y. 

120 Oil Portrait of Capt. Abram Moser, of the Conti- 

nental Army in the Revolution. 



121 Oath of Allegiance of Capt. George Moser, of Col. 

George Ross' Regiment of Penna. Militia. 1776. 

122 Photo of Commission of Capt. George Moser of 

Penna. Militia. 

123 House in Little Britain, Pa., near Lancaster, in 

which Robert Fulton was born. Photo taken in 
1909 by Geo. Steinman, Esq., President Lancaster 
County Historical Society. 

124 House in Lancaster, Pa., in which the father of 

Robert Fulton lived previous to moving to Little 
Britain. Photo taken by George Steinman, Esq. 

125 Snuff box made of fragments of celebrated woods. 

126 Silver Medal (bottom of mug) Queen-Anne — com- 

memorative of Battle of Malplaquet — English 
and Dutch allies. 

127 Dutch New Testament, Amsterdam, 1703. Gift of 

Margaret Livingston to her aunt, Elizabeth (van 
Rensselaer-Ten Broeck). 

Loaned by MRS. D. H. HANCOCK. 

128 Engraving steamboat "John Fitch" as it appeared 

on the Delaware River, 1785. 

129 Engraving steamboat "Clermont," 1807. 

130 Engraving steamship 'Savannah," 1819. The first 

to cross the Atlantic. 

Loaned by MR. GILBERT RAY HAWES. 

131 Framed Document, 200 years old, grants of land 

to Hawes Family. 

132 Photo Hawes Homestead, Franklin, Mass., erected 

about 1650. Frame is of wood taken from the 
house, one of the oldest in the United States. 

133 Photo of Oil Painting of Joseph Hawes, an officer 

in the Continental Army in the Revolution. 

134 Matriculation bond of Matthew Manchester, 1790. 

135 Diploma (original), 1792, Peter Hawes. Rhode 

Island College now Brown University. 

136 Original license to practice law signed by Richard 

Varick, Mayor of New York, to Peter Hawes, 
1795. 

137 Book containing manuscript records of the Callio- 

pean Society, Peter Hawes, secretary. 100 years 
old. 

138 Hawes Coat-of-Arms. 

Loaned by MRS. JULIE MERCEIN HAYWARD. 

139 Subscribers Copy No. 27, "The Croakers," by Jo- 

seph Rodman Drake and Fitz Greene Halleck. 
PubUshed MDCCCLX. 



Loaned by MISS ROSALIE M. REISER. 

140 Invitation to Celebration of Erie Canal. 

141 Invitation to Ball for Opening of Erie Canal. 

142 Portrait Gov. De Witt Clinton. 

Loaned by MR. EDMUND ABDY HURRY. 

143 Coat-of-Arms Hurry Family. 

Loaned by MRS. GEORGE WALKER JENKINS. 

144 Group of Coats-of-Arms. 

Loaned by MR. DANIEL STANBURY MERCEIN. 

145 Oil Portrait of Thomas Royce Mercein, Lieut.- 

Col. 11th Regt. Artillery, 1815. Comptroller of 
the City of New York, 1816. Treasurer Com. of 
Defense, War 1812, disbursed $1,000,000, for 
which he received a $500 set of plate and the 
thanks of the committee. 

146 Charter Membership Certificate of Thomas Royce 

Mercein in the Saint Nicholas Society, dated 
Feb. 28, 1835. 

Loaned by MR. A. D. MIDDLETON. 

147 Portrait Jonathan Griffin Tompkins. Member of 

the New York Provincial Congress, 1776 and 
1777. Council of Safety, 1777. New York Assem- 
bly, 1780-82, 1786-88. Judge of Westchester 
County Court, 1793-97. Member of the Conven- 
tion of 1801. 

148 Coat-of-Arms of the Tompkins Family. 

149 Regalia of an Indian Chief conferred upon John 

Sebring Cornell, M. D., of Natchez, Miss., by an 
Indian Chief on account of a successful opera- 
tion performed upon the said chief by the doctor. 

150 Autograph letters signed by: John Adams, second 

President of the United States, 1797; Thomas 
Jefferson, third President of the United States, 
1801 and 1805; James Madison, fourth President 
of the United States, 1809 and 1813; James 
Monroe, fifth President of the United States, 
1817 and 1821; John Quincy Adams, sixth Presi- 
dent of the United States, 1825; Andrew Jackson, 
seventh President of the United States, 1829 
and 1833. 



151 Autograph letters signed by Governors of New 

York: George Clinton, first, 1777 to 1792, and 
1801. 

152 John Jay, second, 1795-98. 

153 Morgan Lewis, third, 1804. 

154 Daniel D. Tompkins, fourth, 1807-1816. 

155 John Taylor (acting), fourth, 1817. 

156 De Witt Clinton, fifth, 1817-20, and 1824-26. 

157 Joseph C. Yates, sixth, 1822. 

158 Nathaniel Pitcher (acting), sixth, 1828. 

Loaned by MR. CORNELIUS BERRIEN MIT- 
CHELL. 

160 Manumission Paper freeing one female slave. 

Signed by Richard P. Berrian, Oct. 23, 1815. 

161 Manumission Paper freeing two slaves. Signed 

by Cornelius P. Berrian, Aug. 29, 1823. 

159 Indenture signed by Richard Morris, Chief Justice 

New York. 1785. 

162 Fob with seal Berrien Family. 

163 Certificate of Discharge from Regiment of Artil- 

lery of Cornelius P. Berrian, May 20, 1805. 

Loaned by MISS GRACE MITCHELL. 

164 Coat-of-Arms Berrien Family. 

165 Picture of "Eagle" presented to Major John Ber- 

rien, Secretary Society of the Cincinnati in the 
State of Georgia, by General George Wash- 
ington. 

Loaned by MR. HOPPER STRIKER MOTT. 

166 Wax miniature of Jordan Mott, 1796. 

167 Coat-of-Arms, Mott Family. 

168 Coat-of-Arms, Striker Family. 

169 Coat-of-Arms, Hopper Family. 

170 Coat-of-Arms, Coles Family. 

171 Coat-of-Arms, Schuyler Family. 

172 Oil Painting Mott Mansion, foot West 54th St., 

N. Y. City. From painting by W. L. Sontag, 
N. A. Erected 1796; Razed 1897. Where Anne 
Mott died. 

173 Table Cloth presented to Mrs. Anne Mott by 

American Officers, prisoners in the Sugar House. 
Vide N. Y. G. & B. Record Jan., 1905. 

174 Silhouette of Mrs. Anne (Coles) Mott, wife of 

Jordan Mott, born Aug. 10, 1747, died July 16, 
1840. One of eight whose names are preserved 
of those who ministered unto the wants of the 
American prisoners in the Sugar House during 
the Revolution. 



175 Hopper Bible. 

176 Lt. John Hopper's Silver Spectacles. 1760. 

177 Lt. John Hopper's Gold Watch. 1760. 

178 Oil Painting, Striker's Bay, 96th Street and North 

River; painted 1852, erected 1764. In posses- 
sion of the British during the Revolution. 

179 Conveyance Wm. Campbell of Orange Town, 

County of Orange, and Province of New York, 
to Nicholas Dikeman of Bloomingdale on York 
Island, Sept. 24th, in the 28th year of the Reign 
of our Sovereign Lord George. 1755. £200. 
Land on Nassau Island. 

180 Conveyance Nicholas Roosevelt to Richard Sea- 

man and Jordan Lawrence. Release of Lot No. 
110, near the Jews' Burial Ground on the east 
side of St. James Street, N. Y. City. Feb. 9, 
1774. £140. 

181 Conveyance Elbert Kip and Cornelius Kip, admin- 

istrators of Samuel Kip to Jordan Mott, land at 
Kip's Bay Farm. May 16, 1804. $805. 

Loaned by NEW YORK GENEALOGICAL AND 
BIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 

182 Picture of the Bayard Country Seat at Alpen, near 

Leyden, Holland, with portrait of Samuel Bay- 
ard and his wife, Anna Stuyvesant, about 1638. 
Framed in the wood of the Stuyvesant Pear 
Tree which fell in 1867. 

183 Engraving by William E. Marshall of the original 

painting of Washington by Gilbert Stuart, now 
in the Boston Athenaeum. 

184 Photograph of the Gilbert Stuart painting of 

Washington, known as the Gibbs-Channing 
Portrait. 

185 Photo of portrait of Washington by Robertson. 

186 Gavel made of wood of the "Powhattan," Com. 

Perry's Flag Ship, when he opened the Ports 
of Japan. 

187 Cincinnati certificate of membership, Frederick 

Weissonnett, Lt. Col. Commandant of the 
Fourth Regiment of New York. Dated Octo- 
ber 10, 1783. 

Loaned by MR. HOWLAND PELL. 

188 Commission as Sheriff of New York, issued to 

Benjamin Ferris by Gov. Tompkins, Feb. 6, 1812. 

189 Deed for land at East Chester, N. Y., from Wil- 

liam and Anna Crawford to Peter Ferris, May 1, 
1733. 



190 A copy of the Dongan Grant of Pelham Manor, 

made from the original, Aug. 18, 1804. 

191 A copy of the Nicolls Grant of Pelham Manor, 

made from the original, May 5, 1761. 

192 Deed from Peter Ferris to his sons Gilbert, 

Joshua and Jonathan. Oct. 29, 1754. 

193 Bond of the three sons for £300 to Richard 

Nichols. Dec. 20, 1754. 

194 License to practice law issued to Benjamin 

Ferris by Richard Varick. Feb. 23, 1796. 

195 A piece of the Pell Treaty Oak. 

196 Facsimile of Cromwell's Instructions to Dr. John 

Pell, President to the Swiss Canton. Feb. 21, 
1655. 

197 Facsimile of the Appraisement of the Estate of 

Col. Lewis Morris. Feb. 17, 1691. 

198 Receipt from Benjamin Pell to his brother-in- 

law, Jonathan Ferris, witnessed by his son, Wm. 
Ferris Pell, and James Irwin. Aug. 13, 1795. 

199 Deed of Mutual Covenant between the heirs of 

John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor, in relation 
to recovery of land in the Manor. Sept. 6, 1804. 

200 Eight varieties of Colonial Currency. 

201 EngUsh Caricature "Battle of Bunker Hill" or 

"America's Head Dress." London, 1776. 

202 Policy of Marine Insurance on cargo of sloop 

"Good Intent," Capt. John Howland. Jan. 13, 
1796. 

Loaned by MR. CHARLES PRYER. 

203 Illuminated Coat-of-Arms Pryer Family. 

Loaned by MR. JOSIAH COLLINS PUMPELLY. 

204 Commission of Lt. David Pixley in Col. John 

Patterson's Regiment. Dated May 19, 1775. 
Signed by Jos. Warren, President P. T. 

204 A Pumpelly Coat-of-Arms. 

Loaned by MR. CHARLES FREDERICK QUINCY. 

205 Oil painting Col. George Washington reviewing 

the Western Army at Fort Cumberland, Md., 
in uniform of a British Colonel. Claimed to 
have been painted by Charles Wilson Peale and 
to be the earliest picture of Washington in 
existence. 

206 Photo Hon. Josiah Quincy, Mayor of Boston, 

1823; President of Harvard College. Born 
1772, died 1864. From painting by Gilbert 
Stuart now at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 



207 Photo Judge Edmund Quincy, brother of Josiah 

Quincy, from painting by John Swiebert, now 
in Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 

208 Coat-of-Arms Quincy Family. 



Loaned by MR. JOS. F. SABIN. 

209 Engraving Robert Fulton after B. West. 

210 Plan of West Point, 1780. 

211 Small plan of New York, 1729. 

212 Fictitious German view of New York. 

213 Plan of Ft. Washington, London, 1777. 

214 Lotters map of New Belgium. 

215 Bradford's map New York, 1728. 

215 The Duke's plan of New Amsterdam, 1664. 

217 Ft. George, 1740. 

218 Government House, 1797. 

219 Burgis view of New York, 1717. 

220 Sale of the "Vineyard" property, N. Y. City. 

221 Autograph Lt. Gov. Pierre Van Cortlandt, 1784. 

223 Lease of part of Kings Farm, 1745. 

224 English account of Andre's Execution. 

225 Ship's clearance signed Pres'd't Thomas Jeffer- 

son and James Madison, Secretary of State. 

226 Autograph of Stephen Van Cortlandt, Justice of 

the Peace, 1754. 

227 Autograph Mayor New York, 1684. 

228 Autograph Francis Child under Sir Hy. Moore, 

Gov., 1768. 

229 Bank of the United States, sale of Stock, 1792. 

230 Pk. Ten Eyck in reference to Lotteries, 1804. 

231 Moore's account of Quit Rents in N. Y., 1769. 

233 Old Deed, signed Hendrick Turk, 1752. 

234 Lease in Montgomerie Ward, 1767. 

235 James Livingston, State Convention, 1776. 

236 Wm. Burnet, 1776, Colonial Governor. 

237 Autograph Marinus Willett, 1782. 

238 Lease of Beekman property, 1775. 

239 Surveyor's notes mentioned Paines land, Pelham 

Road. 



Loaned by MAJ. LOUIS LIVINGSTON SEAMAN, 
M. D. 

240 Seaman Family Tree. 

241 Livingston Family Tree. 

242 Ferris Family Tree. 

243 Old John Jay Mortgage. 

244 Original Grant of Grove Farm, Westchester. 



Loaned by MRS. GEORGE BEEKMAN SHEPPARD. 

245 Photograph of portrait taken about 1829 of Rev. 

Stephen Nicholas Rowan, D. D. He was one 
of the passengers on the first trip of the Cler- 
mont, New York to Albany. He graduated 
from Union College, 1804. Columbia College 
conferred degree S. T. D. in 1822. See "Albany 
Chronicles," 1906, page 403. 

Loaned by JOHN EDWIN STILLWELL, M.D. 

246 Miniature of Edward Leacraft, of South Carolina, 

Aide de Camp to Gen. Lafayette during the 
Revolution. 

247 Miniature of Dr. Aaron Pitney, of Monmouth Co., 

N. J. Surgeon in the Revolutionary Army. 

248 Miniature of Lt. Col. Thomas Seabrook of Mon- 

mouth Co., N. J.. Revolutionary officer and 
Member of Assembly. 

249 Miniature of Capt. Nicholas Brown Seabrook, of 

N. J. and Virginia. Revolutionary officer. 

250 Miniature of Mary Dutchess of Westchester Co., 

N. Y., wife of Capt. Nicholas Brown Seabrook. 

251 Miniature of Joseph Stillwell, of Monmouth Co., 

N. J. Revolutionary officer, Judge and Member 
of Assembly. 

252 Miniature of Col. Aaron Burr, Revolutionary of- 

ficer. Governor of New York, and Vice-Presi- 
dent of the United States. 
257 Indian Deed, 1650, conveying Coney Island to 
the Inhabitants of Gravesend. 

254 Conveyance of Petrus Stuyvesant to Thomas 

Jansse, 1661. Impressed with Beaver Seal. 

255 Conveyance of Gov. Philip Carteret and his Coun- 

cil, to Richard Hartshorne, of land called Way- 
cake Neck, adjacent to what is now known as 
the Atlantic Highlands. Dated 1676. 

256 Marriage License dated 1678 of Mary Stillwell to 

Adam Mott, Jr. 

257 Marriage License issued by Gov. Thomas Boone 

to John White and Mary Jackson, 1761. 

258 Commission issued by Gov. Josiah Hardy to 

Garret Covenhoven to be Lieutenant of Militia 
in N. J. 1763. 

259 Commission issued by Gov. William Livingston 

to Joseph Stillwell to be Lieutenant of Militia 
in N. J. 1782. 

260 Commission issued by Gov. Benjamin Fletcher to 

Jaques Quartiliau (Jacques Cortilyou) to be 
that of Captain of a company of foot, whereof 
Stephanus Van Cortlandt is Col. 1692-3. 



261 Commission issued by Lord Cornbury, Gov. 'of 

N. Y., to Joost Van Brunt, to be Capt. of 
Militia. 1705. 

262 Commission issued by Gov. William Burnet to 

Rutgert Van Brunt to be Capt. of Militia. 
1727-8. 

263 Commission issued by Gov. John Montgomerie 

to Rutgert Van Brunt to be Capt. of Militia. 
1728. 

264 Commission issued by Gov. George Clarke to 

Nicholas Stillwell to be Capt. of Militia. 1737. 

265 Commission issued by Gov. George Clinton to 

Nicholas Stillwell to be Lt. Col. of a Regiment 
of Militia. 1749. 

266 Marriage License Ann Wilkins and William Fos- 

ter. Signed by Gov. Andross. 1679. 

267 Conveyance of land by Gov. Gawen Lawrie, of 

N. J. and his Council, to Peter Tilton. 1686. 

268 Conveyance of land by Gov. Andrew Hamilton, 

of N. J., and his Council, to Eleazer Cottrell. 
1687. 

269 Commission of Ensign Joost Van Brunt issued 

by Gov. Jacob Leisler and signed by Jacob Mil- 
borne, Secretary. 1689. 

270 Commission issued to Ensign Joost Van Brunt 

issued by Gov. Fletcher. 1692-3. 

271 Oil painting Aaron Burr by Van Dyck of New 

York. 
273 Oil painting Aaron Burr by Vanderlyn. 

Loaned by MR. ELSWORTH L. STRIKER. 

273 Oil portrait of Jacobus Strycker, 1653, Magis- 

trate of the original court of New Amsterdam. 
Painted on wooden panel by himself. 

274 Dutch Chair brought by Jacobus Strycker from 

Holland in 1651. 

275 Oil portrait Maj. Gen. Garrit Hopper Striker. 

Capt. 5th N. Y. Reg., War 1812. 

276 Photo the Striker Mansion, foot West 53d St., 

N. R. Residence Gen. Striker. Erected 1752. 
Razed 1896. 

Loaned by MR. ROBERT S. TALMAGE. 

277 Portrait in oil of the son of Gen'l Henry Knox, 

painted in Boston about 1780. 

278 Snuff-box in lacquer and tortoise shell, mounted 

in silver floral design, carried by Aaron Burr 
until his death. 



279 Black lacquer snuff-box mounted in silver, with 

Talmage motto on cover. 

280 Miniature on ivory of Major Thomas Talmage, 

eighteenth century. 

281 Talmage Coat-of-Arms. 

282 Colonial miniature of Gentleman on ivory. 

283 Colonial small miniature of Gentleman on ivory. 

284 Early Dutch pewter snuff-box. 

285 Old Worcester platter of dinner set, belonging to 

Col. Wm. Washington of Charleston, S. C. 

286 Gentleman's embroidered waistcoat, eighteenth 

century. 

287 Youth's embroidered waistcoat, eighteenth cen- 

tury. 

288 Certificate of membership to the New York Ma- 

rine Society of Pexcel Fowler. 

Loaned by MRS. GEORGE M. VAN DUZEN. 

289 Coat-of-Arms of the "de Cressie" Family. 

290 Piece of Wall Paper, homestead of Capt. Chris- 

topher Van Duzer, Warwick, N. Y., with verses 
from Bible. Colonial. 

291 Symbolic Pen Drawing, dated 1809. On back of 

picture "Agnes Dolson Her Picture, 1809." 

Loaned by J. BLAKE WHITE, M. D. 

292 Photo of Portraits of Gen. Jacob Faust and Col. 

Sam'l Warren. 

293 Engraving of a painting by John Blake White, 

"Gen. Marion, etc." 

294 Engraving of a painting by John Blake White, 

"The Rescue." 

295 Engraving by J. C. Buttre of John Blake White, 

of South Carolina, pupil of Benjamin West. 

Loaned by MRS. ANNA C. WILDEY. 

296 Coat-of-arms Chesebrough Family. 

Loaned by GEN. JAMES GRANT WILSON. 

297 Miniature of Fitz Greene Halleck, painted by 

Rogers, 1807. 

298 Original drawing of Purchase of Island of Man- 

hattan. 

299 Steel Portrait of Henry Hudson. 

300 Picture of Half Moon. 



301 Photo of Collier's painting of Hudson cast adrift 

by his mutinous crew. 

302 Gold Sleeve Links worn by Washington, later 

presented Oct., 1777, to replace pair lost by 
Gen. Arnold in Battle of Saratoga, when he 
became a traitor and Washington denounced 
him as such, he gave the links to Col. Tarle- 
ton, the only British officer who treated him 
courteously. Before his departure, Tarleton 
presented the links to his military secretary, 
an American loyalist named Halleck, who, 
having taken the oath, was permitted to re- 
main. He left the links to his only son Fitz 
Greene Halleck, and he bequeathed them to 
his friend and biographer, General Wilson. 

303 Gold Ring containing the hair of Washington, 

Hamilton, Napoleon, Wellington, Lincoln and 
Grant. 

304 Waterloo Silver Medal received by Capt. Fred- 

erick Lahrbush of the 60th Rifles from Wel- 
lington, and bequeathed to Gen. Wilson. 

305 Three Silver Medals, struck in Holland, to Com- 

memorate American Independence. 

306 Morocco Thread and Needle case used by Miss 

Jane Bayard during the Revolutionary War. 

307 Gold Ring brought from Holland by Stuyvesant's 

sister, Madame Bayard, in 1647, ancestor of 
the above. 

308 Pen and Ink drawing by Kosciusko. 

309 Mount Vernon relic of Washington. 

310 Engraving of Columbus. 

310 A Kosciusko's Sword, used by him in his Amer- 
ican campaign. 
310 B Fitzgreene Halleck manuscript. 



Loaned by MR. T. A. WRIGHT. 

311 Old Deed, dated 1665, signed by Charles Calvert 

(Lord Baltimore). 

312 Ancient Spanish book. 




THE WILD ANIMALS 
HUDSON'S DAY 

AND THE 

ZOOLOGICAL PARK 
OUR DAY 

BY WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Sc 






PUBLISHED BY THE 

HUDSON-FULTON COMMISSION 

IN COOPERATION WITH THE 

NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY 



THE HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION COMMISSKil 

Appointed by the Governor of the State of New York and the Mayor of the City of New \ k 
and chartered by Chapter 325, Laws of the State of New York, 1906 

LIST OF OFFICERS 

President 

GEN. STEWART L. WOODFORD 

Presiding Vice-President 

MR. HERMAN RIDDER 

Vice-Presidents 

Mr. Andrew Carnegie Mr. John E. Parsons 

Hon. Joseph H. Choate Gen. Horace Porter 

Maj.-Gen. F. D. Grant, U. S. A. Hon. Frederick Seward 

Hon. Seth Low Mr. Francis Lynde Stetson 

Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan Hon. Oscar S. Straus 

Hon. Levi P. Morton Mr. Wm. B. Van Rensselaer 

Hon. Alton B. Parker Gen. Jas. Grant Wilson 

Treasurer 

MR. ISAAC N. SELIGMAN 
No. 1 William Street, New York 

Secretary Assistant Secretary 

MR. HENRY W. SACKETT MR. EDWARD HAGAMAN HALL 

Art and Historical Exhibits Committee 
MR. J. PIERPONT MORGAN, General Chairman 

Sub-Committee in 
Charge of Scientific and Historical Exhibits 

DR. GEORGE F. KUNZ, Chairman 
401 Fifth Avenue, New York 

Mr. Samuel V. Hoffman Prof. Henry Fairfield Osborn 

Mr. Archer M. Huntington Mr. Philip T. Dodge 

Sub-Committee in Charge of Art Exhibits 

HON. ROBT. W. DE FOREST, Chairman 

Metropolitan Museum of Art 

Sir Caspar Purdon Clarke IMr. George F. Hearn 

Dr. Edward Robinson Dr. George ¥. Kunz 

Headquarters: Tribune Building, New York 
Telepliones: Beekman 3097 and 3098 



SPECIAL NOTICE 

DURING THE HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION the most important species of Mamma] 
Birds and Reptiles of the ZOOLOGICAL PARK that inhabited New York State in Hudson's day, will Ij 
marked by the official flag of the Commission. 

THIS SPECIAL BULLETIN appears in the interests of the Celebration. Editors of newspapei 
hereby are given permission to copy from it, for use in newspapers, any of the matter contained herejj 
save the illustrations that are reproduced by permission of Charles Scribner's Sons, from the "Americstj 
Natural History." ;] 

COPIES OF THIS BULLETIN may be obtained by mail, a1 25c. each, postpaid, by remitting to I| 
R. Mitchell, Chief Clerk, New York Zoological Park. As long as the supply lasts, it will be on sale at tf 
Zoological Park entrances, and elsewhere in New York City. 



iUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION NUMBER 

ZOOLOGICAL 
SOCIETY BULLETIN 



Published by the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission, 
IN cooperation with 
The New York Zoological Society. September, 1909 



35 



THE WILD ANIMALS OF HUDSON'S DAY 



By William T. Hornadav, 

DlIIECTOU OF THE Xe\V YoRK ZOOLOGICAL PaRK. 

PART I.— THE BIRDS* 



NLY the bold adventurer who has sailed 
a frail bark westward across three thou- 
sand miles of stormy ocean can know the 
hill that is transmitted by the heliograph flash 
I la pair of silver}^ wings, Avith the knowledge 
I't land is near. To the westward trans- At- 
tic voyager, it is always the Herring Gull 
it far at sea proclaims the land. 
[,Jn the wing, this Gull is always beautiful; 
never is its plumage quite so silvery, and 
\er are its flight-curves so graceful, as when 
greets the tired American who thankfully is 
ing toward the Statue of Liberty and Home. 
)ther birds sometimes met off shore, are the 
p-water ducks, particularly the Red-Breast- 
Merganser, with a bill like the serrated snout 
a Gangetic crocodile, and flesh so frankly 
rankly fishy that only the most powerful 
lan palate can accept it. The Scoters, or 
f Ducks, once in evidence at sea, now are 
;ly seen in the waters adjacent to New York, 
'hree hundred years ago, before the dark 
s of bird slaughter in America, it is reason- 

K, certain that New York Bay attracted im- 
se flocks of web-footed wild-fowl. If the 
pries of that period do not so record it, then 
(historians were remiss. We are certain that 
B inside Sandy Hook, the all-too-succulent 

ivasback Duck, and its understudy, the 
head, "might have been seen," and in fact 
; seen, bv the discerning mariner. But in 



^11 the Illustrations reproduced with this article 
{from "The American Natubal History," copy- 
C, 1904, by AVilliam T. Hornaday, and appear here 
jhe permission of the publishers, Messrs. Charles 
pner's Sons. 



an evil moment the baneful eye of the epicure 
fell upon the savor}^ Canvasback, and he pro- 
nounced it the king of table ducks. From that 
hour, its doom was sealed ; and today it is al- 
most a bird of history. 

Let us for the moment try to put ourselves in 
Explorer Hudson's place, and see the birds of 
the Hudson River and Valley, as he and his 
men saw them. 

Surely on the ponds and streams of Manhat- 
tan Island they found the exquisite Wood 
Duck ; for even today an occasional wanderer 
returns to its old haunts in the Zoological Park ! 
Stated in the form of a proportion, the Wood 
Duck is to Other Ducks as The Opal is to Other 
Gems, — the most glorious in colors of them all. 
The Pintail Duck, however, is more beautiful 
in form. The most graceful yacht that ever 
floated never was half so exquisitely modeled in 
hull and stern and bow as this web-footed water 
fairy. 

The Mallard Duck is like charity. It suf- 
fereth long, and is kind; so it holds on long 
after the more sensitive species have been shot 
out. It will be our last good wild duck to be 
exterminated by the pot-hunters for the starving 
millions of wealth, — for whom the fashionable 
chef feels that he MUST provide game, or be 
disgraced. In the years that have flown, the 
quiet bayous of the eastern shore of the Hud- 
son have fed and sheltered untold thousands of 
lusty "Green-Heads," young and old, and they 
were the lawful prey of the hungry explorer and 
pioneer. 

A hundred years ago, the Osprey, or Fish- 
Ha-wk, bred numerously on the rocky walls of 



522 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 




THE PINTAIL DUCK. 



Adngs for flight had wisely transplanted itself 
to God's country. 

Fortunately for the Great Blue Heron, — 
by millions of jDeople miscalled the Blue 
"Crane," — the cruel and insatiate goddess of 
Fashion has not yet decreed that Woman, the 
merciful and compassionate, shall collect its 
plumes for her personal adornment. The well- 
defined fishy flavor of the Heron's flesh protects 
it from the evil eye of the epicure; and there- 
fore do we still possess this odd and picturesque 
bird. True, there is today but one Great Blue 
Heron where a hundred years ago there were a 
hundred; but we are thankful that the ruthless 
savages of civilization have spared us even a few 
samples of the original stock. And yet, there 
are today State Game Commissioners who are 
being importuned to "kill off the Blue Herons," 
— because in a whole summer season half a 
dozen of them will kill and eat as many fish as 
one greedy fisherman would catch and send to 
market in two days ! 

If there is anything in game-protection that is 
supremely annoying, it is solemn talk about the 
"great destruction of fish" by herons, kingfish- 
ers, ospreys, and Californian sea-lions. 



In many of the coves and alcoves of the 
wet lands flanking the mighty Hudson sti 
the Woodcock and the Wilson Snipe still 
found ; but they are now so rare throughou 
Hudson valley that few gunners find it v 
while to hunt them. It is the same old sto| 
of inordinate and persistent destruction, ( 
to the vanishing point. Throughout New 
state, and many other states, also, both 
species should be accorded absolute all 
year-round protection for at least ten years 
is either that or extinction ; and which wil 
people choose? 

Thanks to the splendid efforts of the 
lovers of New York state, headed by the A 
bon Society and William Dutcher, the 
birds are in far better case than the game li 
and water-fowl. I believe that none of 1 
eastern New York song-bird species of Hiid l 
day have become extinct, nor anywhere ne; i 
Every spring and summer the sweet wild-T| 
melody of the Wood Thrush rings day || 
day through the leafy aisles of the Zoolofia 
Park, and like the flash of a fiery feath,; 
meteor, the Scarlet Tanager streaks thrcj? 
the woods and across our lawns, close be' 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



52S 




THE BALD EAGLE. 



524 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 




AMERICAN OSPREY. 




our startled eyes. Our dear old frieno 
Robin, than whom we love none better, jo 
\j accepts our protection, and nests within 
reach of our hands. And only this very sj'i 
even while our men were working in an ele| 
yard, completing the paving, a Robin bui 
nest on the frame of the big steel gate o' 
elephants' fence, that swung within close •■ 
imity to an active steam roller and a (! 
busy men ! And this while the gate daily s^ 
to and fro. Our men were all very prou 
this vote of confidence, but alas ! the work 
to go on. Just as we feared, the bird foun. 
position untenable, and finally it flew awa} 
built another nest in a less busy spot. An( 
Robin, with more wisdom, built her nest on 
of the corral gates of the Antelope House, 
although the gate is opened widely ever} 
for the cart to pass through, she success) 
reared her brood. 




AMERICAN BITTERN. 



THE BELTED KINGFISHER. 

The Bluebird still comes to us abundaf 
in spring, and in the cat-tail marshes along 
Hudson and elsewhere, 

"The Red-Wing pipes his o-ka-lee!" ; 
just as it has for a hundred years, and we k: 
not how many more. And be it remarked 1 
that amid at least a hundred species of soj 
birds now kept in the Zoological Park, ind' 
and out, the Red-Winged Blackbird is the 
persistent singer, the most theatrical, and in ii 
opinion very nearly the sweetest singer of tl^ 
all. In our big outdoor cages, wherein ; 
flocks scarcely know that they are confined, t\ 
sing more joyously and persistently than I e 
heard them in their own cat-tail marshes. 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



525 




COMMON MURRE. 



[The Rose-Breasted Grosbeak is not abun- 
pt in eastern New York, and although his 
jimpions claim that he is a bonnie singer, they 
h not prove it by the bird himself. But to the 
I he is fine, even though he is "no great hand 
jthe pipes." 

The Baltimore Oriole, dean of the faculty 
feathered architects, is much too rare; for a 
usand times the number that now visit our 
age streets and woods would be none too 
ny. His swinging nest, preferably hanging 
|i a down-drooping terminal twig of an elm, 
jne of the most wonderful manifestations of 
i-wisdom and architectural skill that America 
iduces. 

Jthough practically all Americans have now 
jn educated entirely beyond the killing of 
g-birds, — the most valuable friends of everi/ 
er and fruit grower, — there is danger in tlie 
From southern Europe there have come to 
. country, for revenue only, hundreds of thou- 
|ds of Italian laborers by whom every song- 
. is regarded as legitimate prey for the pot! 
;ry camp or large settlement of Italian labor- 

i 



THE LOON. 



frs is a center of song-bird destruction. Look 
out for them ! Curb them ! The laws are en- 
tirely adequate; please see to it that they are 
enforced. By the laws of the state of New 
York, no unnaturalized alien may carry fire- 
arms ; and the penalties for doing so are very 
severe. Even in New York city, the Zoological 
Society has had to put forth a great effort to 
stop the wholesale killing of song-birds, by 
Italians, within two miles of our Park ! 

We greatly regret the fact that throughout 
the North generally, the pestiferous English 
Sparrow has to a great extent driven out the 
House Wren and the Martin. Both those 
species loved the haunts and companionship of 
man, until the coming of Ahab. the sparrow. 
If the latter could be exterminated, the other 
two species would immediately return. 

Of all the feathered foresters that specially 
look after the insects that damage forest trees, 
the most showy and picturesque are the 
Golden-Winged and Red-Headed Woodpeck- 
ers. Peer indeed is the forest or wood lot that 
lias not at least one of them. The former is 



526 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 




GREAT BLUE HERON. 

gloriously abundant throughout the valley of the 
Hudson, but the latter is at most seasons quite 
rare. In my boyhood da3's I despised the abun- 
dance of the Red-Head, and foolishly spurned 
it; but the cash value of the woodpeckers gen- 
rralh^ is now understood in a way that it was not 
forty 3^ears ago. 

The owls that hooted in the woods of Manhat- 
tan Island three hundred years ago still main- 
tain their lines of descent. In spite of guns, 
traps and poison, the Great Horned Owl, the 
Barred and the Screech Owl will not down. 



All three persist today, even in 
Borough of the Bronx. Only j 
years ago I was one night assau 
in Mosholu Parkway by a Sere 
Owl who rashly leaped to the t 
elusion that I was an ornitholof 
and therefore dangerous both to 
brood and her nest. Half a do 
times she dashed by on angry w; 
so close to my face that I feared 
my eyes. And it was only 
spring that a Barred Owl came 
grief in the Zoological Park, in 
wise : 

On three successive mornings, 
men of the Bird House found t 
during the night something with s 
age beak and claws had caught s 
eral song birds in the outside caj 
through the tvire netting, killed th 
and partly devoured them. Swe 
ing vengeance, the keepers cunni 
ly laid a trap on the roof of 
cages, consisting of a dead bird nc 
ly surrounded with an environin 
of limed sticks, like a score of 1 
pencils. In the cold, gray dawn 
the morning after, the aveng 
found, helplessly flopping around 

lIic cage roof, the Barred Owl bird-murd 

with limed sticks all over him, wondering w 

had happened to him, and why he was qu 

unable to fly. 

Not for long was he left in doubt ; for 1 

keepers of song-birds believe in the survival 

the Attest. 

Throughout the Hudson valley, but 

counting the Adirondacks, the ground gan 



V \ 



,,^^^ 









AMERICAN WOODCOCK. 



WILSON'S SNIPE. 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 




ROBIN. 




RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD. 





BLUEBIRD. 




LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE. 



ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK. 



528 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 



birds are to be reckoned with the things that 
have been, rather than the things that are. 
While it is true that the Ruffed Grouse and 
the Bob White are not by any means extinct 
in eastern New York, so very few remain they 
are hardly to be taken into account. Elsewhere 
in New York state, there are localities in which 
the shooter may find some of these birds to 
shoot; but here he can only "hunt" for them, 
and sagely wonder why they exist no more. It 
is high time to enact a ten-years close season 
for both the species named above. 

The breeding of wild birds in captivity is now 
attracting much attention, and the propagation 
of gallinaceous game birds in preserves, as a 
legitimate industry, is directly in line with the 
preservation of our small remnant of Bob- White, 
Ruffed Grouse and Pinnated Grouse. 

There are two habitants of the Hudson Valley 
that we could lose only with keen regret, but 
both are gradually fading away. The nocturnal 
Whippoorwill is known by his picturesque and 
far-reaching twilight song, — or whistle, — for 
the call surely belongs in the whistle class, and 
it is easily imitated by any good whistler. 

When the mantle of night has fallen over the 
few country places that remain in the East, and 
the busy world is still, those who dwell in sum- 
mer near quiet woods often hear a loud, clear 
and altogether melodious whistle from some- 
where near the barn. As plainly as print it 
says, with sharp emphasis, "JVhip-poor-JVill;" 
and repeats it many times. Before each regular 
call there is a faint "chuck," or catching of the 
breath, strong emphasis on the "whip," and at 
the end a clear, piercing whistle that is positive- 
ly thrilling. 

Sometimes the bird will perch within thirty 
feet of your tent-door, and whistle at the rate 
of forty whippoorwills to the minute. Its call 
awakens sentimental reflections, and upon most 
persons exercises a soothing influence. It has 
been celebrated in several beautiful poems and 
songs. 

This bird, — like the next species to be men- 
tioned, — is strictly insectivorous in its food 
habits, and renders excellent service to man. In 
perching it chooses a large and nearly longitud- 
inal limb, on which it sits lengthwise, in close 
imitation of a bark-covered knot. 



The Night -"Hawk," is closely related t 
preceding species, but is very far removed 
the real hawks. The Whippoorwill is kno^v 
being heard, through darkness, but the N 
Hawk strongly appeals to the eye. Whei 
western sun is far down, and the evening ; 
still, watch for a dark-colored bird with 
and sharp-pointed wings gracefully cles 
the air three hundred feet above the earth, 
it has a large white spot under each wing, a 
busy catching insects in mid-air, of a suret' 
bird is a Night-Hawk. 

But for one thing, we could wish that we c 
have been the official naturalist of the "1 
Moon," and seen all the birds that Hudson 
and that is, — we would much rather be aliv 
day. Thanks to many factors, the Hudson 
ley has not yet been seriously denuded o 
forests ; but for all that, the status of wild 1 
life within it has greatly changed for the w 
The waterfowl and the gallinaceous game-t 
have been almost annihilated; and of the hej 
egrets, plovers, sandpipers, and large bird f 
of every kind, it is probable that less than 
one-hundredth now remain. 

To a great extent, this is the inevitable 
suit of the settlement of a virgin wildernes 
a seething mass of predatory, bird-killing, 
life-destroying human population ; but at 
same time the cultivated fields and fruit 
have brought a population of insectivorous 
probably much greater than that which ex 
here in the days of the forest primeval. 

Of the birds that were abundant four hun 
years ago, the Great Auk, Labrador Duck 
Passenger Pigeon are now totally extinct. 
Trumpeter Swan, Carolina Parakeet, Wl 
ing Crane and Heath Hen are on the verjj 
extinction, and very soon will join the Gj 
Auk and the Dodo. In exchange for the N 
American species that are wholly or nei 
gone, we have acquired — what? Ahab, 
English Sparrow, and the Starling, — no mc| 

Today the lovers of wild life are engage* 
a hand-to-hand struggle with the grand 
of annihilators, to save at least a respect, 
remnant of our wild life and forests for the 
lions of Americans who come after us. It 
be well for us if we so discharge our obligati 
that posterity will not have cause to heap cu 
upon us for our improvidence, and for our <3 
liction in the duties of good citizenship. 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



529 





HOUSE-WREN. 




PURPLE MARTIN. 



SCARLET TANAGER. 



530 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 




GOLDEN-WINGED WOODPECKER. 




RED-HEADED WOODPECKER. 





SCREECH-OWL. 



Copyright, 1902, by W. L. Underwood. 
BARRED OWLS. 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



531 




THE IRREPRESSIBLE CONFLICT. 

The warfare for the protection of wild life 
should be just as constant and unremitting as is 
the manufacture of cartridges. If anyone who 
reads the literature of the wild-life protection- 
ists is impressed by the repetition of the argu- 
ments and exhortations set forth, let him re- 
member that the men who make guns and car- 
tridges work constantly, and know no such thing 
as weariness. A competent authority has esti- 
mated that in the United States there are sold 
each year about 500,000 shot-guns and 7,000,- 
000 loaded cartridges! 

More than this, every year sees new and more 
deadly guns invented and placed upon the mar- 
ket, for the more rapid and effective slaughter 
of wild creatures. The great desire of the gun- 
maker is to give the game absolutely no chance 
to escape. To-day the perfection of long-range 
sporting rifles is so great it is difficult to find a 
man or twelve-year-old boy so unskillful that he 
cannot go out into the haunts of big game and 
kill a good "bag." Several American women 
have killed huge elephants in Africa, and many 
a boy in his early teens has killed his moose in 
Maine, Canada or New Brunswick, — all through 
the deadly perfection of modern repeating rifles. 



GREAT HORNED OWL. 
With "horns" laid back in anger. 




EASTERN RUFFED GROUSE. 

finest gallinaceous game bird of the northeastern United 
States. Still faiily abundant in the Adirondacks, and the 
wilder portions of the Catskill region. It is much in need 
of a ten-year period of absolute protection. 




BOB-WHITE. 



532 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 




CAT-BIRD. 

HOW TO BRING BACK THE BIRDS. 

In the restoration of depleted wild life, Na- 
ture is kind and long-suffering. Up to a cer- 
tain point, man's destructiveness is forgiven, and 
the damage is repaired. But the slaughter must 
not go too far, or the damage will be beyond 
repair. 

One of the most remarkable of the mental 
traits of wild creatures is the marvelous quick- 
ness with which they become aware of the fact 
tliat they are protected, and that within certain 
boundaries their lives are secure. When j^ro- 
tection is declared they forgive and forget the 
slaughterings of the past, and begin life anew. 
When peace has been established, even the 
wildest and wariest birds, such as wild ducks 
that have been long harried by gunners, learn of 
it in an incredibly short time. 

In the Dakotas, during the close season the 
wild ducks live near the haunts of man in a way 
that the killing season quickly renders fatal. 

To country dwellers, many ways are open 
whereby they can increase the volume of bird 
life. Let us enumerate a few of them: 

Every farm and wood lot should be posted by 
the owner or occupant, sternly forbidding all 
shooting and trai^jjing thereon. 

Ever}?^ country dweller should see to it, by 
force of arms if necessary, that throughout his 
sphere of influence the laws protecting wild life 
are strictly enforced. 

Certain wild birds should be fed, especially in 
winter. For the Bob-White and Grouse, put 
out corn and wheat screenings. For the Wood- 
jDeckers. Nuthatches. Chickadees and others of 
the hardy "winter residents," nail to the tree- 
trunks many strips of fat pork and chunks of 
suet. The services that those birds render your 






trees are well worth the cost of fifty pound( 
pork. 

The Ducks, Snijoe and Woodcock need i 
wet ground, water and protection. 

To encourage Wrens, put up nest-boxes 
holes so small that the English Sparrow can 
enter them. A silver quarter will give you 
right size for a Wren hole; but punch hole 
the bottom of the can or box, so that all w 
that runs in will also run out. 

Shoot the English Sparrows from your pi 
ises, and better birds will take their places. 

If a bold-hearted Robin elects to try win 
ing near you, feed him in winter, without 
It is safe to say that many species of our 
and insectivorous birds could easily survive 
cold of our winters if they could obtain a 
stant supply of food. It is not the cold 
drives them Soutli, but the annual failuvL 
their food supply. 

For all game birds, the great action to be 
sired and sought is the enactment of ten-j 
close seasons, covering wide areas. To this 
men who think only of to-day, and scoff at 
future," will strenuously object. They wc 
rather annihilate the remnant to-day than h 
an abundance ten or twenty years hence, 
they represent the spirit of destruction, 
wastefulness of the resources of Nature, 
are in no way bound to respect their views 
their wishes. If the annihilators were gi 
free rein, twenty-five years hence would see 
United States as barren of bird life as the De 
of Sahara. 

During the past ten years the champions 
bird life have made their influence widely f 
In many a hard-fought contest the destroy 
have been routed, horse, foot and dragoons 
we believe that on the whole, the American 
pie have "not yet begun to fight" for their bin 




NIGHT-"HAWK." 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



533 




Painted by Carl Rungius. 



WHITE-TAILED DEER. 



THE WILD ANIMALS OF HUDSON'S DAY. 

PART 11.— THE MAMMALS."^ 



^HE wild mammals today inhabiting the 
Hudson valley are but a pitiful remnant of 
the original stock that flourished here three 
idred years ago. Head by head, they rep- 
ent merely the individuals that man, the cruel 
lihilator, has not been shrewd enough to find 
1 kill. They do indeed represent the sur- 
il of the fittest in "civilized" environment. 
ink of a civilization so cruel that it must 
b, by the stern hand of the Law, many of its 
nhers from killing does and fawns, from 
ightering gray squirrels and song birds for 
od." from robbing birds' nests, and exter- 
lating wild life, generall3^ 
5o far as Avild life is concerned, there are no 
ater savages, living or dead, than five per 
t. of the people who wear the garb of "civil- 
tion." 



All the illustrations reproduced with this article 
from "The Ainiericax Natural History/' copy- 
it, 1904, by William T. Hornaday, and appear here 
the permission of the publishers, Messrs. Charles 
ibner's Sons. 



We rejjeat that every wild animal now alive 
in the state of New York owes its existence to 
its own skill in hiding, and in living in defiance 
of dangers and difficulties. The only species 
that has been for even a score of years under the 
law's protection is the White -Tailed Deer, 
or Virginia Deer, which, but for its marvel- 
ous cunning and skill in woodcraft would long 
ago have been exterminated with the elk and 
moose that once inhabited the Adirondacks. 

Of course the White-Tailed Deer flourished 
abundantly in the days of the "Half-Moon." 
We can imagine that almost anywhere along the 
Hudson where the banks were generously 
planted with brush and timber, three centuries 
ago a hunter could have landed on the shore and 
in an hour brought back a deer. Even during 
the past two years, two wild White-Tails have 
been caught alive while swimming in the Hud- 
son River, and one is now on exhibition in the 
Zoological Park. 

So far as we know, the only wild game of the 
Hudson valley that came aboard the "Half- 



534 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 




1. OTTER. 



MARTEN. 



Moon" was the flesh of a White-Tailed Deer. 
It was when that venturesome vessel reached the 
head of navigation of the Hudson River, prob- 
ably near Troy, that the explorers found the 
Indians "very pleasant people." The Savages 
came on board, and brought "a great Platter of 
Venison, dressed by themselves ; and they caused 
him [Hudson] to eat with them; then they made 
him reverence" ; and after all this had been ac- 
complished, on September 23, the "Half-Moon" 
started to return down the Hudson. At the 
Highlands, other Indians came aboard, and 



"brought some small skinnes with them, wh 
we bought for Knives and Trifles." 

For two centuries the White-Tailed Deer m 
the best wild friend of the American joione 
Many a brave family "on the frontier," fight;' 
the wilderness and the Indians for the tliii 
most dear to the native-American heart, — a f 
Home, — would have gone hungry, and perlui 
found life actually insupportable, without i 
succulent flesh of the ever-faithful White-Tai 

It was indeed most fortunate for the Amerio 
colonists that it was of almost universal disti 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



535 




.5 -a 

n o en 

=: "^ S 

— ° e 



S "H " 



536 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 





^w" ■^*2SSm»- 




AMERICAN BLACK BEAR. 



bution throughout the timbered portions of the 
eastern United States. It is because of the im- 
portant part played b}'' the White-Tailed Deer 
in our colonial development that today we give 
its portrait the place of honor on our title page. 

We are heartily glad that this is the most per- 
sistent sjoecies of all North American big game. 
It does not glory in the exhibition of its fine 
pro}iortions at the risk of its life. On the con- 
trary, it seeks the densest woods and brush cover 
that it can find, noiselessly steals through it 
with head and neck carried low and pointing 
straight forward, and leaves the honest and 
sportsmanlike still hunter only a trail of heart- 
breaking dimness. Thanks to wise laws and 
their rigid enforcement, the state of Maine to- 
day contains perhaps 100,000 White-Tailed 
Deer; and the hunting of the male "increase" 
furnishes legitimate sport for 3000 men, and an 
annual revenue to the state of more than 
$1,000,000. 

In our beloved Adirondack wilderness, this 
deer still exists; but it has been shot far too 
much. There are localities that now should be 



alive with deer, but in which none are to 
found, save at very long intervals. During 
past ten years, protection has had the cur 
effect of bringing a wave of deer migration f 
the north down through Connecticut to 
Sound, and down the Hudson valley actu 
to the northern boundary of New York C 
We possess a wild female that was cauglil 
Yonkers ! 

The first wild-animal products of our C' 
that came into the hands of Hudson were f 
offered in trade b}^ the Indians of the co 
The historian says that "many brought us Be' 
skinnes, and Otters skinnes, which we bou 
for Beades, Knives and Hatchets." 

In the days of the colonists, the first tr. 
with the Indians was for their corn and f 
Beyond all doubt, the first products of the U 
son valley that crossed the Atlantic were 
dian-caught skins of Beaver, Otter, Marlj 
Mink and Muskrat. In early times, 
Fisher was also among those present, but ne 
in great abundance, and it soon ceased to b| 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



537 




y permission of Outdoor Life Magazine. 



THE PUMA, OR MOUNTAIN "LION." 





jpyright, 1902, by W. L. Underwood. 
THE RACCOON. 



Copyright, 1902, by W. 1.. Undervcood. 
BAY LYNX. 



538 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 




WOODCHUCK. 



prominent feature of the fur trade of the mid- 
dle colonies. It is but natural that the men 
who risked so much in venturing to America, 
300 years ago, should desire to carry back some- 
thing that could be converted into cash. It was 
the animals named above that laid the founda- 
tions of the American fur trade, generally, and 
of the Hudson Bay and North American Fur 
Companies, in particular. It would take long 
columns of figures, in large sums, to represent 
the part played by the fur-bearing animals 
named above in the commercial development of 
the American colonies. 

But there is one very interesting fact in this 
connection that we must set down. Of all the 
fur-bearing animals of the Hudson valley, the 
most persistent today are the Muskrat and the 
Mink. Strange as it may seem, for ten years 
they have been to the New York Zoological 
Park, jointly and severally, a great nuisance. 

For eight years, or during the existence of 
several piles of large rocks near our northern 
boundary, wild Minks have raided our bird col- 
lections, and slaughtered Gulls and other fish- 
eating waterfowl at a rate that was most ex- 
asperating. From 1900 to 19O6 we killed in 



the Park, annually, from three to five Mir 
and they killed annually from ten to thirty 
our birds. Now that their shelter rocks 
gone, and the most of the Minks have b 
trapped and killed, we have peace. 

Muskrats have been so abundant in the Br 
River and Bronx Lake, within our own groui 
and have done so much damage to our valuf 
aquatic plants, we have made war upon tb 
in self-defense. In the winter of 1908-f 
member of our force caught 23 of them, in 
own waters. 

The Otter once was abundant in the Adir 
dacks, and its range extended thence southw 
without a break to central Florida, where it i, 
persists in living. It still is found occasion? 
in the North Woods, but it is doubtful whet 
it survives today in the Hudson valley anywh 
south of Troy. So rare is this species throul 
out the United States it is no longer possij 
to secure alive and unhurt by traps a nuini 
sufiicient to stock the largest zoological gard) 
of the eastern states. The steel traps, mills j 
sewage of civilization are too much for an d 
mal that is dependent upon streams of water I 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



539 




CANADA PORCUPINE. 

food and its life, and yet is not nearly so 
>ert in hiding as is the muskrat and the mink. 
When abundant and unmolested, the Otter 
uses itself by establishing a "shoot the 
ites" of its own, on a steep and slippery bank, 
ling in a water plunge. The Otter "slides," 
I the games played upon them, are well known 
trappers and others who have lived or hunted 
2re Otters were abundant, 
n the time of Hudson, there were probably 
) million Beavers living in what is now the 
:e of New York. About 1670 the Dutch 
vince of New Netherland annually furnished 
the fur trade 80,000 Beaver skins, and in 
!3 the Beaver was formerly incorporated in 

seal of that colony. 

n I860 the Beaver had so nearly disappeared 
m the Adirondacks and the Hudson valley 
t even in the former locality the total num- 

alive was estimated at only 60 individuals. 

1895 this had fallen to "5 or 10." Since 
t date, 31 individuals have been set free in 

Adirondacks, chiefly through the efforts of 
rry V. Radford, and they are slowly restock- 

the North Woods. 

rhe Black Bear, the Puma and the Canada 
ttx once thrilled, and at times terrorized, the 



colonists of eastern New York; but gradually 
they all disappeared from practically every por- 
tion of New York save the Adirondacks and the 
Catskills. Strange to say, the largest animal 
of this trio, the Bear, has been most cunning 
and successful in resisting extermination. While 
the Puma is entirely extinct in this State, and 
the Canada Lynx practically so, the big and 
burly Black Bear joyously holds on, both in the 
Adirondacks and the Catskills. The familiar 
Bay Lynx still is in our midst, and one was 
seen in the Catskills, by H. W. Merkel and A. 
P. Dienst, in the spring of the present year. 

The Raccoon once was an animal of practi- 
cally universal distribution throughout the wood- 
ed portions of New York state, but its place 
in the list of fur-bearing animals has been fatal 
to its continued abundance. It still lives, how- 
ever, even numerously in places, and still may 
be regarded as one of our most common quad- 
rupeds of medium size. Firmly and persist- 
ently, it refuses to be exterminated, and so long 
as the forests remain, it will live to inhabit 
them. Today its fur is really valuable, — be- 
cause better furs are so rare. 

The members of the Order of Rodents, or 
gnawers, are today our most abundant wild 




FLYING SQUIRREL. 



540 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 




GRAY SQUIRREL. 



quadrupeds ; and we are thankful that none of 
them yield "fur !" Thus far the rapacious maw 
of the "fur trade" has not demanded the skins 
of the Woodchuck, Gray Squirrel, Chip- 
munk, Flying Squirrel or Red Squirrel, 
But whenever any of those species are definitely 
placed in the class of fur-bearing animals, their 
doom is sealed. At present, — when not easily 
found and killed, — they are permitted to live 
and make glad the waste places. 

Even the finest forest is half dead if it be 
destitute of the vital spark that wild-animal 
life alone can give. 

In cheerful companionship and popular in- 
terest, the Gray Squirrel would be worth half 
a million dollars a year to the people of New 
York — if they would hut let it alone! But 



where is the Gray Squirrel today? You 
ride or drive in midsummer from one en 
New York to the other without finding a s 
one alive, unless it is in a protected jDark ! 

Americans are queer animals. There 
men and boys who still think it is "sp 
and "hunting," to shoot squirrels. — undei 
less difficulty and danger than would lie in 
ting chickens in a farmer's orchard ! Ant 
iVmericans actually eat a rodent with flea 
rat-like that the white men of all other naj 




EASTERN RED SQUIRREL. 




EASTERN CHIPMUNK. 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



541 



cline it. I refer to the Gray and Fox Squir- 
es. 

il It is indeed high time that the Gray Squir- 
il should be periaetually protected, everywhere 
l^oiighout this gun-ridden state. 
The delightful little Chipmunk is a thing of 
auty^ and its cheerfulness is a perpetual joy. 
ing very small and commercially valueless, it 
s not been pursued quite so persistently as 




RED FOX. 

he larger squirrels and rabbits; but for all that, 
he cat and the bad boy have made it rare every- 
where outside of parks. 

In the Zoological Park, it is really pathetic 
see how quickly the wild creatures respond 
protection, and make friends with those who 
pill not permit them to be molested. Take the 
Ttay Rabbit, as an illustration. 

Eight years after the opening of the Park, 
jrray Squirrels, Chipmunks and Gray Rabbits 
lad become very numerous within it, and almost 
earless! In June, 1909, at midday, a wild 
labfcit very leisurely hopped past me as I came 
ut of my office, not more than twenty feet 
way, quite as confidently as if he owned the 
i'hole place. At fifty feet, all unafraid he halt- 
d close beside a big oak tree, in full view of 
ifty persons, leisurely examined the ground, 
nd presently loped on across the grass into the 
hrubbery. 

The reason? Our grounds are the only 
rooded lands in northern New York City in 
rhich stray dogs, cats, poachers and other ver- 
lin are not permitted to run at large. Two 
ears ago our Chief Forester estimated that 75 
nld Rabbits were living and breeding in our 
:rounds. Of chipmunks we have hundreds, and 
f Gray Squirrels at least fifty. Needless to 
ay, the children and all other people who love 
nimals, are greatly interested by them. 



The Great Northern Hare, gray in sum- 
mer and snow white in winter, and once abund- 
ant, is now so rare that only the skilful "up- 
state" hunter can find one, in swamp or wil- 
derness far from the haunts of men. It is a 
pity, too ; for because of its great scarcity, and 
tlie fact that it does not thrive in captivity, this 
fine animal is almost as unknown and mythical 
to the vast majority of persons as the gyas- 
cutus. 

By his continued existence in sjjite of traps, 
hounds, and guns of all sorts, the Red Fox has 
ably and satisfactorily demonstrated his right 
to live. Any sane person who knows the tre- 
mendous difficulties and dangers amid which 
any Fox of "civilization" lives and breeds, sure- 
ly will not ask, as a serious question, "Do Foxes 
reason.^" Excepting the real lovers of nature, 
every man's hand, — and firearm also, — is 
against him. The farmer hunts him for re- 
venge, the trapjDcr for his pelt, the hunter for 
sport. And yet, compared with that wonder- 
fully sharp nose, and those keen eyes and ears, 
wireless telegraphy is slow and uncertain. 
Were it not so, there would not be toda}' one 
living Red or Gray Fox this side of the Adiron- 
dack wilderness ; but as it is, both those spe- 
cies joyously live and breed, even up to the 
very boundaries of the most idojduIous city of 
America. 





m 


'■''•\ 


o 






'' ''■(■"■''I 




1 i«i' ■• : L. 



VIRGINIA OPOSSUMS. 

In the distribution of the Marsupials, or 
mammals with abdominal pouches for their 
young, Nature almost overlooked North Amer- 
ica ! We have only the Opossum, nocturnal, 
sly, and so unobtrusive that in the northern 
United States it has reduced self-effacement to 
an exact science. 

Some naturalists suppose that the most re- 
markable thing about this animal is its pouch; 



542 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 



but that is not the case. The strangest thing 
is that it knows enough to feign death in order 
to escape injury. I know, because in my boy- 
hood days an Opossum deceived me so com- 
pletely and thoroughly that I have not yet 
fully recovered from the shock. The animal 
very nearly escaped through the trick that it so 
skilfully played upon me; and since that day 
I have wished a thousand times that I had given 
that Opossum its freedom, as a reward of merit. 
But I did not think of it in time. 

If our wild animals possessed as little reason 
and foresight as some men, all of them would 
have been killed or starved to death long ago. 



PRESENT STATUS OF BIRD STUDY. 

During the past ten years, the status of bird- 
study in America has undergone an important 
change. Yesterday was the day of the old- 
fashioned ornithologist, — diligent in the killing 
of birds in great numbers in order to study their 
geographic, seasonal, sexual and other varia- 
tions, and also diligent in the differentiation of 
new forms. At the same time, under the shel- 
tering guise of "scientific purposes," hundreds 
of thousands of the eggs of wild birds have been 
collected by unscientific men and boys, and 
stored away in dark cabinets, — to very small 
purpose. 

The total number of birds and eggs collected 
during the past fifty years in the sacred name of 
science must be something enormous. Perhaps 
two per cent, of the entire slaughter have served 
genuine scientific purposes ; but we doubt it. 

To-day, it is no exaggeration to say that a 
large number of the people who are keenly in- 
terested in the birds of North America are 
weary of the once-popular studies of minute 
geographic variations, the making of new sub- 
species, and the vexatious changing of scientific 
names that, like the brook, seem destined to go 
on forever. The English names of our birds 
are in fact more stable and useful than those 
bestowed by the scientists. 

To-day, the demand of the hour is for the 
utilization, in practical ways, of the enormous 
mass of American bird-lore that has been ac- 
cumulated. The unscientific millions desire to 
know about our birds the facts that are useful 
to man, and helpful to the birds. Very unfor- 
tunately, the schools and colleges in which the 
foundations of natural-history teaching should 
be "truly and firmly" laid, as befits every foun- 



dation stone, are sadly blundering in the h 
ness of teaching teachers how to teach. A 
whole, the situation is in a most unsatisfact 
state. But the nature teachers are at L 
aware that something is wrong; and that is 
first promise of better things. It is high t 
for even the dullest person to see that long 
weary weeks spent on the anatomy of the gr 
hopper, butterfly, beetle and amoeba are no 
line with the desires of bright boys and g 
wlio want to know which are the most in 
esting, the most useful and the most injur 
birds, mammals and reptiles of our country. 

The study of natural history in public sclu 
and colleges could be made as musical 
Ajjollo's lute ; and let us hope that some da 
will be. Meanwhile, there is one great les 
that all may learn. It is this : 

It is not always necessary to destroy wild 
in order to study it. The study of birds 
better begin with a bird book and a pair 
sharp eyes than with a gun and a bushel 
cartridges. The study of birds' eggs is 
right, provided the birds of today do not li|f 
to pay the whole cost of it in fresh eggs, 
the United States, the killing of birds for ' . 
entific purposes" is now very rarely necessa 
or justifiable. 

The most advanced ornithologists of the pi 
ent day are devoting their best attention to 
studj' of living birds, and their relations to m 
kind. Practical aviculture is teaching ma 
new and useful lessons which the study of c 
skins and skeletons never have revealed. 
C. William Beebe, experimenting at the Ps 
with live birds kept in atmospheres of varyJ 
degrees of humidity, has found that by mea 
of an unusual degree of humidity it is easy 
create new and startling "sub-species," litera 
"while you wait." It is unnecessary to po 
out the reasons why this discovery is of gri 
practical importance to ornithologists. 

Today, the highest duty of every lover 
birds is to help protect the birds that rema 
Nor is it necessary to have a speaking acquair 
ance with a bird before taking an interest in p 
serving it and its kind from annihilation. It 
impossible to afford birds too much protectic 
too much immunity from the forces of destri 
tion. Every child should be taught that withe 
the assistance of the birds that destroy annual 
millions of noxious insects, rodents, and tons 
seeds of noxious weeds, our country soon wou 
become a barren waste. 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



543 



iWii -Titf- Vt"^ 




LARGE BIRD-HOUSE AND ITALIAN GARDEN IN BAIRD COURT. 

THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK OF OUR DAY. 

By William T. Hornaday. 

Photographically illustrated by Elwin R. Sanborn. 



DESPITE the greed and blood-lust of man, 
civilized as well as savage, this gun-ridden 
world still contains a marvelous array of 
ild life. It is right to speak of the animate 
ortion of Nature's works as the animal king- 
1. Man himself is the king of beasts, but 
here are many assistant kings and princes and 
otentates, some of which are in certain ways 
Wmost as interesting as himself. 
I Even in this day of endless travel and travel- 
lers, it is not everyone who can go to the ends of 
jthe earth; and of the human millions, only a 
Ivery small percentage can make it possible to 
isee many wild creatures in their haunts. Yet do 
;people of intelligence desire to know the wild 
JHfe of the world; and so we have systematic 
[collections of animals, living and dead. 
I The highest function that any wild animal 
lean serve, living or dead, is to go on exhibition, 



as a representative of its species, to be seen 
and studied by millions of serious-minded 
people. 

The imperial City of New York presents to 
the world her Zoological Park, and invites man- 
kind to behold in it a huge li\ang assemblage 
of beasts, birds and reptiles, gathered from 
every region of the globe, kept together in com- 
fortable captivity, and skilfully fed and tend- 
ed, in order that millions of people may know 
and appreciate the marvels of the Animal King- 
dom. To make a Park and collection worthy 
of the fauna of the world, and of the metropolis 
of the New World, has been a gigantic task; but 
the people of New York have proven equal to 
it, and the result is now practically complete. 

After three years of planning, and ten years 
of very strenuous work, we say that the Zoo- 
logical Park is "practically complete;" and so 



54^4 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 



it is. Wise men will understand what we mean. 
We do not say that nothing more ever will be 
added, or that in the future no more improve- 
ments will be necessary. The actual work of 
building our Zebra House and Eagles' Aviary 
yet remains to be done ; but both together arc 
but a bagatelle, like the building of a garden 
summer-house for a stately mansion that is com- 
plete and occupied. 

These pages are intended only as an invita- 
tion to the world to come, enter in and possess 
the New York Zoological Park. They are not 
intended as an exhibit of the dry bones of De- 
tail. New York has dedicated to Zoology a 
princely and priceless domain of land and 
water, and she has almost unreservedly entrust- 
ed it to the wisdom and judgment and vital 
energy of the men who have made the New 
York Zoological Society. 

On this marvelous site, — the most glorious 
handiwork of Nature ever placed within, or 
even near, a great City, — the Zoological So- 
ciety expended in accommodations for animals 
a full quarter of a million dollars. That was 
just ten years ago. Having seen this evidence 
of good faith, the City of New York then gen- 
erously — but not extravagantly or foolishly — 
opened her treasury, pledged her credit, and 
bore the expense of all the remainder of the 
permanent improvements. And at the same 
time, the City began to furnish annually a sum 
of money sufficient to maintain becomingly the 
new institution. This was done, not reluctantly 
nor grudgingly, but with a big-hearted gener- 
osity "that made the gift more precious." The 
work of creating the Zoological Park has not 
lialted for a single moment since the keel of it 
was laid on November 5th, 1906, when the 
"Preliminary Plan" was approved by the Execu- 
tive Committee. 

The "Preliminary Plan" of the Director was 
carefully expanded into an elaborate and beau- 
tiful "Final Plan," which was approved by 
Mayor Strong and the Board of Park Commis- 
sioners in November, 1898. It is impossible to 
overstate the importance of that exhibit of the 
intentions of the Society to the progress of the 
Zoological Park. Other builders of American 
zoological parks may well follow the example 
of New York in having their future develop- 
ments planned by competent experts for twenty 
years in advance. 

In round numbers, the Zoological Society has 
expended on the Zoological Park and its ani- 
mals about $475,000; and on the buildings and 
other "ground improvements" the City has ex- 
pended a little more than $2,000,000. And 



what is there to show for all this? This 
highly condensed answer: 

Of large and fine buildings of the first r 
of brick and stone, there are to be seen the 
lowing: 

The Elephant House, 

Lion House, 

Primates House, 

Large Bird-House, 

Aquatic Bird-House, 

Administration Building, 

RejDtile House, 

Small ]\Iammal House, 

Ostrich House, 

Antelope House, 

Small-Deer House, 

Pheasants Aviary. 
Of buildings of secondary importance tl 
are: 

Tlie Service Building. 

Asiatic Deer House, 

Red Deer House, 

Axis Deer House, 

Elk House, 

Camel House, 

Llama House, 

Goats House, 

Buffalo Barn, 

Feed Barn, 
" Wild Horse Barns (2), 

Rocking Stone Restaurant, 

Boat House. 
Of open-air installations for wild mami 
and birds, — several of them very elaborate i 
costly, — there are the following important f 
til res : 

The Bear Dens. 

Flying Cage, 
" Wolf Dens, 

Mountain Sheej? Hill, 

Fox Dens, 

Sea-Lion Pool, 

Alligator Pool, 

Duck Aviary, 
" Wild-Fowl Pond, 
" Otter Pools, 

Beaver Pond, 

Burrowing Rodents' Quarters, 

Prairie-Dog Village, 

Puma House. , 

Of all the features named in the three lil 
given above, all save four are devoted to the sj 
tematic exhibition of living mammals, birds a 
reptiles. The list of secondary buildings gi^ 
not even a hint of the unequaled exhibiti 
series of open-air ranges, surrounded by st 
posts, steel wire and concrete foundations, tY 
have so generously been provided for our hen 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



545 




r-; 



NUBIAN GlRAFi'ES IN THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 



546 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 




^m^i 



^«*i^ 



:r^*^^>.: 



'mi^ 



f-- 



f^y^. 



H 






THE AFRICAN ELEPHANTS, KARTOUM AND SULTANA. 



of bison, elk, wild sheejD, wild goats, ibex, and 
deer of all kinds. 

It was an English critic who said that our 
open-air installations for animals are "at once 
the envy and the despair of all European zo- 
ologists." The finest ranges in the world for 
captive hoofed animals are those of the Duke 
of Bedford, at Woburn Abbey, England; and 
the herds within them are both in variety and in 
number, wholly beyond compare. But those 
herds are not on exhibition, and they can be 
seen only by a special invitation from the owner. 

It is to be noted here that of the eleven large 
and important animal buildings enumerated in 
the first class, each one save the Reptile House 
is provided with an elaborate and extensive 
series of open-air yards in which every habitant 
has, in mild weather, a daily opportunity to 
spend hours in the sunlight and the open air, 
freely exercising or lying at ease in the shade. 
The elephants and rhinoceroses, the lions and 
tigers, the apes and baboons, the big African 
antelopes, the tropical deer, the ostriches and 
cassowaries, and even the smallest creatures of 
the many in the Small Mammal House, all have 



their out-door quarters, and enjoy them to tl 
full. 

For humane men and women there is sma 
pleasure in the contemplation of living creaturt 
that are in prisons, and that look and feel lit 
prisoners, pining behind their bars. Better r 
"zoos" and no wild animal collections tha 
miserable and unhapp}^ prisoners ! A badh 
made or badly-kept "zoo," or zoological garde 
or park, is worse than none. But, at the sao: 
time, it is folly for anyone to say that all zot' 
logical gardens and parks are dens of crueltj 
— as is held by a few extreme humanitarian; 
The creatures in the collections of the Zoologies 
Park give unimpeachable testimony to the cor 
trary. If our bears, our hoofed animals, ou 
birds and our apes and monkeys are not pes 
tively happy, and full of the enjoyment of lif* 
then none are in this world, either captive ol[| 
free. Today, the life of every free wild creaj 
ture is constantly filled with alarm, with flying|| 
from danger, and with the daily struggle foij 
food, water and safety. Every hunter knowij 
that after every mouthful of food, the wild anilj 
mal or wild bird looks about for dangeroull 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



547 



imies; and the ultra-humanitarians take small 
e of the millions of wild lives that are pulled 

n and destroyed by predatory enemies. 
Of the great array of rare and interesting 
,mmals, birds and reptiks today on exhibition 
the New York Zoological Park, many pages 
uld be needed to convey of them even a faint 
pression. The collections have been formed 
■ictly on scientific lines. There are no half- 
seds, no "curiosities," and no freaks of any 
id save a few albinistic individuals. 
On July 15th, 1909, an enumeration of the 
lividuals and species alive and on exhibition 

the Park showed the possession of the fol- 
ding : 

TAL CENSUS OF WILD ANIMALS IN THE ZOOLOG- 
ICAL PARK, JULY 15th, 1909. 

Species. Specimens. 

ammals 246 743 

trds - 644 2816 

eptiles - - 256 1969 

Total lll-G 5528 

To the average mind, however, these figures 
mvey but a slight impression, even when we 
;ate that in individuals we have the largest 
umber (by about 1000) to be found today in 
ny zoological garden or park. 

Regarding the quality of our animal collec- 
ons, a few words must suffice. 

By way of illustration, what must the visitor 
link of a collection of African hoofed animals 
lat contains a Mountain Zebra and Grant Zebra, 
H^o species of Elephants, a pair of Black 
Rhinoceroses, a Hippopotamus, a pair of 
liraffes, a Sable Antelope, a Kudu, a Bakers 
loan Antelope, an Addax, two species of Gnu, 
, Beisa, a breeding pair of Leucoryx Antelope, 
n Eland, a Waterbuck and a Wart-Hog? 

And what shall be said of a collection of deer 
hat contains a herd of Eld's Burmese Thameng, 
L herd of Barasingha, herds of Indian and of 
^alay Sambar ; herds of Axis, Sika, Fallow, Red 
3eer, Wapiti of two continents, Kashmir Deer 
;Hangul), and pairs and singles of at least a 
lozen other species ? 

Consider for a moment the bears, — seventeen 
;pecies, represented by 37 specimens, including 
Pour species of the gigantic Alaskan Brown 
Bear group, represented by seven specimens. 

The collections of apes, baboons and mon- 
keys, and of small mammals and large cats, are 
quite as rich as those mentioned above. 



The collections of birds are fairly bewilder- 
ing in variety and zoological richness. When 
any Zoological Park exhibits nearly 3000 live 
birds, of different kinds and sizes, gathered from 
a hundred different localities, there is no need 
to comment on the rank of the collection. And 
when it contains such feathered rarities as the 
California Condor, Harpy Eagle, Bateleur 
Eagle, Trumpeter Swan, Whooping Crane, 
Sun Bittern, Seriema, South American Trumpe- 
ter, Gyrfalcon, Sea Eagle, Yellow-Necked Cas- 
sowary, Hyacinthine Macaw, Black Cockatoo, 
Black-Backed Pelican, Ptarmigan, and a hun- 
dred smaller varieties, its scientific value is be- 
yond question. 

Of reptiles, the array is very comprehensive. 
It contains five species of Rattlesnakes, the 
King Cobra, Spectacled Cobra, Bushmaster, 
Fer-de-Lance, Puff Adder, five species of Croc- 
odilians liberally represented, and Pythons, 
Boas, Anacondas, small Serpents, Lizards, 
Iguanas, Turtles, Tortoises, Terrapins and Am- 
phibians in great variety. 

The labeling of the living creatures in the 
Zoological Park, with descriptions, pictures, 
maps and charts, is far beyond the best results 
accomplished in that line elsewhere. 

Thanks to the marvelously perfect site of 264 
acres that New York City has provided for her 
exposition of living wild creatures, and thanks 
also to the wise use that has been made of it by 
the Zoological Society, the New York Zoological 
Park is today the foremost institution of its 
kind. It is no exaggeration to say that it is in 
a class by itself. Its grounds, its buildings and 
out-door compositions for animals, are of un- 
rivalled excellence, and in zoological value its 
collections are now equal to the best elsewhere. 
This plain statement is made with full knowl- 
edge of what the world has done in this field, 
and what animal collections exist elsewhere. 
The elaborate official report of Dr. Gustave 
Loisel to the French government (1907-8) has 
enabled all the world to know the relative stand- 
ing and merits of the zoological gardens and 
parks of the world. 

This Bulletin has been called for by the 
Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission as a 
means of placing before the public certain facts 
regarding the wild life of eastern New York, 
and a zoological institution that as yet is in- 
adequately known, even to the people of the 
Empire State. If the effort that has been made 
here, by the first City of America, were today 
anything else than the best of its kind thus far 
created, then would we need to apologize for a 
failure. 



£48 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 




ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



549 




POLAR BEAR DEN IN THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 

THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND ITS WORK. 



No institution is greater than the organiza- 
tion that created it. 

But for the New York Zoological So- 
itty, and the forces that it gathered to its aid, 
liere would today be no New York Zoological 
'ark. Even with the finest building materials 
eady to the hand of the builder, it is not given 
3 every man, or every organization of men, to 
ear a monumental structure, and finish it ere 
he world grows weary of waiting. 

Suiely the Zoological Society may be regard- 
d as one of the most remarkable of New York's 
lany and diverse human products. Organized 
n 1895, at a period when to many it seemed as 
f New York's private j^hilanthropy had been 
rained to its deisths by museums, libraries, hos- 
litals and botanical gardens, the hour of its 
irth seemed inauspicious. And to a very great 
xtent that handicap did exist, and remains upon 
he Society to this day! The institutions re- 
errcd to above have been endowed bountifullv. 



by money given in large sums, and therefore 
counting up rapidly. But not so this Society. 
From 1895 to the present hour, no sum larger 
than $5,000 ever has come into our treasury 
from one donor at one time ; and the only be- 
quest ever received was one for $100! 

But it was ordained in the beginning that the 
Zoological Society should succeed, and do much 
with little. The three declared objects of the 
Society always have been — the making of a 
Zoological Park, the protection of our native 
animals and the promotion of zoology. 

The first and by far the most serious of these 
tasks was undertaken first, and vigorously prose- 
cuted. The result is in evidence, and can speak 
for itself. The second and third objects have 
not been pursued as diligently as the first, be- 
cause of the practical impossibility of conduct- 
ing three great campaigns simultaneously. 
Now, however, the scientific work of the So- 
ciety, and its greater work for the protection 
of wild life, will be taken up on a new basis. 



550 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 




.'«ki«il^. 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



551 



he original impulse and eflfort for the crea- 

jlof the New York Zoological Society came 

i Madison Grant, then a sportsman and 

.;nt of nature, and by profession a lawyer; 

n very early in its career the new organization 

( ( d the active support of Prof. Henry Fair- 

( )sborn. It is impossible to overstate the 

li tiice of those two men on tlie Societj^'s un- 

p ikiiig^ and their devotion to the task^ year in 

y ,ir out. Without them. New York would 

it this time no Zoological Park! 

!■( ^ard the Executive Committee of this So- 

t as the most remarkable body of men with 

1 li I ever have come in contact. The man- 

II which those men of great affairs regular- 

II 1(1 even joyously, left "their mirth and 

1 ( inployment," to spend from two to four 

s at a time in hard-working business meet- 

1 . month after month, for thirteen years, was, 
) t Irast one man, both an object lesson and 
I i^piration. Talk about civic pride, and the 
, s of good citizenship, — the Zoological Park 
jj lasting monument to that spirit as it exists 
jlie 1666 members of this Society; and in 
lig this, we only render unto Caesar the thing 
' is his. 

|or eleven years, — 1898 to 1909, — the com- 
[ tion of the Executive Committee of the So- 
'• remained almost unchanged. Its members 

on. Levi P. Morton, ex-officio. President of 

Society. 

rof. Henry Fairfield Osborn, Vice-Presi 

, Chairman for seven years; now President. 

"adison Grant, General Secretary. 

harles T. Barney, Chairman for three years, 

isurer four years. 

aim L. Cadwalader, Counsel. 

^illiam White Niles, Attorney. 

ercy R. Pyne, Treasurer. 

amuel Thorne. 

apt. John S. Barnes. 

ren. Philip Schuyler. 

he vacancy caused by the death of Mr. 

Liyler has recently been filled by the election 

Ir. William Pierson Hamilton. 

uring the thirteen years of the Society's 

tence, the Executive Committee has held 169 

tings, and onh' one of them was without a 

um. 
Sn 1899 the Zoological Society set the pace 
•expending nearly $250,000 of its own funds 
he erection of the Reptile House, the Aquatic 
i-House, the Bear Dens, Flying Cage and 
ut eighteen smalkr installations for animals. 




HARPY EAGLE. 



552 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 




i't -ly. 



AMERICAN BISON BULL IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 



The people of New York looked at the quality 
of the work, and saw that it was good. In fact, 
the public was surjjrised, both by the magnitude 
of the plan, and the permanence of all improve- 
ments. Then the City of New York cheerfully 
joined the Society in the remainder of the work. 
The Society of course was given absolute control 
of the Park, it furnished all plans, and virtually 
superintended all improvement work. The 
Park Department has stood in a position to safe- 
guard all the interests of the taxpayers, and has 
awarded and superintended all large contracts 
for construction. Throughout eleven years of 
rushing improvement business, involving nearly 
a hundred contracts, great and small, the busi- 
ness of financing and building the Zoological 
Park has gone steadily on, without a single 
halt or an unpleasant episode between the rep- 
resentatives of the City and the Society. In 
their turn, Mayors Strong, Van Wyck, Low and 
McClellan, and Comptrollers Fitch, Coler, 
Grout and Metz have cordially cooperated in 
the work. The Park Department of the Bronx 
has been most helpful, and we recall with par- 
ticular pleasure the cooperation of the three 



long-term Commissioners, Moebus, Eustis 
Berry, and their Chief Engineer and ( 
Clerk, Martin Schenck and Gunther K. A 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



552 




THE CALIFORNIA CONDOR. 




MOVING THE ALLIGATORS TO WINTER QUARTERS. 



554? 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 



C. Ledyard Blair, Hugh J. Chisholm, George 
Crocker, Cleveland H. Dodge, E. H. Harriman, 
Mrs. Philip Schuyler, Lispenard Stewart, Miss 
Caroline Phelps Stokes, Mrs. Frank K. Sturgis, 
Tiffany and Company, Charles H. Senff, Cor- 
nelius Vanderbilt, Samuel D. Babcock, James C. 
Carter and Morris K. Jesujj. 

In addition to the above there are 38 Patrons, 
189 Life Members and 1397 Annual Members 
whose constant and liberal support fairly en- 
titles each one to honorable mention. 

In mentioning the men who have made the 
Zoological Park, the public owes more than it 
ever is likely to know — or to fully repay — to the 
intelligence, the judgment, the constant devotion 
and the tireless energy of these officers of the 
Zoological Park: 

H. Raymond Mitchell, Chief Clerk and >Lan- 
ager of Privileges. 

Hermann W. Merkel, Chief Constructor and 
Forester. 

C. William Beebe. Curator of Birds. 
Raymond L. Ditmars, Curator of Reptiles. 
George M. Beerbower, Civil Engineer. 
E. R. Sanborn, Photographer and Editor. 
William I. Mitchell, Office Assistant. 
E. H. Costiin, Captiin-of-the-Watch and As- 
sistant Forester. 

One phase of the business relations between 
the city government and the Zoological Society 
merits especial notice; and it may well be con- 
sidered outside of New York as a lesson in 
material progress. 

In nearly every city of the world, the up- 
building of important institutions either wholly 
or partly paid for from public funds, is so 
hedged about with safeguards and checks upon 
possible dishonesty that oftentimes the rate of 
progress is distressingly slow. 

During the administration of Mayor Van 
WVck, Comptroller Coler and Park Commis- 
sioner Moebus, it was decided that in the mak- 
ing of "miscellaneous ground improvements," — 
a heading which has embraced a-thousand-aid- 
one undertakings of a nature almost impossible 
to "specify" in advance, and put inlo contracts, 
^it was decided that the Zoological Society 
should have the utmost liberty permissible under 
the law. As a result, we have been enabled to 
make double the progress with far less expendi- 
ture of money, and with 50% better results, 
than would have been possible under a rigid 
adherence to the contract system. The work 
done by men selected solely on their ability and 
merits, and directed day by day by our own 
officers, has been the salvation of the Zoological 
Park; but it was possible only because the city 
government had faith in the business ability and 



integrity of the Board of Managers of 
Society. 

All the animals of the Zoological Park 
the property of the Zoological Society, ei 
having been presented by its members, or 
chased out of the profits of the privilege busi 
created by the Society through Mr. ]\Iitc 
under our contract with the City. The st 
tics of the collection have been published 
where in this Bulletin. 

Now that the Zoological Park is practic 
complete, the Society must take up more \i 
ous and extensive work in the field of wild 
protection, and the promotion of zoology, 
important work lies in sight, demanding at 
tion. Nothing short of an endowment fun> 
$1,000,000 will enable the Society to do 
whole duty in the two fields that it has as 
been unable to enter vigorously. The dut; 
all zoologists and nature-lovers to the cans 
wild-life protection is conceded by all int 
gent men, and requires no demonstration 
practical work in the vineyard. The Soc 
desires to devote six thousand dollars a yt a 
wild-life protection ; and it is well known 
our fast vanishing wild life needs the effort 
But let it not be supposed that during 
past twelve years the Society has ignored 
cause. On the contrar}'', ever since 1897 
Secretary and the Director of the Park 
put forth a continuous series of efforts, cove 
game fields in need of work in Newfoundl 
Alaska, British Columbia, ^lexico, Mont 
Wyoming and New York. It would be pos- 
to enumerate several important results achi; 
in those fields through the efforts of the Soe 
and its officers. 

Because of the Zoological Society's satis 
tory business methods in connection witlil 
Zoological Park, the City Department of Ps 
in 1902, requested the Society to assume coi 
of the New York Aquarium, and place it \ 
a permanent scientific basis. The growth 
the character of that institution today are 
timonials to the wisdom of the actions a« 
placed it upon a permanent basis, and sele 
Charles H. Townsend as its Director. 

On November 9th, the Zoological Society 
enter upon a new period of its history, 
completion of the Administration Building, 
ten years to a day from the opening of the I 
practically ends the period of strenuous 
struction, and opens up new fields of h 
With the aid of the endowment fund thai 
Society has a right to expect, important re 
may be achieved in the protection of wild 
and the diffusion of useful zoological knowh 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BIXLETIN. 



555 




556 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 




^NR^ 1 ^/iR* 






' ^^:.-*'M fMKA: 



THE HERD ON ITS RANGE. 



■'.,ii-:--K'i,j,:.*.i^-,',y^.:::-f^^M^{iai^^^^9tSi^ 



THE WICHITA NATIONAL BISON HERD. 

Presented to the Nation by the New York Zoological Society. 



It seems strange that the East should under- 
take the task of restoring to a permanent basis 
in the West an important wild-animal species 
that was destro3^ed by the men of the West. 

Greed and blood-lust is not, like the tariff, a 
local issue. It is thoroughly cosmo}Dolitan. 
Wherever there is found an abundance of wild- 
animal life, there will be found also the buz- 
zards of commerce destroying life and "wreck- 
ing" carcases. It was the men of the West 
who got up the wild and bloody orgy of the 
buffalo plains, and left behind them only foul 
carcasses, poisoned air and desolation. 

Strange to say, however, the AVest has shown 
little more than a bystander's interest in the ef- 
fort now being made to establish the American 
Bison species on national ranges with such a de- 
gree of permanency that it will endure for the 
centuries of the future. Most of the appeals of 
the Bison Society for contributions from beyond 
the head of the Ohio River have fallen on deaf 
ears and tightly-closed purses. The West as a 
whole has yet to learn what it is to give dollars 
for the preservation of wild life ; but the record 
of Wyoming and Colorado in feeding starving 
Elk, last winter, constitutes a fine exception. 

For many years, various individuals have 
urged Congress to "do something" for the Lison. 
I think it was the efforts of Col. "Buffalo" 



Jones, of Kansas, that finally resulted in tl 
establishing of a national Bison herd in t 
Yellowstone Park. It cost a mighty effo 
backed by the Biological Survey, to sect: 
through that grand champion of wild life, Co 
gressman John F. Lacey, of Iowa, the sum 
$10,000 for that nucleus. 

Later on, the New York Zoological Socie 
conceived the idea of a corporate sacrifice in t 
half of the Bison, and proposed to the govei 
ment a partnership arrangement for the foun 
ing of a new herd. The Society offered 
nucleus herd of 15 pure-blood Bison as a gi 
delivered on the ground, provided the Natior 
Government would set aside 12 square miles 
fine grazing grounds, on what once was t) 
range of the great southern herd, fence it in, ai 
permanently maintain the herd. : 

The offer was promptly and graciously ^ 
cepted, the money involved was immediate 
voted, and the fence was erected in a very sat 
factory manner. Without any unnecessary dels 
the Zoological Society selected 15 of the fini 
Bison in the Zoological Park herd, and wi 
most generous aid from the American and Wei 
Fargo Express Companies (who carried the he 
free of all cost), the gift was delivered at t 
southern boundary of the Wichita National Fori 
and Game Preserve in southwestern Oklahoma. 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



557 




Stl )| 



THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT IN NEW YORK. 



jOC 



In view of the peculiar difficulties and impos- 

bilities surrounding all attempts to induce our 

ountain sheep, caribou and moose to live on 

[lie Atlantic Coast, the successful acclimatiza- 

' [Ion of a herd of Rocky Mountain Goats in the 

"' joological Park becomes of special interest. 

^^ ; In October, 1905, five kids, then about five 

' '^onths old, were personally conducted from 

irort Steele, British Columbia, to New York, 

jnd established in and about the rustic Goat 

(louse in the southwestern corner of the Park. 

phe flock contained three males and two 

/emales, — all of which elected to live and thrive. 

f'hey were given two well-shaded yards paved 
dth macadam, a brushy hillside of dry earth, 
nd the roof of the barn to clamber over. It 
Eas quickly discovered that in this low altitude, 
le Mountain Goat can not endure rain, espe- 
cially in winter; and it has been our fixed policy 
house the herd whenever a rain-storm ap- 
)ears. 
J, On May 20, 1909, one of the females gave 
jbirth to a lusty male kid, which she successfully 



reared. Her offspring is now so large, so vig- 
orous and so free with his horns, it has been 
necessary to saw off the skewer-like tips of his 
horns for the general safety of the other mem- 
bers of the herd. Little "Philip" is apparently 
quite as large and vigorous as any wild male 
goatlet of similar age. 

Unfortunately for the mother, her maternity 
effort at this altitude was fatal to her. After 
nursing her offsjoring to weaning-time, she died 
of what was really a general exhaustion of her 
vitality. 

The four original members of the herd re- 
main in perfect liealth, but the other female has 
not yet bred. They continue to be shy of the 
human hand, and although they will approach 
almost within reach, they will not permit any- 
one to handle them, not even their keeper. 

The illustration above shows one of the males 
with his long, shaggy winter coat not yet fully 
developed. 



558 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 




A BIT OF LAKE AGASSIZ FROM THE JUNGI.E WALK. 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



559 




GREVY ZEBRA FROM SOUTHERN ABYSSINIA. 



TWO RARE ZEBRAS. 

Of all living Zebras, the rarest and the most 
sought are Grevy's Zebra, from northern Soma- 
liland and Abyssinia, and the Mountain Zebra, 
from the mountains of Cape Colony. The for- 
mer is comparatively new to the zoological 
world, having been discovered and described as 
late as 1882, when it was named in honor of the 
president of the French Republic, to whom the 
type specimen was sent by King Menelik. Of 
that rare species, Menelik maintains what is 
well-nigh a close monopoly, and few specimens 
ever reach the outside world that have not first 
passed through his hands. 

The Grevy Zebra is distinguished by its large 
size, very narrow stripes that extend quite down 
to the hoofs, and its large ears. 

The Mountain Zebra is a smaller species, 
marked by very wide stripes on the hindquarters 
only, and narrow stripes elsewhere. It is found 
only in the mountains of Cape Colony, and by 
the game protectors of that colony, its total 
number is estimated at only 400 individuals. 

We are fortunate in possessing fine examples 
of both the species noticed above. 



ZOOLOGICAL PARK VISITORS. 

In determining the popularity of any public 
institution, it is the inexorable recording turn- 
stile that tells the story. Being somewhat re- 
moved from New York City's center of popu- 
lation every visitor to the Zoological Park rep- 
resents a special effort, and something expended 
for car fare. In view of all this, these figures 
of our monthly attendance for 1908 are of in- 
terest : 

I9O8 Increase. 

January 42,356 2,887 

February 37,804 10,224 

March " - 77,841 10,583 

April 118,384 27,833 

May 182,192 20,706 

June - 187,656 19,622 

July 159,797 

August 190,813 160 

September 153,007 26,487 

October -. 120,952 30,239 

November 91,642 26,463 

December 51,299 

Total for the year 1,413,743 175,204 



560 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 




LONGHAIRED CHIMPANZEE "AUGUST" 
Pan satyrus schiveinfnrthi (Giglioli) 
Sudan and Uganda. 



HOW TO REACH THE ZOOLOGICAL 
PARK. 

For ten yccars, many of the newspapers of 
New York have constantly endeavored to inform 
their readers that the Zoological Park is in the 
Bronx! The energy and persistence with which 
we are Bronxed, year in and year out, is worthy 
of a real public necessity. If there were in New 
York City an assortment of zoological parks, 
then would we cheerfully accept "Bronx" as a 
part of our name; but there is only one Zoolog- 
ical Park hereabouts, and Jonas Bronck never 
dreamed of founding it. 

The Zoological Park ("^7^ the Bronx") is 
most easily reached by the eastern branch of the 
Subway. To-day the trains are marked "Bronx 
Park" and "West Farms;" but we are informed 
that in a short time our trains will be marked 
"Zoological Park." To reach the center of the 
Zoological Park from Wall Street requires about 
55 minutes, and from the Grand Central Station 
about 40 minutes. The Subway terminus is at 
180th Street, only two short blocks from our 
Boston Road Entrance, and the Boat House. 



[D BALD-HEADED CHIMPANZEE "BALDY." 
Pan pygmaeus (Schreiber) 
Equatorial West Africa. 

Visitors coming up on the Third Avenue Elf 
vated should alight at Fordham Station, an 
either walk or take a surface car eastward o 
Pelham Avenue for nearly half a mile. The Ir 
terborough cross-town lines on 180th Street, an 
also on 189th Street, land visitors near our tw 
western entrances. 

CARRIAGES AND AUTOMOBILES.- 
The route from lower New York for carriage 
and automobiles is through Central Park, Leno 
Avenue, Macomb's Dam Bridge, and Jerome o 
Washington Avenues to Pelham Avenue, thenc 
eastward to our new Concourse Entrance, at th 
Bronx River bridge. Vehicles with visitors ma 
enter the Park at that point, and land them .i 
the steps leading up to Baird Court. 

PAY DAYS AND FREE DAYS.— Th 
Park is free on all days of the week save Mo7i 
days and Thursdays. On those two pay-day 
an admission of 25c. for adults is charged to a 
persons who are not members of the Society. 

The Official Guide to the Zoological Pari 
fully illustrated, can be obtained at all entrance: 
for 25 cents. 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



561 




PENINSULA BEAR CAPTURED AT MOELLER BAY, ALASKA PENINSULA. 



A GREAT COLLECTION OF BEARS. 

If properly established, no captive wild ani- 
mals more fully repay their cost and keep than 
a collection of bears that has been judiciously 
formed. It is true that they are very trouble- 
some comforts, and that every big bear is a 
storm-center ; but we like them, for all that. 
When comfortably installed in large, clean 
j^ards, with plenty of sunlight, fresh water, 
rocks to climb upon and a good variety of food, 
they are full of action, and constitute a great at- 
traction to visitors. 

From the beginning, we have striven to bring 
together as many as possible of the species of 
bears with which the public is but little ac- 
quainted. First we devoted special attention to 
;he Alaskan Brown Bears, — the giants of the 
^enus Ursus, — and to-day we have four good 
species, with the prospect of a fifth one when a 
certain young animal matures. One of these 
las come to us from north of the Arctic Circle, 
mly 300 miles south of Point Barrow (the most 
lortherly point of Alaska), which is the mosi: 
lortherly habitat for a bear of this group. 



We have also recently secured, — after ten 
years of constant effort, — a black bear from 
South America, which represents the form de- 
scribed by Oldfield Thomas as Ursus ornatus 
majori. Of our old friend, the Rocky Moun- 
tain Grizzly, we have specimens from several 
different localities. 

The following is a list of our specimens and 
species, as the collection stands to-day: 

2 Polar Bears i'runs maritimun. 

2 Kadiak Bears " middendorffi. 

2 Yakutat Bears " dalli. 

1 Admiralty Bear.... " eulophus. 

1 Peninsula Bear " merriami. 

1 Arctic Brown Bear " undetermined. 

3 Grizzly Bears " horribilis. 

9 Black Bears " americanus. 

1 Syrian Bear " syriacus. 

2 Brown Bears " arctos, 

2 Hairy-Eared Bears " piscator. 

1 Himalayan Black Bear " forquatus. 

1 Japanese Bear " japonicus. 

2 Yezo Bears " ferox. 

1 Sloth Bear " labiatus. 

3 Sun Bears " malayarms. 

1 Andes Black Bear " ornatus majori. 

3 Hybrids, born here. 

37 specimens, representing 17 species. 



562 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 




NORTH FACADE AND DOME OF THE ELEPHANT HOUSE. 
Heins & La Farge, Architects. 



ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



563 



THE ELEPHANT HOUSE. 



OF the building- operations in the Zoological 
Park, the most important single feature is 
the Elephant House. Of ten years con- 
truction work, it is the climax; and it is fitting- 
V crowned with a dome. It is situated on the 
itc prepared for it by Nature^ and chosen 
welve years ago, on tlie axis of Baird Court, 
nd in the open space midway between the Court 
nd the Wolf Dens. In effect, it connects the 
wo great groujis of installations of the north- 
rn and southern regions of the Park which un- 
11 now have been slightly separated. 

We believe that this effort represents liigh- 
pater mark in zoological building construction, 
t is spacious, well lighted, beautiful in its lines, 
)oth externally and internally, beautifully orna- 
mented without being overdone, and also wholly 
'ree from useless extravagance. The interior 
ighting and cage "effects" are highly satisfac- 
ory. the light upon the animals being quite suf- 
jicient. without being too strong and glaring, 
(t is clearly evident that the animals enjoy their 
tages ; for were it otherwise, the African rhino- 
ceros would not, almost daily, gallop round and 
round, and with ponderous agility often leap 
nto tlie air. 

In several important jiarticulars the Elephant 
House is unlike all other buildings in the Park. 
It is liigh ; it is entered at the center of each 
side, instead of at each end; it is built entirely 
)f stone; it has a main roof of green tiles, and 
las a lofty dome covered with glazed tiles laid 
n an elaborate color pattern of browns and 
yreens. The dome is finally surmounted by a 
'lantern" of elaborate tile work, also in colors. 
Excepting the dome, the whole exterior struc- 
;ure is of smoothly dressed Indiana limestone. 
Each entrance consists of a lofty and dignified 
irchway, in Avhich the doors are deeply recessed ; 
md each of these arches is grandly ornamented 
3y animal heads, sculptured in s!:one. 

The color effects of the interior are particu- 
arly pleasing. The large, flat bricks of the 
justavino arch system are in their natural col- 
)rs, and form a blending of soft brown and buff 
shades that not only avoids monotony, but is 
jleasing and restful to the eye. Combined with 
;he vaulted ceilings of the main halls and the 
?ages there are a few strong arches of mottled 
niff brick which harmonize perfectly with the 
veiling tiles of the main dome. This scheme of 
'aulted ceilings is so new that few jiersons ever 
lave seen a finished example. Both the main 
lome, and the arched ceiling below it, have been 



constructed by Gustavino without the employ- 
ment of either the steel rafters or ribs which one 
naturally expects to see in such structures. 

Each of the eight immense cages, that to-day 
contain elephants and rhinoceroses, has been de- 
signed to frame and display its liv'ing occupant 
as perfectly as a frame fits a picture. The 
vaulted ceilings and large central skylights are 
particularly well adapted to cages for extra 
large animals, and the lighting is quite perfect. 
The front of each cage — 24 feet — is spanned 
aloft by a single Gustavino arch, and is un- 
spoiled by intermediate columns. Each cage is 
24 X 24 feet, which is ample for elephants and 
rhinoceroses of the largest size. To a height of 
6 feet the walls are lined with plates of quarter- 
incli steel ; and nothing less powerful than a 
locomotive could break through or break down 
the front bars and beams. The outside doors 
are marvels of strength and smoothness in ac- 
tion. They are of four-inch oak, reinforced 
with quarter-inch steel plates, and on the inside 
they are strengthened against attack by three 
heav}' movable beams of steel. 

The ground plan, and all cage and yard ar- 
rangements of the Elephant House, were de- 
signed by the Director of the Zoological Park. 
The architects were INIessrs. Heins & La Farge. 
The animal sculptures on the southern half of 
the building were executed by A. Phimister 
Proctor, and those on the north half are by 
Charles R. Knight. The building was erected by 
the F. T. Nesbit Company, with John C. Coffey 
as Superintendent of Construction. The steel 
fences enclosing the yards were designed by 
George M. Beerbower, Civil Engineer of the 
Zoological Park staff, and the macadam and 
masonry construction work in the yards and 
surrounding walks was performed by our own 
force, under the direction of Hermann W. 
Merkel, Chief Constructor. 

The total cost of the building was $157,473, 
and of the surrounding yards, fences and walks 
$27,159, making for the entire installation a 
total of $184,632. This is $16,000 less than 
the original estimate. 

The Elephant House contains a surpassingly 
fine and valuable collection, consisting of 2 In- 
dian Elephants, 2 Sudan African Elephants, 1 
Congo African Elephant, 1 Great Indian Rhino- 
ceros, 2 African Black Rhinoceroses, 1 Hippo- 
potamus, 2 American Tapirs and 1 Indian 
Tapir. 



564 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 




rrr- 




ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN. 



565 




INDIAN ELEPHANT "GUNDA" IN HIS NEW QUARTERS AT THE ELEPHANT HOUSE. 




MALE HIPPOPOTAMUS. 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION 




JAPANESE RED-FACED MONKEY AND YOUNG. 



YOUNG MEXICAN PUMA. 



JxMPORTANT ACCESSIONS FROM AFRICA IN 1909- 



1 


Sable Antelope. 


1 


1 


Greater Kudu. 


1 


1 


Mountain Zebra. 


2 


2 


Grant Zebras. 


1 


1 


CoNGAN SiTATUNGA. 


1 


2 


Speke Sitatungas. 


1 


1 


Duiker Antelope. 


1 



Wart-Hog. 

Hyaena Dog. 

Black-Backed Jackals. 

Caracal. 

Cheetah. 

Hyrax. 

Broad-Nosed Crocodile. 



Black-Footed Penguins. 
Egyptian Geese. 
Bateleur Eagles. 
Vulturine Sea Eagles, 
touracous. 
Golden Oriole. 
Rock Thrush. 





TAMANDUA: PREHENSILE-TAILED ANTEATER. 



TREE PORCUPINE. 



LIST OF 

MNSTITUTIONS HOLDING EXHIBITIONS 

UNDER THK, AUSPICES OF OR IN COOPERATION WITH SCIENTIFIC. HISTORICAL AND 
ART (OMMHTEES of the HUDSON-FUI/rON CELEBRATION COMMISSION 



AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, Engineering Building, 29 
West Thirty-ninth Street. Robert Fulton Exhibition. Consists of paintings, drawings, books, 
decorations and furniture, and working models of John Fitcli's steamboat, tlie first boat operated 
and propelled by steam; Robert Fulton's "Clermont," the first successful application of steam 
to navigation, and John Stevens' "Phoenix," the first steamboat to sail on the ocean. 

The exhibition will be shown in the Council Room of the Society, on the eleventh floor, and 
will be open from 9-00 a. m. until 5.30 p. m. during the entire period of the Hudson-Fulton 
Celebration, and from 9-00 a. m. until .).00 p. m. daily until December 6th. 



CITY HISTORY CLUB OF NEW YORK. 21 West Forty-fourth Street. Special Exhi- 
bition of Illustrations, Photographs, Maps and Plans, relating to the history of the City of New 
York, and all of the originals used in the City Historj' Club Historical Guide Book of the City 
of New York. 



COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, St. Nicholas Avenue and 139th Street. 
Hudfion-Fulton Exhibit. During the Hudson-Fulton Celebration and for some weeks thereafter, 
the College of the City of New York will have on exhibition in its historical museum a collection 
of charts, views, manuscripts and relics representing old New York. Among the charts will be 
original prints of New Netherlands and New Amsterdam by Nicholas J. Vischer, about 1650; 
N. Visscher, 1690; Letter's "New Jorck," 1720; contemj^orary plans and views of the Revolu- 
tionary period showing the movements of Washington and Howe in this vicinity during the Cam- 
paign of 1776; Revolutionary battle relics; portraits, residences and letters of old New York- 
ers; bronze busts of ^Vashington, Lincoln and Fulton by Houdon and Volk; and other material 
suggested by the celebration. 

Take Sixth Avenue Elevated Railway to 140th Street, or Broadway Subway to One Hun- 
dred and Thirtv-seventh Street; also Amsterdam Avenue surface cars to college entrance. 



DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN. Through the courtesy of! 
Commissioner Michael J. Kennedy and his assistant arboriculturist, J. J. Levison, the different 
species of trees have been labeled in Prospect Park, from the Plaza to the Willink Entrance;' 
in Bedford Park; in Highland Park, and in Tompkins Park. An additional small enameled 
sign has been hung on those labeled trees that were indigenous to the Hudson River Valley in 
1609. The special label reads: "This species is a native of the Hudson River Valley." 



FRAUNCES TAVERN, 54 Pearl Street, near Broad Street. Historic Revolutionary 
Building. Built in 1719. Scene of Washington's farewell to his officers on December 4th, 
1783. Restored December 4th, 1907, by the New York Society of the Sons of the Revolution. 
Open daily, except Sundays, from 9 a. m. to 6 p. m. Special Exhibition of Revolutionary 
Relics by the New York State Society of the Sons of the Revolution, who are the owners of 
that historical building, September 15th to November 1st. 

Take Subway to Bowling Green Station, or Third Avenue Elevated Railway to Hanover 
Square Station, or Broadway surface cars. 



LONG ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, corner of Pierrepont and Clinton Streets, 
Brooklyn, between Brooklyn Bridge and Borough Hall. Open daily, except Sundays, from 
8.30 a. m. to 6 p. m. Reference library of 70,000 volumes; manuscripts, relics, etc. Auto- 
graph receipt of Robert Fulton and original manuscript volume of Danker's and Sluyter's 
"Journal of a Voyage to New York in 1679-80." 

Take Subway to Borough Hall, Brooklyn ; Third Avenue Elevated Railway to Brooklynl 
Bridge, connecting with Bridge cars ; or surface cars to Bridge. 



i\ 



4 



METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, Central Park East. Main entrance on Fifth 
Avenue at Eighty-second Street. Open daily, except Sundays, from 10.00 a. m. to 6.00 p. m. ; 
in winter to 5.00 p. m. ; Saturdays to 10.00 p. m. ; Sundays from 1.00 to 6.00 p. m. On Mon- 
days and Fridays an admission fee of 25 cents is charged, except to members and copyists. Col- 
lections illustrating all departments of Art and Archaeology. Special Exhibition of a magnifi- 
cent Collection of over 130 of the works of Old Dutch Masters, constituting the finest Exhibi- 
tion of this kind ever made. Products of Colonial Art: Industrial Art, Furniture, Pewter of 
the 17th and 18th centuries, etc. (Two illustrated catalogues for sale, one of Dutch Exhibit 
and one of Colonial Arts; price 10 cents each. Also finely illustrated edition de luxe.) 

Take Fifth Avenue stages or INIadison Avenue surface cars to Eighty-second Street, one 
block east of Museum ; connection with Subway at Forty-second Street, and with Elevated Rail- 
way and West Side surface cars at Fifty-ninth Street. 



NATIONAL ARTS CLUB, Twentieth Street near Irving Place (Gramercy Park). This 
house was formerly the residence of Samuel J. Tilden, and is situated one block east of the birth- 
place of Ex-President Roosevelt. Open daily from September 20th to about October 18th, 
1909, from 9 a. m. to 10 p. m. Special Loan Exhibition by the National Arts Club, in coop- 
eration with the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. 

Three centuries of New York City: Special Exhibition of Paintings, Photographs, Draw- 
ings and other interesting materials, illustrating the growth and progress of New York from 
the time of Henry Hudson to the present day. (Catalogue for sale.) 

Take Fourth or ]\Iadison Avenue surface cars to corner of Fourth Avenue and Twentieth 
Street, one block west of Club-house. Subway Station at Eighteenth Street and Fourth Avenue, 
three blocks away. 



NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, Bronx Park. Museums open daily including Sun- 
days from 10 a. m. to 5 p. m. ; Conservatories from 10 a. m. to 4 p. m. Grounds always open. 
In the Grounds and Conservatories exhibits of Plants, Shrubs, Trees, and Natural Woodland; 
in the Museums, Plant Products utilized in the Arts, Sciences and Industries. All plants grow- 
ing on Manhattan Island and Hudson River Valley at the time of Hudson's arrival are marked 
with the letter "H." (Special illustrated catalogue for sale.) 

Take Third Avenue Elevated Railway to Bronx Park (Botanical Garden). Subway pas- 
sengers change at 149th Street; also reached by Harlem Division of the New York Central 
Railroad from Grand Central Station, Fourth Avenue and Forty-second Street. 



NEW YORK GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 226 West Fifty- 
eighth Street, between Broadway and Seventh Avenue. Open daily, except Sundays, from 10.00 
a. m. to 5.00 p. m., until November 1st. Special Exhibition of old Deeds, Manuscripts, Books, 
Portraits, etc., relating to the history of the United States up to and including the War of 1812. 
(Catalogue for sale.) 

Take Broadway surface cars to corner of Fifty-eighth Street. Subway station at Columbus 
Circle (Fifty-ninth Street), two blocks distant; Sixth Avenue Elevated station at Ninth Avenue 
and Fifty-ninth Street, three blocks away. 



NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY, corner of Seventy-seventh Street and Central 
Park West. September 25th to October 30th, open daily from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. Robert Ful- 
ton Exhibition, of the New York Historical Society, in cooperation with the Colonial Dames of 
America. (Catalogue for sale.) 

Take Sixth Avenue Elevated Railway to Eighty-first Street and Columbus Avenue, or sur- 
face cars traversing Central Park West; also reached by any Columbus Avenue surface car to 
Seventy-seventh Street. 



NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY, Lenox Branch, Fifth Avenue and Seventy-second 
Street. Open daily, except Sundays, from 9 a. m. to 6 p. m. Special Exhibition of Prints. 
Books. Manuscripts, etc., relating to Henry Hudson, the Hudson River, Robert Fulton, and 
Steam Navigation. (Special illustrated catalogue for sale; price 10 cents.) 

Take Fifth Avenue Stages, or Madison Avenue surface cars to Seventy-second Street, one 
block east of Library; connection with Subway at Grand Central Station and with Elevated 
Railway and West Side surface cars at Fifty-ninth Street. 



REFORMED DUTCH CHURCH. The Reformed Protestant Dutch Church of the City 
of New York will make an exhibit in the chapel of the Church of St. Nicholas, Fifth Avenue 
and iSth Street, during the week of the celebration, 9 to 5 daily. 

This church was organized A. D. 1628, and the exhibit will comprise articles connected 
with its long: history. 



VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE MUSEUM, in Van Cortlandt Park. This fine colonial 
mansion, built in ITiS, with furniture of period, is one of the oldest houses within the area of 
Greater New York ; it is in the custody of the Colonial Dames of the State of New York. Open 
daily, 9.00 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. Special Exhibition of ^lezzotint Portraits of men prominent in 
political life prior to the Revolution; Wedgwood's Medallion Portraits of Illustrious Person- 
ages; Cartoons and Caricatures of political events, etc. (Special illustrated catalogue on sale.) 

Take New York Central Railroad from Grand Central Station; Sixth Avenue Elevated 
Railwa}^, connecting at 155th Street with the Putnam Division of the New York Central Rail- 
road ; or Subway trains marked Van Cortlandt Park. 



I 



WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS (The Jumel Mansion), Roger Morris Park, 
Edgecombe Avenue and One Hundred and Sixty-second Street. Built about 1760. Under the 
Department of Parks. Exhibition by the ladies of the Washington Headquarters Association, 
Daughters of the American Revolution. Open free daily, including Sundays, from 9 a. m. to 
5 p. m. Special features: Collection of Colonial furnishings, objects and pictures; also the 
Bolton Collection of War Relics of the Revolution. 

Take Amsterdam Avenue surface cars; Sixth Avenue Elevated Railway to One Hundred and 
Fifty-fifth Street, or Broadwav Subway to One Hundred and Fiftv-seventh Street. 



I 



DING EXHIBITIONS UNDER THE AUSPICES OF OR IN COOPERATION WITH SCIENTIFIC, HISTORICAL AND ART 
COMMITTEES OF THE HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION COMMISSION 



\ 



AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Seventy-seventh Street, from Co- 
bus Avenue to Central Park West. Open dailj^, except Sundays, from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. 
idays from 1 to 5 p. m. Always free. Special Exhibition during the Hudson-Fulton Cele- 
tion, from September 1st to December 1st. Original objects showing the life and habits of 
Indians of Manhattan Island and the Hudson River Valley. (Special illustrated catalogue 
I sale, price 10 cents.) 

Take Sixth or Ninth Avenue Elevated Railway to Eighty-first Street, or Subway to Seven- 
linth Street; also reached by all surface cars running through Columbus Avenue or Central 
•k West. 

BROOKLYN INSTITUTE, Eastern Parkway. Open daily, except Sundays, from 9 a. 
to 6 p. m. ; Sundays from 2 to 6 p. m. Thursday evenings from 7.30 to 9-30 p. m. Free 
ept on Mondays and Tuesdays when admission fee is charged of 25 cents for adults and 10 
ts for children under six years of age. Collection illustrating various departments of Archae- 
gy, Mineralogy and Ethnography. Special Exhibition relating to past and present life of 
lians on Long Island. Portrait of Robert Fulton painted by himself, the property of Col. 
nry T. Chapman and loaned by him to the Museum. Open September 1st to December 31st. 
lustrated catalogue for sale.) 

Take Subway Express to Atlantic Avenue, or Flatbush Avenue Trolley from Brooklyn 
[dge. St. John's Place surface car from Atlantic Avenue or Borough Hall. 

CHILDREN'S MUSEUM (Brooklyn Institute), Bedford Park, Brooklyn Avenue. Coi- 
tion illustrative of the fauna of Long Island. Open free to the public from Monday to Sat- 
lay (inclusive) from 9 a. m. to 5.30 p. m., and on Sunday from 2 until 5.30 p. m. 

NEW YORK AQUARIUM, in Battery Park, under the management of the New York 
}lo2;ical Society. Open dailv, including Sundays, from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. until October 15th. 
ctober l6th to April 14th, from 10 a. m. to 4 p. m.) This building was erected in 1807 by 
United States Government as a fort and after the War of 1812 was called Castle Clinton; 
er, as Castle Garden, it was the scene of Jenny Lind's triumphs, and from 1855 to 1890 it 
s the portal of the New World for 7,690,606 immigrants. This is the largest aquarium in 
: world and contains a greater number of specimens and species than any other. All tanks 
itaining fish indigenous to the Hudson River will be so marked. 

Take Elevated Railway to Battery Place Station, or Subway to Bowling Green Station; 
reached by all surface cars which go to South Ferry. 

NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK, under the management of the New York Zoological 
:;iety, in Bronx Park. Open daily, including Sundays, from 9 a. m. until an hour before sun- 
(November 1 to May 1 from 10 a. m.). Free, except on Mondays and Thursdays, when an 
nission fee of 25 cents is charged. Exhibition of a splendid collection of Animals, Birds 
\ Reptiles. The fauna of Henry Hudson's time on Manhattan Island and in the Hudson 
'er Valley will be indicated by the flag of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration. (Special illus- 
ted catalogue describing same for sale.) 

Take Subway trains marked "Bronx Park Express" to terminus at 180th Street, or Third 
enue Elevated to Fordliam Station. The entrances are reached by numerous surface cars. 




NEW YORK 

Administration Bldg.,8, 

Alaskan H^mse, 32 

Alligator Pool„36 

Antelope House, 50 ... . 

Bear Dens, .37 

Beaver Pond, 29 

Biulogieal Laboratory, 

28 A 

Bird House, Aquatic 5.. 
Bird House, Large. 7.. 

Bison, 51 

Boat House, 51 

Buffalo Herd, .52 

Burrowing Animals, 42. 

Cage, Flying, 4 

Camel House, 39 

Deer, Asiatic, 1 C- 

Deer, American, .30 

Deer, Axis and Sika, 2 

Deer, Fallow, 53 

Deer, Red. 10 

Deer House. Small, 49. 
Duck Aviary, 3 



ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 

.D4 KlBjiliant House, 20 F3 

H3 Elk Range 21, U 2 

H 4 Feed Barn, 27 . . ^ G 3 

.J 3 Flying Cage. 4 C3 

H 5 Fountains, Drinking. 

G5 D2. H2. M7 

Fountain.Rocketeller,13D4 

G 4 Fox Dens, 23 G 2 

,D 2 Goats, Mountain, 48... .1 2 

D 3 Lion House. 15 E 3 

. J 5 Llama House. 38 12 

M 6 Lydig Arch, 47 15 

.J 6 Mammal House, Small, 

1 3 3.5 H 3 

. C 3 Mountain Sheep HilU-U . 1 4 

. 1 2 Nursery, IS E 9 

D 2 Ostrich House, 43 13 

H 2 Otter Pools, 3 1 H2 

C 2 Pavilion, Shelter, 26 . ..G 3 
K 4 Pheasant Aviarv, 40 ... I 2 

D 2 Polar Bear Den'. .37 H 5 

.J 2 Prairie Dogs. 41 13 

.C3 Primate House, 17. ...E4 



THE MATTHEW8-N0RTHRUP WORKS. BUF 



COPYRIGHT 



Puma and Lynx 

House :« A H3 

Raccoon '8 Tree, 44 A ..I 5Bostoii-!Koad^ 

Reptile House, 34 H4 Enti. 

Restaurant, 46 15 ^^ // , 

Riding Animals, 6 D3 v^^'^^'^/ji 

Rockiug Stone 45 15 ^^5^^ ^f 

Sea Lion Pool, 12 D3 7)/?/' 

Service Bldg. 28 H4 "• 

Soda Founts. • D2, G3, H t //?/i 

Subway Station 6 I Of 

Toilets", W. M., C 3, t:/ 

E3, 3, 15, L6, M8 gll 

Tortoise Yards H 4 %//aj// 

Totem Pole, 32 HSj 

Turkeys. Wild, 33 H 3 T-Qjtoti C 

Wolf Dens, 22 GS 

ZebraHouses, U E2 ' /SUBWAY/ 

1907, N. Y. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I t K IVI I N U 3/ 



THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK IN 1909 



I ATFST OFPiriAl MAP 



3E.1 l-^A^v ;;.isa~=^ *■ *■• 







: Mm 







MilillMMMiHHillMI 



iiHHiiiMiii 




